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Justice and Law
#3(34)'12
Legal Journal
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Justice and Law
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali
LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES’ ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
redaqtori
nino ZiZiguri
redaqtoris TanaSemwe
irma beqauri
nomerze muSaobdnen:
inga alaviZe
leila koSkaZe
maia CoCua
dizaini:
besik danelia
fotouzrunvelyofa:
daviT xizaniSvili
saredaqcio sabWo:
diana berekaSvili
Tamar zambaxiZe
inga kvaWantiraZe
konstantine kublaSvili
zaza meiSvili
valeri cercvaZe
Editorial Board:
DIANA BEREKASHVILI
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI
ZAZA MEISHVILI
VALERI TSERTSVADZE
Editor:
NINO DZIDZIGURI
Assistant to Editor:
IRMA BEKAURI
The issue was prepared by:
INGA ALAVIDZE
LEILA KOSHKADZE
MAIA CHOCHUA
Designed by
BESIK DANELIA
Photo support by
DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI
English version of articles has been provided by Candidates
of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University
uak (UDC) 340.11+340.130.5
m-306
ISSN 1512-259X
2
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa
asociacia
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis
gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba
komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos
mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi
nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.
sarCevi/CONTENTS
5
daviT suxitaSvili
sanotaro moqmedebis gamo sarCelis gansjadobis Sesaxeb
JURISDICTION OF THE LAW SUIT ON NOTARY ACT
DAVIT SUKHITASHVILI
14
qeTevan qoCaSvili
mflobelobiTi (posesoruli) dacva kontinenturi evropis
samarTalSi
POSSESSION PROTECTION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN LAW
KETEVAN KOCHASHVILI
28
TaTa erqvania
mesame pirTa interesebis dacva warmomadgenlobaSi
(saqarTvelosa da germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT)
PROTECTION OF THIRD PERSONS’ INTERESTS IN REPRESENTATION
(ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL CODES OF GEORGIA AND GERMANY)
TATA ERKVANIA
45
ekaterine ninua
meuRleTa urTierTobebis zogierTi samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi
SEVERAL LEGAL ASPECTS OF RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES
EKATERINE NINUA
54
amiran zenaiSvili
nebis gamovlenis Tavisufleba SromiT urTierTobebSi
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION OF WILL IN LABOR RELATIONS
AMIRAN ZENAISHVILI
65
daviT geferiZe
saxelmwifos sasazRvro politikis saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL BASES OF STATE BOARDER POLICY
DAVIT GEPERIDZE
76
Sorena gabiCvaZe
sahaero transportiT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobisa da pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis
safuZvlebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT
CIVIL LIABILITY AND GROUNDS FOR THE EXEMPTION FROM THIS LIABILITY
FOR AIR TRANSPORT – TRANSFER PROVIDERS ACCORDING TO
THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION
SHORENA GABICHVADZE
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giorgi dgebuaZe
arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTalSi (PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is saqmis analizi)
INDIRECT (CO)PERPETRATION DOCTRINE IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
LAW (ANALYSES OF THE CASE PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR )
GIORGI DGEBUADZE
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baCana jiSkariani
sicocxlis uflebis absoluturi dacva da TviTmkvlelobis
problematika germanuli sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT
ABSOLUTE PROTECTION OF RIGHT TO LIFE AND THE PROBLEM OF SUICIDE
ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL CODE OF GERMANY
BACHANA JISHKARIANI
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irma gelaSvili
embrionis kvlevisa da donaciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi
RESEARCH OF EMBRYO AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF DONATION
IRMA GELASHVILI
133
levan kokaia
ucxouri investiciebis SidasamarTlebrivi dacvis garantiebi
saqarTveloSi
NATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION GUARANTEES FOR FOREING INVESTMENTS
LEVAN KOKAIA
145
elene kavTuaSvili
mediis gavlena nafic msajulTa verdiqtze
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE JURY VERDICT
ELENE KAVTUASHVILI
4
sanotaro moqmedebis
gamo sarCelis
gansjadobis Sesaxeb
daviT suxitaSvili
samarTlis doqtori, profesori
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom sanotaro moqmedebis an mis
Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo warmoSobili sasamarTlo davebis
uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba bevr kiTxvas badebs.
sakiTxis sworad gadawyvetis mizniT mniSvnelovania kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problema. samarTlis kerZo
da sajaro samarTlad dayofa mecnierebis didi xnis Seswavlis
sagania, sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi swored kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTdamokidebulebisa da maTi gamijvniT unda gairkves, sanotaro
moqmedebiT (umoqmedobiT) warmoSobili sasamarTlo davebis gansjadoba, romelma sasamarTlom ganixilos _ samoqalaqo Tu administraciulma da romeli normebiT ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom _ kerZo Tu sajaro samarTliT.
saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemis mixedviT, samarTlis yvela
dargi miekuTvneba kerZo an sajaro samarTals. samoqalaqo samarTali, Sromis samarTali, sakorporacio samarTali da sxva
miekuTvneba kerZo samarTals, radgan isini Tavisufalni arian
sajaro samarTlis elementebisagan da piriqiT, sakonstitucio
samarTali, saproceso kanonmdeblobebi, administraciuli da
sisxlis samarTali, sagadasaxado da samarTlis sxva dargebi
Tavisufalni arian kerZo samarTlis elementebisagan, amitom
isini sajaro samarTals miekuTvnebian, rasac ver vityviT sanotaro samarTalze. sanotaro samarTali erTnairad aris gajere-
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buli, rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro samarTlis elementebiT, amitomacaa, rom is samarTlis calke,
damoukidebel dargadaa aRiarebuli. da swored amis gamo aris ganpirobuli is sirTuleebi,
rac sanotaro moqmedebis an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, sarCelebis gansjadobas axlavs.
TviT `sanotaro moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis wesis Sesaxeb~ instruqciac wlebis ganmavlobaSi, 2012
wlis 23 ianvars ganxorcielebul cvlilebamde, arasworad miiCnevda, rom notariusis dadgenileba sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb TiTqos yovelTvis individualur
administraciulsamarTlebriv aqts warmoadgendes, rac ra Tqma unda, ar iyo swori.
Tu saqarTvelos samarTlis sistemis uaxles istorias gadavxedavT, vnaxavT, rom dRevandeli
samarTlis sistemisagan igi sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. iseve rogorc mTlianad sabWoTa samarTali, saqarTvelos samarTlis sistema Sedgeboda samoqalaqo samarTlis, sisxlis samarTlisa
da saxelmwifo samarTlisagan. samarTlis sistemis es nawilebi moicavda samarTlis yvela dargs.
samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali samoqalaqo samarTlis sistemaSi moiazreboda da is erTob
farTo gagebiT ganixileboda. kerZod, aq is gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rom samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT ganixileboda rogorc kerZo samarTalurTierTobidan, ise administraciul samarTalurTierTobidan warmoSobili davebi da maT Soris, notariusis moqmedebis da/an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqma. aseT pirobebSi sruliad naTelia, rom dava gansjadobis Taobaze ar arsebobda. ramdenad misaRebia samarTlis sistemis amgvari diferenciacia, msjelobis sxva sakiTxia.
mTavaria, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelos samarTlis sistema iziarebs kontinenturi evropis qveynebis samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sistemas, romlis mixedviTac is dayofilia kerZo da sajaro samarTlad da Cvenc am CarCoebSi unda movaqcioT da ganvsazRvroT sanotaro moqmedebis
an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis samarTalwarmoebis wesi.
samarTlis sistemis amgvari dayofis Sedegad calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saproceso samarTali, iqneba es samoqalaqo, administraciuli Tu sisxlis miekuTvneba sajaro samarTals, magram
amis miuxedavad, isini sxvadasxva materialur samarTalurTierTobidan warmoSobil saqmeebs
ganixilaven. ase magaliTad, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesiT ganixileba samoqalaqo
materialuri samarTalurTierTobidan (kerZo samarTlidan) warmoSobili davebi, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis safuZvelze ganixileba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi, xolo administraciuli samarTalwarmoeba moicavs materialuri sajaro samarTalurTierTobebidan warmoSobil saqmeebs, garda sisxlis samarTlisa. samarTalwarmoebis zogadi diferenciaciiT TiTqos
yvelaferi naTelia, magram sadavod rCeba notariusis moqmedebasTan (umoqmedobasTan) dakavSirebuli saCivris gansjadoba, rac rogorc ukve iTqva, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli TviT kerZo
da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problemasTan.
kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnis problema siaxle ar aris. mcdeloba maTi
gamijvnis Sesaxeb saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da iqmneboda Sesabamisi Teoriebi.
maTgan yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia interesebis Teoria, subordinaciis Teoria da subieqtebis
Teoria.1 romaeli iuristis ulpianes (170-228) mixedviT, interesebis TeoriisaTvis gadamwyvetia
Tu mocemuli urTierTobebis mowesrigebis procesSi visi interesebia wina planze wamoweuli _
kerZo Tu sajaro. interesebis Teoriis mixedviT, sanotaro samarTalze msjeloba, miekuTvneba
igi kerZo Tu sajaro samarTals, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis gacema Wirs, radgan sanotaro samarTlis realizacia xdeba rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro samarTalSi. rodesac notariusi amowmebs
uZravi nivTis nasyidobis xelSekrulebas, is mimarTulia kerZo interesebis dasacavad (gansaxorcieleblad) da Sesabamisad, TviT sanotaro samarTalic kerZo samarTalSi poulobs Tavisi
Tavis realizacias. sxva SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac igive notariusi saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis 1 Tebervlis #107-e dadgenilebis safuZvelze, amowmebs
TviTmmarTvelobis adgilobriv organosa da moqalaqeebs Soris binis privatizaciis xelSekru6
lebas. ministrTa kabinetis aRniSnuli dadgenileba, rogorc administraciuli aqti, gamoxatavs
sajaro interess, ramdenadac saxelmwifos yofili sabinao fondis binebi moqalaqeebs usasyidlod gadaecemaT da sanotaro samarTalic sajaro samarTalSi realizdeba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gamijvna interesTa Teoriis mixedviT, sanotaro samarTlis
magaliTze SeuZlebelia. amitom amave safuZvliT calsaxad imis mtkiceba, rom gasaCivrebuli
sanotaro moqmedeba (umoqmedoba) an mxolod samoqalaqo an mxolod administraciuli sasamarTlos gansjadia, miuReblad unda CavTvaloT.
subordinaciis TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia subieqtTa urTierTdaqvemdebarebuli
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, maSin rodesac kerZo samarTali `awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze
damyarebul kerZo urTierTobebs~ (samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli muxli). magram amjeradac,
rodesac sanotaro samarTals vexebiT, is ganurCevlad, rogorc urTierTdaqvemdebarebul, ise
Tanasworobaze damyarebul kerZo urTierTobebs awesrigebs, amitom verc subordinaciis Teoria
uzrunvelyofs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis urTierTgamijvnas. mxareTa Tanasworobis safuZvelze warmoSobili urTierTobebis klasikuri magaliTia kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis xelSekrulebebi, romelTa warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia masSi monawile yvela mxaris Tanxmoba. am urTierTobebSi verc erTi mxare ver daakisrebs meores misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod raime valdebulebas.
sajaro samarTalSi ki, mxareTa urTierTdaqvemdebareba Cveulebrivi maxasiaTebelia. amis sailustraciod xSirad sagadasaxado kodeqsi mohyavT, magram sabolood, verc subordinaciis Teoria wyvets notariusis moqmedebidan warmoSobili sasamarTlo davebis gansjadobas. sanotaro
saqmeebi erTnairad exeba, rogorc mxareTa Tanasworobaze damyarebul urTierTobebs _ ise urTierTdaqvemdebarebuls.
sruliad veTanxmebiT samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom `subieqtebis
Teoria sworad axsnis kerZo da sajaro samarTals Soris gansxvavebis xasiaTsa da Sinaarss. mTavaria ara interesi (romlis gamijvna xSirad rTulia), ara subordinacia (romlis garkveva aseve,
Znelia), aramed is funqcia, romlis matareblad gamodis subieqti samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi~.2 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxli swored am princips ganamtkicebs. dasaxelebuli normis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis erTeulebi da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi monawileoben iseve, rogorc kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi; anu aq mTavaria is, Tu konkretul
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi ra funqcias emsaxureba administraciuli organos Tu sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piris moqmedeba. amiT samoqalaqo kodeqsma kerZo da sajaro samarTlis
urTierTgamijvnis ZiriTad elementad gansazRvra urTierTobis sagani. aRniSnulis mixedviT,
Tu administraciuli organo kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirTan debs kerZosamarTlebriv
xelSekrulebas, aqedan warmoSobili davac samoqalaqo sasamarTlom unda ganixilos; xolo Tu
mxareTa Soris administraciuli xelSekrulebaa dadebuli, davas administraciuli sasamarTlo
ganixilavs.
samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan gansxvavebuli pozicia daikava saqarTvelos zogadma administraciulma kodeqsma. kodeqsis Tavdapirveli redaqciis meore muxlis pirveli nawilis `z~ punqtiT
administraciuli garigeba ganmartebuli iyo rogorc administraciuli organos mier fizikur
an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli `samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi garigeba~. administraciuli garigebis amgvarma definiciam sruliad gaugebari gaxada
sajaro da kerZo samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba da maTgan warmoSobili sasamarTlo
davebis uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da gansjadoba. 2005 wels saqarTvelos zogad administraciul
kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT gaTvaliswinebul iqna subieqtebis Teoriisa da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 24-e muxlis principebi da zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis
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me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `z~ punqtis mixedviT, axla ukve administraciul xelSekrulebad
miCneulia `administraciuli organos mier sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT
fizikur an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba~. kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi administraciuli
xelSekrulebis definiciis dasadgenad wingadadgmuli nabijia, magram rodesac igive norma
administraciul xelSekrulebas samoqalaqosamarTlebriv xelSekrulebasTan aigivebs da
faqtobrivad sinonimebad warmoaCens, normaSi ganxorcielebuli dadebiTi cvlilebebic fermkrTaldeba, eWvis qveS ayenebs kerZo da sajaro samarTlis gansxvavebebs. ufro Tanmimdevrulia
dasaxelebuli normis safuZvelze uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmarteba Semdeg saqmeze. saqarTvelos
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sajaro samarTlis iuridiulma pirma _ dacvis policiis departamentma sarCeliT mimarTa Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos mopasuxe a.i-Zis mimarT mopasuxisa
da misi ojaxis wevrebis dacvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, sazRauris gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb.
Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul da samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegiebs Soris gansjadobasTan dakavSirebuli davis gadasawyvetad saqme saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos gadaeca. uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatam ixelmZRvanela
administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `b~ punqtiT da zogadi
administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `z~ punqtiT da 2008 wlis 5 ivnisis
ganCinebiT ganmarta, rom `rogorc saxelmwifo struqturebis, ise kerZo pirebis xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze, dacva erTnairad warmoadgens dacvis policiis departamentis sajaro
uflebamosilebas da mis uSualo, pirdapir funqcias, anu am SemTxvevaSi dacvis policiis
departamenti axorcielebs sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebas da swored am mizniT aris
dadebuli xelSekruleba, ris gamoc is administraciul xelSekrulebas ganekuTvneba.~3 unda
aRvniSnoT, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier mocemul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT administraciuli
xelSekrulebis ganmarteba ufro misaRebia, vidre TviT zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2
muxlSi gadmocemuli misi definicia. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsi administraciuli xelSekrulebis ganmsazRvrel elementad administraciuli organos
sajaro uflebamosilebas asaxelebs. amis mixedviT, zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis dasaxelebuli norma erTi mxriv, sajaro samarTals gamijnavs kerZo samarTlisagan, magram igive
normaSi vkiTxulobT, rom sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis mizniT... dadebuli xelSekruleba aris samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlos ganCinebidan citirebul teqsts, Cven im mniSvnelobas vaniWebT, rom Sss dacvis
policiis departamentis mier Tundac kerZo pirTan dadebuli dacvis xelSekruleba administraciuli xelSekrulebaa da ara _ samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi, radgan dacvis policias, nebismier
subieqtTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis miuxedavad, sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba
evaleba. xolo maSin roca kerZo samarTlis subieqti kisrulobs dacvis funqciis ganxorcielebas, aseTi xelSekruleba calsaxad samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi xelSekruleba iqneba, Tuki
specialuri kanoniT, iseve, rogorc notariuss, sajaro uflebamosileba ar akisria.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ufro misaRebi iqneba, Tu administraciuli xelSekrulebis
definicia zogad administraciul kodeqsSi Semdegnairad Camoyalibdeba: `administraciuli
xelSekruleba aris administraciuli organos mier sajaro uflebamosilebis ganxorcilebis
mizniT, administraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze fizikur an iuridiul pirTan, agreTve
sxva administraciul organosTan dadebuli xelSekruleba~.
ufro rTulad dgas sakiTxi, roca sanotaro moqmedebis an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo,
aRZruli sarCelis gansjadobas vixilavT. viTarebas isic arTulebs, rom `notariatis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanoni, erTi SexedviT, urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebs adgens, Tumca, es ase
8
ar aris. kanonis me-3 da me-4 muxli gvauwyebs, rom saqarTvelos notariusTa palata aris sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piri, xolo notariusi ar aris sajaro moxele, Tumca, igi axorcielebs
saxelmwifoebriv uflebamosilebas Tavisufali profesiis farglebSi.
amrigad, kanonis me-3 da me-4 muxli gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom notariuss, rogorc
arasajaro pirs, Tavisufali profesiis farglebSi SeuZlia Seasrulos kerZosamarTlebrivi
xasiaTis sanotaro moqmedebebi da aseT SemTxvevaSi, gasaCivrebuli sanotaro moqmedeba (umoqmedoba) gansaxilvelad samoqalaqo sasamarTlos daeqvemdebareba. meore mxriv, notariuss,
romelsac saxelmwifosagan delegirebuli aqvs saxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosileba, ufleba aqvs
gamosces individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti. aseT SemTxvevaSi, notariusis, rogorc administraciuli organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis (dadgenilebis) kanonierebis Semowmeba administraciuli sasamarTlos gansjadi iqneba.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis
2009 wlis 22 oqtombris ganCinebiT, sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, sarCeli
gansaxilvelad daeqvemdebara Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegias.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba, sxva safuZvlebTan erTad, imiT aris dasabuTebuli, rom
`notariusi ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc administraciuli organo Tavisi funqciebidan
gamomdinare, ramdenadac samarTlis doqtrinidan gamomdinare, administraciul organos
ganekuTvneba is, vinc asrulebs mmarTvelobiT funqcias~.4
Tu sasamarTlos dasaxelebuli ganCinebis debulebas gaviziarebT, yvela pirobebSi unda gamovricxoT notariusis mier individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqtis miRebis SesaZlebloba, rasac Cven ver daveTanxmebiT. vfiqrobT, uzenaesi sasamarTlo arasworad ganmartavs
saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan or sakiTxs:
a) uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCinebisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli
kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawilis `a~ punqtis Tanaxmad, administraciuli organo aris `yvela
saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo an dawesebuleba, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (garda politikuri da religiuri gaerTianebebisa), agreTve nebismieri sxva piri,
romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze asrulebs sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs~. aRniSnulis mixedviT, notariusi swored is `sxva piria~, romelsac `notariatis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis pirveli punqtiT miniWebuli aqvs saxelmwifoebrivi
(sajaro) uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba. amitom notariusi, rodesac saxelmwifoebriv (sajaro) uflebamosilebas axorcielebs, is administraciuli organoa (zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxli).
b) meore sakiTxi, rac aseve, mniSvnelovania sanotaro moqmedebis an mis Sesrulebaze uaris
Tqmis gamo aRZruli sasamarTlo saqmeebis gansjadobisaTvis, aris notariusis uflebamosileba
miiRos individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, ris SesaZleblobasac uaryofs
uzenaesi sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnuli ganCineba. individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi
aqtis legalur ganmartebas iZleva zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli
nawilis `d~ punqti, romlis mixedviT `individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti aris
administraciuli organos mier administraciuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze gamocemuli individualuri samarTlebrivi aqti, romelic awesebs, cvlis, wyvets an adasturebs piris an pirTa
SezRuduli wris uflebebsa da movaleobebs. individualur administraciulsamarTlebriv aqtad
CaiTvleba agreTve administraciuli organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba mis uflebamosilebas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxis dakmayofilebaze ganmcxadeblisaTvis uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, aseve,
administraciuli organos mier gamocemuli an dadasturebuli dokumenti, romelsac SeiZleba
mohyves samarTlebrivi Sedegebi~. citirebuli normis meore winadadeba sruliad Seesabameba
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notariusis mier Sesrulebul zogierT sanotaro moqmedebebs, romelic aRqmuli unda iyos,
rogorc individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti. sailustraciod sakmarisia davasaxeloT mmarTvelobis adgilobriv organoebsa da fizikur pirs Soris saxelmwifo sabinao
fondis binaze dadebuli privatizaciis xelSekrulebis damowmeba. binebis privatizaciis xelSekrulebis samarTlebriv safuZvels normatiuli administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti warmoadgens (ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis dadgenileba), xolo notariusis mier am xelSekrulebis
damowmeba am dokuments aniWebs individualuri administraciuli aqtis mniSvnelobas, radgan
igi warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs.
Tu davuSvebT da gaviziarebT uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosazrebebs, rom notariusi ar SeiZleba
iyos administraciuli organo da is ver gamoscems individualur administraciul aqts, maSin
ismis kiTxva, ra mizniT mieniWa mas saxelmwifoebrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis ufleba?
ratom aqvs uflebamosileba administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan gamomdinare urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad Seasrulos sanotaro moqmedeba, romelic Semdgom samarTlebriv
Sedegebs warmoSobs da sxva. dabolos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier SemoTavazebul debulebas
Tu utyuarad miviCnevT, maSin sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze an mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis
gamo warmoSobili yvela dava samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wess unda daeqvemdebaros, magram
ase ar fiqrobs igive uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciuli da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis
sxva Semadgenloba. sasamarTlom 2008 wlis 19 martis ganCinebiT x.k-Zis sasarCelo gancxadeba
mopasuxe notarius v.W-Svilisa da sxvaTa mimarT binis privatizaciis xelSekrulebis baTilad
cnobis Taobaze arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvis dauqvemdebara Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos
samoqalaqo saqmeTa kolegias martooden im safuZvliT, rom saprivatizacio bina ganekuTvneboda
sabinao-samSeneblo kooperativis sabinao fonds da ara saxelmwifo sabinao fonds,5 rac sruliad
kanonierad migvaCnia. Sesabamisad, Tu saprivatizacio bina saxelmwifo sabinao fondis sakuTreba
iqneboda, notariusis mier Sesrulebuli sanotaro moqmedebis kanonierebis Semowmeba moxdeboda
(da unda moxdes) administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT administraciuli sasamarTlos
mier.
amrigad, im urTierTobaTa gamo Sesrulebuli sanotaro moqmedeba, romelsac safuZvlad
udevs administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdebloba, notariusis mier miRebuli aseTi dadgenilebis kanoniereba gasaCivrdeba administraciul sasamarTloSi; xolo im urTierTobaTa gamo
Sesrulebuli sanotaro moqmedeba, romelsac kerZo samarTlis kanonmdebloba daedo safuZvlad,
individualur administraciul aqtad ver iqneba ganxiluli da aRniSnulis Taobaze notariusis
moqmedebis kanonierebis Semowmeba samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT Sesruldeba. am princips, anu igive subieqtebis Teoriis princips bolo wlebSi mtkiced icavs saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sasamarTlo.
sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavla-analizma gviCvena, rom sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis an
mis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis kategoriis saqmeTa Soris didi xvedriTi wili samkvidro mowmobis
gacemaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb notariusis dadgenilebebis gasaCivrebaze modis da upiratesad
sarCelebi administraciul sasamarTloSi Sedis, rac imiT aris dasabuTebuli, rom notariusi
saxelmwifoebriv uflebamosilebas axorcielebs.
administraciuli sasamarTlosadmi gansjadi administraciuli saqmeebis CamonaTvali
mocemulia administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis meore muxlis pirvel da meore nawilSi, magram
Cveni magaliTisaTvis (notariusis mier samkvidro mowmobis gacemaze uaris Tqma) arsebiTi da
mniSvnelovania dasaxelebuli normis mesame nawili, romlis Tanaxmad, `am muxlis pirveli da me-2
nawilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmeebis garda, sasamarTloSi administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT ganixileba sxva saqmeebic im samarTlebriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
10
agreTve gamomdinareobs administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan~. aRniSnuli norma
warmoadgens administraciul saproceso kodeqsSi 2007 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis
Sedegs, ramac momdevno wlebSi didi roli Seasrula erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. administraciuli saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-3 nawilis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatam 2008 wlis
12 ivnisis ganCinebiT samkvidro mowmobis gacemaze uaris Tqmis dadgenilebis gamo, sarCelis
sasamarTlo gansjadobasTan dakavSirebiT ganmarta, rom `msgavsi kategoriis davebis gadawyvetisas arsebiTi yuradReba unda mieqces davis sagans, kerZod, notariusis mier sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqma emyareba samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamis normebs Tu dava gamomdinareobs administraciuli kanonmdeblobidan~. aseTi ganmarteba vfiqrobT, srulad asaxavs
notariusisaTvis miniWebuli mravalmxrivi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _
Seasrulos rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis, ise administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT
mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan gamomdinare sanotaro moqmedeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, notariusis mier miRebuli dadgenilebis gasaCivreba da kanonierebis
Semowmeba dasaSvebia sasarCelo warmoebis wesiT misi samoqalaqo sasamarTloSi Setanis gziT;
meore SemTxvevaSi, sarCeli aRiZvreba administraciul sasamarTloSi. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom administraciul sasamarTloSi administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT saqmis ganxilvisaTvis saWiroa ori pirobis arseboba: a) urTierToba, romlis gamoc Sesrulda an ar Sesrulda sanotaro moqmedeba, unda gamomdinareobdes administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan ; b) sasamarTlo davis erT-erTi monawile piri unda iyos administraciuli organo.
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi gvyavs notariusi.
notariusis mier sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, davis sasamarTlo
gansjadobasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs erTi SeniSvna. palatis sxvadasxva
Semadgenlobebi sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo, sxvadasxva saqmeebze
Setanil sarCelebze akeTeben erTnair ganmartebebs, rom `kanonmdebelma administraciuli samarTalwarmoebiT saqmis ganxilvis ZiriTad elementad gansazRvra davis sagani, romelic warmoSobilia im samarTalurTierTobidan, romelic sajaro, konkretulad, administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobiTaa mowesrigebuli~.6
uzenaesi sasamarTlos zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni SeniSvna exeba gamonaTqvamSi _ kanonmdebelma gansjadobisaTvis ZiriTad elementad gansazRvra davis sagani; rac
arasworad migvaCnia. sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis gamo warmoSobili davis
sagans warmoadgens modave mxareebs Soris erTi mxriv, mosarCelis (sanotaro moqmedebis monawilis) da meore mxriv, notariusis, rogorc mopasuxes, Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba, ramac warmoSva maT Soris dava. rodesac notariusi uars ambobs sanotaro moqmedebis
Sesrulebaze, is xelmZRvanelobs `notariatis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 52-e muxliT, sadac
gadmocemulia sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis safuZvlebi. kerZod, notariusi
ar Seasrulebs sanotaro moqmedebas Tu: a) sanotaro moqmedebis Sesruleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas; b) sanotaro moqmedebis Sesasruleblad warmodgenili dokumentebi ar Seesabameba dadgenil moTxovnebs an Seicavs pirTa pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel cnobebs, an ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs; g) sanotaro moqmedebis monawile ar aris uflebamosili piri an qmedunariani an Txovna sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb Semosulia im enaze, romelsac notariusi ar flobs da ar aris Tarjimnis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. amrigad, modave mxareebs Soris warmoSobili davis sagani gamomdinareobs sanotaro
samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan, rasac CixSi SevyavarT. sanotaro kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlo
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gansjadobis gadawyveta praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, radgan calsaxad, TviT sanotaro samarTlis
kerZo da sajaro samarTlisaTvis mikuTvneba ar xdeba. vfiqrobT, ukeTesi iqneba Tu `davis sagnis~
nacvlad gamoviyenebT frazas _ `samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romlis gamoc Sesrulda an ar
Sesrulda sanotaro moqmedeba~.
sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, sanotaro moqmedebis Semsrulebelma pirma werilobiTi formiT unda gamoitanos dadgenileba, romelSic unda aRiniSnos dadgenilebis gamotanis TariRi; dadgenilebis gamomtani sanotaro moqmedebis Semsrulebeli piris
saxeli da gvari; sanotaro biuros adgilsamyofeli; vin da ra sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebas
iTxovda. dadgenileba aseve, unda Seicavdes sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis
dasabuTebas; dadgenilebis gasaCivrebis wess. sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis
SemTxvevaSi, sanotaro moqmedebis Semsrulebelma pirma sami dRis vadaSi unda Caabaros sanotaro
moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis dadgenileba dainteresebul pirs.
sxva pretenziebi notariusis iseT moqmedebaze, romelic ar exeba mis mier Sesrulebuli
sanotaro moqmedebis arss, rogoricaa magaliTad, sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebis vadebis
darRveva, saqmiswarmoebis xelovnuri gaWianureba, samuSao da miRebis saaTebis daucveloba da
sxva, SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saqarTvelos notariusTa palataSi, aseve, iusticiis ministrTan.
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
lado Wanturia, uZravi nivTebis sakuTreba, meore gamocema, Tbilisi, 2001w.,
gv. 25.
lado Wanturia, samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi nawili, Tbilisi, 2011w., gv. 12.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani administraciul da sxva
kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009w., #3, gv. 70-77.
susg administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009w., #7, gv. 112.
susg administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009w., #6, gv. 3.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis
saqmeTa palatis 2008 wlis 19 martis ganCineba; susg administraciul da sxva
kategoriis saqmeebze, 2009 w., #6, gv. 3-8; aseve, 2008 wlis 12 ivnisis ganCineba,
iqve, gv. 97-101 da sxva.
12
JURISDICTION OF
THE LAW SUIT ON
NOTARY ACT
DAVIT SUKHITASHVILI
Doctor of Low, Profesor
If we look at the Georgian justice system, we will see that all branches of alw
belongs to either private or public law. Civil Law, labor law, corporate law and
other belong to private law, as they are free from the elements of the public law
and visa versa, Constitutional Law, procedural pieces of legislation, administrative
and criminal law, tax law and other branches are free from private law elements,
thus they belong to public law. We cannot say the same regarding notary law,
notary law encompases private, as well as public law elements and this is exactly
the cause of challenges related to the law suits on notary acts or on refusal to
perform a nptary act. Even the instruction on “Carrying out notary acts”, before
ammending it on January 23, 2012, wrongly stipulated that the notary act on the
refusal to perform notart act was always individual administrative – legal act.
This was certainly not true. In order to clarify disputable issue, presented Article
reviews theoretical and practical aspects of seperating public and private law and
possibilities of implementing them in the real life.
To sum up, notary act, performed based on administrative (public) law /
legislation, legality of such a decision made by a notary, should be appealed in
administrative court; as for the nptary acts that were performed based on the private
law, cannot be considered as individual adminsitartive act and the case should be
handled through cvil procedure legislation.
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mflobelobiTi
(posesoruli) dacva
kontinenturi evropis
samarTalSi
qeTevan qoCaSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis doqtoranti
1. mflobelobiTi dacvis mniSvneloba
me-19 saukunis kontinenturi evropis civilistur doqtrinaSi mflobelobis instituti kvlevis favoritad iqca. mis
Sesaxeb aTeulobiT Seqmnil TxzulebaSi ikvlevdnen ara mxolod
mflobelobis arss, aramed umTavresad, misi dacvis mizezebs.
samoqalaqo samarTali icavs ama Tu im instituts, roca Seicnobs mis sargeblobas samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis an marTlmsajulebisaTvis. mflobelobiTi dacva samarTlebrivi wesrigis cocxali elementia, amitom marTlwesrigi mas TanamedroveobaSic
xeluxleblad tovebs ZalaSi,1 miuxedavad misi paradoqsuli Sedegisa (dacva vrceldeba ukanono mflobelzec), rac gadaWarbebuli SefasebiT, miuwvdomelia iuridiuli ganaTlebis armqone adamianis gonebisaTvis.2
romis samarTlidan moyolebuli piris mflobelad aRiareba
damoukidebeli mflobelobiTi dacvis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba. savini mflobelobis dafuZnebisas animus domini-s aniWebda gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas, amdenad, mflobelad miiCnevda mxolod mesakuTresa da ukanono mflobels. am azrs iziarebda puxtac, romelic Tvlida, rom mflobeloba mxolod sakuTrad
flobis ganzraxvasTan erTad moiazreba da aseTi mesakuTris
garda, qurdisa da yaCaRis mflobelobaa.3 amdenad, isini romis
samarTalSi analogiiT daSvebul, interdiqtebiT dacul aramesakuTreTa marTlzomier, e.w. warmoebul mflobelobas, anomaliad miiCnevdnen: warmoebuli mflobeloba yovelTvis ar
arsebobs, is mxolod maSin aris saxeze, rodesac nebadarTulia
pozitiuri samarTlis mier.4
14
romis samarTlis mier interdiqtuli dacvis miniWeba mWerTa ramdenime kategoriisaTvis,
ganpirobebuli iyo mflobelobis institutis istoriuli ganviTarebiT. ganuviTarebeli bazris
arsebobisas mWerTa interesebis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisi iyo mxolod mflobelTa,
im pirTa dacva, visi saxeliTac, vis interesebSic flobdnen mWerebi. savaWro brunvis intensivobis pirobebSi saWiro gaxda mflobelTa wris gafarToeba. es procesi romis samarTalSive
daiwyo, Tumca, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsiT SemoRebulma ormagi mflobelobis institutma
Zireuli gardatexa moaxdina mflobelobis dafuZnebisa da dacvis saqmeSi.5
me-19 saukunis germaniaSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebam aucilebeli gaxada mwarmoebelTa uflebebis dacva. glexebi, miwis faqtobrivi mflobelebi, mWerTa kategorias Seadgendnen. maT ar
hqondaT arc miwis sakuTari SexedulebebiT gankargvis da arc mebatoneTa, miwis mesakuTreTa
winaaRmdeg sasarCelo dacvis ufleba.6 mflobelad unda CaiTvalos nebismieri, visac aqvs faqtobrivi batonoba nivTze da dacul unda iqnes posesoruli dacviT, acxadebda ieringi.7 savinisagan gansxvavebiT, is usamarTlobad Tvlida mWerTa samarTlebriv dacvaze uaris Tqmas, rac
gamowveuli iyo sajaro xelisuflebis TviTnebobiT.
2. faqtobriv garemoebebze damyarebuli dacva
mflobelobiTi dacva gulisxmobs piris dacvas sakuTriv, mflobelobis faqtze dayrdnobiT,
nivTze uflebis sakiTxisagan damoukideblad, anu am procesSi ganixileba mxolod mflobelobis
faqtobrivi mxare da ara mflobelobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. posesoruli moTxovna emyareba nivTze SiSveli batonobis faqts, riTac is gansxvavdeba petitoruli moTxovnisagan (petitio _ laT. moTxovnis ufleba), romelic mxolod gansazRvruli uflebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba.8 mflobelobiTi dacvis moTxovna arsebobs warTmeuli mflobelobis aRdgenis an mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi xelSemSleli garemoebebis aRkveTis SinaarsiT.
mflobelobiTi dacva sakuTrebis uflebis dacvisagan damoukideblad warimarTeba, e.i. mflobelobiTi sarCelis wardgenisas sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva dauSvebelia.
mflobelobiT procesSi arc erT mxares, arc mas, visac surs SeinarCunos mflobeloba da arc
mas, visac nivTze aqvs pretenzia, ar SeuZlia sakuTari moTxovnis uflebrivi dasabuTeba. am
SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebulebebis Segroveba, ganxilva da Semowmeba mimarTulia mxolod mflobelobis faqtis arseboba-ararsebobis dasamtkiceblad. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo wyvets faqtobrivi mdgomareobis sakiTxs, iRebs gadawyvetilebas mflobelobis aRdgenis Taobaze da mxareebi
valdebulni arian aRadginon mflobelobis status kvo.9
posesorul procesSi mosarCele valdebulia amtkicos Tavisi mflobelobis faqti mis
darRvevamde, mflobelobis dakargva misi nebis winaaRmdeg da mopasuxis mflobelobis arseboba
sadavo nivTze. xolo mopasuxe miuTiTebs mflobelobiTi sarCelis dakmayofilebis xelSemSlel
garemoebebze, kerZod, mis mier mosarCelis mflobelobis darRvevis marTlzomierebaze da mosarCelis mflobelobis Sewyvetis faqtze, misi mflobelobis darRvevamde.10
3. mflobelobiTi dacvis droebiTi xasiaTi
mflobelobiTi procesis Taviseburebaa, rom ar moiTxoveba sadavo nivTze uflebis arsebobis
mtkiceba, SesaZlebels xdis nebismieri, maT Soris ukanono mflobelis dacvas. aq miRebuli
gadawyvetileba droebiTi xasiaTisaa (ieringi) (arsebobs sapirispiro mosazrebac, rom es aris
ara winaswari gadawyvetileba mflobelobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, aramed saboloo _ savini),11 rac
gulisxmobs im garemoebas, rom Tu mflobelobiT procesSi nivTi miekuTvneba arauflebamosil
15
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pirs, ukanono mflobels, nivTze uflebis mqones eZleva SesaZlebloba, miaRwios uflebis dacvas
petitorul procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi mflobeloba daculia ukve ara, rogorc SiSveli batonobis
faqti, aramed titulze dayrdnobiT. aq, sasamarTlo ikvlevs ara mxolod faqtobriv garemoebebs,
aramed uflebriv sakiTxebsac da gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs mflobelobaze uflebamosilis sasargeblod.12
mflobelobiT procesSi miRebuli gadawyvetileba gansazRvravs petitorul procesSi mxareTa mdgomareobas. am procesSi mxare, mosarCele, romelmac SeinarCuna mflobeloba sadavo
nivTze, momdevno procesSi mopasuxis adgils daikavebs. am SemTxvevaSi, mtkicebis tvirTi awevs
mosarCeles, anu mxares, romelic ar aris kmayofili mflobelobiTi sarCelis ganxilviT. mtkicebis tvirTi samoqalaqo procesSi gulisxmobs mxaris valdebulebas daadginos garemoebebi,
romelTa daudgenloba, ganuxilveloba SesaZloa, misTvis arasasurveli Sedegebis momtani iyos.13
petitorul procesSi mosarCeles evaleba amtkicos, rom mflobeli ar aris mesakuTre da arc
masze ukeTesi uflebis mqone piri, aseve, is, rom mosarCeles ekuTvnis nivTze is ufleba, romelic
moicavs mflobelobis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebas.
Sesabamisad, sakuTrebiT procesSi SesaZloa, miRebul iqnes gadawyvetileba sadavo nivTze
sakuTrebis uflebis aRiarebis Taobaze ara im piris mimarT, visac miekuTvna mflobeloba wina
procesSi, aramed sapirispiro mxaris sasargeblod.14 amgvarad, petitorul procesSi mtkicebis tvirTi mosarCeles awevs, xolo mflobelobiT procesSi gamarjvebuli mxaris poziciis dacva gamartivebulia: misi, rogorc mflobelis sasargeblod, mesakuTred yofnis prezumfcia moqmedebs.15
warmoadgens Tu ara posesoruli dacva petitoruli procesis winare, mosamzadebel etaps,
amis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs: savini miiCnevda, rom romis samarTalSi interdiqtul
da sakuTrebis sasarCelo dacvas Soris kavSiri iyo SemTxveviToba da ara interdiqtis samarTlebrivi bunebis Sedegi. xolo ieringis mosazrebiT, mflobeloba sakuTrebis sicxade, misi
garegnuli niSania da interdiqtis mizani iyo mflobelobiTi urTierTobis mowesrigeba droebiT, sakuTrebiTi procesisaTvis. am azrs iziarebda puxtac _ interdiqti iyo mosamzadebeli
procesualuri saSuleba momavali dacvisaTvis uflebis Sesaxeb.16
4. prezumfciis arsi da funqciebi
amgvarad, mflobelis sasargeblod petitorul procesSi mesakuTred yofnis prezumfcia
moqmedebs, rac mas aTavisuflebs nivTze uflebis arsebobis mtkicebisagan. prezumfcia laTinuri sityvaa da albaTobaze dafuZnebul varauds niSnavs. varaudi obieqturad daudgeneli
garemoebaa, romelic ama Tu im faqtis arseboba an ararsebobis saeWvod Seqmnisas gamoiyeneba.17
faqtis aRiareba arsebuli varaudis safuZvelze, Seadgens prezumfciis arss.18 samarTlebrivi
prezumfcia gulisxmobs winaswar dadgenil, gansazRvrul samarTlebriv varauds, romelic
mocemulia kanonSi an gamomdinareobs kanonidan da moqmedebs, vidre ar iqneba dadgenili an
damtkicebuli misi sawinaaRmdego. daudasturebeli movlena an faqti miiCneva arsebulad da
mas samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba.19
kanonismier prezumfcias (faqtis an uflebis prezumfcia) ori funqcia aqvs: materialursamarTlebrivi da saprocesosamarTlebrivi. am ukanasknels SeuZlia mtkicebis tvirTis gadatana. zogadad, faqtebis mtkicebis valdebuleba ekisreba procesis im mxares, romelic amtkicebs
am faqtebis arsebobas da maTi meSveobiT asabuTebs Tavis moTxovnas. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebisa da mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis zogad wess arsebiTad cvlis mtkicebiTi prezumfciebi.
kerZod, is akisrebs meore mxares mtkicebis tvirTs, rac dakavSirebulia riskTan, man waagos
procesi, Tu mtkicebuleba ar iqneba miRebuli. mtkicebis tvirTisagan gaTavisuflebulia is
16
mxare, romlis sasargeblodac dadginda prezumfcia,20 anu mxares, romelic emyareba romelime
prezumirebul faqts, ar evaleba amtkicos igi, xolo dainteresebul pirebs ufleba aqvT es
faqti uaryon.21
prezumfciis materialursamarTlebrivi funqciis Tanaxmad, normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementi konkretul procesTan dakavSirebiT da gansazRvrul mxareTa
Soris, maSinac mocemulad CaiTvleba, rodesac obieqturad ver xerxdeba am garemoebis dadgena.22
materialursamarTlebriv prezumfciebs Seicaven materialuri samarTlis normebi pirdapir an
iribad da gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac prezumirebuli faqtebis arseboba namdvilia da arsebuli
mtkicebulebebi ar aris sakmarisi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.23
5. mesakuTred yofnis prezumfciis daniSnuleba
mesakuTred yofnis prezumfciis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia im garemoebasTan, rom swored,
mflobelobis faqtma warmoSva sakuTrebis ufleba da cxovrebaSi yvelaze xSiri mflobelisa da
mesakuTris Tanxvedraa. es miCneulia samoqalaqo brunvis mniSvnelovan konstruqciul elementad, radgan mis normalur arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.24 am prezumfciis gareSe yvela subieqtis
keTilsindisiereba, misi kuTvnilobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadgeboda.25 mesakuTred yofnis
prezumfciis arseboba mxolod moZrav nivTze, ganpirobebulia masze sakuTrebis warmoSobis
wesiT. am varaudis damkvidrebaSi didi gavlena iqonia savaWro samarTalma, is warmoSva samoqalaqo brunvam, xolo Semdgom sasamarTlo praqtikam da kanonmdeblobam ganamtkica:26 moZrav
nivTTan mimarTebiT mflobeloba samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arsebobis tolfasia (safrangeTis
sk-is 227-e muxli); moZravi nivTis mflobelis sasargeblod ivaraudeba, rom igi aris misi mesakuTre (germaniis sk-is 1006-e paragrafi); ivaraudeba, rom nivTis mflobeli aris misi mesakuTre
(saqarTvelos sk-is 158-e muxli).
amgvarad, sakuTrebis varaudi daSvebulia im pirTa mimarT, realurad vis xelSic aris moZravi
nivTi da vinc axorcielebs masze faqtobriv batonobas. es midgoma ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos
uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSic.27 SeuZlebelia, erTdroulad sakuTrebis varaudis daSveba,
rogorc nivTis Zveli, ise axali mflobelis mimarT. Zveli mflobelis mimarT sakuTrebis prezumfcia moqmedebs mxolod misi mflobelobis periodSi. am viTarebaSi mflobeloba warTmeuli
nivTis namdvili mesakuTre ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia, vidre mflobeli aramesakuTre, vidre
gairkveva maTi namdvili uflebrivi mdgomareoba.28
prezumfcia WeSmaritebas ar gulisxmobs, amitom xSirad arsebobs sxvaoba faqtobriv da
iuridiul mdgomareobas Soris, zogjer piri flobs nivTs mesakuTris nebis winaaRmdeg.29 am
varaudiT mflobeli Tavisufldeba mtkicebis tvirTisagan, anu mflobelobis mopovebis safuZvlis mtkicebisagan, xolo mesakuTres, mosarCeles awevs mtkicebis tvirTi. man unda daamtkicos,
rogorc misi nebis winaaRmdeg mflobelobis dakargvis faqti, aseve, mopasuxis mflobelobis
ukanonoba. mtkicebis tvirTis amgvari ganawileba petitorul procesSi aixsneba im garemoebiT,
rom mflobelobiT procesSi mflobelma garkveuli saxiT daafuZna Tavisi mflobeloba, moixsna
sisxlissamarTlebrivi deliqtis (qurdobis) ganxorcielebis braldeba, amitom masze meore
procesSi xelaxla mtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba ar aris mizanSewonili.30
6. mflobelobiTi sarCelis warmoSoba da saxeebi
me-12 saukunis bolomde, evropul samarTalSi yvela sanivTo ufleba daculi iyo sarCeliT
`Gewere,~ romlis farglebSi ar xdeboda gamijvna posesorul da petitorul dacvas Soris. saf17
3
da
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marTlmsajuleba
kanoni
rangeTSi pirvelad, me-13 saukuneSi, ludoviko IX-is ordonansSi aisaxa mflobelobiTi sarCeli
ZaladobiT darRveuli mflobelobis aRsadgenad. Sua saukuneebis germanuli CveulebiTi samarTlis Zeglebic `saqsoniis sarke~ da `SvabeTis sarke~ ganamtkicebdnen mflobelobiT dacvas.31
pandeqtur samarTalSi romis samarTlis recepciis Semdeg, mflobelobiT dacvas ganamtkicebdnen erovnuli da kanonikuri samarTlis danawesebi.
mflobelobis xelyofaSi moiazreba rogorc mflobelobis CamorTmeva, ise mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla an momavalSi misi darRvevis safrTxis Seqmna. TanamedroveobaSi mflobelobiTi sarCelebi iyofa or did jgufad: 1. ordinaruli sarCelebi, mimarTuli arsebuli
mflobelobis dasacavad samarTaldarRvevisagan; 2. rekupatoruli sarCelebi, mimarTuli TviTneburad warTmeuli mflobelobis dasabruneblad.32
6.1. posesoruli dacva frangul samarTalSi
franguli samarTali icnobs sami saxis mflobelobiT sarCels:
1. sarCeli, im iuridiuli da faqtobrivi moqmedebebis Sewyvetis winaaRmdeg, romlebic marTalia, ar aris dakavSirebuli mflobelobis dakargvasTan, magram xels uSlian mis ganxorcielebas; 2. sarCeli, momavalSi SesaZlo darRvevis Tavidan acilebis Taobaze, rogorc prevenciuli zoma mflobelobisaTvis safrTxis Semqmnel qmedebaTa winaaRmdeg, magaliTad, sarCeli mezobel nakveTSi mflobelobisaTvis safrTxis Semqmneli samuSaoebis ganxorcielebis winaaRmdeg;
3. sarCeli ZaladobiT warTmeuli mflobelobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.33
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsi daefuZna savinis mflobelobis Teorias, Sesamabisad, mflobelobiTi dacvis ufleba mianiWa mxolod mesakuTresa da ukanono mflobelebs, xolo vinc
flobda droebiT, sanivTo an valdebulebiTi uflebis safuZvelze, anu mWerebs, es ufleba ar
gaaCndaT. frangulma samarTalma mxolod 1975 wlidan aRiara mWerTa damoukidebeli dacvis
ufleba. amasTan, mWers ara aqvs ufleba waradginos mflobelobiTi sarCeli im piris mimarT,
visganac miRebuli aqvs nivTi.34
6.2. mflobelobiTi dacva germanul samarTalSi
germaniis samoqalaqo samarTali aRiarebs ori tipis mflobelobiT sarCels: 1. sarCeli mflobelobis darRvevis Sewyvetis an momavalSi SesaZlo darRvevis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb; 2.
sarCeli TviTnebobiT warTmeuli mflobelobis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.35
am SemTxvevaSi, TviTnebobad moiazreba ukanono qmedeba, maT Soris, nivTis mesakuTris mier
mflobelisaTvis misi nebis winaaRmdeg mflobelobis CamorTmeva an mflobelobis xelSemSleli
qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, Tu sacxovrebeli sadgomis damqiravebeli xelSekrulebis
vadis gasvlis Semdeg, kvlav agrZelebs masSi cxovrebas, xolo mesakuTre ZaliT arTmevs xelSekrulebis sagans an xels uSlis mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi, damqiravebels ufleba aqvs mflobelobiT sarCelze. marTalia, mesakuTres aqvs upiratesi ufleba, magram marTlwesrigi dauSveblad Tvlis TviTnebobas.
amitom, damqiraveblis moTxovna mimarTulia im mdgomareobis aRdgenisaken, romelic iarsebebda mflobelobis darRvevamde.36
ieringis koncefciam mflobelobis Sesaxeb asaxva hpova germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da
gaafarTova mflobelobiTi dacvis farglebi. is ganamtkicebs ormag mflobelobas37 da dacvis
uflebas aniWebs rogorc SualobiT, ise uSualo mflobels. mflobelobiTi dacviT sargeblobs
xandazmuli mflobelic, romelsac jer ar SeuZenia sakuTrebis ufleba. marTalia, is jer ar
18
aris marTlzomieri mflobeli, Tumca misi mflobeloba ar aris samarTlebrivad ugulebelyofili faqti da SesaZloa, is gaxdes mesakuTre garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas. xandazmulobiT
mflobels SeuZlia moiTxovos rogorc mflobelobis aRdgena, ise xelSeSlis aRkveTa mesame
pirTa mxridan, romlebic Tavad warmoadgenen utitulo mflobelebs.38
6.3. rusuli samarTlis midgoma
rusuli samoqalaqo samarTali sabWouri gamocdilebis erTguli darCa da is srulyofilad
ar ganamtkicebs mflobelobiT dacvas (civilistTa erTi nawili, mesakuTris garda, sxva titulovani mflobelis sarCels ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, mflobelobiT
sarCels uwodebs, rac ar aris marTebuli). doqtrinaSi arsebobs mosazreba mflobelobiTi
dacvis aRdgenis Taobaze: ruseTis sasamarTlo sistemaSi, sadac saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis dadgenilia xangrZlivi vadebi, saWiroa, samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis gamartiveba. uflebaTa dacva
efeqtiania maSin, roca is Tanadroulia. xolo dacvis Tanadrouloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
procesualuri saqmianoba rogor asaxavs sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis simartivesa da siCqares.39 ruseTis sk icnobs mflobelobiTi dacvis mxolod erT SemTxvevas, kerZod, keTilsindisieri da sakuTrad flobis ganzraxvis mqone xandazmuli mflobeli daculia utitulo mflobelisagan, magram ara mesakuTris an sxva marTlzomier mflobelTa mier ganxorcielebuli xelyofisagan (234-e muxlis me-2 nawili).40
mflobelobiTi dacvis aRdgenis mowinaaRmdegeTa poziciiT, am dacvas aqvs droebiTi xasiaTi,
mas ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos ZiriTadi sarCeli uflebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, isedac datvirTuli
sasamarTlos saqmianobis damZimeba axali saxis procesiT, miuRebelia. amasTan, mflobelobiTi
sarCeli yovelTvis idga kerZo da sajaro samarTlis zRvarze, mis dacvas unda axorcielebdes
ara sasamarTlo, aramed samarTaldamcavi organoebi, radgan maTi funqciaa pirovnebisa da
marTlwesrigis dacva, rasac emsaxureba mflobelobiTi dacvac. aseve, dRes, roca uZrav nivTze
sakuTrebis warmoSobis procesi saxelmwifo reestris mwarmoebel organoebSia Tavmoyrili,
modave mxaris mier uflebis damadasturebeli sabuTis wardgenisas, SeuZlebelia, is sasamarTlom ar miiRos mxedvelobaSi da daakmayofilos posesoruli sarCeli. es ewinaaRmdegeba sasamarTlos saqmianobis principebsa da registraciis sistemis sandoobas.41
6.4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebi mflobelobiTi dacvis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos sk-is 160-161-e muxlebi ganamtkiceben mflobelobiT dacvas. isini icaven mflobelobas xelyofisgan, erTi mxriv, nivTis mflobelobaSi dabrunebisa da meore mxriv, mflobelobis ganxorcielebisas xelSeSlis aRkveTis gziT. es normebi moqmedebs mxolod keTilsindisieri mflobelis mimarT, romelSic samoqalaqo kodeqsi gulisxmobs rogorc marTlzomier,
ise aramarTlzomier mflobels.
keTilsindisier (aramarTlzomier) mflobels mflobelobiTi dacvis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia
rogorc sxva utitulo mflobelis, ise titulovani mflobelis mimarT. keTilsindisier mflobels ufleba aqvs 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi moiTxovos nivTis dabruneba axali mflobelisagan. sasamarTlom unda gamoarkvios axali mflobelis uflebrivi damokidebuleba da Tu mas meti safuZveli aqvs nivTis flobisa, keTilsindisieri mflobeli dakargavs mflobelobis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas.42 es wesi ar moqmedebs maSin, rodesac ukeTesi uflebis mqone piri (mesakuTre, sxva
kanonieri mflobeli) Zaladobis an motyuebis gziT CamoarTmevs nivTs mflobels, rogorc naklebi uflebis mqones.
19
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da
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Tu mflobelobis xelyofa ar aris dakavSirebuli nivTis mflobelobis CamorTmevasTan,
aramed mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi saxezea xelSeSla, keTilsindisier mflobels aqvs xelSeSlis aRkveTis moTxovna, aseve, xelyofiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna, Tu SeuZlebelia xelSeSlis aRkveTis moTxovnis ganxorcieleba (161-e muxli). saqarTvelos uzenaesma
sasamarTlom erT-erTi gadawyvetilebiT, 159-e muxlis safuZvelze, keTilsindisier mflobelad
aRiara saqmian urTierTobebSi aseTad miCneuli piri, mesakuTre, romelsac kuTvnili miwis
nakveTis mimdebare nakveTi ar hqonda daregistrirebuli da arc miumarTavs sajaro reestrisaTvis mis mesakuTred aRiarebis Taobaze da mas sk-is 161-e muxlze dayrdnobiT mianiWa mflobelobis ukanono xelSeSlis aRkveTis moTxovnis ufleba.43
mflobelobiTi dacvis moTxovnis buneba ar icvleba imiT, Tu uflebis dacvis romeli uwyebisaTvis aris mimarTuli _ sasamarTlosaTvis Tu administraciuli organosaTvis. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, is warmoadgens sarCels, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ gancxadebas.44 am TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa, saqarTvelos sk-is 172-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romelic mesakuTris sasamarTlomde
dacvis uflebas ganamtkicebs samarTaldamcavi organosaTvis mimarTvis da misTvis sakuTrebis
uflebis damadasturebeli dokumentis wardgenis gziT. aRniSnuli, Tavisi arsiT posesoruli
dacvaa, radgan Sesabamisi organo ZiriTadad, faqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedebs. marTalia, mas waredgineba sakuTrebis uflebis damadasturebeli dokumenti, magram es
mflobelobis uflebrivi safuZvlis zedapiruli Semowmebaa. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom xelmyofis mier aseve, sakuTrebis an sxva uflebaze damyarebuli marTlzomieri mflobelobis damadasturebeli werilobiTi sabuTis wardgenisas, davis gadawyveta samarTaldamcavi organos kompetencias scildeba da sasamarTloSi gadadis.
7. TviTdacva
mflobelobiTi dacvisagan gansxvavdeba TviTdacva. amasTan, mflobelobis dacva aseve,
uzrunvelyofilia TviTdacvis gziT. TviTdacvis, TviTdaxmarebis ufleba samoqalaqo samarTlis nebismier subieqts aqvs. mflobelobiTi dacvisagan gansxvavebiT, romliTac ver sargeblobs
mWeri, TviTdacva romis samarTlidan moyolebuli misTvisac xelmisawvdomia. Tu winare saxelmwifoebriobis xanaSi TviTneboba dazaralebulis interesebis dacvis damkvidrebuli wesia, saxelmwifo Tavisi arsebobis pirvelive safexurze miznad isaxavs, Surisgebis miswrafeba garkveul
farglebSi moaqcios.45 Tanamedrove marTlwesrigi individebs ukrZalavs samarTlebrivi davebis
gadawyvetas TviTneburad, TviTgasamarTlebis gziT, radgan marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis
monopolia saxelmwifo xelisuflebas aqvs miniWebuli. Tumca, arsebobs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gamonaklisi, rodesac mkacrad gansazRvruli winapirobebis arsebobisas individs SeuZlia Tavisi uflebis dacvis an maTi droebiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT Zalis gamoyeneba, Tu SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos mxridan drouli daxmareba.46 TviTdacva gulisxmobs piris faqtobriv moqmedebas samoqalaqo uflebisa da kanoniT daculi interesis dacvisaTvis, romelsac is damoukideblad axorcielebs, saxelmwifo organoebisaTvis daxmarebis mimarTvis gareSe.47
mflobelobiTi dacvis TvalsazrisiT, es niSnavs, piris SesaZleblobas damoukideblad miiRos
zomebi darRveuli mflobelobis aRsadgenad. TviTdacvas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac piri mflobels ukanonod waarTmevs mflobelobas an xels SeuSlis mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi. TviTdacvis ufleba uflebamosil pirs aqvs, rogorc samarTaldamrRvevis, ise misi memkvidris an im
piris mimarT, vinc nivTis SeZenisas icoda mflobelobis xarvezis Sesaxeb.48 TviTdacva ar xorcieldeba nivTis mesakuTris mimarT.
germaniis sk-is 859-e paragrafis mixedviT, mflobels SeuZlia win aRudges akrZalul TviTnebobas, Tu moZrav nivTs ZaliT waarTmeven. mas SeuZlia Zalis gamoyenebiT waarTvas is damrRvevs
20
adgilze an devnisas. Tu miwis nakveTis mflobels CamoerTmeva mflobeloba TviTnebobiT, mas
SeuZlia dauyovnebliv daibrunos mflobeloba xelmyofis gaZevebiT nakveTidan. TviTdacvis
marTlzomierebisaTvis saWiroa, rom mis farglebSi moqmed pirs gaaCndes nivTis flobis uflebamosileba, misTvis mflobeloba CamorTmeuli unda iyos ukanonod, dakarguli mflobelobis
aRdgena unda moxdes gonivrul vadaSi da TviTdacvis farglebis gadametebis gareSe.49
8. posesoruli da petitoruli procesebis daaxloebis tendencia
dRes, germanul sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arsebobs mflobelobiTi da sakuTrebiTi procesebis
daaxloebis tendencia. posesorul procesSi sasamarTlos uxdeba mflobelobis titulis gamoZieba, magram mxolod udavo mtkicebulebebis arsebobisas, ise, rom xeli ar SeeSalos saqmis
droulad ganxilvas da ar Seicvalos procesis samarTlebrivi buneba. mflobelobiTi sarCelis
ganxilvisas sasamarTlo adgens mflobelobis darRvevis faqts da ikvlevs samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Sesaxeb udavo mtkicebulebebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT, is damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis
ganxilvis gareSe miiRebs gadawyvetilebas mflobelobis aRdgenis an misi xelyofis aRkveTis
Sesaxeb. germaniis federaluri sasamarTlos praqtikaSi daSvebulia, rom mopasuxes mflobelobiT procesSi SeuZlia daeyrdnos mosarCelis mflobelobis ukanonobas, sadavo nivTze Tavisi
uflebis mtkicebis safuZvelze. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo saWiroebs mflobelobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis Seswavlas. mflobelobiTi sarCeli ar dakmayofildeba, Tu dadgindeba mosarCelis mier mflobelobis ukanonod mopovebis faqti. am procesis dasrulebisas ar gamoiricxeba
SesaZlebloba, gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo mxarem axali procesi wamoiwyos, sadac sasamarTlo
siRrmiseulad Seiswavlis yvela mtkicebulebas petitorul warmoebaSi.50
9. Teoriebi mflobelobiTi dacvis Sesaxeb
9.1. mflobelobiTi dacvis gansxvavebuli sawyisebi
arsebobs mosazreba, rom mflobelobiTi dacvis mizezi mdgomareobs ama Tu im sazogadoebrivekonomikuri formaciis TaviseburebaSi. Zvel romsa da feodalur epoqaSi nivTze faqtobrivi
batonobis dacvis safuZvels sajarosamarTlebrivi sawyisi, samoqalaqo wesrigis dacva Seadgenda;
kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi kerZosamarTlebrivi pozicia dominirebda, rac sakuTrebis
gamartivebuli dacvis uzrunvelyofiT, mesakuTris interesebis dacvaSi mdgomareobda; xolo
TanamedroveobaSi _ pirovnebis dacvis bunebiTsamarTlebrivi sawyisia amosavali.51 civilistur
doqtrinaSi mflobelobiTi dacvis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi iyofa absolutur da relatiur
Teoriebad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra arealSi eZieben WeSmaritebas mflobelobis dacvis Taobaze,
mflobelobis institutis gareT (relatiuri), Tu Tavad, mflobelobis bunebaSi (absoluturi).
kerZod, relatiuri Teoriebi, mflobelobis dacvis mizezad moiazreben: sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
dacvas, sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo mSvidobis SenarCunebas, piris Zaladobisagan dacvasa da
mesakuTris interesebis uzrunvelyofas. xolo absoluturi Teoriebis Tanaxmad, marTlwesrigi
mflobelobis dacviT pirovnebas icavs, romelic samarTaldarRvevis miuxedavad, Rirsebis mqonea.
9.2. relatiuri Teoriebi
9.2.1. `samoqalaqo mSvidobis~ Teoria
jer kidev, kacobriobis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, saxelmwifos xelSia samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT pirovnuli Tu qonebrivi sanqciis gamoyenebis berketi da uflebis dacva sakuTar
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prerogativad aqcia. amiT ailagma TviTneboba, TviTneburi angariSsworeba, rogorc saxelmwifo
wesrigis arsis sawinaaRmdego movlena, Selaxuli interesis dacvis sferoSi.52 ganviTarebuli
marTlwesrigis pirobebSi dauSvebelia uflebamosili piris mier uflebis aRdgena, dacva ZaladobiT, kompetenturi organosaTvis mimarTvis gareSe. sakuTrebis samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi
dacvis WrilSi TviTneboba gamoricxulia, vidre ar gairkveva mflobelobis safuZveli, rogori
cxadic ar unda iyos mflobelobis xarvezuloba.53 mflobelobiTi urTierTobis aramarTlzomieri da TviTneburi xelyofiT gamowveuli Sedegi da Selaxuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba
unda gamoswordes da aRdges Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. aravin aris uflebamosili Tavisi SexedulebiT, sasamarTlo legitimaciis gareSe da Zaladobis gziT ganaxorcielos sakuTari ufleba.54
mflobelobis, rogorc nivTTan dakavSirebiT faqtobrivad Camoyalibebuli wesrigis, rogorc sazogadoebriv sikeTeTa ganawilebis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis (dernburgi) xelSeuxebloba, zogadi pirobaa samoqalaqo wesrigis SenarCunebisa55 da sazogadoebrivi simSvidis arsebobisa.56 amitom, saxelmwifos amocanaa uzrunvelyos mSvidobiani wesrigi TviTnebobisagan maSinac, rodesac es ukanaskneli uflebis ganxorcielebisaken aris mimarTuli (endemani, rudorfi).57
mflobelobaSi arsebobs ori momenti _ individualuri da socialuri, pirveli _ pirsa da
nivTs Soris kavSiria, sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis gareSe arsebuli, xolo meore _ pirsa da
nivTs Soris urTierTobaa, mesame pirTa mxridan xelSeuvalad Secnobili, amdenad, misi xelyofa
ganixileba saerTo wesrigis darRvevad. am mosazrebiT, qurdic, rogorc samarTlebrivad saSiSi
pirovneba, rogorc mflobeli, saxelmwifo wesrigs warmoadgens.58 mflobelobis dacva marTlwesrigis stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. nivTis dauflebiT xorcieldeba adamianuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo brunvis moqniloba iTxovs qonebiT flobasa da sargeblobaSi xelSeSlis operatiul aRkveTas, mSvidi sargebloba aucilebelia sameurneo interesebSi, amitom sasurvelia, darRveuli mflobeloba swrafad
aRdges.
9.2.2. `piris Zaladobisagan dacvis~ Teoria
relatiuria aseve, savinis mier ganviTarebuli Teoria, romelic mflobelobis dacvis mizezs
xedavda pirovnebis Zaladobisagan dacvaSi. misi mosazrebiT, mflobelobis darRveva samoqalaqo deliqtia, rac gulisxmobs arsebul faqtobriv urTierTobaSi SeWras, amitom jer kidev,
romis samarTali icavda mflobelobas Zaladobisagan interdiqtebiTa da pretorismieri sarCelebiT, romlebic deliqtur sarCelebs warmoadgenden.59 savinis am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeboda
ieringi, romelic miuTiTebda, rom romis samarTalSi interdiqtebis umravlesobas ar hqonda
deliqturi xasiaTi, ar iyo mimarTuli ZaladobiT warTmeuli mflobelobis dabrunebisaken.
amasTan, Tu mflobelobis dacvis mizezi iyo Zaladobisagan piris dacva, ratom ar sargeblobda
dacviT mWeri an brunvidan amoRebuli nivTis mflobeli, _ Zaladoba xom ar iyo damokidebuli
nivTis Tvisebaze an subieqtis mdgomareobaze.60
9.2.3. `sakuTrebis, rogorc mflobelobis ukan arsebuli uflebis, dacvis~ Teoria
ieringi mflobelobiTi dacvis mizezs eZebda sakuTrebis uflebis ukeTesad dacvis interesSi.
es mflobelobis dacvis kerZosamarTlebrivi sawyisia. cxovrebaSi nivTis mflobeli wesisamebr,
aris kidec misi mesakuTre, aqedan prezumfcia _ mflobelSi mesakuTris arsebobis Taobaze.
mflobelobis dacviT samarTali icavs mis ukan arsebul uflebas. mflobelobiTi dacva
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gamartivebuli dacvaa, radgan ar aris dakavSirebuli uflebis arebobis mtkicebasTan, rac
mesakuTrisTvisac xelsayrelia. mflobelobiTi dacva, sadac iuridiuli yofierebis mtkiceba
Secvlilia faqtobrivi yofierebis mtkicebiT, misTvisac misaRebia.61
amgvarad, posesorul procesSi sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis interesia gamokveTili: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirs mflobeloba ar daukargavs, am procesis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, is gaTavisuflebulia nivTze uflebis arsebobis mtkicebisagan, xolo Tu dakarga mflobeloba, mesakuTris
interesebis dacva uzrunvelyofilia nivTze nebismieri piris mflobelobis dacvis gziT, rac
mesakuTris mier nivTis normalur mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis garantiaa.62 marTalia, mesakuTre
da mflobeli xSirad erT pirovnebaSi iyrian Tavs, magram SesaZloa, mflobelobas ar hqondes
tituli. amdenad, mflobelobiTi dacva vrceldeba ukanono mflobelzec. ieringis mosazrebiT,
es aucdeneli borotebaa, mTavaria, rom wesisamebr, mflobelobiTi dacviT sargeblobs mesakuTre, samarTali raime wesis dadgenisas angariSs uwevs ara gamonaklisebs, aramed zogad viTarebas.
ukanono mflobelobis dacva ar aris mflobelobiTi dacvis institutis mizani, aramed misi
garduvali Sedegia. rogorc mze anaTebs marTalsac da mtyuansac, ise mflobelobiTi dacvis
sikeTe vrceldeba uflebamosilzec da samarTaldamrRvevzec. amitom, mflobelobis dacva unda
moxdes iq, sadac SesaZloa sakuTrebis varaudi da uari unda eTqvas mas iq, sadac am varauds
adgili ara aqvs.63 amdenad, saxelmwifos surs daicvas kanonieri mflobeloba, Tumca, iZulebulia
daicvas ukanonoc, radgan zogjer ar arsebobs garegnuli niSani, romlis mixedviT SeiZleba
erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos marTlzomieri da aramarTlzomieri mflobeloba.64
mosazrebas, rom mflobelobiTi dacvis procesSi amosavalia mesakuTris interesi, sakuTrebis uflebis efeqtiani dacva, sabWoTa samarTalSic hyavda mxardamWerebi. kerZod, miiCneoda,
rom mflobelobis dacvis safuZveli iyo ara sazogadoebrivi mSvidobis interesi, radgan am
mizans emsaxureba dacvis sxva saSualebebic, aramed sakuTrebis an sxva uflebis dacvis aucilebloba, romelic prezumirebulia mflobelobaSi.65
9.3. absoluturi Teoriebi
absoluturi Teoriebi mflobelobis dacvis mizezs pirovnulobis ideis dacvaSi hpoveben.
Tu ieringis mtkicebiT, ukanono mflobelobis dacva garduvali borotebaa, pokrovskis mosazrebiT, is adamianis pirovnulobis pativiscemis, rogorc ZiriTadi ideis ganviTarebis mwvervalia. mflobeli pirovnebaa da samarTaldarRveva ar aqcevs mas uuflebo arsebad,66 mflobelobiTi dacva ganpirobebulia adamianuri Rirsebis motiviT, Zaladobisagan dacvas nebismieri
individi imsaxurebs. dabalganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi samarTaldamrRvevi gareSe pirTa
mxridan TviTnebobis obieqti xdeba, xolo kulturul erebSi yvelaze mZime danaSaulis Camdeni
subieqtic garSemomyofTaTvis adamianuri Rirsebis mqonea, uflebawarTmeulic adamiania da
mis mimarT kerZo pirTa mxridan TviTneboba dauSvebelia.67
sxva absoluturi TeoriiT, mflobelobis dacvisas amosavalia, piris Sinagani, Tavisufali
neba, romelic mimarTulia miTvisebaze, nivTis sakuTrad qcevaze68 da gansxeulebulia mflobelobaSi, riTac garSemomyofT emcno neba garegnuli formiT. neba, romelic mflobelobaSia
realizebuli, daculi unda iyos nebis zogadi bunebidan gamomdinare, radgan neba TavisTavad
Tavisufalia, misi aRiareba da ganxorcieleba samarTlis amocanaa (brunsi, puxta, hansi).69
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SeniSvnebi:
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mosazreba miTiTebulia: Ãðèìì Ä.Ä., Ëåêöèè ïî äîãìå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, 5îå èçä., Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916, 15.
mosazreba miTiTebulia: Âàñüêîâñêèé Å.À.,Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ì.,
2003, 212.
Ïîêðîâñêèé È. À., Èñòîðèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, ÑÏÁ., 1998, 350.
Ëóêèí- Àíòîíîâ Í., Î÷åðêè ïî íîâåéøåé èñòîðèè Ãåðìàíèè, 1890-1914 ãã.,
Ì., 1925, 35.
Èåðèíã Ð., Òåîðèÿ âëàäåíèÿ, ñîêðàù. ïåð. Âàñüêîâñêîãî Å.Â., òèïîãðàôèÿ
Ìåðêóøåâà Ì., ÑÏÁ., 1895.
boelingi h., lutringhausi p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli
moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, bremeni-Tbilisi, 2004-2009, gv.
73.
ßè÷êîâ Ê.Ê.,(ðåä.),Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõ
ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ì., 1966,193.
Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,
Ì., 2002, 100.
mosazreba miTiTebulia: Äåðíáóðã Ã., Ïàíäåêòû, Âåùíîå ïðàâî, Ò.1, ÷. 2,
ÑÏÁ., 1902, 43.
Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,
Ì., 2002, 552.
Òðåóøíèêîâ Ì.Ê., (ðåä.), Õðåñòîìàòèÿ ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðîöåññó, Ì., 1996,
108.
Øåðøåíåâè÷ Ã.Ô., Ó÷åáíèê ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ò. 1, 11-îå èçä.,
Ì., 1914, 267.
Àííåíêîâ Ê., Ñèñòåìà ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ò.II, 2-îå èçä., ÑÏÁ.,
1900, 600.
mosazreba miTiTebulia: Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â.,Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â
ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå, Ì., 2002, 89.
futkaraZe r., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi prezumfciebi, Jurn. `samarTali~,
#8-9,2000, 48.
Ìåéåð Ä.Ì., Èçáðàííûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì., 2003, 98.
prezumfciuli daskvniT erTi faqti an movlena dadgenilad iTvleba
araerTgzis momxdari analogiuri faqtebisa Tu movlenebis safuZvelze.
SuSanaSvili al., udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, prof. g. inwkirvelis 70-e
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1996, 149. prezumfcia
faqtis dadgenis safuZvelia, magram ar xdeba navaraudevi faqtis mtkiceba,
is mas ar saWiroebs. Ìåéåð Ä.Ì., Èçáðàííûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ ïî
ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì., 2003, 115.
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
Tb.,1997, 160.
gagua i., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli
mtkicebis tvirTis inovaciuri ganawilebis TaviseburebaTa analizi, Jur.
`marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3, 2010, 79.
qurdaZe S., samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi,
Tb., 2005, 350-351.
boelingi h., lutringhausi p., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis calkeuli
moTxovnis safuZvlebis sistemuri analizi, bremeni-Tbilisi, 2004-2009, 69.
futkaraZe r., samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi prezumfciebi, Jur. `samarTali~,
#8-9,2000, 27.
Ñêëîâñêèé Ê.È., Î ïðàâå íà îò÷óæäåíèå èìóùåñòâà áåç ïåðåäà÷è âëàäåíèÿ,
æ. «Õîçÿéñòâî è ïðàâî», ¹8, 2003, 12.
Wanturia l., Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
Tb.,1997, 160.
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Óäèíöåâ Â.À., Èçáðàííûå òðóäû ïî òîðãîâîìó è ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì.,
2003, 239.
susg #as-1365-1491-04, 6 ivnisi, 2005w, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #2,
2005, 66.
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 70.
Ñêëîâñêèé Ê.È., Îá èäåîëîãèè çàùèòû âëàäåíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîì
ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå, Â êíèãå: Ïðîáëåìû ñîâðåìåííîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà,
ïîä. ðåä. Ëèòîâêèíà Â.Í., Ðàõìèëîâè÷à Â.À., Ì., 2000, 116.
Ñêëîâñêèé Ê. È., Ñîáñòâåííîñòü â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå, Ì., 1999, 306.
Âåíåäèêòîâ À.Â.,Çàùèòà ôàêòè÷åñêîãî âëàäåíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ìèðíîãî è
âîåííîãî âðåìåíè, Ó÷åíûå òðóäû ÂÈÞÍ, Âûï. IX, Ì., 1947, 55.
Ëîðåíö Ä.Â., Ñèñòåìà ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâûõ ïðèòÿçàíèé è ïðîáëåìà èõ
êîíêóðåíöèè. æ. «Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî», ¹4, 2008, 7.
Âàñèëüåâ Å.À., Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ., (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî
çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1, Ì., 2004, 414. italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi
ganamtkicebs ori saxis mflobelobiT sarCels: 1. ZaladobiT an farulad
warTmeuli mflobelobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb; 2. mflobelobis
ganxorcielebaSi xelSemSleli moqmedebebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb. orive
sarCeli waredgineba xelyofis momentidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (muxli
1170), italiis samoqalaqo kodeqsi, Targmani z. WeWelaSvilis, qarTuli
kerZo samarTlis krebuli, w. I, Tb., 2004, 349.
Ìîçîëèí Â.Ï., Êóëàãèí Ì.È.,(ðåä.),Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî
êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèõ ñòðàí, Ì.,1980, 144.
Âàñèëüåâ Å.À., Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ., (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî
çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1, Ì., 2004, 415.
Êíèïåð Ð.,Âëàäåíèå â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå Òóðêìåíèñòàíà, Â êíèãå: Ïðàâî,
ýêîíîìèêà, áëàãîñîñòîÿíèå, àêòóàëüíûå âîïðîñû ïðàâîâîé ðåôîðìû â
Òóðêìåíèñòàíå, (Íóðûåâ ß.,×àíòóðèÿ Ë.,èçä.),Asgabat ,2010, 102.
ormagi mflobelobis SemoRebas akritikebdnen revoluciamdeli rusi
civilistebi, radgan sadavo iyo, Tu romel mflobels unda miniWeboda
dacvis ufleba. aseve, maTi azriT, SesaZlo iyo mWers hqonoda dacvis
ufleba, misTvis mflobelis titulis miniWebis gareSe. Ñèìîëèí À.À.,
Îïðåäåëåíèå âëàäåíèÿ ïî íàøåìó ïðîåêòó è Ãåðìàíñêîìó óëîæåíèþ, Â
êíèãå: Âîçìåçäíîñòü, áåçâîçìåçäíîñòü, ñìåøàííûå äîãîâîðû è èíûå
òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ì., 2005,508.
Ñåðãååâ À.Ï., Òîëñòîé Þ.Ê, (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ò.1, 6-îå èçä., Ì.,
2004, 427.
Âåðøèíèí À.Ï., Ñïîñîáû çàùèòû ãðàæäàíñêèõ ïðàâ â ñóäå, ÑÏÁ., 1997, 87.
Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ðîññèéñêîì ïðàâå, æ.
«Ïðàâîâåäåíèå», ¹9, 1998, 144.
Áàáàåâ À.Á., Ñèñòåìà âåùíûõ ïðàâ, Ì., 2007, 246. saerTo samarTalSi ar
ganasxvaveben mflobelobis da sakuTrebis dacvas. orive instituti
daculia zianis miyenebidan gamomdinare, deliqturi sarCelebiT, radgan
saerTo samarTali mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis darRvevas deliqtad
ganixilavs. Ìàòòåé Ó., Ñóõàíîâ Å.À., Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ïðàâà
ñîáñòâåííîñòè, Ì., 1999, 248. sarCeliT mflobelobis darRvevis
winaaRmdeg, daculia moZrav da uZrav nivTebze mflobeloba xelyofisagan.
am sarCelis ganxorcielebis procesSi ar mowmdeba mflobelobis tituli,
misi daxmarebiT xorcieldeba imgvari aramarTlzomieri qmedebebisgan
dacva, rogoricaa: sxvis miwis nakveTSi an nagebobaSi samarTlebrivi
safuZvlis gareSe Sesvla an nivTebis moTavseba, miwaTmflobelobisa da
miwaTsargeblobisTvis xelSemSleli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. Âàñèëüåâ
Å.À., Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ., (ðåä.), Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ
ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1, Ì., 2004, 416.
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 73.
susg #501-03, 10 ivnisi, 2003 w, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeebze, #7,
2003, 1911.
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kanoni
Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå,
Ì., 2002, 145.
qoCaSvili q., brali, rogorc samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
piroba, Jur. `samarTlis Jurnali~, #1, 2009, 86.
henSeli s., samoqalaqo kazusebis damuSavebis meTodika, Tb., 2009, 20.
galdava g., samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis formebi da saSualebebi
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT, Jur. `samarTlis Jurnali~,
#1, 2009, 121.
Æàëèíñêèé À., иðèõò À., Ââåäåíèå â íåìåöêîå ïðàâî, Ì., 2001, 413.
Âàñèëüåâ Å.À.,Êîìàðîâ À.Ñ.,(ðåä.),Ãðàæäàíñêîå è òîðãîâîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ
ãîñóäàðñòâ, Ò.1,Ì., 2004, 417.
Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå ,
Ì., 2002, 106.
Êîìïàíååö Å.Ñ., Ê âîïðîñó î ïðîáëåìå âëàäåíèÿ â ñîâåòñêîì ïðàâå , Ñá.
ñòàòåé ïàìÿòè àêàäåìèêà Ãîðäîíà Â.Ì., Õàðüêîâ, 1927, 144.
Âèíäøàèä Á.,Ó÷åáíèê ïàíäåêòíîãî ïðàâà, ÑÏÁ., 1874, 312.
zoiZe b., evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005, 47.
boelingi h., Wanturia l., samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis meTodika, I I gamocema, Tb., 2004, 125.
Äåðíáóðã Ã., Ïàíäåêòû, Ò.2, ïåð. Áëîõà À.Þ., Ãàëüïåðà À.ß., Óíòåëîâà
Ä.È., Øíåéäåðà Ê.À., ïîä. ðåä. Ìåéåíäîðôà À.Ô., ÑÏÁ., 1905, 7.
Àííåíêîâ Ê., Ñèñòåìà ðóññêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, ÑÏÁ., 1900, 597.
mosazreba miTiTebulia: Ïîêðîâñêèé È.À., Èñòîðèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà. http://
www.sud09ru/bibliot/Elib/1265.htm/.
Áåðíãåôò Ô., Êîëåð È., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ãåðìàíèè, ÑÏÁ., 1910, 118.
mosazreba miTiTebulia: Ãðèìì Ä.Ä., Ëåêöèè ïî äîãìå ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà, 5îå èçä., Ïåòðîãðàä, 1916, 166.
Èåðèíã Ð., Òåîðèÿ âëàäåíèÿ, ñîêðàù. ïåð. Âàñüêîâñêîãî Å.Â., òèïîãðàôèÿ
Ìåðêóøåâà Ì., ÑÏÁ., 1895, 8.
Èåðèíã Ð., Îá îñíîâàíèè çàøèòû âëàäåíèÿ, Ì., 1883, 148.
zoiZe b., qarTuli sanivTo samarTali,Tb., 2003, 70.
zoiZe b., mflobeloba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis mixedviT, Jurn. `adamiani
da konstitucia~, #1, 2004, 106.
Êàâåëèí, mosazreba miTiTebulia: Âàñüêîâñêèé Å.Â., Ó÷åáíèê ãðàæäàíñêîãî
ïðàâà, Ì., 2003, 228.
Âåíåäèêòîâ À.Â., Çàùèòà ôàêòè÷åñêîãî âëàäåíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ìèðíîãî è
âîåííîãî âðåìåíè, Ó÷åííûå òðóäû ÂÈÞÍ, âûï IX, Ì., 1947, 68.
zoiZe b., mflobelobis (possessio) cneba saqarTvelos momaval samoqalaqo
kodeqsSi, danarTi wignSi: qarTuli sanivTo samarTali, Tb., 2003, 433.
Ïîêðîâñêèé È.À., Îñíîâíûå ïðîáëåìû ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ì., 1998 , 227.
Þøêåâè÷ Â.À., Èññëåäîâàíèå èç îáëàñòè ó÷åíèÿ î âëàäåíèè: Î
ïðèîáðåòåíèè âëàäåíèÿ ïî ðèìñêîìó ïðàâó, Ì., 1908, 42. miTiTebulia:
Êîíîâàëîâ À.Â., Âëàäåíèå è âëàäåëü÷åñêàÿ çàùèòà â ãðàæäàíñêîì ïðàâå Ì.,
2002, 74.
Ìóðîìöåâ Ñ.À., Ðåöåïöèÿ ðèìñêîãî ïðàâà íà çàïàäå, Ì., 1886, 137.
26
POSSESSION PROTECTION
IN CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN
LAW
KETEVAN KOCHASHVILI
Assistant Professor at the Tbilisi State University, Private Law. PHD
Presented Article describes so-called possession protection problem. Originating from the Roman Law, recognition of a person as a possessor is related with
the independent possession capability. Possession protection means protection of
a person individually, based on the fact of possession, independently from jura in
re.
Decision made in the possession process determines condition of parties in
the following process. Plaintiff, that maintained possession on the disputed items,
is respondent on the following trail. Burden of proof lies with the plaintiff and
protection of respondent’s position is simplified: there is a presumption that possessor is owner.
Possession protection is typical for the Continental European law. Relevant
norms are strengthened by German, French, Italian civil codifications. As far as
Georgian Civil Code is similar to the European private law, it also stipulates protection on possession. Common Law system does not recognize possession protection institute, where protection of property and possession is carried out through
delict law suits because their violation is considered as delict.
In civil doctrine, theories on the protection of possession are divided as absolute and relational theories. Relational theories search for the reason of possession beyond possession, for example, protection of public order, maintenance of
civil peace, protection of a person from violence and providing safeguards for the
interests of an owner. According to the absolute theories, through providing pubic order, it protects free will among the individuals.
27
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mesame pirTa
interesebis dacva
warmomadgenlobaSi
(saqarTvelosa da
germaniis samoqalaqo
kodeqsis mixedviT)
TaTa erqvania
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universtetis iuridiuli fakultetis magistri, ganaTlebis
xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris ganaTlebis
aRiarebis sammarTvelos koordinatori
I.
Sesavali
samoqalaqo samarTalSi moqmedi kerZo avtonomiis principisa
da saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli pirovnebis
Tavisufali ganviTarebis ZiriTadi uflebis realizaciis erTerTi saintereso forma rwmunebulebiTi urTierTobaa.
rwmunebulebiT urTierTobaSi mxareTa interesebis Tanafardobis dacva xorcieldeba kerZo avtonomiis principis uzrunvelyofiT, romlis moqmedebis sfero sruldeba iq, sadac
iwyeba sxvisi moqmedebis Tavisufleba1.
warmomadgenlobaSi mxareTa interesebis Tanafardobis dacva
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mier regulaciebsa da mis swor gamoyenebaze sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi.
statiis mizania saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi
_ ssk) warmomadgenlobis momwesrigebeli muxlebis germaniis
samoqalaqo kodeqsis (SemdgomSi _ gsk) Sesabamis paragrafebTan
SedarebiTi da logikur-sistemuri analizis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTalSi warmomadgenlobis institutis
farglebSi mxared moqmedi mesame piris interesebis dacvis amsaxveli debulebebis Seswavla, problemuri regulirebebis warmoCena da maTi srulyofisaTvis novatoruli winadadebebis SeTavazeba.2
28
statiaSi ganxilulia rwmunebulebiTi urierTobis mxareebis interesTa Tanafardobis sakiTxebi; mesame piris moTxovnis uflebis safuZvlebi da winapirobebi; daxasiaTebulia germanul
doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli, modificirebul safuZvlebze warmoSobili rwmunebulebis saxeebi, maTi gansazRvris winapirobebi da gamoyenebis aqtualoba praqtikaSi; statiaSi gaanalizebulia mesame piris moTxovnis uflebebi ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlisadmi. daskvnis saxiT, warmodgenilia kvlevis Sedegebi da kvlevis Sedegad SemuSavebuli
mosazrebebi ssk-is warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli normebis srulyofisaTvis, mesame pirTa
interesebis dacvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
II. interesTa Tanafardoba warmomadgenlobaSi
2.1. mesame piris interesi kontrahentis vinaobis sicxadis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove samarTalbrunva moiTxovs imgvari urTierTobebis kanonismier mowesrigebas,
romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba konkretuli qmedebis ganxorcielebiT sxvisTvis samarTlebrivi
Sedegis warmoSoba.3 am mizans emsaxureba gsk-sa (164_181-e paragrafebi)4 da ssk-Si (103-114-e muxlebi)5 damkvidrebuli normebi garigebismieri warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb. mesame piri samarTalurTierTobaSi warmomadgenlis pirispir gamodis rogorc kontrahenti da warmomadgenlis meSveobiT warmodgenili piris mimarT avlens nebas. warmomadgenlis sxvisi saxeliT moqmedebis
faqti mesame pirisaTvis Secnobadi unda iyos;6 germaniis samoqalaqosamarTlebriv doqtrinaSi
moqmedi warmomadgenlobis Secnobadobis, igive, sajaroobis principi7 emsaxureba mesame piris
interesis dacvas masTan samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi myofi piris sicxadisa da aseve, aw ukve
warmoSobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobis mimarT misi ndobis dacvis TvalsazrisiT8 (xelSekrulebis dadebisas SesaZloa kontrahentis pirovneba, magaliTad, gadaxdisunarianobis xarisxis
gaTvaliswinebiT, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis iyos). sajaroobis principi warmomadgenlobiT urTierTobaSi valdebulebiT samarTalSi moqmedi xelSekrulebis dadebis Tavisuflebis principis
erTgvari gamovlinebaa.
gsk-Si sajaroobis principi gansazRvrulia warmomadgenlobiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli pirvelive _ 164-e paragrafis I nawilis I winadadebiT: `neba, romelic gamovlenil iqna
piris mier misTvis miniWebuli warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi marwmuneblis
saxeliT, moqmedebs uSualod marwmuneblisaTvis da mis mimarT.~9 ssk-is 104 e muxlis I nawili
imeorebs gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul regulirebas, romlis 104-e muxlis
I nawilis Tanaxmad: `im garigebiT, romelsac warmomadgeneli debs Tavisi uflebamosilebis
farglebSi da im piris saxeliT, romelsac igi warmoadgens, uflebebi da movaleobebi warmoeSoba
mxolod warmodgenil pirs.~ ramdenadac nebis gamovlena garigebis aucilebeli komponentia10
da ara piriqiT, kontrahentis vinaobis sicxadis interesi mniSvnelobas iZens warmomadgenlis
mier nebis gamovlenis momentidan.
gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I nawilis me-2 winadadebis mixedviT, `mniSvneloba ara aqvs, gakeTda
Tu ara gancxadeba aSkarad marwmuneblis saxeliT, Tu garemoebebidan ikveTeba, rom igi am
ukanasknelis saxeliT gakeTdeboda.~11 gsk-is aRniSnuli paragrafis arsobrivad msgavs,12 Tumca,
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, xarvezian danawess iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 104-e muxlis I I nawili, romelic sasurvelia, Camoyalibdes teqnikurad gamarTuli formiT.13 aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk-is regulirebiT warmomadgenlis mier gamovlenili nebis samarTlebrivi Sedegis gansazRvrisas gaiTvaliswineba mesame piris keTilsindisieri varaudi rwmunebulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. sagulisxmoa
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba,14 sadac sasamarTlom ssk-is 104-e muxlis II nawili
29
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ssk-is 111-e muxlTan urTierTkavSirSi ganixila. sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom uZrav qonebaze dadebuli xelSekrulebis baTilobas ar uSvebs erTi mxaris sasargeblod da sakiTxis gadawyvetas
iseTi garemoebebis dadgenas ukavSirebs, rogoricaa warmodgenili piris qceva, aseve, SemZenis
(mesame piri) keTilsindisieri damokidebuleba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis damadasturebeli dokumentisa da warmodgenili piris mier Seqmnili garemoebebis mimarT. ssk-is 104-e
muxlis me-2 nawilis farglebSi, sasamarTlom miuTiTa warmomadgenlis damokidebulebis
dadgenaze mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis mimarT; kerZod, mas Tavisi braleuli Tu arabraleuli moqmedebiT an umoqmedobiT iseTi garemoebebi xom ar hqonda mesame pirisaTvis Seqmnili,
rac am ukanasknels afiqrebinebda, rom mas rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba hqonda.
2.1.1. warmomadgenlobis mowesrigeba calmxriv garigebebSi
gsk-is 180-e paragrafis I winadadeba, ganxvavebiT xelSekrulebebSi warmomadgenlobisagan,
calmxriv garigebebSi dauSveblad miiCnevs warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe moqmedebas.15 calmxriv garigebaSi, gsk-is 180-e paragrafis I winadadebis farglebSi gamonaklisis gareSe moiazreba calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena.16 Tu warmomadgenloba Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis gareSe gsk-is 177-e paragrafis17 Sesabamisad, meryevad baTilia, calmxrivi garigebisas warmomadgenloba uflebamosilebis gareSe, baTilia.18
aRniSnuli danawesidan gamonakliss iTvaliswinebs gsk-is 180-e paragrafis me-2 da me-3
winadadebebi19 calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenisa da garigebis msgavsi urTierTobebis20 mimarT. kerZod, `Tu pirma, romlis mimarTac aseTi garigeba unda dadebuliyo, garigebis
dadebis dros warmomadgenlis mier miTiTebuli uflebamosilebis mimarT ar gamoTqva eWvi an
Tu igi Tanaxmaa, rom warmomadgeneli moqmedebda warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe,
maSin Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba normebi xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri wesi moqmedebs im
SemTxvevaSic, rodesac calmxrivi garigeba ideba warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe
moqmedi warmomadgenlis mimarT am ukanasknelis TanxmobiT.~ amdenad, rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe ganxorcielebuli calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena, gansxvavebiT calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenisagan, meryevad baTilia.
ssk-Si calmxrivi garigebisas warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli specialuri normebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris da amdenad, uflebamosilebis gareSe ganxorcielebuli calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena eqceva ssk-is 111_113-e muxlebis regulirebis qveS da amgvari
calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena meryevad baTilia.
2.1.2. sakuTar TavTan dadebuli garigeba
ssk-is 114-e muxli iTvaliswinebs gsk-is 181-e paragrafis msgavs regulirebas sakuTar TavTan
garigebis dadebis dauSveblobis TvalsazrisiT. es paragrafi aregulirebs erTi da imave
pirovnebis xelSekrulebis orive mxared formaluri monawileobis dauSveblobas21 da emsaxureba
interesTa koliziis Tavidan aridebisa da interesTa Soris samarTliani Tanafardobis uzrunvelyofas.22 kerZod, `warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia _ garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mas pirdapir
eZleva nebarTva _ dados garigeba marwmuneblis saxeliT Tavis TavTan arc sakuTari saxeliT an
arc rogorc mesame piris warmomadgenelma, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac garigeba mdgomareobs mxolod valdebulebis SesrulebaSi.~23 sakuTar TavTan dadebuli garigebisas (Insichgeschäfte)
ganasxvaveben TviTkontrahirebasa (Selbstkontrahieren) da ormxriv warmomadgenlobas (Mehrvertertung)24.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli warmodgenili piris saxeliT Tavis TavTan debs garigebas,25
30
xolo ormxrivi warmomadgenlobisas, igi warmodgenili pirisa da mesame piris saxeliT erTdroulad gamodis erTsa da imave urTierTobaSi.26 Tumca, gsk-is 181-e paragrafi ar gamoiyneba, Tu
saxeze ar aris interesTa kolizia da warmodgenili piris diskriminaciis saSiSroeba. es ki, maSin
xdeba, rodesac amgvari garigeba warmodgenili pirisaTvis mxolod samarTlebrivi upiratesobis
momtania.27
2.2. ndoba rwmunebulebis moqmedebisadmi
warmomadgenlobisas mesame piri moqmedebs samarTalSegnebiT, rom ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi Sedegebs warmodgenili piris mimarT da misTvis warmoSobs.28 rTulad warmosadgenia, rom
igi regularulad informirebuli iyos rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis modificirebis an
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb.29 amdenad, mesame piris interesebi warmomadgenlobaSi daculia rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebiTa da rwmunebulebisa da mis safuZvlad arsebuli urTierTobis abstraqtuli xasiaTiT.30 rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba da mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida urTierToba
warmodgenil pirsa da warmomadgenels Soris samarTlebrivad gamijnulia.31 warmomadgenelsa
da warmodgenil pirs Soris arsebuli Sida urTierTobidan gamomdinare, warmomadgenlis ufleba-movaleobebis modificireba, maT Soris, maTi Sewyveta gavlenas ar axdens rwmunebulebiT
uflebamosilebaze da igi namdvilia mesame piris mimarT.32
gsk-is 170-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, „Tu mindobiloba gaicema mesame piris mimarT gakeTebuli
gancxadebiT, maSin igi inarCunebs Zalas mis mimarT, vidre Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mas ar Seatyobinebs
marwmunebeli.~33 gsk-is 171-e paragrafis I nawilis safuZvelze, `Tu pirma specialuri SetyobinebiT mesame pirisadmi an sajarod, gancxadebiT ganacxada, rom igi warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas aniWebs sxva pirs, maSin am ukanasknels warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba aqvs sajaro gancxadebis safuZvelze, pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ mesame piris winaSe, xolo ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi _ nebismieri mesame piris winaSe.~34 amave 171-e paragrafis I I nawilis safuZvelze, `warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba SenarCundeba masze uaris gancxadebamde, romelic unda gakeTdes
imave wesiT, romliTac moxda misi miniWeba.~35 specialur Setyobinebas uTanabrdeba, rodesac
warmomadgeneli mesame pirs warudgens warmodgenili piris mier gacemul rwmunebulebiT uflebamosilebas.36 gsk-is 173-e paragrafi gamoricxavs zemoaRniSnuli paragrafebis gamoyenebas,
rodesac mesame pirma icoda an unda scodnoda warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis gauqmebis
Sesaxeb.37 aq saubaria ara im garemoebebis codnis gaTvaliswinebaze, ramac rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis nakli gamoiwvia, aramed Tavad rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis codnis
gaTvaliswinebaze.38 igive wesi moqmedebs rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gamoxmobis SemTxvevaSi da aseve _ rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis farglebis SezRudvis an raime saxiT modificirebis dros.39
ssk-is 107-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, rwmunebuleba gaicema rwmunebulis, an im mesame piris
mimarT nebis gamovleniT, romelTanac unda Sedges warmomadgenloba. ssk-is 108-e muxlis I
winadadebis Tanaxmad, uflebamosilebaSi cvlilebebi da misi gauqmeba unda ecnobos mesame
pirebs. ssk iziarebs germanul doqtrinaSi damkvidrebul abstraqciis princips obieqturad
arsebuli rwmunebulebis mimarT mesame piris ndobis dacvis gaTvaliswinebis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
ssk-Si gansazRvruli ar aris normebi uflebamosilebaSi cvlilebis an Sewyvetis Taobaze mesame
piris informirebis Sesaxeb, im wesis relevanturad, ra wesiTac mesame piris mimarT uflebamosileba moqmedi gaxda. gsk-is 173-e paragrafis msgavs, Tumca, xarvezian regulirebas iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 108-e muxlis me-2 winadadeba, romlis Tanaxmad, „uflebamosilebis gauqmeba ar
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mesame pirTa mimarT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mxareebma xelSek31
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rulebis dadebisas amis Sesaxeb icodnen an unda scodnodaT.~ codnis valdebuleba, mocemul
SemTxvevaSi, ekisreba mesame pirs; rwmunebulebisa da mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida urTierTobis
abstraqciis Tanaxmad, rwmunebulebis moqmedebisadmi mesame piris ndobis dacvis motiviT, gadamwyvetia mesame piris informirebis faqti rwmunebulebis gauqmebisa Tu modificirebis Sesaxeb; warmomadgenlis an/da warmodgenili piris codnam an codnis valdebulebam rwmunebulebis
gauqmebis Sesaxeb, gavlena ar unda moaxdinos rwmunebulebis namdvilobaze mesame piris mimarT.
2.3. mesame piris moTxovnis uflebebi
rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, urTierTobis Sedegebi
warmodgenil pirs ver daukavSirdeba.40 amasTan, arc warmomadgeneli moiazreba urTierTobis mxared,
vinaidan misi moqmedeba, rogorc warmomadgenlisa, mesame pirisaTvis Secnobadi iyo.41 gsk-is 179-e
paragrafis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `piri, romelmac dado xelSekruleba rogorc warmomadgenelma, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu ver daamtkicebs Tavis warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas, valdebulia, meore
mxares am ukanasknelis arCevaniT Seusrulos xelSekruleba an aunazRauros am ukanasknelis
miyenebuli ziani, Tu marwmunebeli uars ganacxadebs xelSekrulebis mowonebaze.~42 ssk-is 113-e
muxlis I nawili sityvasityviT imeorebs gsk-is aRniSnuli paragrafiT mocemul regulirebas.
warmomadgenlis mier xelSekrulebis dadebisas uflebamosilebis naklis arcodnis faqtis
Sefasebisas, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aRniSnuli garemoeba gamowveuli iyo Tu ara warmomadgenlis
gaufrTxileblobiT43 _ mis mier saTanado gulisxmierebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSic, aRniSnuli
garemoebis aRkveTis SeuZleblobis drosac ki, igi valdebulia mesame piris mimarT ndobis zianis
anazRaurebaze.44 zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna ar iTvaliswinebs naturiT restitucias, saubaria
mxolod fuladi TanxiT anazRaurebis valdebulebaze, romlis odenobac im interesis proporciulad izomeba, rac mesame pirs Sesrulebis mimarT eqneboda.45 zianis anazRaurebis an saxelSekrulebo moTxovnis Sesrulebis xandazmulobis vada ganisazRvreba im xelSekrulebis mimarT
moqmedi xandazmulobis vadis Sesabamisad, romlis farglebSic arsebobs Sesrulebis moTxovnis
ufleba.46 xandazmulobis vada iwyeba warmodgenili piris mier xelSekrulebis mowonebaze uaris
Tqmis momentidan.47
III. warmomadgenlobidan gamomdinare mesame piris moTxovnis ganxorcieleba
rogorc wesi, mesame pirs aqvs gansazRvruli moTxovnis ufleba im saxelSekrulebo urTierTobidan gamomdinare, romelSic igi imyofeba warmodgenil pirTan warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.
misi moTxovnis ganxorcieleba ukavSirdeba warmomadgenlobis arsebobas da rwmunebulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mis keTilsindisier varauds. rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis nakli saxezea:
pirveli, rodesac warmomadgenlis nebis gamovlenas warmodgenili piris saxeliT samarTlebrivi
qmedebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, ar emTxveva warmodgenili piris neba;48 meore _ rwmunebulebiTi
uflebamosleba drois intervalSi Sewyda49 da mesame, rodesac rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis farglebi SezRudulia da saxezea uflebamosilebis farglebis gadameteba.50
3.1. warmomadgenlis nebis gamovlena
gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I nawilis I winadadebis Tanaxmad, warmomadgenlobis namdvilobis erTerTi winapirobaa warmomadgenlis nebis gamovlena.51 gamomdinare iqidan, rom warmomadgeneli
avlens sakuTar nebas, mis mier gamovlenili nebis Sinaarsisa da namdvilobis gansazRvrisas mxed32
velobaSi miiReba warmomadgenlis pirovneba.52 am mizans emsaxureba gsk-is 166-e paragrafis I
nawili, romlis mixedviT: `Tu nebis gamovlenis samarTlebriv Sedegebze gavlenas axdens nebis
nakli, an gansazRvruli garemoebebis codna an savaldebulo codna, mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara
marwmuneblis, aramed warmomadgenlis pirovneba.~53 ssk-is 106-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `nebis
gamovlenis naklis gamo, garigebis saciloobisas gadamwyvetia warmomadgenlis neba.~ mizanSewonilad miiCneva,54 rom ssk-is aRniSnuli muxlis ganmartebisas, mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli
`yvela is SemTxveva, rodesac warmomadgenlis mier sakuTari nebis gamovlenis faqti arsebiTi
SeiZleba iyos samarTlebrivi SedegisaTvis.~55
warmomadgeneli Tavad unda moqmedebdes, rac mas ganasxvavebs "Bote"-gan,56 romelic `nebis
gamomvlenis gamtaris Tu gadamtanis funqcias asrulebs.~ 57 "Bote"-s institutis Sinaarsis
Semcvelia ssk-is 396-e muxli, romelic piris pasuxismgeblobas adgens `im pirTa moqmedebisaTvis,
romelTac igi iyenebs sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.~58 "Bote" gansxvavebiT warmomadgenlisagan, mxolod faqtobriv xasiaTs atarebs.59 maTi moqmedebis gamijvnisas, gadamwyvetia
nebis mimRebis obieqturi Tvalsawieri, Tu rogor unda aReqva mas moqmedi piris gamosvla samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi.60 Tu "Bote" nebis gamovlenas gadascems gaucnobiereblad, mcdarad
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba davalebis mimcems;61 Tumca, mas mis mier gamovlenili nebis
mcdarad gadacemis Secileba SeuZlia moaxdinos; 62 nebis gamovlenis Segnebulad mcdarad
gadacemis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi Sedegebi davalebis mimcems ar ukavSirdeba.63 Tu nebis
gamovlenis samarTlebriv Sedegebze gavlenas axdens nebis nakli an codna Tu arcodna saTanado
garemoebebis Sesaxeb, "Bote"-s SemTxvevaSi, mxedvelobaSi miiReba davalebis mimcemi piris vinaoba,
xolo warmomadgenlobis SemTxvevaSi _ warmomadgenlis vinaoba64 (gsk-is 166-e paragrafis I nawili,
ssk-is 106-e muxlis I nawili); rodesac nebis mimRebia "Bote", nebis miRebis momenti ganisazRvreba
davalebis mimcemis mier misi miRebis droidan.65 warmomadgenlobisas nebis gamovlena misulad
iTvleba warmomadgenlis mier misi miRebis momentidan.66 warmomadgenlobisagan "Bote"-s ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi analogiurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli ssk is 396-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli
pasuxismgebeli piris moqmedebisagan `im piris~ moqmedebis gamijvnisas, ‘romelsac igi iyenebs
sakuTar valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad.~
3.1.
moqmedeba warmodgenili piris saxeliT
warmomadgenlobis namdviloba ukavSirdeba mesame pirisaTvis misi meore mxaris Secnobadobis
interesis dacvis gaTvaliswinebas.67 ssk-is 164-e paragrafis I I nawili Seicavs mniSvnelovan danawess mxareTa urTierTobebis gamartivebis kuTxiT. kerZod, `Tu sxva piris saxeliT moqmedebis
neba ar aris naTlad gamoxatuli, maSin sakuTari saxeliT moqmedebis nebis ararseboba, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.~68 aq saubaria sakuTari saxeliT moqmedebis varaudze.69 kerZod, SeiZleba moxdes
isec, rom pirs surdes warmodgenili piris saxeliT moqmedeba, Tumca, es garemoeba mesame
pirisaTvis Secnobadi ar gamxdara. man moqmedeba Seasrula sakuTari saxeliT, Tumca, surda
emoqmeda warmodgenili piris saxeliT.70 miuxedavad misi faruli survilisa, nebis gamovlena
samarTlebriv Sedegebs gamoiwvevs mxolod mis mimarT,71 radganac mesame piri „warmomadgenels~
aRiqvams, rogorc kontrahents, brunvis stabilurobidan da mesame piris ndobis dacvidan
gamomdinare, Secileba nebis naklze apelirebiT gamoiricxeba.72
ssk ar Seicavs gsk-is 164-e paragrafis I I nawilis msgavs regulirebas, Tumca, Sesabamisi Sedegi
ssk-is 104-e muxlis I I I nawilis I winadadebis safuZvelze dgeba.73 am muxlidan gamomdinareobs,
rom warmomadgenlis mier mesame piris mimarT warmomadgenlobis Secnobadobis interesis
ugulvebelyofa samarTlebriv Sedegebs warmoSobs warmomadgenlisaTvis.
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mesame piris interesi samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmomadgenlobis farglebSi, Tu mis
gareT mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, xSirad mniSvnelobas moklebulia.74 magaliTad, yoveldRiuri garigebebis75 dadebisas xSirad umniSvneloa garemoeba, warmomadgeneli moqmedebs TavisTvis Tu
sxvisTvis samarTlebrivi Sedegis warmosaSobad.76 aseT dros, sajaroobis principi araaqtualuria, radganac ar arsebobs kontrahentis Semxvedri interesi.77 warmomadgenlis mier ganxorcielebuli moqmedeba, warmodgenili piris saxeliT misi nebis gamovlenis Secnobadobis ugulebelyofis miuxedavad, warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs „misTvis, visac es exeba~78 (Geschäft für
den, den es angeht), kerZod ki _ warmodgenili pirisaTvis. winapirobad gaiTvaliswineba Semdegi
garemoebebi: moqmedi piri („faruli warmomadgeneli~) moqmedebs gacnobierebulad sxvisi saxeliT, kerZod, surviliT, samarTlebrivi Sedegebi warmoeSvas warmodgenil pirs79 da mesame pirisaTvis sulerTia, nebis gamomvleni moqmedebs sakuTari Tu sxvisi interesebis farglebSi, samarTlebrivi Sedegebis misaRwevad sakuTari Tu sxvisi interesebisaTvis.80 samarTlebrivi SedegisaTvis kontrahentis vinaobis umniSvnelobis regulireba ssk-Si asaxulia 104-e muxlis I I I
nawilSi. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi Sesamowmebelia, mesame pirisaTvis ramdenad aris mniSvnelobas moklebuli samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawile mxaris vinaoba.
3.2. rwmunebulebis warmoSoba da moqmedeba
mesame piris mimarT warmodgenili piris mxridan valdebulebis Sesrulebis safuZvelia warmodgenil pirsa da warmomadgenels Soris arsebuli e.w. Sida urTierTobis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba,81 romelic warmodgenili piris nebidan82 da kanonismieri daSvebidan gamomdinare83 zepirovnul urTierTobebSi warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis dauSveblobas iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 103-e muxlis I I nawili. kerZod, amgvar urTierTobebSi warmomadgenlobis gamoyeneba gamoiricxeba, Tu: `garigebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi uSualod unda
dados pirma, an roca kanoniT akrZalulia garigebis dadeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT~.
gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebas isaxavs miznad. rwmunebuleba, rogorc warmomadgenlobis namdvilobis winapiroba,84 aris ara subieqturi ufleba, aramed `piradi
samarTlebrivi uflebamosilebis gamoxatuleba.~85 rwmunebulebis warmoSobas safuZvlad udevs
Sida urTierToba rwmunebulebis gamcem pirsa da rwmunebulebiT aRWurvil pirs Soris.86 Sida
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvelze _ umetesad esenia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebi
davalebis, nardobis, SromiTi, Cuqebis, nasyidobis an sxva valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierTobebi87 _ xdeba marwmuneblis mier rwmunebulis rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebiT
aRWurva.88
ssk-is 103-e muxlis I nawilis me-2 winadadebis Tanxmad, ‘warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba...
warmoiSoba davalebis (mindobilobis) safuZvelze.~ davaleba, rogorc konkretuli xelSekruleba, xelSekrulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvris Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare,89 ar SeiZleba iyos
warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis (rwmunebulebis) warmoSobis erTaderTi safuZveli,90 vinaidan igi SesaZlebelia sxva valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinareobdes.91
rwmunebuleba mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida urTierTobisagan (magaliTad, davalebis xelSekruleba) abstraqtulia.92 warmomadgenlis mier Sida urTierTobis farglebis gadameteba, Tu is
moqmedebs rwmunebulebis farglebSi, gavlenas ar axdens warmomadgenlobis namdvilobaze93 _
samarTlebrivi Sedegebi moqmedebs warmodgenili piris mimarT da misTvis. rwmunebulebis abstraqcia moqmedebs, vidre mesame piris interesebis dacvis gaTvaliswinebis valdebuleba arsebobs.94 gsk-is 170-e da 172-e paragrafebis meSveobiT, mesame piris ndoba rwmunebulebisadmi daculia maSinac ki, Tu rwmunebuleba Sewyvetilia. 95 am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli
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`samarTlebrivi nebarTvis~ gadametebis gamo, warmodgenili piris mimarT pasuxs agebs zianis
anazRaurebis normebiT an sxva Sesabamisi safuZvliT.96
rogorc aRiniSna, Tu warmomadgeneli arRvevs Tavissa da warmodgenil pirs Soris arsebuli
Sida urTierTobidan gamomdinare movaleobebs, warmomadgenloba inarCunebs namdvilobas.
Tumca, am wesidan arsebobs ori gamonaklisi: saidumlo Tanxmoba (Kollusion)97 da rwmunebulebis
Secnobadad borotad gamoyeneba (Öffentlicher Missbrauch)98. saidumlo Tanxmoba gulisxmobs warmomadgenlisa da mesame piris gacnobierebul erTobliv moqmedebas warmodgenili piris sazianod99.
saidumlo Tanxmobisas warmomadgenlis mier warmodgenili piris saxeliT ganxorcielebuli qmedebis safuZvelze, warmodgenili piris valdebuleba ar warmoiSoba.100 Tu rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba warmomadgenlisa da mesame piris gacnobierebuli erToblivi TanaqmedebiT gamoyenebuli iqneba warmodgenili piris sazianod, amgvari garigeba gsk-is 138-e paragrafis101 Tanaxmad,
baTilia.102 aseve, rodesac warmodgenili piri Secnobadad borotad iyenebs rwmunebulebiT uflebamosilebas da mesame pirs obieqturad unda scodnoda warmomadgenlis mier keTilsindisierebis movaleobis darRvevis faqti,103 warmomadgenlobaSi abstraqciis principi ar gamoiyeneba.
rwmunebulebis Secnobadad borotad gamoyeneba utoldeba rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis
ararsebobis faqts da warmomadgeneli xdeba Sesrulebaze valdebuli piri.104 yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi Sedegi SeiZleba Seicvalos keTilsindisierebis principis meSveobiT.105
gsk-is 168-e paragrafis Tanaxmad, `mindobilobis gauqmeba damokidebulia im samarTlebriv
urTierTobaze, rasTan dakavSirebiTac igi gaica. mindobilobaze aseve, SeiZleba uari samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSic, Tu am ukanasknelidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs.
ssk, gansxvavebiT gsk-isagan, rwmunebulebis Sewyvetis safuZvlis gansazRvrisas, konkretulad
miuTiTebs valdebulebis Sewyvetis zogad safuZvlebze.106 kerZod, amaze metyvelebs ssk-is 109-e
muxli (uflebamosilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli moqmedebis Sesruleba, rwmunebulebis vadis gasvla
da urTierTobis erT-erTi mxaris mier rwmunebulebis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli nebis gamovlena).
rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris gardacvaleba gsk-is 673-e da 675-e
paragrafebis safuZvelze, ukavSirdeba uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas.107 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rwmunebuleba ukve gacemuli iyo warmomadgenlis interesebisaTvis, SesaZlebelia misi moqmedeba memkvidreobis farglebSi gagrZeldes.108 warmodgenili piris gardacvaleba ar iwvevs rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas;109 aseve, misi qmeduunaroba ar axdens gavlenas rwmunebulebiTi
uflebamosilebis moqmedebaze.110 Tumca, warmodgenili piris qmeduunarobis dadgomisTanave
warmomadgenlis mimarT moqmedebs igive SezRudvebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanonismieri
warmomadgenlis mimarT.111
3.3. mesame piris keTilsindisieri damokidebuleba rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis
arsebobisadmi
warmomadgenlobidan gamomdinare, mesame piris moTxovnis ganxorcielebas gamoricxavs warmomadgenlobis momwesrigebel normebSi dakonkretebuli keTilsindisierebis principi.112 gsk-is
179-e paragrafis I I I nawilis I winadadebis safuZvelze, mesame pirs ar gaaCnia moTxovnis ufleba,
Tu rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb man icoda an unda scodnoda.113 Tumca,
germaniis uzenaesi federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT,114 miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame
piri flobs informacias rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb, fiqciuri warmomadgenlis pasuxismgebloba ar gamoiricxeba, Tu saxezea gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi (da am garemoebebis warmoSobas warmomadgenlis qmedebebma Seuwyo xeli) da maT safuZvelze _ mesame piris
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ndoba xelSekrulebis namdvilobisadmi. warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis sapirispirod, mesame piris sasargeblod moqmedebs keTilsindisierebis principi, ganmtkicebuli gskis 242-e paragrafiT.115 ramdenadac gsk-is samarTlebrivi struqtura Zlier hgavs Sesabamisi qarTuli kodifikaciis analogiur debulebebs, zemoaRniSnuli praqtikis gamoyeneba qarTuli
sasamarTlo praqtikis sferoSi upriania.
IV. rwmunebulebis modificirebuli safuZvlebi da maTi mesame piris
interesebisadmi mimarTeba
germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikasa da iurdiul literaturaSi116 ganviTarda Tmenisa da moCvenebiTobis safuZvelze warmoSoboli rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebebis konstruqciebi, romlebic emsaxureba rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sevsebis mizans, keTilsindisierebis
principis safuZvelze.117 Tmenis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba
(Duldungsvollmacht) da moCvenebiTi uflebamosileba (Anscheinsvollmacht)118 gaicema ara nebis gamovlenis safuZvelze, aramed maTi gacema ivaraudeba samarTlebrivad moCvenebiTi garemoebebis arsebobiT, romlebic mowmoben rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gacemas.119 aqedan gamomdinare,
maT germanul doqtrinaSi garigebismieri rwmunebulebisagan calke saxedac gamoyofen120. germaniis uzenaesi federaluri sasamarTlo rwmunebulebebis amgvar interpretacias iyenebs maSinac,
rodesac gacemuli uflebamosileba kanonismieri akrZalvebis gamo baTilia.121
Tmenis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba saxezea, rodesac warmodgenili piri Segnebulad uSvebs, rom sxva piri samarTalurTierTobaSi gamodis, rogorc misi
warmomadgeneli da kontrahentma _ mesame pirma keTilsindisierad aRiqva, rom warmomadgeneli
moqmedebda rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi.122 mocemul SemTxvevaSi, samarTalurTierTobaSi moqmedebs arauflebamosili piri, rogorc warmomadgeneli;123 misi amgvari qmedeba
cnobilia warmodgenili pirisaTvis;124 warmodgenili piris Tmenis safuZvelze samarTalbrunvaSi
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom moqmedi piris qmedebas safuZvlad Sesabamisi rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba udevs.125
Tmenis safuZvelze warmoSobili rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis sapirispirod, moCvenebiTi rwmunebulebisas warmodgenili piri ar icnobs warmomadgenlad moqmedi piris qmedebas,126
Tumca, saTanado gulisxmierebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi, mas SeeZlo warmomadgenlad moqmedi
piris qmedebis Secnoba da misi aRkveTa.127 moCvenebiTi rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis dros
„saxeze ar aris nebis gamovlenis komponeneti, aramed xdeba braleuli nebis gamovlenis miTvla.~128 amasTan, qmedeba, romelic aRZravs rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis arsebobis varauds,
unda atarebdes gangrZobad an xSir xasiaTs;129 warmodgenil pirs ekisreba gulisxmierebis movaleoba, kerZod, mas unda hqonoda SesaZlebloba, winaswarve ganeWvrita da aRekveTa rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe moqmedi piris qmedeba;130 mesame piri keTilsindisierad unda
varaudobdes rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis arsebobas131 iseve, rogorc Tmenis safuZvelze
warmoSobili rwmunebulebis, aseve moCvenebiTi rwmunebulebis winapirobad warmodgenili piris
garigebaunarianoba moiazreba.132
V. ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlis pasuxismgebloba
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtika warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrasTan
mimarTebiT ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi arsebiTad cvalebadia.133 ararsebuli subieqtis
warmomadgenlobis dros marTlmsajuleba warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisas
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ganasxvavebs Semdeg SemTxvevebs: warmodgenili piri ar arsebobs da saxezea rwmunebulebiTi
uflebamosilebis nakli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo praqtika adgens warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ uaryofs.134 aRniSnuli midgomis sawinaaRmdegod, germanul samecniero literaturaSi135 gamoTqmulia mosazreba, gsk-is 164-e paragarfis farglebSi,
orive SemTxvevaSi warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli Temis garSemo arsebuli mosazrebebi sayuradReboa, agreTve qarTuli sasamarTlo
praqtikisaTvis, romelic ganxiluli Tematikis Sesaxeb mwiria.
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier aRiarebuli iyo Tezisi, romlis mixedviT, ararsebuli
subieqtis warmomadgeneli piradad agebda pasuxs ganxorcielebul samarTlebriv Sedegebze gskis 179-e muxlis I nawilis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo praqtika warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis
gamoricxvisaTvis ar iyenebda gsk-is 179-e paragrafis I I I nawilis I winadadebas, romelic gamoricxavs warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobas im motiviT, rom mesame pirma icoda an unda scodnoda
rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis Sesaxeb. rogorc samecniero literaturaSia warmoCenili,136 sasamarTlos amgvari pozicia ganpirobebuli iyo Tavad rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis cnebis Taviseburi ganmartebiT. kerZod, sasamarTlo Tvlida, rom SemTxveva,
rodesac warmomadgeneli moqmedebs ararsebuli subieqtis saxeliT, ar SeiZleba movaqcioT rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis naklis cnebis qveS. vinaidan saerTod ar arsebobs warmodgenili
piri, arc SeiZleboda msjeloba rwmunebulebiT uflebamosilebasa da mis naklze. Sesabamisad,
sasamarTlo warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxav normas (gsk-is 179-e paragrafis I I I
nawilis I winadadeba) ar avrcelebda warmomadgenelze, romelic moqmedebda realurad ararsebuli subieqtis saxeliT.
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ganixileboda sakiTxi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra garemoebebis arsebobisas gamoiricxeba warmomadgenlis pasuxismgebloba: gamoiricxeba Tu ara warmomadgenlis
pasuxismgebloba rwmunebulebis siyalbis SemTxvevaSi _ gsk-is 179-e paragrafis I I I nawilis I
winadadebis safuZvelze, Tu kontrahentisaTvis rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis nakli cnobili iyo an unda scodnoda. am sakiTxze sasamarTlom erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi warmomadgenlis
pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvaze uari ganacxada. garkveuli periodis Semdgom, germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom uari Tqva zemoaRniSnul praqtikaze da ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgeneli
(mas Semdeg, rac daadgina, rom mesame pirisaTvis cnobili iyo rwmunebulebiTi uflebamoslebis
nakli) gsk-is 179-e paragrafis III nawilis I winadadebis gamoyenebiT, gaaTavisufla pasuxismgeblobisagan.
germanul samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,137 ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlisadmi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas gadamwyveti unda iyos gamijvnis kriteriumebis dadgena pirdapir da arapirdapir warmomadgenlobas Soris. ararsebuli subieqtis
pasuxismgebloba, SesaZloa SemxeblobaSi iyos ara gsk-is 164-e paragrafiT regulirebul arapirdapir warmomadgenlobasTan, aramed pirdapir warmomadgenlobasTan. aseT dros warmomadgeneli TviTon iqneba xelSekrulebis mxare da rasakvirvelia _ xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,
Sedegebze pasuxismgebeli piri.
arapirdapiri warmomadgenlobis gansxvaveba pirdapiri warmomadgenlisagan calsaxaa: arapirdapiri warmomadgenlobis specifika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samarTlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba
ara warmomadgenels, aramed warmodgenil pirs. am miznis misaRwevad, gsk-is 164-e paragrafis
gamoyeneba ar aris erTaderTi gza. SesaZlebelia pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis gziT warmomadgenelma sakuTari saxeliT ganaxorcielos samarTlebrivi moqmedeba, xolo Semdeg, damoukidebeli
samarTlebrivi aqtebis meSveobiT, mis mier miRebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi gadasces `warmodgenil pirs.~ rogorc arapirdapiri, aseve pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis meSveobiT miRweuli
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iqneba igive rezultati _ samarTlebrivi Sedegebi daukavSirdeba warmodgenil pirs, xolo am
ukanasknelis ararseboba Sefasebuli iqneba Semdegnairad: xelSekruleba namdvili iqneba kontrahentsa da pirdapir warmomadgenels Soris, xelSekrulebis mxare iqneba pirdapiri warmomadgeneli. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis gansazRvrisas gadamwyvetia saxelSekrulebo riskis ganawileba138 da warmomadgenlis piradi ekonomiuri interesi139 samarTlebrivi moqmedebis ganxorcielebisas. ararsebuli subieqtis warmomadgenlobisas pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis institutis
niSnebi ikveTeba.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli mosazrebebi sayuradReboa, gansakuTrebiT im faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zemoaRniSnuli Tematikis irgvliv msjelobisas germaniis uzenaes
federalur sasamarTlos sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi ar ganuxilavs 140 warmodgenili piris
ararsebobisas warmomadgenlis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis WrilSi.
VI. daskvna
kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom ssk-is warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli debulebebis SemuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebul iqna gsk-is Sesabamisi regulirebebi. zogadad misaRebia, rom sskis warmomadgenlobis momwesrigebeli calkeuli debulebis ganmartebisas xdebodes germaniis
doqtrinasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli wesebis gaTvaliswineba. miuxedavad
zemoaRniSnulisa, aucilebelia samoqalaqosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi rwmunebulebis
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, ssk-Si arsebuli xarvezebis Sevseba da daxvewa, kerZod:
1. rwmunebulebis, rogorc garigebismieri warmomadgenlobisa da calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlenis safuZveli SesaZlebelia iyos nebismieri valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierToba. ramdenadac mesame piris interesebis gaTvaliswineba aqtualuria rwmunebulebis
warmoSobis momentidan (ssk-is 103-e muxlis I nawili), sakanonmdeblo doneze rwmunebulebis
warmoSobis safuZvlebis SekumSva gamoricxavs mesame piris interesebis dacvas. amdenad, ssk-is
103-e muxlis I nawilSi ar unda xdebodes davalebis xelSekrulebaze, rogorc rwmunebulebis
warmoSobis erTaderT safuZvelze, miTiTeba.
2. rwmunebulebiT urTierTobaSi kontrahentis sicxadis interesi aqtualuria rwmunebulis
mier marwmuneblis saxeliT ara garigebis dadebisas, aramed marwmuneblis saxeliT nebis gamovlenis momentidan, romelic uTuod garigebis komponentia. mizanSewonili iqneba, rom ssk-is
104-e muxlis I nawili Camoyalibdes Semdegi formulirebiT: `nebis gamovleniT, romelsac warmomadgeneli axdens Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi da im piris saxeliT, romelsac igi warmoadgens, uflebebi da movaleobebi warmoeSoba warmodgenil pirs.~
3. rwmunebulebiTi urTierTobis maregulirebel debulebaTa miznebis, aseve, ssk-is 106-e
muxlis I nawilis farTod gamoyenebisaTvis mizanSewonilia misi Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibeba: `Tu
nebis gamovlenis samarTlebriv Sedegebze gavlenas axdens nebis nakli, an gansazRvruli garemoebebis codna, an savaldebulo codna, mxedvelobaSi miiReba ara marwmuneblis, aramed warmomadgenlis pirovneba.~ aseve, ssk-is 106-e muxlis I I nawilis arsis sworad aRqmisaTvis sasurvelia,
moxdes misi Semdegi saxiT formulireba: `Tu garigebiT miniWebuli warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgeneli moqmedebda marwmuneblis mier micemuli miTiTebebis
mixedviT, maSin am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia miuTiTos warmomadgenlis mier iseTi garemoebebis
arcodnaze, romelTa Sesaxebac man Tavad icoda.~
4. teqnikurad sworad formulirebisaTvis mizanSewonilia, ssk-is 104-e muxlis I I nawili Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: `warmomadgenlobiTi uflebis ararseboba ar SeiZleba gamoiyenos warmodgenilma pirma, Tu mis mier Seqmnili garemoebebis mixedviT, meore mxares keTilsindisierad
egona, rom aseTi uflebamosileba arsebobda.~
38
5. mizanSewonili iqneba, rom ssk-is garigebismieri warmomadgenlobis maregulirebel debulebebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes specialuri normebi, romlebic calmxriv garigebebSi warmomadgenlobis regulirebas moaxdens. kerZod, sasurvelia, warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis
gareSe ganxorcielebuli calmxrivi aramiRebasavaldebulo nebis gamovlena, aseTi nebis gamovlenisas mesame piris upiratesi dacvis interesidan gamomdinare, miCneul iqnes baTilad, gansxvavebiT rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe gamovlenili calmxrivi miRebasavaldebulo
nebis gamovlenisagan, romelic ssk-is 111-e muxlis Tanaxmad, meryevad baTilia.
6. rwmunebuleba, Tavisi Sinaarsisa da moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa mimarTuli
iyos pirTa gansazRvruli an ganusazRvreli wris mimarT. rwmunebulebis safuZvlad arsebul
Sida kauzalur urTierTobasa da rwmunebulis mesame piris mimarT gamovlenili nebis safuZvelze warmoSobil samarTlebriv Sedegs Soris mkafio zRvris gavlebis mizniT, sasurvelia,
rom abstraqciis principi, rogorc rwmunebulebisa da warmodgenil pirsa da warmomadgenels
Soris arsebuli Sida kauzaluri urTierTobis gamijvnis meqanizmi, ssk-is warmomadgenlobis
maregulirebel debulebebSi dainergos TvalnaTliv, principis saxiT. rwmunebulebisa da Sida
kauzaluri urTierTobis abstraqcia uzrunvelyofs mesame piris ndobis dacvas obieqturi
formiT arsebuli rwmunebulebis mimarT.
amdenad, rwmunebulebis gacemis formebis diferencirebis paralelurad, ssk-is 108-e muxlis
I nawilis regulirebasTan erTad sasurvelia, gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes norma uflebamosilebaSi
cvlilebis an Sewyvetis Taobaze mesame piris informirebis Sesaxeb im wesis relevanturad, ra
wesiTac mesame piris mimarT uflebamosileba moqmedi gaxda. kerZod:
`Tu mindobiloba gaicema mesame piris mimarT gancxadebiT (gare uflebamosleba), maSin igi
inarCunebs Zalas mis mimarT, vidre Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mas ar Seatyobinebs marwmunebeli;~
`Tu pirma gansakuTrebuli SetyobinebiT mesame pirisaTvis an sajaro gacnobis gziT nebismieri mesame pirisaTvis cnobili gaxada rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis gacemis faqti, rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba namdvilia pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ mesame piris, xolo ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi _ nebismieri mesame piris mimarT, vidre misi gamoxmoba ar moxdeba imave gziT, ra gziTac
misi Setyobineba moxda;~
amasTan, rwmunebulebisa da mis safuZvlad arsebuli Sida kauzaluri urTierTobis mkafiod
gasamijnad mizanSewonilia, ssk-is 108-e muxlis me-2 winadadeba Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: `am
moTxovnis Seusruleblobisas es cvlilebebi da uflebamosilebis gauqmeba ar SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes mesame piris mimarT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca man uflebamosilebis
gauqmebis an cvlilebis Sesaxeb icoda an unda scodnoda.~
7. rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis mowesrigebisas, konkretulad valdebulebis
Sewyvetis zogad safuZvlebze miTiTebis nacvlad, umjobesia, miTiTeba xdebodes im samarTlebriv urTierTobaze, romelTan dakavSirebiTac rwmunebulebiTi uflebamosileba gaica. am TvalsazrisiT, umjobesia, ssk-is 109-e muxli Camoyalibdes Semdegnairad: `rwmunebulebis gauqmeba
damokidebulia im samarTlebriv urTierTobaze, romelTan dakavSirebiTac igi gaica. SesaZlebelia, rwmunebulebaze iTqvas uari samarTlebrivi urTierTobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSic, Tu
am ukanasknelidan sxva ram ar gamomdinareobs. rwmunebulebaze uari unda iTqvas im formiT, ra
formiTac igi gaica.~ ukanaskneli winadadebis alternatiulad, SesaZlebelia, miTiTeba xdebodes
Sesabamis muxlze, romelic rwmunebulebis modificirebis an Sewyvetis Sesaxeb mesame piris
relevanturi formiT informirebis valdebulebas gaiTvaliswinebs.
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SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
7
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
23
21
22
ix.: d. kereseliZe, samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebebi, Jur. `qarTuli
samarTlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-1, gv. 26.
ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv. 403.
Tanamedrove garemos faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi mravalferovneba
xSirad ganapirobebs sxvis mier samarTlebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebis
aucileblobas. ix.: Schilken/Staudinger, Kommentar zum BGB, 2009, Vorbemerkung vor
§ 164, RdNr. 1; H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor
§164, RdNr. 1; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, RdNr. 508.
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch von Deutschland (BGB), in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom
2. Januar 2002.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, 1997.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 2.
Grundsatz der Offenkundigkeit, Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor
§164, RdNr. 1; Stoffels, in: Daunel-Lieb/Heidel/Ring, Anwaltkommentar, BGB Allgemeiner
Teil mit EGBGB, Band I, 2005, § 164, RdNr. 9.
iqve.
„Eine Willenserklärung, die jemand innerhalb der ihm zustehenden Vertretungsmacht im
Namen des Vertreters abgibt, wirkt unmittelbar für und gegen den Vertretenen”.
ix.: kereseliZe, iuridiul cnebaTa erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, Jur.
`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 6/2003-4, gv. 446; SedarebisTvis ix.:
Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
1997, gv. 330; germanul literaturaSi SedarebisTvis ix.: Medicus, Allgemeiner
Teil des BGB, 2002, §21, RdNr.244; Heinrichs, in: Palandt, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, 2003,
Einführung vor §116, RdNr. 1.
„Es macht keinen Unterschied, ob die Erklärung ausdrücklich im Namen des Vertretenen
erfolgt oder ob die Umstände ergeben, dass sie in dessen Namen erfolgen soll”.
ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv.
405-406.
ssk-is 104-e muxlis teqnikurad swori formulirebiT Camoyalibebis
mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb ix.: iqve.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganCineba #as-203-622-06, 24.01.2006 w.
„Bei einem einseitigen Rechtsgeschäft ist Vertretung ohne Vertretungsmacht unzulässig”,
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §180, RdNr. 1.
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §180, RdNr. 1; Frensch, in:
Prütting/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, 1. Auflage, 2006, § 180, RdNr. 1.
gsk-is 177-e paragrafis msgavsad, meryevad baTilia warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis gareSe dadebuli xelSekruleba _ ssk-is 111-e muxlis
Tanaxmad.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §180, RdNr. 1, 3.
“Hat jedoch derjenige, welchem gegenüber ein solches Rechtsgeschäft vorgenohmen war, die
von dem Vertreter behauptete Vertretungsmacht bei der Vornahme des Rechtsgeschäfts nicht
beanstandet oder ist er damit einverstanden gewesen, dass der Vertreter ohne
Vertretungsmacht handele, so finden die Vorschriften über Verträge entsprechende Anwendung.
Das Gleiche gilt, wenn ein einseitiges Rechtsgeschäft gegenüber einem Vertreter ohne
Vertretungsmacht mit dessen Einverständnis vorgenommen wird”.
warmomadgenlobis maregulirebeli normebi analogiurad gamoiyeneba
garigebis msgavs urTierTobebSi. garigebis msgavsia nebis gamovlena, romlis
Sedegadac samarTlebrivi Sedegi dgeba kanonis safuZvelze (mag.,
gafrTxileba, damatebiTi vadis micema, xarvezebis aRmofxvris moTxovna,
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba, Tanxmoba garigebaze da sxva).
garigebis msgavsi urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, realaqti ar eqceva
warmomadgenlobis moqmedebis sferoSi. realaqti aris nebiTi qmedebis
meSveobiT kanonis safuZvelze warmoSobili samarTlebrivi Sedegi. is ar aris
nebis gamovlenis komponentis Semcveli. realaqtia ama Tu im nivTis ZiriTadi
nivTis sakuTvneblad gansazRvra, aseve, nivTis SeerTeba, Sereva, gadamuSaveba
da sxva. ix.: Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §104, RdNr. 6.
Frensch, in: Prütting/Wegen/Weinreich, BGB Kommentar, 1. Auflage, 2006, §181, RdNr. 1;
iqve.
Ein Vertreter kann, soweit nicht ein anderes ihm gestattet ist, im Namen des Vertretenen mit
sich im eigenen Namen oder als Vertreter eines Dritten ein Rechtsgeschäft nicht vornehmen,
40
26
27
28
24
25
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
40
38
39
41
42
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
43
44
52
53
54
55
56
59
60
61
62
63
57
58
sei es denn, dass das Rechtsgeschäft ausschliesslich in der Erfüllung einer Verbindlichkeit
besteht”.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §181, RdNr. 1.
iqve.
iqve.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §181, RdNr. 2, 10.
iqve, Vorbemerkung vor §164, 543 RdNr. 2; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32.
Auflage, 2008, Rd.Nr. 510; Schmidt, BGB Allgemeiner Teil, 3.Auflage, 2006, Rd.Nr. 613.
Medicus, Bürgerliches Recht, 21. Auflage, 2007, RdNr. 93.
„Abstraktionsprinzip”, Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor §164, RdNr.
2; H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 8.
Stoffels,in: Daunel-Lieb/Heidel/Ring, Anwaltkommentar, BGB Allgemeiner Teil mit EGBGB,
Band I, 2005, § 164, RdNr. 10.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 2.
„Wird die Vollmacht durch Erklärung gegenüber einem Dritten erteilt, so bleibt sie diesem
gegenüber in Kraft, bis ihm das Erlöschen von dem Vollmachtgeber angezeigt wird”.
„Hat jemnad durch besondere Mitteilung an einen Dritten oder durch öffentliche
Bekanntmachung kundgegeben, das er einen anderen bevollmächtigt hat, so ist dieser auf
Grund der Kundgebung im ersten Falle dem Dritten gegenüber, im letzteren Falle jedem
Dritten gegenüber zur Vertretung befugt”.
„Die vertretungsmacht bleibt bestehen, bis die Kundgebung in derselben Weise, wie sie
erfolgt ist, widerrufen wird”.
Schwab, Einführung in das Zivilrecht, 7. Auflage, 1987, 316, RdNr. 646-647.
„Die Vorschriften des § 170, des § 171 Abs. 2 und des § 172 Abs. 2 finden keine
Anwendung, wenn der Dritte das Erlöschen der Vertretungsmacht bei der Vornahme des
Rechtsgeschäfts kennt oder kennen muss”.
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006,§ §170-173, RdNr. 2.
iqve, RdNr. 3.
iqve, RdNr. 3; Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor
§164, RdNr. 2; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 203, RdNr. 512.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 3; Heinrichs, in: Palandt,
BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, Einführung vor §164, RdNr. 2.
„Wer als Vertreter einen Vertrag geschlossen hat, ist, sofern er nicht seine Vertretungsmacht
nachweist, dem anderen Teil nach dessen Wahl zur Erfüllung oder zum Schadenersatz
verpflichtet, wenn der Vertretene die Genehmigung des Vertrags verweigert”.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008,§179, RdNr. 11.
iqve.
iqve, RdNr. 9.
iqve, RdNr. 10.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve.
Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, gv. 418-419;
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, §164, RdNr. 1.
Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi, 2000, gv. 418-419;
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §166, Rn 1.
„Soweit die rechtlichen Folgen einer Willenserklärung durch Willensmängel oder durch die
Kenntnis oder das Kennenmüssen gewisser Umstände beeinflusst werden, kommt nicht die
Person des Vertretenen, sondern die des Vertreters in Betracht”.
ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv.
408.
iqve.
Schilken/Staudinger, Kommentar zum BGB, 2009, Vorbemerkung vor § 164, RdNr. 73;
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 1.
ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv. 405.
iqve.
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006,Einführung vor §164, RdNr. 11.
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 25.
Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 207, RdNr. 521.
iqve.
iqve.
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H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 23; Brox.Walker,
Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 207, RdNr. 521.
65
iqve, RdNr. 523.
66
iqve.
67
iqve, Vorbemerkung vor §164, RdNr. 5; Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar,
26.Auflage, 2006, §164, RdNr.1; Schmidt, BGB Allgemeiner Teil, 3.Auflage, 2006, 193,
RdNr. 665.
68
„Tritt der Wille, in fremden Namen zu handeln, nicht erkenbar hervor, so kommt der Mangel
des Willens, im eigenen Namen zu handeln, nicht in Betracht”.
69
Schwab, Einführung in das Zivilrecht, 7. Auflage, 1987, 306, RdNr. 634.
70
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, 553, RdNr. 22.
71
iqve.
72
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006,§164, RdNr.16.
73
Kereselidze, AT des ZGB, 276.
74
iqve, RdNr. 10-12.
75
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §164, RdNr. 9.
76
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, § 164, RdNr. 8.
77
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26. Auflage, 2006, § 164, RdNr. 8.
78
iqve.
79
Schwab, Einführung in das Zivilrecht, 1987, 313-314, RdNr. 638-639.
80
iqve.
81
iqve, Einführung vor § 164, RdNr. 2.
82
iqve, §164, RdNr. 1. kanonis teqstis zusti formulirebis miznidan
gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, warmomadgenlobis dauSveblobis
regulirebisas ar xdebodes kanonze miTiTeba, ramdenadac kanonismieri
akrZalva (misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi), warmomadgenlobis maregulirebel
normebSi damatebiTi miTiTebis miuxedavad, TavisTavad dauSvebels xdis
mas. iqve, RdNr. 4; H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor
§ 164, RdNr. 30; Schmidt, BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, 181, RdNr. 624;
ssk-is 103-e I I muxlis arsebuli formiT moqmedebis mizanSewonilobis
Sesaxeb, ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi,
2009, gv. 403.
84
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, § 164, RdNr. 13.
83
warmomadgenloba gamoiricxeba zepirovnul urTierTobebSi, rogoricaa
qorwineba (gsk-is 1311-e paragrafi), anderZis gaformeba (gsk-is 2064-e
paragrafi) da sxva saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi.
85
"Die Vertretungsmacht ist kein subjektives Recht, sondern eine Rechtsmacht eigener Art",
iqve, RdNr. 5.
86
Schmidt, BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, 170, RdNr. 616.
87
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, § 167, RdNr. 4; §168, RdNr. 2;
Kereselidze, AT des ZGB, 2005, 274.
88
Schmidt, BGB, Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, RdNr. 616.
89
ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv.
404; ix.: Kereselidze, AT des ZGB, 2005, 274.
90
iqve.
91
iqve.
92
iqve.
93
iqve.
94
Pawlowski, Grundlagen des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 7.Auflage, 2003, 341, RdNr. 678.
95
Schiemann/Staudinger, Kommentar zum BGB, 2010, 171, RdNr. 215.
96
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, Vorbemerkung vor § 164, RdNr. 6.
97
iqve.
98
iqve, RdNr. 14.
99
iqve, RdNr. 13.
100
iqve.
101
gsk-is 138-e paragrafi iTvaliswinebs garigebis baTilobas sajaro
wesrigisadmi winaaRmdegobis gamo. baTilobis analogiuri safuZveli
gaTvaliswinebulia ssk-is 54-e muxliT _ „marTlsawinaaRmdego da
amoraluri garigebani”.
102
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, § 167, RdNr. 47; Schilken/Staudinger,
Kommentar zum BGB, 2009, § 167, RdNr. 93.
103
iqve.
64
42
iqve, RdNr. 14b.
iqve. amasTan, dispoziciuri normebis keTilsindisierebis principiT
dakonkretebis Sesaxeb ix.: vaSakiZe, keTilsindisiereba saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT _ abstraqcia Tu moqmedi samarTali, Jur.
`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 10/2007-1, gv. 20.
106
ix.: kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, 2009, gv. 410.
107
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §168, RdNr. 3.
108
iqve.
109
iqve, RdNr. 4.
110
iqve.
111
iqve.
112
Köhler, BGB Allgemeiner Teil, 31 Auflage, 2007, 151, RdNr. 43; Brox/Walker, Allgemeiner
Teil des BGB, 32. Auflage, 2008, 203, RdNr. 512.
113
analogiur danawess iTvaliswinebs ssk-is 113-e muxlis I I I nawilis I
winadadeba.
114
BGHZ,VIIIZR170/07,http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgibin/rechtsprechung/document.py?
Gericht=bgh&Art=en&sid=bb1a6c5f89f6c056ada9b11af5db73f9&nr=46276&pos=0&anz=2 ,
12.11.2008
115
iqve.
116
BGHZ 102, 60, 64; BGH NJW 2002, 2325, 2327; NJW 2003, 2091; Brox, AT, Rn 562;
Heinrichs, in:Palandt, §173 Rn9; Köhler, AT, §11, RdNr. 43; citirebulia: Schmidt, BGB
Allgemeiner Teil, 3. Auflage, 2006, 132-133, RdNr. 825.
117
Medicus, Bürgerliches Recht, 21. Auflage, 2007, 56, RdNr. 98.
118
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §167, RdNr. 1.
119
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12. Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr. 7.
120
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, §167, RdNr. 1; Pawlowski,
Grundlehren des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 7. Auflage, 2003, 360, RdNr. 717.
121
BGH NJW 03, 2091, ZIP 05, 1357; citirebulia: Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.
Auflage, 2006, §§170-173, RdNr. 9.
122
iqve, RdNr. 11.
123
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr. 7; Köhler, BGB
Allgemeiner Teil, 31. Auflage, 2007, 151, RdNr. 43.
124
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr.7.
125
iqve.
126
H.Palm, in: Erman, BGB, 12.Auflage, Band I, 2008, §167, RdNr. 7.
127
iqve.
128
„Bei der AnschVollm handelt es sich nicht um einen rgschäftl Tatbestd, sond um die Zurechng
eines schuldh verursachten Rscheins”, Sead., Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar,
26.Auflage, 2006, §§170-173, 181, RdNr. 14.
129
iqve, RdNr.15.
130
iqve.
131
Musielak, Grundkurs BGB, 8.Auflage, 2003, 432, RdNr. 831.
132
Heinrichs, in: Palandt, BGB Kommentar, 26.Auflage, 2006, 170-173, RdNr. 14.
133
Fehrenbach,Vertretung nicht existierenden Person, NJW 30/2009.
134
iqve.
135
iqve.
136
iqve.
137
iqve.
138
iqve.
139
iqve.
140
iqve.
104
105
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PROTECTION OF THIRD
PERSONS’ INTERESTS IN
REPRESENTATION
(ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL
CODES OF GEORGIA AND
GERMANY)
TATA ERKVANIA
Tbilisi State University – Master studies at the law faculty,
Coordinator at the National Centre of Education Quality Development,
Education Recognition Division
Article represents the updated version of the dissertation thesis prepared at
the Tbilisi State University law faculty in September 2011, title of the work:
Protection of third Persons’ Interests in Representation (according to the civil
codes of Germany and Georgia), supervisor Davit Kereselidze, evaluation: very
good (written part). Based on the principle of freedom of signing an agreement,
for the party involved in representation relation, it is important, to know the name
of contrahent. Interest to know the name of contrahent becomes important from
the moment of representation relations. Relevant norms regulating representation
relations in Georgian Civil Code contain shortcomings, that need to be addressed.
Article provides an overview on the provisions and practice of Germany in regard
with the third persons representation and contrahents. Taking into consideration
relevant Georgian legislation and as a sum up provides an overview of survey
results.
44
meuRleTa
urTierTobebis
zogierTi
samarTlebrivi
aspeqtebi
ekaterine ninua
samarTlis doqtori
a. meuRleTa piradi urTierTobani
qorwineba aris ara marto qalisa da mamakacis nebayoflobiTi
kavSiri, aramed samarTaldamdgeni iuridiuli faqtic, romelic
warmoSobs maT Soris iseT uflebebsa da movaleobebs, rogoricaa meuRleTa piradi da qonebrivi ufleba-movaleobani.
meuRleebi qorwinebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi sruli
moculobiT inarCuneben samoqalaqo uflebaunarianobasa da qmedunarianobas, amitom SeiZleba hqondeT nebismieri samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi ufleba da movaleoba, maT Soris, erTmaneTTan
urTierTobaSic. amasTan, saqorwinosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis farglebSi meuRleTa ufleba-movaleobaTa zogierTi nawili ganicdis modificirebas, agreTve warmoiSoba axali uflebamovaleobebi. swored es cvlilebebi ganapirobebs meuRleTa Soris saqorwinosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa Sinaarsis Taviseburebas. saqorwinosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa SinaarsSi ZiriTadi cvlilebebi dakavSirebulia qorwinebasTan an mis SewyvetasTan. amasTan, saqorwinosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa farglebSi cvlilebebis Setana SesaZlebelia qorwinebis ganmavlobaSic. magaliTad, saerTo sakuTrebis uflebiT axali nivTebis
SeZena, alimentis gadaxdevineba da a.S.1
meuRleTa pirad da qonebriv ufleba-movaleobebs warmoSobs
mxolod kanoniT dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli qorwineba
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1106-e muxli). religiuri an
adaT-wesebis dacviT ganxorcielebuli qorwineba ar warmoSobs
45
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samarTlebriv Sedegs. qalisa da mamakacis faqtobrivi Tanacxovreba, qorwinebis registraciis
gareSe, raoden xangrZlivi ar unda iyos igi, ar warmoSobs meuRleebs Soris pirad da qonebriv
ufleba-movaleobebs. Tumca, isini SeiZleba iyvnen saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis monawileebi, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom maT aqvT garkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi Svilebis
mimarT.
ojaxSi col-qmari mowodebulia aRzardon Svilebi, pativi scen da daexmaron erTmaneTs, gamoamJRavnon zrunva ojaxis moxuc da Sromisuunaro wevrebze. col-qmris es movaleoba gansazRvravs maTi piradi urTierTobebis Sinaarss.2
meuRleTa Soris piradi da qonebrivi ufleba-movaleobebis ganawilebisas moqmedebs Tanasworobis principi. mas safuZvlad udevs saqarTvelos konstituciis 36-e muxlis pirveli nawilis
Sinaarsi, sadac naTqvamia, rom qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayoflobas. aRniSnuli konstituciuri debuleba safuZvlad udevs meuRleTa mier saojaxo sakiTxebis erToblivad gadawyvetas, sacxovrebeli adgilisa da saqmianobis arCevis Tavisuflebas.
ojaxSi meuRleTa Tanasworobis principi, gamoxatulebas poulobs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
kodeqsis 1152-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviTac, `saojaxo urTierTobebSi meuRleebi sargebloben
Tanabari piradi da qonebrivi uflebebiT da ekisrebaT Tanabari movaleobani,~ savsebiT
Seesabameba ara marto saqarTvelos konstitucias, aramed saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv aqtebsac.
saqarTvelos moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1153-e muxlis Tanaxmad, daqorwinebisas da saojaxo urTierTobebSi ar daiSveba uflebaTa pirdapiri an arapirdapiri SezRudva, miuxedavad
maTi warmoSobis, socialuri da qonebrivi mdgomareobisa, rasobrivi da erovnuli kuTvnilebis,
sqesis, ganaTlebis, enis, religiisadmi damokidebulebis, saqmianobis saxeobisa da xasiaTis, sacxovrebeli adgilisa da sxva garemoebaTa mixedviT. Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlis debuleba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1123-e muxlis meore nawilis Sinaarss, kerZod, `colis
orsulobis dros da bavSvis dabadebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qmars ufleba ara aqvs colis
Tanxmobis gareSe aRZras saqme ganqorwinebaze.~ e. i. aRniSnuli norma arRvevs meuRleTa Tanasworobis princips, vinaidan saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT colis mimarT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
analogiuri SezRudvebi.
meuRleebs daqorwinebamde SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc piradi, ise qonebrivi uflebebi. iseTi
piradi uflebebi, rogoricaa profesiis arCevis an sacxovrebeli adgilis gansazRvris ufleba
miekuTvneba maT SromiT an samoqalaqo uflebaunarianobas da araviTari kavSiri saojaxo samarTlis sferosTan ar gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, maTi regulireba xdeba samarTlis sxva dargebiT. magram
qorwinebis registaciis Semdeg, aseTi piradi uflebebis dacva xorcieldeba saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT. adamiani profesias irCevs misi interesebisa da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saqmianobis saxisa da profesiis arCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos ara mxolod
sakuTari mizanswrafva, aramed ojaxis wevrTa sulieri da materialuri interesebis dakmayofilebac.3 amitom meuRleebs ara aqvT ufleba ukarnaxon erTmaneTs TavianTi neba profesiisa da
saqmianobis arCevisas. saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-32-e muxlebiT ganmtkicebulia moqalaqis
mier iseTi saqmianobisa da profesiis arCevis ufleba, rac kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli. aqedan
gamomdinare, meuRleebs ufleba aqvT damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetileba profesiisa da
saqmianobis arCevisas.
safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 216-e muxlis Tanaxmad, qmars kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
SemTxvevebis garda (qmeduunaroba, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba), SeuZlia cols aukrZalos Tavisi profesiiT saqmianoba. Tu meuRlis akrZalva ewinaaRmdegeba ojaxis interesebs,
qals ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos da mxolod misi nebarTvis safuZvelze gaagrZelos
Tavisi saqmianoba.
46
TiToeul meuRles Tavisuflad SeuZlia airCios sacxovrebeli adgili. kanoniT ar aris dawesebuli raime akrZalva meuRleebis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevisas. es niSnavs, rom meuRleebis sacxovrebel adgilad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes rogorc colis, ise qmris sacxovrebeli
adgili. erT-erTi meuRlis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, ar iwvevs avtomaturad meore
meuRlis valdebulebas aseve, Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili. realur cxovrebaSi xSirad
warmoiSoba is garemoebebi, rac iwvevs meuRleTa cal-calke cxovrebas. magaliTad, qalaqgareT
gasvla dasasaqmeblad, magram es sulac ar niSnavs, rom meuRleebi imyofebian fiqtiur qorwinebaSi, aramed konkretul SemTxvevaSi meuRleTa cal-calke cxovrebis mizania saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis Sesruleba. amitom ar SeiZleba vaiZuloT meuRleebi icxovron erTad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 213-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,
qmari, rogorc ojaxis ufrosi saojaxo araqonebriv urTierTobebSi sargeblobda upiratesobiT.
mas ekuTvnoda saojaxo meurneobis warmarTvis adgilis arCevis ufleba. qali ki, valdebuli
iyo ecxovra qmarTan. aRniSnuli normis Sinaarsi savsebiT ar emTxveva saqarTvelos saojaxo
kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul Sexedulebebs, meuRleebis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis
Tavisuflad arCevis uflebaSi (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1157-e muxli), rac aramarTebulad migvaCnia, vinaidan rogorc zemoT aris aRniSnuli ojaxis interesebidan gamomdinare
meuRleebs xSirad uwevT cal-calke cxovreba.
meuRleTa mier saojaxo sakiTxebis erToblivad gadawyveta moicavs ojaxuri cxovrebis yvela
mxares: Svilebis aRzrda, saswavleblis SerCeva, saojaxo biujetis gankargva, dasvenebis adgilis
arCeva da sxva. meuRleebis Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, yvela saojaxo sakiTxi wydeba
urTierTSeTanxmebiT. bavSvis aRzrdis, maT swavla-ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, meuRleebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon bavSvis azric. meuRleTa mier
kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebis sworad gadanawileba da amave dros, dakisrebul movaleobaTa
jerovani Sesruleba udavod Seuwyobs xels srulfasovani momavali Taobis formirebas da ojaxuri urTierTobebis ganmtkicebas.
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic ganmtkicebulia samecniero literaturaSi,
da ara sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, frangul samarTalSi bavSvis pirvel sacxovrebel adgils ewodeba
Domicile dorigine. es niSnavs, rom bavSvi dabadebiT moipovebs im mSoblis (mSoblebis) sacxovrebel
adgils, romelTanac (romlebTanac) is cxovrobs.4 roca mSoblebi cal-calke cxovroben, franguli samarTlis mixedviT, bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis gasarkvevad mniSvnelovania, Tu romel
mSobelTan cxovrobs bavSvi.
saojaxo samarTlis bolo reformis ganxorcielebamde, rogorc frangul aseve, dasavleT
evropis sxva qveynebis samarTalSi bavSvis sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneoda mamis sacxovrebeli
adgili. es ganpirobebuli iyo mamis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobiT ojaxSi, rasac moqmedi samarTalic ganamtkicebda.5
qonebrivi uflebebisagan gansxvavebiT, meuRleTa pirad uflebebs ar gaaCnia ekonomikuri
Sinaarsi da ar atarebs materialur xasiaTs. amasTan, qorwinebis arsidan gamomdinare, rogorc
qalisa da mamakacis nebayoflobiTi kavSiri, romelic agebulia meuRleTa Tanasworobis sawyisebze ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT, meuRleTa piradi uflebebi gansazRvruli xasiaTisaa. meuRleTa
piradi ufleba-movaleobebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis mizania, ojaxis wevrTa Soris
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa, TiToeuli maTganis ganviTarebisaTvis normaluri pirobebis Seqmna da ojaxis ganmtkiceba. amitom, saojaxo samarTlis normebiT regulirdeba meuRleTa piradi uflebebis mxolod gansazRvruli nawili. meuRleTa Soris arsebuli piradi urTierTobebis
umetesi nawili ki, samarTlebrivi regulirebis farglebs gareT rCeba, anu isini regulirdebian
47
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zneobrivi normebiT. magaliTad, megobroba, siyvaruli, pativiscema, urTierTpasuxismgebloba
da a. S. amitom aris, rom gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba meuRleebs Soris pirad urTierTobebs,
vidre qonebrivs, radgan isini regulirdebian saojaxo samarTlis normebiT.
meuRleTa mier piradi uflebebis SeusruleblobisaTvis kanoni pirdapir ar iTvaliswinebs
raime `sanqcias~, Tumca, piradi uflebebis borotad gamoyeneba erT-erTi meuRlis mier ojaxis
interesebis upativcemloba an ugulebelyofa, meore meuRlisaTvis piradi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla SeiZleba gaxdes qorwinebis Sewyvetis an meuRleTa qonebis gayofisas
aseTi meuRlis wilis Semcirebis safuZveli.6
b. meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobani
samoqalaqo reestris saagentos teritoriul samsaxurSi registrirebuli qorwineba warmoSobs ara marto pirad, aramed qonebriv urTierTobebsac. piradi urTierTobebisagan gansxvavebiT, meuRleTa qonebrivi urTierTobebi sakmaod detalurad aris mowesrigebuli saojaxo
samarTlis normebiT.
saojaxo qonebrivi urTierTobebis Sinaarsi Sedgeba meuRleebis qonebrivi uflebebisa da
movaleobebisagan, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc sanivTo, ise valdebulebiTi xasiaTis.
meuRleebs SeuZliaT hqondeT samoqalaqo kodeqsiT aRiarebuli nebismieri sanivTo uflebebi,
maT Soris, erTmaneTis mimarTac. amasTan, saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT detalurad aris mowesrigebuli iseTi sanivTo ufleba, rogoricaa meuRleebis qonebaze saerTo TanasakuTrebis ufleba.
swored es ufleba warmoadgens meuRleebis qonebaze kanonieri reJimis warmoSobis safuZvels.
saerTo TanasakuTrebasTan erTad meuRleebs ufleba aqvT iqonion agreTve sakuTrebis ufleba individualur qonebaze. e. i. saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia meuRleTa sakmaod
mravalferovani sanivTo uflebebi, rac SeiZleba damaxasiaTebeli iyos gansakuTrebulad SeZlebuli wyvilebisaTvis.7
zogadad, saojaxo qonebrivi urTierTobebi samoqalaqo qonebrivi urTierTobebisagan gansxvavdebian garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, kerZod, meuRleebs Soris qonebrivi urTierTobebi SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad:
a) meuRleTa individualuri, anu gancalkevebuli qoneba, romelic SeZenilia rogorc qorwinebamde, ise qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi memkvidreobiT an CuqebiT (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1161-e muxli);
b) meuRleTa TanasakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi (e.i. meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba).
saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT gancalkevebulad iTvleba erT-erTi meuRlis mier qorwinebamde
CuqebiT an memkvidreobiT (kanoniT an anderZiT) miRebuli qoneba. qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi meuRleTa saerTo TanxebiT SeZenili qoneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos erT-erTi meuRlis individualur
sakuTrebad, Tu igi gankuTvnilia misi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. aseTi piradi
moxmarebis nivTebia: profesiuli saqmianobisaTvis saWiro nivTebi, tansacmeli, fexsacmeli,
saaTi, sayure da a.S. Zvirfaseulobis garda. individualuri sakuTrebis saxiT aRniSnuli nivTebis mikuTvneba TiToeuli meuRlisaTvis ganpirobebulia ara meuRleTa SeTanxmebiT, aramed
samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1162-e muxliT.
saojaxo urTierTobebidan gamomdinare, gamoricxuli ar aris SemTxveva, rodesac ojaxis
saerTo sargeblobisaTvis gankuTvnil qonebas, saCuqris saxiT uZRvnian erT-erT meuRles. Tu
SeuZlebeli ar aris (arsebobs Sesabamisi dokumenti) imis dadgena, rom mCuqebels mxedvelobaSi
hqonda erT-erTi meuRlis interesebi, maSin aseTi qoneba individualur (gancalkevebul) qonebad
CaiTvleba.
48
meuRleTa gancalkevebuli qonebis reJimi moqmedebs piradi moTxovnilebebis nivTebze da ar
vrceldeba Zvirfaseulobasa da fufunebis sagnebze.8 isini Seadgenen maT saerTo TanasakuTrebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom gankuTvnilia erT-erTi meuRlis individualuri moxmarebisaTvis.
meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qonebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisagan
gansxvavebiT, meuRleTa individualur sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis mflobelobas, sargeblobas da gankargvas TiToeuli meuRle axorcielebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom SeiZleba moxdes meuRleTa gancalkevebuli qonebis transformacia (saxecvlileba) saerTo TanasakuTrebad. igi gamomdinareobs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1163-e muxlis
Sinaarsidan, romlis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli meuRlis qoneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad, Tu dadgindeba, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli xarjebis Sedegad, am qonebis
Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad gadidda (gadagegmareba, mSeneblobis dasruleba, gadakeTeba da sxva),
Tu saqorwino xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. aq igulisxmeba gaweuli
xarjebi, rogorc im meuRlis mier, romelsac Tavdapirvelad ekuTvnoda es qoneba, ise meore
meuRlis, romelsac ar ekuTvnoda. meuRleebma SeiZleba saerTo saxsrebiT Cautaron erT-erTi
meuRlis individualur qonebas mimdinare remonti an daabandon masSi umniSvnelo Tanxa, rac ar
gamoiwvevs am qonebis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovnad gadidebas da saerTo TanasakuTrebad
transformacias. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu qonebis remonti an gansakuTrebiT didi Tanxebis dabandeba
gamoiwvevs am qonebis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovnad gadidebas, rogorc zemoT aris aRniSnuli,
igi SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli erT-erTi meuRlis individualuri qonebis saerTo TanasakuTrebad aRiarebisaTvis. magram, amisaTvis mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli qonebis Rirebuleba
xarjebis gawevamde da gawevis Semdeg. amasTan, meuRleTa Soris saerTo TanasakuTrebaSi TavianTi
wilis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa gairkves Tu romelma meuRlem ra xarji gaswia am qonebis transformaciisTvis.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1158-e muxlis Tanaxmad, meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba warmoadgens maT saerTo qonebas (TanasakuTrebas), Tu maT Soris saqorwino xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili.
meuRleTa mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebas warmoadgens qorwinebis periodSi
orive meuRlis mier erToblivi SromiTa da saxsrebiT SeZenili qoneba (uZravi da moZravi). meuRleTa erTobliv SromaSi igulisxmeba ojaxis sakeTildReod gaweuli yovelgvari sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo da aucilebeli Sroma, rasac meuRleebi asruleben rogorc ojaxSi, ise ojaxis
gareT. aqeden gamomdinare, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1158-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, meuRleebs aqvT Tanabari uflebebi qonebaze im SemTxvevaSic, Tu erT-erTi maTgani eweoda saojaxo
saqmianobas, uvlida Svilebs an sxva sapatio mizezis gamo (avadmyofoba, swavla da a.S.) damoukidebeli Semosavali ar hqonia.
meuRleTa sakuTreba misi subieqturi da obieqturi Semadgenlobis, mflobelobis, sargeblobisa da gankargvis, aseve saerTo qonebis gayofis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavdeba zogadad, TanamesakuTreTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisagan, rac gamomdinareobs qorwinebis arsidan.
meuRleTa TanasakuTrebis subieqturi Semadgenloba SezRudulia, rac gamowveulia imiT,
rom masSi ar SeiZleba monawileobdes orze meti TanamesakuTre. magaliTad, Tu meuRleebi mesame
pirTan erTad iZenen raime nivTs, maSin isini erTad gamodian saerTo Tanaziari sakuTrebis monawileebad. amasTan, maTi wili saerTo Tanaziari sakuTrebidan Seva meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebaSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom meuRleebis TanasakuTrebis monawilea mxolod ori piri,
TiToeuli maTganisaTvis saerTo qonebidan wilis gamoyofa gamoiwvevs meuRleebis saerTo
sakuTrebis gauqmebas. es ki niSnavs, rom meuRleTa Soris nebismieri wilis gayofa erTdroulad
iwvevs maTi saerTo sakuTrebis gayofasac.
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saojaxo kanonmdeblobiT specialurad aris gansazRvruli meuRleTa saerTo qonebis obieqtis Semadgenloba. meuRleTa qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil qonebas (meuRleebis saerTo qonebas) miekuTvneba:
1. Sromis saqmianobiT miRebuli orive meuRlis Semosavali (xelfasi, premiebi da sxva anazRaurebebi, romlebic Seadgenen Sromis anazRaurebas);
2. samewarmeo saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebi (im meuRlis Semosavali, romelic aris individualuri mewarme, komerciuli organizaciidan miRebuli mogebis wili da sxva);
3. inteleqtualuri SemoqmedebiT miRebuli Semosavlebi (saavtoro honorari da sxva anazRaurebebi);
4. miRebuli pensiebi, daxmarebebi, agreTve, sxva saxis fuladi gadasaxadebi, romlebsac ara
aqvT specialuri miznobrivi daniSnuleba (materialuri daxmarebisaTvis gamoyofili fuladi
resursi);
5. nebismieri sxva qoneba, romelic SeZenilia meuRleebis mier qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi miuxedavad imisa, vis saxelzea igi SeZenili an romeli meuRlis mier aris gadaxdili Tanxa. Semosavlebi Seadgenen meuRleebis saerTo TanasakuTrebas maTi faqtobrivi miRebis momentidan.9
iuridiul literaturaSi sadavoa is sakiTxi, Tu ra momentidan unda CaiTvalos xelfasi da
sxva fuladi Semosavali meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebad. zogierTi avtoris azriT,10 xelfasi
da sxva fuladi Semosavali meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebad CaiTvleba maTi miRebis momentidan.
arsebobs gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmadac, xelfasi da sxva fuladi SromiTi
Semosavali meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebad CaiTvleba im momentidan, rodesac meuRleni maT
kuTvnil Semosavals saerTo saojaxo biujetSi Seitanen.11
mocemuli Tvalsazrisi ar Seesabameba saojaxo samarTlis normebs, romlis Tanaxmad, meuRleTa qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi SeZenili qoneba warmoadgens meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebas.
meuRleTa Soris saerTo TanasakuTrebis warmoSoba kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegia da igi damokidebuli ar aris maT SeTanxmebaze _ Seitanon Tu ara miRebuli xelfasi saerTo-saojaxo biujetSi. meuRleebi TanasakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gankargvas, sargeblobas da flobas axorcieleben urTierTSeTanxmebiT. arc erT maTgans ar aqvs ufleba gankargos igi meore meuRlis
nebis sawinaaRmdegod. meuRles, rogorc TanamesakuTres kanoni uflebas aZlevs moiTxovos
qonebis gankargviT miRebuli sargebeli (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1159-e da 1160 e muxlebi). aqedan
gamomdinare, erT-erT meuRles, rogorc TanamesakuTres ufleba aqvs imoqmedos saerTo TanasakuTrebis farglebSi, meore meuRlis Tanxmobis gareSe. amitom, mesame pirTan garigebis dadebisas
meuRles ar sWirdeba Tanxmoba saerTo qonebis gankargvaze. aseTi Tanxmoba gamomdinareobs saojaxo kanonmdeblobis ganawesebidan da colqmruli urTierTobebidan, rac meuRleTa urTierTndobas, maTi piradi da qonebrivi interesebis erTianobas efuZneba. Tumca migvaCnia, rom meuRlis
saerTo qonebis gankargvis Sesaxeb garigebis dadebaze meore meuRlis Tanxmobis arsebobis
varaudi praqtikaSi SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes garemoebaTa namdvil viTarebas, rac SeiZleba
araerTxel gamxdariyo garigebis gabaTilebis safuZveli. magaliTad, meuRlis Tanxmobis gareSe
iseTi qonebis gayidva, romelic warmoadgens ojaxis saarsebo wyaros. aRniSnuli garigeba baTilad SeiZleba aRiarebul iqnas mxolod maSin, Tu SemZeni arakeTilsindisieria e.i. man icoda (an
unda scodnoda), rom meuRle moqmedebda meore meuRlis nebis sawinaaRmdegod.
im meuRles, romlis interesebic iqna darRveuli meuRlis mier saerTo qonebis TviTneburi
gankargviT, ufleba aqvs moiTxovos fuladi an sxvagvari kompensacia saerTo qonebis gayofisas
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1166-e muxli). meuRleTa Soris usiamovno SemTxvevebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT, umjobesi iqneboda erT-erTi meuRlis mier saerTo qonebis gankarg50
visas kanonmdebels gaeTvaliswinebina meore meuRlis werilobiTi Tanxmobis savaldebulo
forma. qorwineba da ojaxis Seqmna ar niSnavs meuRleTa qorwinebamdeli qonebis avtomaturad
gardaqmnas saerTo sakuTrebad. qorwinebis Semdeg erT-erTi meuRlisaTvis iseTi qonebis Cuqeba,
rac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos ojaxis saerTo sargeblobisaTvis, meuRleTa Soris davis
SemTxvevaSi, aseTi qoneba sasamarTlom SeiZleba CaTvalos meuRleTa TanasakuTrebad.
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva azri meuRleTa saerTo qonebis SemadgenlobaSi qonebrivi xasiaTis valdebulebebis (valebis) CarTvis Sesaxeb. zogierTi avtoris azriT, meuRleTa saerTo qonebis cnebaSi unda moiazrebodes, rogorc moTxovnis uflebebi (magaliTad, dividendis miRebis ufleba da sxva), ise movaleobebi _ valebis dabruneba (ojaxis interesebidan gamomdinare, aRebuli sesxis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. fuladi Tanxis dabrunebis
valdebuleba). sxva avtorebi uaryofiTad afaseben aseT mosazrebas da aRniSnaven, rom valdebulebebi (valebi) ar SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodes meuRleTa saerTo TanasakuTrebas.12 pirveli
mosazreba, savsebiT Seesabameba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1169-e muxliT dadgenil wess,
romlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo meuRleTa saerTo qonebis gayofisas anawilebs agreTve maT Soris
saerTo valebs saerTo qonebaSi TiToeulis kuTvnili wilis Tanazomierad, rac adasturebs
imas, rom valebi miekuTvneba meuRleTa saerTo qonebriv valdebulebas.
meuRleTa vali SeiZleba iyos piradi da saerTo. pirads ganekuTvneba erT-erTi meuRlis
vali, rac warmoSobilia qorwinebamde an Tundac, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi erT-erTi meuRlis
piradi miznebidan da ara mTlianad ojaxis interesebidan gamomdinare, magaliTad, piradi sargeblobis nivTebis (ZviradRirebuli samkaulis, tansacmlis) SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli garigebis
dadebiT, agreTve piradi xasiaTis valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis gamo (saalimento valdebulebebi, zianis anazRaureba) da sxva.
erT-erTi meuRlis piradi valis dasafarad gadaxdevineba SeiZleba moxdes misi qonebidan
an/da TanasakuTrebaSi misi wilidan, romelsac igi miiRebda qonebis gayofis SemTxvevaSi (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1170-e muxlis pirveli nawili).
saerTo valad iTvleba is, rac meuRleebma an Tundac erT-erTma maTganma aiRo mTeli ojaxis
saerTo interesebisaTvis, magaliTad, Svilis samkurnalod an ganaTlebis misaRebad, erToblivad
meurneobis gaZRolis da sxva saerTo miznebisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gadaxdevineba unda moxdes
meuRleTa saerTo qonebidan, romelic iyofa saerTo qonebaSi TiToeulis kuTvnili wilis Tanazomierad (saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1169-e muxli).
meuRleebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron TavianTi rogorc individualuri, ise saerTo qonebis
gankargvis bedi saqorwino xelSekrulebiT. meuRleebs SeuZliaT gaaerTianon mTeli TavianTi
qoneba (qorwinebamde da qorwinebis Semdeg SeZenili), anda mTlianad an nawilobriv Tqvan uari
amgvar gaerTianebaze da daadginon TiToeulis wilobrivi an gancalkevebuli sakuTreba qonebaze
(saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1176-e muxlis mesame nawili). saqorwino xelSekruleba, SeiZleba daidos rogorc qorwinebamde, ise qorwinebis Semdeg, Tumca ZalaSi Sedis qorwinebis
registraciis momentidan. kanonis moTxovnaa, rom saqorwino xelSekruleba aucileblad daidos
werilobiTi formiT da damowmdes sanotaro wesiT. aRniSnuli xelSekruleba warmoadgens
siaxles samoqalaqo kodeqsSi da kerZod, saojaxo samarTalSi, romliTac SeiZleba daregulirdes meuRleTa Soris warmoSobili qonebrivi urTierTobebi.
statiaSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi, romelic ukavSirdeba meuRleTa rogorc piradi, ise qonebrivi
xasiaTis ufleba-movaleobebs ar aris amomwuravi, vinaidan, misi detaluri ganxilva ar warmoadgens mocemuli statiis mizans.
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SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíèê, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ. Ê.
Òîëñòîãî, Ò. 3, Ì., 2006 ã., ñòð. 403.
s. jorbenaZe, sabWoTa samarTali, Tb., 1957 w., gv. 215.
r. Sengelia. e. Sengelia. saojaxo samarTali, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tb., 2011
w., gv. 146.
Feried/Sonnenberger, 1/1, S. 334 ix.: l. Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo
samarTlis zogad nawilSi, gamomc., `samarTali~, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 185.
Feried/Sonnenberger, 1/1, S. 334 ix.: l. Wanturia, Sesavali samoqalaqo
samarTlis zogad nawilSi, gamomc. `samarTali~, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 186.
S. CikvaSvili, saojaxo samarTali, gamomc. `meridiani~, Tb., 2000 w., Ggv. 94.
Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíèê, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ. Ê.
Òîëñòîãî, Ò. 3, Ì., 2006 ã., ñòð. 411.
kanoni ar iZleva imis ganmartebas, Tu romeli nivTebi miekuTvneba
Zvirfaseulobas. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli gagebiT,
Zvirfaseulobas miekuTvneba iseTi nivTebi, romlebic araa aucilebeli
yofiTi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. maT miekuTvneba Zvirfasi
liTonebisa da iSviaTi qvebisagan damzadebuli sagnebi, antikvaruli
nivTebi, originaluri da faseuli mxatvruli nawarmi, uZvelesi da iSviaTi
nakeTobebi da sxva. ix.: S. CikvaSvili, saojaxo samarTali, gamomc.
`meridiani~, Tb., 2000 w., gv. 97.
Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ó÷åáíèê, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé À. Ï. Ñåðãååâà è Þ. Ê. Òîëñòîãî,
Ò. 3, Ì., 2006 ã., ñòð. 415.
Î. Ñ. Èîôôå. Ñîâåòñêîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ò. III, Ì., 1965 ã., ñòð. 226; À.
Äçûáà, Ðàâíîïðàâèå ñóïðóãîâ îñíîâíîé ïðèíöèï ñîâåòñêîãî ñåìåéíîãî ïðàâà,
Èçä. Êàçàíñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 1972 ã., ñòð. 49.
Â. À. Ðÿñåíöåâ. Ñåìåéíîå ïðàâî. ,,Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ ëèòåðàòóða”, Ì., 1971 ã., ñòð.
107, Â.Ô. Ìàñëîâ, Èìóùåñòâåííûå îòíîøåíèÿ â ñåìüå, Èçä. Õàðüêîâñêîãî
óíèâåðñèòåòà, 1972 ã., ñòð.21.
Êîììåíòàðèé ê êîäåêñó î áðàêå è ñåìüå ÐÑÔÑÐ, Ïîä ðåä. È.À. Îñòðîâà. Ì.,
1982 ã., ñòð. 41.
52
SEVERAL LEGAL ASPECTS
OF RELATIONS BETWEEN
SPOUSES
EKATERINE NINUA
Doctor of Low
Scientific article concerns the topic: several legal aspects of relations between
spouses (a. personal relations of spouses; b. property relations of the spouses).
Personal as well as property rights and obligations of the spouses are described
in the article.
It is mentioned in the Article, that personal as well as property relations are
generated only in cases of the marriages registered at the territorial offices of the
Civil Registry Agency. The issue of spouses’ personal relations are emphasized,
because it only depends on their free will and love to create a family. Property
relations are hierarchical and are regulated through family law.
Article pays special attention to the concept of personal as well as common
debt of spouses, grounds for their generation and ways of paying it back. It also
briefly described rules of marriage contracts and their purpose.
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nebis gamovlenis
Tavisufleba
SromiT
urTierTobebSi
amiran zenaiSvili
qarTul-amerikuli universitetis
samarTlis skolis doqtoranti
saqarTveloSi mimdinare samarTlebrivi reformebis konteqstSi Sromis bazris samarTlebrivi reforma yvelaze gonivruli
da windaxeduli unda iyos, radgan Sromis kanonmdebloba tradiciulad, delikatur da adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze didi
zegavlenis mqone samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneba, romlis dabalansebac aucilebelia rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad, aseve, socialuri simSvidis SesanarCuneblad.
evropul standartebTan daaxloeba fokusirebas unda axdendes
daqiravebulTa da damqiravebelTa interesebis balansze, amavdroulad, marTalia mewarmeebs xeli unda miuwvdebodeT yvelaze
ZviradRirebul ekonomikur resursze – adamianur resursze,
magram aman ar unda gaaZnelos mosaxleobisaTvis Sromis xelmisawvdomoba. koleqturi xelSekrulebis mxareTa mier nebis gamovlenisaTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi, unda arsebobdes politikuri
neba, rac mimarTuli iqneba socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken.
Sromis samarTlis umTavres wyarod konstituciisa da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Semdeg, samoqalaqo kodeqsi miiCneva.
samoqalaqo kodeqsi moicavs valdebulebiT normebs, romelTa
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia SromiTi urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogierTi xelSekrulebebi, magaliTad, nardoba, davaleba SeiZleba miekuTvnos SromiTi urTierTobis sferos da maT mxolod am tipis xelSekrulebis sagnis
zust gansazRvrebad Tu ganvixilavT. Sromis samarTliT mowes54
rigebuli urTierToba kerZosamarTlebrivia da warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis
safuZvelze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, Sromis samarTali kerZo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneba.1
koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadebisas fundamenturia monawileTa simravlis gaTvaliswinebiT, nebis gamovlenis namdvilobis problemebis warmoCena da misi gadawyvetis gzis povna, garigebis monawileebi gadian etapebs erToblivi gadawyvetilebis misaRwevad.
neba (yovelgvari metafizikuri interpretaciis gareSe) aris is, riTac goneba irCevs am Tu
im sagans. nebis arsi aris Zala, anu gonebis principi, romliTac mas SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba.
moqmedeba nebis mixedviT igivea, rac arCevanis gakeTeba an moqmedeba arCevanis mixedviT. profesori lokis ganmartebiT `neba araferia, garda Zalis an SesaZleblobisa, rom raimes mianiWo
upiratesoba an raime airCio.~ aRsaniSnavia is movlenebic, roca neba mkafiod gansxvavdeba survilisagan, romelsac erTsa da imave qmedebaSi SeiZleba hqondes aSkarad sapirispiro tendencia
imisagan, rasac Cveni neba gvkarnaxobs. is ar uSvebs, rom neba da survili zustad erTi da imave
mniSvnelovnebis mqone sityvebia.2
xSir SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebulTa gaerTianeba gvxvdeba erTi sawarmos sxvadasxva sferoSi
dasaqmebul pirTa gaerTianebisas, romlebTac SesaZlebelia hqondeT sxvadasxva SromiTi Tu
socialuri problemebi. erTisTvis Tu saWiroa usafrTxo Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba,
meoresTvis SesaZlebelia moTxovnadi iyos samuSao saaTebis daregulireba, saxelfaso odenobis
zrda da sxv. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis proeqtis Sedgenisas, dasaqmebulTa neba mTlianobaSi
unda moeqces erTi xelSekrulebis qveS. swored amitomac, koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis monawile
mxareebi mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenisas, angariSs uweven xelSekrulebis Tanamonawile sxva
pirebs.
xelSekruleba, rogorc samoqalaqo samarTlis instituti, aris ormxrivi (an mravalmxrivi)
nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an
Sewyvetisaken. xelSekruleba ideba mxareebis urTierTTanmxvedri, saerTo miznisken mimarTuli
nebis gamoxatvis Sedegad.3
koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis, rogorc mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenis _ garigebis miRwevisas
mniSvnelovania nebis gamovlenis namdvilobis dadgena.
nebis gamovlenis (declaratio voluntatis) instituti 1997 wlis saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
(ssk) mier Semotanili erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi siaxlea. ssk-is I wignis I I karis saTauria `garigebani~, Tumca, mis calkeul debulebaSi xSirad ixmareba aseve, cneba `nebis gamovlena~. kiTxvas
_ saWiroa Tu ara garigebis cnebis gverdiT nebis gamovlenis cnebis arseboba – gansxvavebulad
gaeca pasuxi garigebaTa Sesaxeb germanuli da arsebiTad, mis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli sabWouri
doqtrinis mier. germanul literaturaSi nebis gamovlenis cnebis mniSvnelobas xedaven garigebebSi nebis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxis (problemis) ukeT gadaWris SesaZleblobaSi.4 amis sapirispirod, sabWourma doqtrinam uari Tqva nebis gamovlenis cnebis gamoyenebaze da iyenebda iseT frazebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `qmedeba, romelic avlens nebas~.5
ssk-is 50-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken.~
rogorc muxlis formulirebidan irkveva, kanonmdebeli garigebas miiCnevs nebis gamovlenis
konkretul saxed, romelsac samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis datvirTva aqvs imdenad, ramdenadac
igi mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken. gamodis,
rom `nebis gamovlena~ ufro farTo cnebaa da igi konkretdeba terminiT _ `garigeba~, romelSic
unda moiazrebodes mxolod samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis nebis gamovlena. Tumca, momdevno muxlebSi kanonmdebeli am or termins erTi datvirTviT iyenebs da gamodis, rom muxlebSi, sadac
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saubaria `nebis gamovlenaze~, igi moiazrebs nebis iseT gamovlenasac, romelsac samarTlebrivi
daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia.6 termini `nebis gamovlena~ yovelTvis moiazrebs sakuTar TavSi samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomis survils. piri nebas avlens imisaTvis, raTa gamoxatos Tavisi
survili konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisa, Sesabamisad, unda vaRiaroT, nebis
gamoxatvamde pirs uyalibdeba nebis gamovlenis motivi da igi eZebs miznis miRwevis saSualebebs.
ssk-is 50-e muxlSi mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebiTaa gadmotanili saqarTvelos
ssr-is 1963 wlis kodeqsis 41-e muxlis debuleba.
kanonmdebeli garigebisa da nebis gamovlenis cnebebs, rogorc wesi, erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT xmarobs. konkretuli debulebis SemuSavebisas nebis gamovlenis cnebis gamoyenebas upiratesoba eniWeba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mas calkeuli qmedebisa Tu qcevis wesisaTvis centraluri
datvirTva aqvs (magaliTad, ssk-is 51-e da 52-e muxlebi). gamonaklisia mxolod is SemTxvevebi,
rodesac kanonmdebeli awesrigebs ormxriv an mravalmxriv garigebas, romelTa dadebisaTvis
ori an meti nebis gamovlenaa aucilebeli da mxolod erTi nebis gamovleniT ver dadgeba samarTlebrivi Sedegi.7
`nebis gamovlena, germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi nawilis debulebebis Tanaxmad, aris
gamoxatva nebisa, romelic uSualod mimarTulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken; igi
avlens samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomis nebas, anu nebas, mimarTuls kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis damyarebis, Sinaarsobrivi Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken.~8
ssk-is 50-e muxlSi Tu cneba `nebis gamovlenis~ nacvlad mis ganmartebas gamoviyenebT, maSin
kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba mocemuli garigebis cnebis xarvezi. kerZod, kanonis formulirebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom garigeba aris calmxrivi, ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi `nebis gamovlena~, anu
`gamoxatva nebisa, romelic uSualod mimarTulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken~,
`romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken~.9
ama Tu im kerZo sawarmoSi koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis, rogorc socialuri aqtis aucileblobis miuxedavad mxareebs ver vaiZulebT gamoxaton neba mis dasadebad. TiToeuli mxare
xelSekrulebis dadebisas Tavisufalia. mis pirobebze SeTanxmeba warmoadgens xelSekrulebis
yvela mxaris nebis gamovlenis Sedegs da sasamarTlos mier romelime mxaris iZulebiT davaldebuleba, dadon xelSekruleba ama Tu im pirobiT, zRudavda samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas.10
rogorc individualur-SromiTi aseve, koleqtiuri xelSekruleba Tavisi specifikiT gamoirCeva mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobaze dafuZnebul kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobisagan, igi
valdebulebiTi xelSekrulebis specialuri saxea da mas sxva kerZosamarTlebrivi xelSekrulebebisagan ganasxvavebs is garemoeba, rom SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, kerZo samarTlis erT-erTi umTavresi _ mxareTa Tanasworobis principi garkveul saxecvlilebas ganicdis
da daqiravebuli damokidebulia damqiraveblis nebaze, mis miTiTebebze da mis mier gansazRvrul
samuSao Tu organizaciul pirobebze. gansxvavebiT Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi
mxareTa biznes interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT garigebaSi gamovlenili nebisa, SromiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobaSi damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls (dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebas) Soris xelSekrulebis dadeba xdeba socialuri, komerciuli, garkveuli SezRudvebisa da sxv. garemoebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am urTierTobebSi aSkarad gamokveTilia damqiraveblis upiratesi mdgomareoba `sust~ mxaresTan _ daqiravebulTan SedarebiT, rac udavod iwvevs `Zlieri~ mxaris mier
Tavisi uflebebis gadametebulad, meore mxaris sazianod gamoyenebis saSiSroebas.11
socialuri aqtis gaformebis aucileblobasa da mxareTa Tavisufali nebis institutis dacvas
Soris zRvarze mdgom aqtebs adgens saerTaSoriso aqtebi da konvenciebi. Tavisufali bazris
pirobebSi unda moxdes mxareTa Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Tanasworobis balansis
dacva. qveynis umTavresi institutebis dacva _ qveynis moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisufali
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bazris xelSewyobas Soris saWiroa moinaxos oqros gasaRebi, bazarma TviTmoqmedebiT unda SeZlos am Sualedis naxva qveynis liberalur kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT, romelic dafuZnebuli unda iyos jansaR da keTilsindisier urTierTobaze.
koleqtiuri xelSekruleba mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlenaa, garigebis definiciaSi mTavaria
nebis arseboba. xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba ganmtkicebulia rogorc samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
aseve, Sromis kodeqsiT, _ ufleba mxareebma TavianTi survilisamebr dadon esa Tu is xelSekruleba, mxareebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvron dasadebi xelSekrulebis Sinaarsi. kerZo samarTlis subieqtebs SeuZliaT dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebic,
romlebic kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris Tumca, ar ewinaaRmdegeba kanons. aRniSnuli principis Tanaxmad, mxareebi marTalia Tavisufalni arian arCevanSi visTan da ra saxiT
dadon xelSekrulebebi, Tumca, es ufleba ar aris absoluturi da igi xSir SemTxvevaSi, akrZalulia kanoniT. magaliTad, Sromis kodeqsi krZalavs arasrulwlovanTan Sromis xelSekrulebis
dadebas saTamaSo biznesSi, akrZalulia Ramis samuSaoze dasaqmeba orsuli da meZuZuri qalebis
da a.S. SezRudva gamoixateba kerZo samarTlis konkretuli subieqtisTvisac, kerZod, im pirebis
mimarT visac dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia bazarze, kanoniT SesaZlebelia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi pirobebic.12 koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis gaformebis iniciatori umetes SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebaa, swored dasaqmebulebi cdiloben individualuri xelSekrulebidan Semdgom SeuerTdnen da gaerTianebul ZalTa balansiT Tanaswor
pirobebSi dasxdnen molaparakebis magidaze. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis miRebiT miRweuli
Sedegi Tanabari iuridiuli Zalis mqonea.
garigeba mxolod iseTi nebis gamovlenaa, romelic iwvevs iuridiul Sedegs, garigeba yovelTvis samarTlebriv sanqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. garigeba rogorc wesi, marTlzomieri nebis gamovlenaa, magram aramarTlzomieri nebis gamovlenac SeiZleba warmoadgendes garigebis faqts.13
nebis gamovlenis meSveobiT mxareebi miznad isaxaven garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevas. isini ara mxolod samarTlebriv Sedegebze Tanxmdebian, aramed wesebzec, romlebsac unda
daemorCilon am samarTlebrivi Sedegis misaRwevad. amitomac amboben, rom garigebas mxareebisaTvis kanonis Zala aqvs da misi darRveva iwvevs mxaris samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.14
koleqtiur-mravalmxrivi garigebis nebis gamovlenamde, monawile mxareebma unda gaiazron
masSi mocemul normaTa iuridiuli Sedegis arsi, mosalodneli sargeblis miRebisa Tu valdebulebis warmoSobis safuZvlebi, garigebis proeqtSi asaxuli is normebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia
misaRebi iyos dasaqmebulTa garkveuli wrisTvis, miuRebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes imave, erT
mxares mdgom dasaqmebulTa meore jgufisaTvis. koleqtiuri nebis gamovlenis instituti Tavisi
specifikiT gamoirCeva calmxrivi an ormxrivi nebis gamovlenisagan im TvalsazrisiTac, rom
mravalmxrivi garigebisas xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mimarT gamoxatuli nebisagan gansxvavebiT
umniSvnelovanesi momentia Tavad xelSekrulebis erT mxares (dasaqmebulTa) Soris nebis gamovlenis namdviloba.
neba, romliTac piri kisrulobs saxelSekrulebo TviTboWvas, aucilebelia, iyos namdvili.
piri Tavisufalia dados garigeba da amdenad, mis mier gamovlenili neba unda Seesabamebodes
mis Sinagan nebas, romlis Camoyalibebac moxda damoukideblad, yovelgvari marTlsawinaaRmdego
faqtorebis zemoqmedebis gareSe. nebis Tavisuflebis principi pirs aZlevs uflebas, Tavisuflad miiRos samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobis gadawyvetileba. am principis dacvas
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTaTvis.15 mas Semdeg, rac
piri gadawyvets aRniSnul urTierTobaSi Cabmas, igi avlens nebas, romlis meSveobiTac iuridiul
mniSvnelobas sZens xelSekrulebis dadebis sakuTar gadawyvetilebas.16 dasaqmebulebis umTavresi mizani, Seqmnan gaerTianeba, mimarTulia erTianobis xarjze garigebis dasadebad miRebuli
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Tanasworoba, romelic miscems samarTlebriv CarCoebSi damsaqmebels boWvas koleqtiuri
garigebis dasadebad. swored gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisuflebis safuZvelze pirebi monawileoben kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobaSi.
germanuli samarTlis doqtrinaSi ganviTarebulia azri imis Taobaze, rom Sinagani neba Sedgeba 3 fsiqologiuri komponentisagan, piri samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi Casabmelad nebis gamovlenisaTvis gadis garkveul fsiqologiur komponents, romelTa unaklod gavlac nebis namdvilobis winapirobaa. fsiqologiuri kategoriebis mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan gamoyofen Semdeg
etapebs, esenia:
a) moqmedebis neba (Handlungswille)
moqmedebis neba gulisxmobs piris survils, imoqmedos sakuTari nebidan gamomdinare, neba
aRar iqneba saxeze, roca igi ver acnobierebs sakuTari nebis gamoxatvis moments.17 am etapze
xdeba piris mier garkveuli warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, Tu risTvis avlens igi nebas. kerZod,
mxares warmoeSoba garkveuli moTxovnileba, romlis dasakmayofileblad igi iwyebs saSualebebis
Ziebas. nebis amgvari safuZveli, anu is, risTvisac piri debs garigebas, samarTalSi motivis
saxeliTaa cnobili, romelsac rogorc wesi, urTierTobis namdvilobisaTvis samarTlebrivi
datvirTva ara aqvs, Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, igi Tavisi mniSvnelobidan da garkveuli
garemoebebidan gamomdinare, iZens samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas da Sedis nebis SinaarsSi.18
b) gamovlenis neba (Erklärugswille)
gamovlenis nebis dros pirs survili aqvs, Tavisi nebis gamovleniT gaxdes samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis monawile. cxadia, samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobis survili yovelTvis
mimarTulia samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken, magram am etapisaTvis sakmarisia, mxare acnobierebdes, rom avlens samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis nebas da araa aucilebeli igi mimarTuli iyos
konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken.19 nebis gamovlenis namdviloba faqtobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, samarTlebriv Sedegze orientirebuli iqneba, roca igi meore mxares miuva, rodesac gamgzavnis neba, dokumenti romelSic gamoxatulia neba, gadaecema adresats. roca
vsaubrobT koleqtiuri molaparakebebis dawyebaze, igulisxmeba, rom ofertis SemTavazebelma
misca winadadeba (magaliTad, xelSekrulebis proeqti) meore mxares, oferti aris calmxrivi
nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken.
piri irCevs miznis miRwevis xerxs. igi SearCevs kontrahents da nebis gamovlenis saSualebas,
romelic mas daexmareba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevaSi. igi sakuTari nebis gamovlenas iyenebs
miznis miRwevis iaraRad, risTvisac sWirdeba nebis uxarvezo formireba. piri sworad unda
afasebdes garemoebebs da nebis gamovlenis savaraudo Sedegebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, xelSekrulebis SesrulebiT mxare miiRebs sasurvelisagan gansxvavebul Sedegs, rac garigebis saciloobis safuZveli gaxdeba.20 magaliTisTvis, SeiZleba movitanoT gaficvis an lokautis uflebis
gamoyeneba. dasaqmebulebi konstituciiT miniWebuli uflebis gamoyenebis SezRudvis sanacvlod, meore mxaris mimarT mosalodneli zianis Tavidan acilebis mizniT avlenen nebas.
neba Tavis TavSi moicavs nebis gamomvlenis warmodgenaSi arsebuli miznisaken swrafvas, gamovlena ki, yovelTvis mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken, anu samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomisaken, vinaidan neba, rogorc mxarisaTvis sasurveli
miznis miRwevis formula, iuridiul mniSvnelobas mxolod misi gamovleniT iZens.21
`marTalia, nebis gamovlenis adresatamde misvlis faqti mas namdvilobas aniWebs, magram es
ar niSnavs, rom adresati valdebulia miiRos igi. meore mxares am muxlis me-2 punqtis safuZvelze
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SeuZlia nebis gamovlena iuridiuli Zalis armqoned aqcios, Tu igi winaswar an maSinve ganacxadebs uars. analogiuri ufleba unda hqondes winadadebis SemTavazebelsac.~22
g) garigebis neba (Geschäftswille)
garigebis neba saxezea maSin, rodesac neba mimarTulia konkretuli samarTlebrivi Sedegis
dadgomisaken (nebis gamovlena-gamoxatva). pirs aqvs gacnobierebuli moqmedebiT samarTlebriv
urTierTobaSi Cabmis survili da amave dros, igi miznad isaxavs konkretuli samarTlebrivi
Sedegis dadgomas. piri SearCevs Tavisi survilis miRwevis saSualebas, anu Camoayalibebs Sinagan
nebas, igi gamoxatavs mas nebis mimRebisaTvis misi gamxelis mizniT, riTac samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas aniWebs Sinagan nebas da Tavs iboWavs misi savaldebuloobiT. nebis gamovlenis dros arsebiTia, rom zustad moxdes Sinaganad formirebuli nebis gadmocema, anu nebis gamovlena obieqturad aRqmadi iyos nebis mimRebisaTvis, rac SemdgomSi mxareTa SeTanxmebis miRwevis winapirobaa.23
Sejerebuli koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis normebis mimarT dasaqmebulebma urTierTSoris neba
unda gamoavlinon.
xelSekrulebis dadeba da Sesruleba xorcieldeba mxareTa Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze,
maTTvis sasurveli samarTlebrivi Sedegis miRwevis mizniT. nebis gamovlena nakluli xdeba da
Sesabamisad, xelSekruleba mxareTaTvis savaldebulo Zalas ver iZens, Tu mxareTa mier dasaxuli
mizani da realuri Sedegi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva.24 nebis gamovlenis Semadgeneli meore elementia
Sinagani nebis gamovlena, SeTanxmebis misaRwevad aucilebelia, mxare sworad aRiqvamdes meore
mxaris Sinagan nebas, raTa SeZlos sakuTari nebis misadageba am ukanasknelisaTvis. amdenad, arsebiTia, rom neba da misi gamoxatva zustad Seesatyvisebodes erTmaneTs, raTa nebis mimRebs saSualeba hqondes, sworad aRiqvas mxaris Sinagani neba.25
neba da misi gamoxatvis Sedegad gamovlenili neba identuri unda iyos. nebis gamovlenis
dros piri adasturebs Tavisi nebis namdvilobas da aniWebs mas iuridiul Zalas. nebis gamovlena
ara sakuTari nebis gacnobisa da gamJRavnebis, aramed misi samarTlebrivi xasiaTiT datvirTvis
iaraRia.
ra samarTlebrivi riskebis matarebelia koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis dadebis dros damsaqmeblis motivacia (iZuleba) nebis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebiT?
_ nebis formirebis dros piri unda imyofebodes iseT garemoSi, rom Tavisuflad SeZlos
gadawyvetilebis miReba da nebis gamovlena. am moTxovnis darRveviT gamovlenili neba misi
Semdgomi Secilebis safuZvelia. mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu ra igulisxmeba terminSi _
`iZuleba~. samoqalaqo kodeqsi akonkretebs, rom aRniSnul terminSi moiazreba rogorc Zaladoba
(fizikuri iZuleba), ise muqara (fsiqikuri iZuleba). aRniSnuli pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli nebis
naklTan, vinaidan isini xelisSemSleli garemoebebia nebis Tavisuflad CamoyalibebisaTvis.
koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis gaformebis iZulebad ra Tqma unda, ar CaiTvleba xelSekrulebis
erTi mxaris (dasaqmebulis _ maTi gaerTianebis) mier saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saerTaSoriso
aqtebiTa da konvenciebiT da organuli kanonis Sromis kodeqsiT garantirebuli gaficvis
uflebis gamoyeneba.
mxareTa keTilsindisier samarTalurTierTobas unda pasuxobdes namdvili nebis gamovlena.
germaniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebis Tanaxmad, mxares aqvs SekiTxvis gareSe faqtebis
gamxelis valdebuleba maSin, roca keTilsindisierebis principidan gamomdinare, igi valdebuli
iyo gaemxila es faqtebi da konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis samoqalaqo brunvaSi
damkvidrebuli praqtikis mixedviT, meore mxare moeloda aRniSnuli informaciis gamxelas.26
aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, samoqalaqo brunvis praqtikidan gamomdinare, garigebis
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monawileni, romelTac urTierTsapirispiro interesebi aqvT, valdebulni arian, gaumxilon
erTmaneTs iseTi garemoebebic, romlebmac SesaZloa, mxares daakargvinos nebis gamovlenis interesi. rac Seexeba araswori cnobebis miwodebas, am sakiTxze saubrisas erTmaneTisagan unda
gaimijnos mxaris mier dasmuli dasaSvebi (zulässige) da dauSvebeli (unzulässige) kiTxvebi. dasaSvebi
araa, magaliTad, damsaqmeblis kiTxva samuSaoze misaRebi kandidati qalis fexmZimobis Taobaze.
amgvar kiTxvaze araswori pasuxis gacema, germanuli samarTlis mixedviT, ar CaiTvleba motyuebad. ssk-is 81-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad ki, zemoaRniSnuli mainc garigebis saciloobis safuZveli gaxdeba, vinaidan fexmZime qalbatonis uaryofiTi pasuxi, marTlsawinaaRmdego xasiaTis
ararsebobis miuxedavad, mainc motyuebad CaiTvleba, rogorc aseTi da mas mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiri eqneba nebis gamovlenasTan.27
koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis normebi vrceldeba organizaciaSi (sawarmoSi, dawesebulebaSi
da a.S.) dasaqmebulTa da damsaqmebelTa farTo wreze, aseT SemTxvevaSi, didia riski moCvenebiTi
da TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dadebisa.
sasamarTlo praqtikam gviCvena, rom ZiriTadad, moCvenebiTi garigebis dadeba dakavSirebulia
mesame pirebTan arsebul urTierTobasTan, (magaliTad, moCvenebiTi garigebis dadebis erT-erT
motivs SeiZleba warmoadgendes mesame piris motyueba, pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavis arideba da
a.S.). amrigad, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom sadavo garigeba miiCnios moCvenebiT garigebad, aucilebelia iseTi faqtobrivi garemoebebis arseboba, romlebic miuTiTeben nebis gamovlenis naklze, fiqtiuri garigebis Sesaxeb `urTierTSeTanxmebaze~, saerTo mizanze, rac ar Seesabameba maT
mier garegani nebis gamovlenas.
rogorc wesi, moCvenebiTi garigeba formalurad Seesabameba kanonis moTxovnebs, magram nebis
nakli, misi aranamdvilobis gamo, warmoadgens im arsebiTi xasiaTis nakls, rac gamoricxavs samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgomas. amdenad, is faqti, romelic miuTiTebs sadavo garigebis mxareTa
nebis gamovlenis aranamdvilobaze, unda daamtkicos iman, visac miaCnia, rom mosaCveneblad dadebuli garigebiT Seilaxa misi ufleba.
sasamarTlo prqtikis Sesabamisad garigeba im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba moCvenebiTad, roca garigebis mxareebs ar surT am garigebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iuridiuli Sedegis dadgoma. moCvenebiTi
garigeba moklebulia namdvilobas da mxareTa moCvenebiTi garigebis dros mosaCveneblad iqceva
am garigebis monawile nebis gamovlenis yvela subieqti da maT ar surT garigebis Sesruleba.
aseTi garigebis Sedegad, kanonsawinaaRmdego miznis miRweva an sxva garigebis dafarva orive
mxaris interesi da mizani unda iyos. moCvenebiTi garigebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs
gamovlenis garegani daTqma. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom nebis gamomvleni da nebis mimRebi
moqmedebdnen SeTanxmebiT da orive acnobierebdnen nebis nakls. moCvenebiTi garigebis dros
kanoni adgens kavSirs fiqtiur garigebasa da nebis mimRebi adresatis Tanxmobas Soris. moCvenebiT garigebas axasiaTebs mxareTa `urTierTSeTanxmeba~, `garigeba~ moCvenebiT nebis gamovlenis
Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi orives gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom maT mier aseTi nebis gamovlenas ar
mohyveba iuridiuli Sedegi.28
TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dadebis dros nebis gamovlenis subieqtebis neba SeTanxmebulia da
maT ganzraxuli aqvT, gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi Sedegis dadgoma, Tumca maTi Sinagani da
gamovlenili neba ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. dadebuli garigebiT isini faraven sxva garigebas,
romlis dadebis nebac realurad aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi dgeba am normis safuZvelze nebis gamovlenis baTilobis sakiTxi.
TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dros ganxilvis sagania garigebis mxareTa mier Sinagani da garegani
gamovlenili nebis urTierTmimarTeba, vinaidan maT Soris arsebobs Seusabamoba.
60
garigebis baTilobis dros gadamwyvetia swored garigebis mxareTa mier gamovlenili nebis
samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis dadgena. amdenad, TvalTmaqcuri garigebis dros nebis gamomvleni mxareebi igivea, rac dafaruli garigebis mxareebi. ama Tu im garigebis fiqtiurobis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtorad gvevlineba Sesabamisi ganzraxvis ararseboba. kerZod, moCvenebiTi garigeba
baTilia imdenad, ramdenadac is ar emyareba WeSmarit ganzraxvas. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am
SemTxvevaSi, moiTxoveba ara mxolod gamovlenili nebis namdvilobis, aramed sakuTriv namdvili
nebis dadastureba, rac gansxvavebuli kategoriebia. anu, SesaZlebelia pirma moCvenebiT gamoavlinos neba, magram es ar aris sakmarisi garigebis namdvilobisaTvis, radgan gamoxatvis garda
aucilebelia, piris mier WeSmariti nebis gamovlena. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 52-e muxlis Tanaxmad, nebis gamovlenis ganmartebisas neba unda dadgindes gonivruli gansjis Sedegad,
da ara martooden gamoTqmis sityvasityviTi azridan.29
bibliografia:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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marina musxeliSvili, socialuri dialogi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2011;
Junko Ishikawa. Key Features of National Social Dialogue: A Social Dialogue Resource Book.
Geneva, International Labour Offi ce, 2003.
Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad, March 2011.
E.M.Brandolini et al, “Europe as our common future: the European welfare model”, INPDAP,
Rome 2007
R. Thamarajakshi,Overview. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of social dialogue
European Commission Communication on the European Social Dialogue, COM(2002) 341
Habermas and the European Social Dialogue: Deliberative Democracy as Industrial Democracy?
Ruth Dukes* and Emilios Christodoulidis
A. Sivananthiran; C.S. Venkata Ratnam Edited by. Best practices in social dialogue. Role of
social dialogue
Social Dialogue. ILO. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/themes/sd.htm
Adalberto Cardoso, “Industrial Relations, Social Dialogue and Employment in Argentina, Brazil
and Mexico”, ILO, Geneva, 2004
HLF4 KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION SPACE - Social Dialogue in East Africa
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2010, U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/
drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm.
A Dufresne, C.Degryse and P.Pochet (eds), “The European Sectoral Social Dialogue, actors,
developments and
challenges”, Brussels, 2006.
S Clauewaert, ‘2011: 20 Years of European Interprofessional Social Dialogue: Achievements and
Prospects’ (2011) 17 Transfer 169-79
UEAPME v Council of the European Union Case T-135/96; discussed in B Bercusson,
‘Democratic Legitimacy and European Labour Law’ (1999) 28 Industrial Law Journal 153
A Lo Faro, Regulating Social Europe: Reality and Myth of Collective Bargaining in the EC Legal
Order (Hart2000)
C Barnard, ‘The Social Partners and the Governance Agenda’ (2002) 8 European Law Journal 80101; Oliver Gerstenberg and Charles F. Sabel: ‘Directly-Deliberative Polyarchy: An Institutional
Ideal for Europe?’ in C Joerges (ed) Good Governance in Europe’s Integrated Market (Oxford
University Press 2002); J Bohman and W Rehg (eds), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason
and Politics (MIT Press 1997)
European Commission DG for Employment and Social Affairs, Report of the High Level Group
on Industrial Relations and Change in the EU (European Communities, January 2002), 25
European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee on “Temporary Agency Work” Work Program
2011 – 2012.
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21. European social model http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/
definitions/EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm
22. P.C.Schmitter, “Reflections on where the theory of neocorporatism has gone and where the praxis
of neocorporatism may be going”. In G.Lehmbruch and P.C.Schmitter (eds.), Patterns of a
corporatist policymaking, London 1982.
23. European Commission (EC), “Industrial Relations in Europe 2010”. Brussels, October 2010.
24. Social Dialogue in Developing Countries, A Desk Study, prepared for Norad, March 2011.
25. Slavina Spasova - Luca Tomini Phd - Centre d’Etude de la Vie Politique - Université Libre de
Bruxelles. Democratisation Through Social Dialogue? The Influence of EU’s Social Dialogue
Norms on the Role of the Social Partners in the National Council for Tripartite Negotiation. Paper
presentend at the ECPR Graduate Conference, Dublin 1-3 september 2010.
26. Social dialogue: a tool to promote and defend decent work and quality jobs in EuropeRECOMMENDATIONS FOR NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STAKEHOLDERS.
normatiuli masala:
1.
konvencia _ koleqtiuri molaparakebebis organizebisa da gamarTvaze
uflebaTa principebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
evropis socialuri qartia.
konvencia _ asociaciebisa da koleqtiuri garigebebis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb
2.
3.
internet masala:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/
http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—en/index.htm.
http://www.etuc.org/a/104
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/employment_and_social_policy/social_dialogue/
index_en.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue
http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-agenda/social-dialogue/lang—en/index.htm
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/index.htm/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dialogue
http://www.ose.be/EN/research_topics/social_dialogue.htm
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary/definitions/
EUROPEANSOCIALMODEL.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=329&langId=en
http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=750
http://www.etuc.org/r/59 http://www.epsu.org/r/73
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsTan dakavSirebiT
(momzadebulia Sromis kodeqsis monitoringis angariSis safuZvelze)
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monitoringi, gv. 2.
Freedom of the Will _ Jonathan Edwards.
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos 12.01.2011 w. gadawyvetileba saqme #2b/
866.
magaliTisaTvis ix.: Flume, Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, Bd. 2, Das
Rechtsgeschäft, 1975, § 2 (3), 28.
ix.: 1963 wlis saqarTvelos ssr-is samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 42-e
muxli.
d. kereseliZe, iuridiul cnebaTa erTiani sistemis Camoyalibeba, qarTuli
samarTlis mimoxilva, 6/2003-4, gv. 444.
62
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Sead. germanul samarTalTan dakavSirebiT Medicus, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB,
2002, § 21, RdNr. 243.
ix.: federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebani samoqalaqo saqmeebze
(Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen, BGHZ), Neue Juristische
Wochenschrift (NJW), 2001, 289, 290.
d. kereseliZe, `jeplakis~ saqmianoba iuridiul cnebaTa erTiani sistemis
Camoyalibeba. qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, gv. 448.
Tbilisis samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata, saqme # as-803-752-2010 18 noemberi,
2010 weli, #as-803-752-2010.
iqve,
iqve,
lado Wanturia, besarion zoiZe da sxv., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentarebi, wigni pirveli, gv. 167-168.
l. Wanturia, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni mesame,
Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 89
Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Burgerlichen Rechts, 9. Auflage, Beck, München, 2004,
440.
ix.: iqve.
Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Burgerlichen Rechts, München, 2004, 436-437.
Pawlowski, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, Grundlehren des Burgerlichen Rechts, 7. Auflage,
Müller, Heidelberg, 2003, 272.
iqve.
iqve.
s. kikoSvili, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva _ specialuri gamocema, nebis
nakli qarTul samarTalSi, samagistro naSromi, Tsu-is iuridiuli
fakultetis magistri, 2008.
b. zoiZe, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni I, 1999, 151-e
muxli, 172.
iqve, gv. 203.
iqve, gv. 272.
Pawlowski, Allgemeiner Teil des BGB, Heidelberg, 2003, 203.
Larenz/Wolf, Allgemeiner Teil des Burgerlichen Rechts, München, 2004, 684.
Kereselidze, Der Allgemeine Teil des Georgischen Zivilgesetzbuches von 1997,Frankfurt am
Main, 2005, 257.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, saqme #as-571-879-09, 30.04.2010 w.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, saqme #as-498-467-2010 19.11.2010 w.
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FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
OF WILL IN LABOR
RELATIONS
AMIRAN ZENAISHVILI
Georgian – American University
PHD of the Law School
Purpose of this Article is to analyze the problem of detecting authenticity
of expressing the will when signing collective agreements, taking into
consideration number of parties to the agreement and find solution to this,
define the legal risks related with the motivation of the employer (coercion)
related with the expression of will in collective agreements.
We review issues related with the expression of will when signing collective
agreement, collective agreements are very specific unlife from private legal
contractual relations, it is the special form of mandatory agreement.
Parties, before expressing their will, should realize consequence of legal
norms that it ocnains, grounds for expected benefits or obligations. Norms
enviseged in the agreement, may be acceptable for certain employers, and
unaccaptable for the others. Norms of the collective agrement are applied in
wide range of organizations (enterprise, institution, etc.), employers and
employees, thus there is a high risk of signing hypocritical and ostantious
contracts.
Author analyzes the issues in the article porving that through expressing
the will, parties aim to reach certain legal outcome. They agree not just on the
legal outcomes, but also on the rules, that they shall follow. For this reason, it
is considered that contract has the legal force for parties and breaking it is
subject of legal responsibility of a party.
64
saxelmwifos sasazRvro
politikis saerTaSoriso
samarTlebrivi
safuZvlebi
daviT geferiZe
samarTlis doqtori,
sruli profesori
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali ar moicavs raime saxis
imperatiuli normebis CamonaTvals. magram udavoa, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi principebi warmoadgenen imperatiul
normebs, mniSvnelovan fundamentur principebs. saerTaSoriso
da erovnul normebs Soris Tanafardoba niSnavs, rom es ukanaskneli ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes moqmedi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, anu Tavisi safuZvlebiT unda Seesabamebodes maT.
amasTan, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis umetesi nawili dispozitiuri normebia, anu iseTi normebi, romlebic xelSekrulebaTa mxareebis nebis Tavisuflebas ar zRudaven da maT uflebas
aZleven Tavad gansazRvron arsebuli wesisagan gansxvavebuli
axali qcevis wesi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki, maTze Zveleburad
gavrceldeba ukve arsebuli norma.1
saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis sferoSi saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv principebTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisobis dadgenisas sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso samarTals Soris Seusabamobebis arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi. mecnierebaSi saxelmwifo
sasazRvro politikis sferoSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso samarTalTan Sesabamisobis problema ar Seiswavleboda. am mizeziT statiis farglebSi ganixileba saqarTveloSi
dResdReobiT arsebuli rogorc samarTlebrivi, aseve, saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo baza, romelic exeba saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis gatarebasa da sasazRvro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.
winamdebare statiis mizania _ saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis,
saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis, gaformebuli saerTaSoriso
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xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze gansazRvros maTi Sesabamisoba saerTaSoriso
samarTlis principebTan.
sasazRvro politika da saerTaSoriso samarTali
sasazRvro politika _ moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis zogadi saxelmZRvaneloa,
romelic aiolebs miznebis miRwevas. politika mimarTavs moqmedebas miznis misaRwevad an amocanis Sesasruleblad.
saxelmwifo sazRvarze fizikuri pirebis, satransporto saSualebebisa da saqonlis mimosvlis zrda moiTxovs sasazRvro usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebeli subieqtebis Sesabamisi saqmianobis
praqtikaSi sasazRvro kontrolTan mimarTebaSi erTiani standartebis danergvasTan dakavSirebiT Sesabamisi zomebis miRebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT aqtualuria, saxelmwifo sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis koncefciis erovnul doneze danergvisa da gamoyenebis sakiTxi. saxelmwifoSi
aRniSnuli koncefcia unda Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmed normebs.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasazRvro politikis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvelia
saerTaSoris samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi da normebi, romlebic mimarTulia
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvarze stabilurobisa da keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis SenarCunebaze. sasazRvro politikaSi saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel rols asruleben saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. maT Soris, gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, romlis erT-erTi mTavari mizania mSvidobisa da
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis SenarCuneba da saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTareba.2
gaeros wesdebam safuZveli Cauyara mniSvnelovani mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebis ganStoebuli
sistemis daarsebas. swored amis bazaze SemuSavebuli da 1970 wlis 24 noembers miRebuli iqna
gaeros generaluri asambleis mier deklaracia saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis Sesaxeb,3
romelic exeba saxelmwifoTa Soris megobrul urTierTobebsa da TanamSromlobas, gaeros
wesdebis Sesabamisad. agreTve deklaracia principebis Sesaxeb (miRebulia evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb TaTbiris daskvniTi oqmiT, 1975 wlis 1 agvistos), romliTac
wevri saxelmwifoebi xelmZRvaneloben ormxriv urTierTobebSi.4
gaeros wesdebis debulebebidan da sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis organizaciuli da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis gansazRvrisas, „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT5 gaTvaliswinebulia Semdegi
principebis realizeba:
saqarTvelos erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;
saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis, Tanabaruflebianobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis urTierTpativiscema;
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRvevoba;
sasazRvro sakiTxebisa da incidentebis mSvidobiani gadawyveta;
adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis pativiscema;
ucxour saxelmwifoebTan urTierTsasargeblo yovelmxrivi TanamSromloba.
saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis principebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi normebis SedarebiTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis funqcionireba Tanamedrove pirobebSi damokidebulia urTierTmoqmedebaze saerTaSoriso samarTalTan.
66
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi aris saerTaSoriso samarTlis
Tavdapirveli da urTierTdakavSirebuli normebis sistema, romelic ganzogadebuli saxiT
aregulirebs saxelmwifoTa da sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis moqmedebebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvela sferoSi, romlebsac aqvT imperatiuli xasiaTi da koncentrirebulad gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad Sinaarssa da mizanmimarTulebas.
ZiriTadi principebi warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze zogad normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven mis mTavar Sinaarssa da maxasiaTebel Tvisebebs, romlebic sargebloben umaRlesi politikuri, moraluri da iuridiuli avtoritetiT. principebi asaxaven da ganamtkiceben
saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. Tavis erTobliobaSi principebi
saxelmwifoTa zogadi uflebebisa da valdebulebebis qartias warmoadgenen.
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos statusis mopovebis Semdeg, ikveTeba saerTaSoriso
samarTlis normebis implementaciis erovnuli meqanizmebis formireba. amasTan, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlebrivi sistema aRiqvams saerTaSoriso samarTals ara rogorc gansakuTrebul sistemas, aramed misi normebis Sinaarss. Sedegad, Sesabamisi normebi inarCuneben TavianT
statuss saerTaSoriso samarTalSi da ar ganicdian raime saxis cvlilebebs. am normebis safuZvelze iqmneba Sida samarTlis normebi. amaSi mdgomareobs inkorporaciis, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi CarTvis procesis arsi.
erovnul samarTalSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis gamoyeneba moiTxovs mis Sesabamobas dadgenil saerTaSoriso standartebTan.
saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebisa da
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba urTierTdakavSirebuli politikuri,
diplomatiuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi, policiuri, informaciuli da sxva kompleqsuri
saSualebebis realizebiT, romlebic mimarTulia piris, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos uSiSroebasTan dakavSirebuli Sida da gare riskebis, gamowvevebisa da saSiSroebis gamovlenis aRkveTasa
da neitralizaciaze, aseve, saqarTvelos erovnul interesebze zaralis miyenebis aRkveTaze an
misi masStabebis minimumamde dayvanaze. arsebuli resursebis koncentraciis xarisxi da gamoyenebis moculoba ganisazRvreba saqarTveloze konkretuli safrTxeebis zemoqmedebis albaTobisa da xarisxis mixedviT, aseve, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis realuri SesaZleblobebidan
gamomdinare.
rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis mimarTulebas, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo aris saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aqtiuri subieqti, aris saerTaSoriso da evropuli
usafrTxoebis donori, romelic xelmZRvanelobs urTierTpativiscemis, Tanasworuflebianobisa da samarTlianobis principebiT.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis dadgenisas, romlebic safuZvlad udevs
gaeros, mis wesdebaSi erT-erTi pirvelia saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobis principi.
aRniSnuli principi aseve, mTeli saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvelia, romlis maxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi upirveles yovlisa, ganisazRvreba imiT, rom mis subieqtebs Tanasworuflebiani da
suverenuli saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen.
suverenitetis urTierTpativiscemis principis realizeba niSnavs, rom TiToeuli saxelmwifo
valdebulia pativi sces sxva saxelmwifoTa suverenitets, anu maT uflebas TavianTi teritoriis
farglebSi ganaxorcielon sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba, garedan
Caurevlad, aseve, Tavad awarmoon sagareo politika. suvereniteti aRiqmeba rogorc qveynis
SigniT saxelmwifos sruli xelisufleba da garedan damoukidebloba. saxelmwifo sargeblobs
suverenitetiT miuxedavad misi teritoriis sididisa, mosaxleobis raodenobisa da politikuri
reJimisa.6
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saxelmwifos suverenitets aqvs ekonomikuri, politikuri da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi.
saxelmwifos suverenitetis ekonomikur safuZvels warmoadgens teritoriebis floba, romelic
gansazRvrulia sakuTrebis uflebiT, kulturuli memkvidreobiTa da sxva faqtorebiT. suverenitetis politikuri safuZvelia Camoyalibebuli stabiluri saxelmwifos arseboba, saTanadod
ganviTarebuli politikuri xelisuflebis organizaciis arseboba. suverenitetis samarTlebriv
safuZvels warmoadgens konstitucia, kanonmdebloba, saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli principebi, romlebic afiqsireben saxelmwifoTa Tanasworuflebianobas, maT teritoriul urRvevobas, Sida da sagareo saqmeebSi Caurevlobas, erebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebas da sxva.
saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworoebis principi rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis principi pirvelad, gaeros wesdebis me-2 muxlSi damkvidrda, romlis Tanaxmad: „organizacia daarsebulia misi yvela wevris suverenuli Tanasworobis principiT~.7
sasazRvro politikis erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebi
„saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvrulia, rom „saqarTvelos sasazRvro politikas, rogorc saqarTvelos damoukideblobis, saxelmwifo suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis uzrunvelyofis politikis Semadgenel nawils, gansazRvravs saqarTvelos parlamenti. saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos, afxazeTisa da aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis aRmasrulebeli organoebi uzrunvelyofen saqarTvelos sasazRvro politikis
ganxorcielebas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli kompetenciis farglebSi. saqarTvelo
saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenisas, saxelmwifo sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT sxva saxelmwifoebTan
urTierTobaTa regulirebisas sasazRvro zonasa da sasazRvro zolSi, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze saerTaSoriso mimosvlis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebisas xelmZRvanelobs Semdegi principebiT: a) saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa; b) urTierTxelsayreli
da yovelmxrivi TanamSromloba sxva saxelmwifoebTan; g) saxelmwifo suverenitetis, teritoriuli mTlianobisa da saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRvevobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebisa da normebis dacva; d) sasazRvro davis mSvidobiani gadawyveta.
saqarTvelo mosazRvre saxelmwifoebTan sasazRvro sakiTxebs wyvets urTierTmegobrobisa da
keTilmezoblobis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos konstituciis, saqarTvelos sxva sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad~.8
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, aravis aqvs ufleba saxelmwifos waarTvas suvereniteti,
misi teritorebi da bunebrivi resursebi. samxedro okupaciis SemTxvevaSic ki, okupanti saxelmwifos suvereniteti ar vrceldeba misi samxedro Zalebis mier dakavebul teritoriaze.
suverenuli Tanasworebis principis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa uzrunvelyos yvela saxelmwifos
iuridiulad Tanaswori monawileoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, miuxedavad ekonomikuri,
socialuri, politikuri an sxva xasiaTis sxvaobebisa. vinaidan saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis Tanabaruflebiani monawileebi arian, yoveli maTgani sargeblobs principulad
erTnairi uflebebiTa da valdebulebebiT.
teritoriuli mTlianoba saxelmwifoebriobis aucilebeli piroba da suverenitetis erTerTi safuZvelia. saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebi ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo sazRvriT. „saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb~ aqtSi damkvidrebulia debuleba, rom „saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis teritoria erTiani da ganuyofelia. mis
teritoriaze uzenaesia mxolod saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia da xelisufleba. yoveli
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qmedeba, mimarTuli saqarTvelos respublikis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis SezRudvis an teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevisaken, CaiTvleba suverenuli saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad
da agresiad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevad~.9
saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis principi niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoebi valdebulni
arian Tavi Seikavon sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis yovelgvari samxedro da sxva xelyofisagan,
aseve, misi aneqsiisagan. yovel saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs miiRos saWiro zomebi Tavisi teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvisaTvis mis xelT arsebuli yvela SesaZleblobis gamoyenebiT. agresiis
SemTxvevaSi, mas ufleba aqvs da unda daicvas Tavi, anu agresors gauwios samxedro winaaRmdegoba
moigerios agresori, aseve, daxmarebisaTvis mimarTos sxva saxelmwifoebs.
saxelmwifo sazRvris urRvevobis principi gulisxmobs Camoyalibebuli, realurad arsebuli
sazRvrebis aRiarebas, rig saerTaSoriso aqtSi aisaxa, maT Soris, 1970 wlis gaeros saerTaSoriso
samarTlis deklaraciaSi, sadac aRniSnulia: „wevri saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTis sazRvrebs ganixilaven rogorc urRvevs, iseve rogorc evropis yvela saxelmwifos sazRvrebs, amitom amJamad da
momavalSic Tavs Seikaveben yvela am sazRvrebis yovelgvari xelyofisagan~, es principi aseve,
aisaxa evropaSi TanamSromlobisa da usafrTxoebis TaTbiris daskvniT aqtSi (1975 w., q. helsinki).
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRvevobis principi saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs daicvan saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenili xazi da ar dauSvan misi TviTneburi Secvla.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenas win uZRvoda rigi movlenebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebasTan, upirvelesad, 1991 wels umaRlesi sabWos mier
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb10 miRebuli deklaracia. umaRlesma
sabWom gamoacxada damoukidebloba, respublikis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis suvereniteti misi
teritoriis farglebSi, misi kanonebis uzenaesoba da sagareo politikuri damoukidebloba.
saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenisa da gavlebis ZiriTadi principebi da aRniSvnasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi pirvelad dadginda 1996 wlis saqarTvelos kanoniT „saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb~.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari dadgenilia mxolod TurqeTis respublikasTan sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirisa da TurqeTs Soris gaformebuli 1926
wlis 8 seqtembris xelSekrulebiT sabWoTa kavSir-TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb.
momijnave saxelmwifoebs sazRvris demarkaciisas an redemarkaciis dros SeuZliaT gacvalon
patara da ekvivalenturi teritoriis nakveTebi, rodesac Cndeba sazRvris xazis gasworebis
aucilebloba calkeul monakveTebze. amasTan, axali sazRvris gavlebis safuZveli gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxeblobis saerTaSoriso principiT.
„saxelmwifos sazRvrebis Secvla SesaZlebelia mxolod dainteresebuli qveynebis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze e.i. Tanasworuflebiani SeTanxmebis Sedegad~.11 sasazRvro sakiTxebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis principis realizeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis
amocanebis Sesrulebis dros, rodesac mis calkeul monakveTebze SesaZloa gaCndes sasazRvro
winaaRmdegobebi, romelTa mougvarebloba destabilizacias iwvevs sasazRvro urTierTobebSi
saqarTvelos momijnave qveynebTan.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi sasazRvro winaaRmdegobebi ZiriTadad, mJRavndeba sasazRvro davebis,
incidentebisa da konfliqtebis saxiT. gaeros wesdeba adgens, rom „gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri saerTaSoriso davebs gadaWris mSvidobiani saSualebebiT imgvarad, rom
ar Seuqmnas saSiSroeba saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, usafrTxoebasa da samarTlianobas~. gaeros
wesdebis 33 muxli12 moicavs tradiciul, saxelmwifoTa mravalwliani praqtikiT dadgenil saerTaSoriso davebisa an davebis warmomSobi situaciebis mSvidobiani gziT gadamwyvet saSualebebs (molaparakeba, Suamavloba, Serigeba, arbitraJi da sxva).
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davebis gadawyvetis mSvidobiani saSualebebi arsebiTad, SeiZleba daiyos or kategoriad:
saSualebebi, romelTa Sedegs warmoadgenen davebTan dakavSirebuli mxareebis mimarT momzadebuli rekomendaciebi, romlebic iuridiulad ar aris maTTvis savaldebulo da saSualebebi,
romelTa Sedegs warmoadgenen gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic iuridiulad savaldebuloa davaSi
myofi mxareebisaTvis.
rogorc wesi, incidentebis gadawyveta xdeba sazRvris konkretul monakveTze saxelmwifoTa
sasazRvro samsaxuris organoebis meSveobiT qveynis samxedro/SeiaraRebuli Zalebis policiuri
struqturebis CarTvis gareSe. sasazRvro incidentis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria ar daiSvas misi sasazRvro konfliqtSi CarTva, xolo sasazRvro konfliqtis _ SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi
an lokalur omSi gadazrda.
saqarTvelo ikavebs iseT pozicias, rom yvela sasazRvro sakiTxebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia
mSvidobiani gziT. warmoSobili sasazRvro incidentic (konfliqtic) ki, operatiulad unda iqnas
lokalizebuli, xolo Semdeg gadawydes mSvidobiani gziT, upirveles yovlisa, molaparakebebisa
da urTierTkompromisis gziT, romelic iTvaliswinebs yvela konfliqturi mxaris interesebs.
saqarTvelos sasazRvro sakiTxebis mSvidobianad gadawyvetis mizniT sasazRvro teritoriebze xorcieldeba zomebi, romlebic mimarTulia ekonomikur, socialur-politikur, ekologiur, aseve, mosaxleobis sxva pirobebis gaumjobesebaze; saxelmwifo urTierTobebSi tendenciebisa da axali movlenebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo sazRvris saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi gaformebis mudmiv gaumjobesebaze; saxelmwifo sazRvarze urTierTmoqmedi saxelmwifoebis interesebis
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo sazRvrisa da sasazRvro reJimis gatarebaze; sasazRvro
warmomadgenlebis muSaobis gaumjobesebasa da uflebamosilebis gazrdaze; saxelmwifo sazRvris
dacvis formebisa da meTodebis mudmiv srulyofaze da momijnave saxelmwofoTa sasazRvro
uwyebebs Soris mudmivi TanamSromlobis SenarCunebaze.
saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis gatarebaSi erT-erT prioritetul adgils ikavebs adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebis pativiscemis principi.
adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemis principi pirvelad, 1945 wels, gaeros wesdebis miRebisas
damkvidrda, romlis pirveli muxlis me-3 punqtSi dadgenilia, rom gaeros erT-erTi amocanaa
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba „adamianis uflebebisa da yvelasaTvis, ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis
waxalisebiT, miuxedavad rasisa, sqesisa, enisa da religiisa~.
adamianisa da saqarTvelos moqalaqis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi Camoyalibebulia
qveynis konstituciaSi. ZiriTadi kanonis me-7 muxli acxadebs, rom `saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs
adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes
adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli
arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT~.13
saqarTvelos konstituciis mniSvnelovani debulebaa me-6 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, „saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa
da normebs. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT~.14
yvela uflebebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia saerTaSoriso dokumentebsa da saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobaSi aris ganuyofeli. termini „adamianis uflebebi~ aseve, asaxavs saqarTvelos
moqalaqis Tavisuflebebs.
saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia kanonisa da wesrigis, saxelmwifo sazRvarze da sasazRvro sivrceSi kanonierebis dacvis aucileblobasTan adamianisa da
moqalaqis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacviT.
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„saqarTvelos sasazRvro policiis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 muxlis Sesabamisad,
„sasazRvro policiis saqmianoba emyareba kanonierebis, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvis, marTlzomierebis, sajaroobis, agreTve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebTan da sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis principebs~. amave kanonis me-19 muxlis me-5 punqtis Tanaxmad, „sasazRvro policia piris Sesaxeb informacias gadascems saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv organizacias, Tu es aucilebelia:
a) sasazRvro policiisaTvis dakisrebuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad;
b) sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis an adamianis uflebebis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad~.15
moqalaqes, romelic Tvlis, rom Tanamdebobis pirebis moqmedebebma an umoqmedobam gamoiwvia
misi uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da kanonieri interesebis Selaxva, ufleba aqvs maT winaaRmdeg
Seitanos sarCeli Semdeg zemdgom organoebSi: Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi, prokuraturaSi da
sasamarTloSi.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mxridan sazRvrispira regionebSi mcxovrebi da sameurneo,
aseve, sxva samuSaoebiT dakavebul pirTa mimarT konstituciiT dadgenili uflebebis ugulebelyofa xels uwyobs sxvadasxva incidentebis warmoSobas, qmnis arajansaR zneobriv atmosferos.
saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi mdgomareobs ara mxolod konstituciuri wyobis, suverenitetis da teritoriuli urRvevobis dacvaSi, aseve, erovnuli siZlieris zrdasa da erovnuli uSiSroebis gamowvevebis dasustebaSi, aramed saxelmwifos teritoriis perimetrze keTilmezoblobis sartyelis SeqmnaSi, urTierTsasargeblo partniorobis safuZvelze Tanasworuflebiani
saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
saerTaSoriso sasazRvro TanamSromloba
saerTaSoriso sasazRvro TanamSromloba aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis realizebaSi, romelic bolo periodSi iZens
ufro farTo perspeqtivebs.
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis farglebSi wydeba saqarTvelos sasazRvro politikis amocanebi, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia:
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis uzrunvelyofisaTvis pirobebis
Seqmna, misi sasazRvro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi kuTxiT dadgena da damkvidreba;
saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromloba samxedro safrTxis, krizisebisa da saqarTvelos sasazRvro sivrceSi konfliqtebis aridebaze.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso sazRvrispira TanamSromloba upiratesad moicavs ormxriv vaWrobas, investiciebis mozidvas da erToblivi sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, urTierTdamatebiTi sawarmoebis Seqmnas, magram aseve, SesaZloa ganxorcieldes sxva mimarTulebiTac (bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebaze erTiani standartebis dacva, wyalsacavebis, sxva
bunebrivi resursebis, komunikaciebisa da nagebobebis erToblivi gamoyenebis sakiTxebis gadawyveta, urTierTdaxmareba sagangebo situaciebsa da stiqiuri ubedurebebis dros, sxvadasxva
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samarTaldarRvevebis aRkveTasa da profilaqtikaze Zalisxmevis koordinacia, humanitaruli
kontaqtebi).
saqarTvelos problemebis gadawyvetis farglebSi, romlebic warmoiSva saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis realizebis procesSi, dadebulia sasazRvro sakiTxebze ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi
SeTanxmebebi mraval saxelmwifosTan, romelTa klasifikacia pirobiTad SesaZlebelia sam jgufze.
pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba xelSekrulebebi, romlebic afuZneben saxelmwifo sazRvris reJimis regulirebisa da mxardaWeris safuZvlebs. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebebi ideba momijnave
saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvarze stabilurobis SenarCunebis, sazRvrispira regionebSi simSvidis,
TanamSromlobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis momdevno gamyarebisa da ganviTarebis mizniT. amaTSi
detalurad daregulirebulia sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo sazRvris xazis
gavlebasTan, sasazRvro niSnebis aRvniSnasa da aRdgenasTan (maTi kontrolis, movlis, remontis
da sxva), saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTasTan, sasazRvro wylebsa da sazRvris gadamkveTi sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo gzebis, aseve, sakomunikacio nagebobebis gamoyenebasTan, sasazRvro
warmomadgenlebis statusis damkvidrebasTan. magaliTad, TurqeT-saqarTvelos Soris saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi baza moicavs: 1921 wlis 16 marti _ moskovis xelSekruleba (yarsis xelSekrulebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi safuZveli); 1921 wlis 13 oqtomberi _ yarsis xelSekruleba (xelSekrulebis me-4 muxlis Sesabamisad, dgindeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari);
1926 wlis 8 seqtemberi _ generaluri oqmi (saxelmwifo sazRvris demarkacia); 1967 wlis 28 Tebervali _ ankaris oqmi (saxelmwifo sazRvris redemarkaciis Catarebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi safuZveli).
saxelmwifo sazRvris reJimis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli wesebi, saxelmwifos da momijnave qveynis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba ar iqnas dadgenili, gaTvaliswinebul iqnas saxelmwifo sazRvris gamartivebuli reJimi.
meore jgufs ganekuTvneba xelSekrulebebi, romlebic daido sasazRvro gamtari punqtebis
gamtarianobis gazrdisa da saxelmwifo sazRvris fizikuri pirebis, satransporto saSualebebisa
da saqonlis mier gadakveTisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT, aseve, calkeul qveynebTan
saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTis gamartivebis mizniT.
mesame jgufs ganekuTvneba SeTanxmebebi saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan erToblivi proeqtebisa da programebis farglebSi sasazRvro sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis „aRmosavleT partniorobis~ saflagmano iniciativis farglebSi mimdinareobs „sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis~
Sesaxeb axali saproeqto winadadebebis erToblivi SemuSaveba. am mimarTulebiT prioritetulad
iTvleba saqarTvelos sazRvris dacvaze pasuxismgebeli organoebis urTierTmoqmedeba evrokavSiris sasazRvro saagentosTan _ „fronteqsTan~. 2008 wlis 4 dekembrs, xeli moewera „SeTanxmebas
evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa gare sazRvrebze operatiuli TanamSromlobis marTvis evropul saagentosa (FRONTEX) da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Soris TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb~. aRniSnuli dokumentis safuZvelze SeTanxmda „evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoTa gare
sazRvrebze operatiuli TanamSromlobis marTvis evropul saagentosa (FRONTEX) da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Soris 2010-2012 wlebSi TanamSromlobis gegma~. gegma iTvaliswinebs TanamSromlobas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT (personalis momzadeba, riskebis analizi,
informaciis gacvla da sxva), agreTve saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sazRvris dacvaze pasuxismgebeli Sesabamisi struqturuli danayofebis monawileobas `fronteqsis~ mier organizebul RonisZiebebSi, proeqtebSi, swavlebebSi, aseve, erTobliv operaciebSi da sxva proeqtebSi. agreTve moqmedebs evrokavSiris samxreT kavkasiaSi sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis
programa (SC IBM), romelic 2009 wels daiwyo da misi mizania sazRvris integrirebuli marTvis
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sistemebis ganviTreba saqarTveloSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. programas afinansebs evrokavSiri da axorcieleben UNDP, ICMPD da evrokavSiris partniori wevri saxelmwifoebis Sesabamisi
uwyebebi.
„saqarTvelosa da nato-s Soris werilebis gacvlis gziT dasadebi SeTanxmebis~ proeqti (Crdiloatlantikuri sabWos gadawyvetileba, saqarTvelos mier xmelTaSua zRvaSi sazRvao operaciebSi mxardaWeris aRmoCenis Taobaze, romlebic xorcieldeba operacia ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR~-is
(OAE) formatSi, SeTanxmebuli procedurebisa da 2006 wlis 19 ivlisiT daTariRebuli werilis
Sesabamisad) ratificirebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis 2008 wlis 15 ivlisis #234 dadgenilebiT.
mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis farglebSi gaformebulia: a) 2001 wlis „SeTanxmeba Savi zRvis
samxedro-sazRvao TanamSromlobis jgufis daarsebis Sesaxeb~ (ratificirebulia saqarTvelos
parlamentis 21.06.2002 wlis #1572-I I s dadgenilebiT); b) 2002 wlis „SeTanxmeba Sav zRvaze samxedro-sazRvao sferoSi ndobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis zomebis Sesaxeb~; g) 2006 wlis 8
noembris „SeTanxmeba SavizRvispira qveynebis sasazRvro/sanapiro dacvis uwyebebs Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb~.
daskvna
warmodgenili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ganvsazRroT sasazRvro
politikis cneba. sasazRvro politika _ saxelmwifo politikis gansakuTrebuli nawilia, romelic moicavs programis an garkveuli saqmianobis mimarTulebas, xerxebisa da meTodebis erTobliobas, aseve, uflebamosili subieqtis mier specialuri interesebis realizacias gansazRvruli
miznebis misaRwevad. sasazRvro politika gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesia, agreTve specialuri samarTlebrivi normebis erToblioba, romlebic awesrigeben saxelmwifo sazRvris marTvasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs.
amgvarad, saxelmwifo sasazRvro politikis sferoSi arsebuli normatiulsamarTlebrivi
da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi bazis Catarebuli mcire analizi gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos
samarTlebriv sistemas, iseve rogorc calkeuli qveynis ekonomikas, ar SeuZlia iarsebos Caketil
sivrceSi. evropul sivrceSi integraciasTan dakavSirebuli obieqturad ganviTarebadi procesebi ufro da ufro did gavlenas axdenen erovnul samarTlebriv sistemebze. sul ufro naTeli
xdeba erovnuli samarTlis normebis Seqmnis procesi. 1991 wlidan rCeba norma saqarTvelos
mier saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebis aRiarebasa da masTan kanonmdeblobis SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT. amgvarad, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi gamoiyeneba rogorc sakanonmdeblo da kanonganmtkicebis veqtori saqarTvelos sasazRvro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.
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SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni _ cnobari, (red.
l. aleqsiZe) Tb., 2003, gv. 101.
ix.: d. geferiZe a. xazalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis samarTali,
Tb., 2011, gv. 44.
http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/intlaw_principles.shtml
CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE FINAL
ACT; http://www.osce.org/ru/mc/39505
saqarTvelos kanoni `saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~ https://matsne.gov.ge/
index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=31966
dawvr. ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2012,
gv. 34-35.
ix.: d. geferiZe a. xazalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis samarTali,
Tb., 2011, gaeros wesdeba, gv. 152.
saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris Sesaxeb.“
https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=31966
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenis aqti.
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti.
ix.: l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2012, gv. 42.
ix.: d. geferiZe a. xazalia, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis samarTali, Tb.,
2011, gaeros wesdeba, gv. 163.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995, https://matsne.gov.ge
iqve.
saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos sasazRvro policiis Sesaxeb”.
https://matsne.gov.ge
74
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL
BASES OF STATE BOARDER
POLICY
DAVIT GEPERIDZE
Doctor of Low, Full Professor
Key issue when assessing the compatability of the Georgian legislation regulating state boarder policy with the international principles is to detemined whether
there is conflict between national legislation and international standards. There
was no practice of studying this issue scientifically. For this very reason, Article
offers an overview of legislation, as well as international contracts governing
state border policy, its implemnttaion and providing boarder security.
Purpose of the presented Article is determine compliance of georgian legislation, state boarder policy, signed internitaonal agreements and contracts with the
international principles.
Conducted research of the normative and international legal framework shows
that state legal system, as well as economy of certain individual countries, cannot
exist seperately in closed environment. Developments taking place objectively in
relation with the european integration, more and more effect national legal systems. The process of designing national legal norms becomes more and more
clear. Georgia continues to enforce the norm, since 1991, enviseging recognition
of internataional universal principles and complying georrgian legislation with
them. Thus, universally declared principles are used as the vector of elsgislative
strengthening in the area of border security.
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sahaero transportiT
gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis
samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobisa da
pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisuflebis
safuZvlebi
saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT
Sorena gabiCvaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis (magaliTad: ruseTis federacia, moldaveTi) kanonmdeblobiT, aseve varSavisa1 da monrealis2
konvenciebiT, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli aRiarebulia rogorc
tvirTis gadazidvisa da/an mgzavris gadayvanis xelSekrulebis
aucilebeli mxare, romelic saerTaSoriso unificirebuli normebidan, moqmedi kanonmdeblobidan (sadac asaxulia valdebulebis jerovani Sesrulebis principi) an Tavad xelSekrulebidan
gamomdinare, ufleba-movaleobebis matarebeli subieqtia. `kanoni iTxovs valdebulebis Sesrulebas jerovnad, keTilsindisierad. Sesabamisad, Tu valdebuleba ase ar sruldeba, saxezea valdebulebis darRveva.~3 es ki, pirdapir kavSirSia gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobasTan. amdenad, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis winapiroba, mis mierve nakisri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba an arajerovani Sesrulebaa. dasaSvebia,
kanonmdeblobam gansazRvros aseT winapirobaTa CamonaTvali,
magram maTi srulad gansazRvra praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, ris
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gamoc kanonmdeblebi xSir SemTxvevaSi, zogadi gansazRvrebebiT Semoifarglebian. `saerTaSoriso sahaero mimosvlebi saWiroebs erTgvarovan midgomas aviagadamzidvelis materialuri
pasuxismgeblobis mimarT.~4
saqarTvelos sk-is me-12 Tavis me-2 nawili (`gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba~) aerTianebs
gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebel normebs. aRniSnuli nawilis rigiT
pirvel, xolo kodeqsis 686-e muxlSi, romlis saTauria `cneba, Sinaarsi~, saubaria gadamyvangadamzidvelis mxolod tvirTTan mimarTebaSi pasuxismgeblobaze da aseTi pasuxismgeblobis
gamomricxvel garemoebebze. rac Seexeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mgzavrTan mimarTebaSi pasuxismgeblobas da aseTi pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis sakiTxs, amis Sesaxeb saubaria kodeqsis
669-e muxlSi, romelic aseve, saTaurdeba rogorc `gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba~. dasaxelebuli muxli ar aris moqceuli kodeqsis me-12 Tavis me-2 nawilSi, anu gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis
pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebel normebs Soris. ikveTeba sakanonmdeblo teqnikis problema,
romlis daZlevisaTvis saWiroa normaTa inkorporaciul-kodifikaciuri gadamuSaveba. sworia
kodeqsSi pasuxismgeblobis damdgeni da ganmsazRvreli normebis calke nawilad gaerTianeba,
magram am nawilis saTauri unda iyos `gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba~ da moicavdes,
rogorc tvirTis mimarT, aseve, mgzavris mimarT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis momwesrigebel normebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sk-is 669-e muxli, mis mimarT iuridiuli interesis dakargvis gamo, amoRebul unda iqnes.
saqarTvelos sk-gan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsSi gamijnulia gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis pirobebi saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi gadayvana-gadazidvebis dros. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba amave kodeqsiT,
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebiTa da saqarTvelos mier ucxo saxelmwifoebTan dadebuli
xelSekrulebebiT. bunebrivia, ZiriTadi aqcenti monrealis konvenciaze keTdeba, rac saqarTvelos Sida sakanonmdeblo normebis masTan misadagebis kidev erTi safuZvelia. meore SemTxvevaSi
ki, am kodeqsiTa da saqarTvelos sxva, Sida sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. kodeqsi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobas cal-calke muxlebSi ar gamijnavs mgzavrisa da tvirTis mixedviT,
rac Cveni azriT, saWiroa ganxorcieldes. amasTan, samarTlis normaTa sistematizaciis TvalsazrisiT, aq arsebuli analogiuri xasiaTis problemebi aRmofxvril unda iqnes. rf-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, tvirTis gadazidvis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeba
rf-is sk-is da masTan erTad satransporto dargSi miRebuli kanonebisa da kanonqvemdebare
normatiuli aqtebis, wesdebebisa da debulebebis gamoyenebiT, sadac aseve, gansazRvrulia
rogorc pasuxismgeblobis, ise misgan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebi. tvirTis gadazidvasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis
saerTo wesebs mxolod im zomiT, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris am sakiTxebze gamocemuli
satransporto normatiuli aqtebiT.
uzbekeTis respublikis sk icnobs xelSekrulebis mxareTa pasuxismgeblobis zogad safuZvlebs, rogorc wesi, valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis saxiT, rac
eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv regulirebas amave qveynis kanonmdeblobisa da mxareTa xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad, xolo saerTaSoriso gadayvana-gadazidvebisas, aseve, gamoiyeneba uzbekeTisaTvis Sesasruleblad savaldebulo saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi. somxeTis respublikis sk
sainteresoa im mxriv, rom xelSekrulebis werilobiT gaformebis Semdgom, imave zogadi safuZvliT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis momwesrigebel normebad asaxelebs
xelSekrulebas, Tu Sida saxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiT sxva rame ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
ufro konkretulad, uzbekeTis respublikis sk-is Tanaxmad, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma SeiZleba pasuxi agos mgzavris gadayvanis xelSekrulebis darRvevisaTvis, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos
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mgzavris janmrTelobis dazianebaSi an mis gardacvalebaSi an dagvianebiT gadayvanaSi. bargis
da/an tvirTis gadazidvis xelSekrulebis darRvevisaTvis _ bargis da/an tvirTis nawilobriv
an mTlianad dazianebaSi an dakargvaSi, miuwodeblobaSi an dagvianebiT miwodebaSi. kanonmdebeli
gadamyvan-gadamzidvels avaldebulebs gaataros yvela RonisZieba, raTa ar warmoiSvas misi
pasuxismgeblobis romelime zemoT dasaxelebuli safuZveli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi
valdebuli xdeba misi bralis Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis mizniT, amtkicos aseT
RonisZiebaTa gatarebis SeuZlebloba. aqac, pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi principi gadamyvangadamzidvelis braleulobaa. kanonmdebloba mas akisrebs mtkicebis valdebulebasac, rac cxadia, missave interesebs emsaxureba. saqarTvelos sk-is analogiurad, vidre damtkicebuli ar
iqneba pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoeba, ivaraudeba, rom tvirTis dazianeba, dakargva an dagvianebiT miwodeba gadazidvis procesSi moxda. Tumca, am sakiTxSi qarTveli kanonmdeblisagan gansxvavebiT, uzbeki kanonmdebeli ufro loialuri aRmoCnda, ganacxada ra, rom
pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli gadazidvis procesSi warmoiSva. amiT man Seqmna samarTlebrivi davis safuZveli braleuli piris gamokveTasTan dakavSirebiT. qarTvelma kanonmdebelma ki, pirdapir ganacxada, rom imave situaciaSi CaiTvleba, rom ziani gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mizeziTaa
gamowveuli, Sesabamisad, cxadia, zianis anazRaurebis pretenzia udavod masve waeyeneba. vTvliT,
rom am SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli kanonmdebeli ufro mkacri aRmoCnda, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia
sawinaaRmdegos damtkicebamde gadamyvan-gadamzidvels mouwios zianis anazRaureba, rac sawinaaRmdegos damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa aRmoCndes usamarTlo da obieqturobas moklebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli kanonmdebeli aseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenil gadamyvangadamzidvels, zogadi samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze, saSualebas aZlevs idavos regresis
wesiT, mainc gaumarTleblad migvaCnia samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis arasruli Semadgenlobisas (mxedvelobaSia, braleuli piris gamokveTis problema) gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba.5 safrangeTis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,6 dakargvis da dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, gadamzidveli orientirebulia Sedegze, magram Cavardnis albaToba dasaSvebia. Tumca,
mgzavris gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi ZalaSi rCeba Sedegze orientirebuli midgoma, ra drosac Cavardnis albaToba gamoricxulia. inglisuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,7 sawinaaRmdego wesi arsebobs. gadamzidveli valdebulia garkveuli Zalisxmeva gaswios mgzavrebis gadasarCenad, magram
albaToba rom zarali, an msxverpli yofiliyo, dasaSvebia. ufro metic, Tu damtkicdeboda, rom
zarali, msxverpli gamowveuli iyo uflis nebiT, ubeduri SemTxveviT, maSin is pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldeboda. es sxvaoba inglissa da safrangeTs Soris asaxavs maT sxvadasxva
damokidebulebas pirovnebebisa da nivTebis mimarT. germanuli kanonmdeblobis8 mixedviT ki,
gadamzidveli nebismier SemTxvevaSi iyo pasuxismgebeli.
varSavis konvencia aseve, iTvaliswinebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis ganmsazRvrel normebs mgzavris sikvdilis an sxeulis dazianebis, tvirTis an bargis dakargvis, dazianebis an ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi, aseve, mgzavris gadayvanis, tvirTis an bargis gadazidvis
dayovnebisaTvis.
sasamarTlo praqtikidan: kanadaSi ganxilul iqna samoqalaqo sarCeli 50000 aSS dolaris
Rirebulebis integraluri mikrosqemebis dakargvis faqtTan dakavSirebiT, sadac mosarCele
iTxovda zianis anazRaurebas mopasuxe gadamzidvelisagan. es ukanaskneli sarCels ar cnobda
da Tavis pozicias amyarebda varSavis konvenciis 26-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul, mosarCelis
mier dauyovnebliv Setyobinebis valdebulebis Seusruleblobaze. amavdroulad miiCnevda, rom
misi pasuxismgebloba amave konvenciis pirobebis Sesabamisad, unda SezRuduliyo. mosarCele
acxadebda, rom mas zarali miadga gadamzidvelis ganzraxi braliT da rom es cudi qceva (gulisxmobda tvirTis moparvas) varSavis konvenciis 25-e muxliT unda dakvalificirebuliyo.
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protonotariam ar gaiziara mosarCelis argumenti da CaTvala, rom gadamzidvelma ubralod
dakarga tvirTi. aseve, miuTiTa, rom mosarCelis mier Setyobinebis valdebuleba Sesrulebuli
ar iyo. amasTan, aRniSna mtkicebulebis ararseboba, Tu sad, rodis da rogor moxda tvirTis
dakargva da varSavis konvenciis me-18 muxlze dayrdnobiT SezRuda mopasuxe gadamzidvelis
pasuxismgebloba. mosarCelis Semdgomi mimarTva federaluri sasamarTlosaTvis da saapelacio
federaluri sasamarTlosaTvis varSavis konvenciis me-18 muxlis me-3 punqtze miTiTebiT,
warumatebeli aRmoCnda, radgan orive doneze miCneul iqna, rom saqmeze varaudi sworad iqna
gamoyenebuli.9
rf-is sk-iT gansazRvruli ar aris tvirTis gadazidvis vadis darRvevis gamo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, gansxvavebiT rf-is sk-is 795-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli mgzavris gagzavnis
dayovnebisa da satransporto saSualebis dagvianebiT wardgenis gamo pasuxismgeblobisagan.
amdenad, tvirTis sahaero gadazidvebis ganxorcielebisas aucilebelia aRniSnuli muxliT xelmZRvaneloba. mgzavris gadayvanis dayovneba praqtikaSi SesaZloa gamoiwvios sxvadasxva drois
monakveTSi warmoSobilma sxvadasxva garemoebam, romelTa konkretizacias varSavis konvencia
ar iTvaliswinebs. satransporto saSualebis SeTanxmebisamebr warudgenloba warmoadgens gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis kanoniT an xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT
safuZvels _ somxeTis respublikis sk-is 864-e muxlis Tanaxmad, romlis gamoricxvac mxolod
dauZleveli Zalis, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesisamebr, gansazRvruli mimarTulebebiT
tvirTis gadazidvis SezRudvis an Sewyvetis an aseve, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSia
dasaSvebi. gansxvavebulia, amave kodeqsis 865-e muxli, romlis mixedviT, mgzavrebis gadamyvani
satransporto saSualebis gagzavnis dayovnebisaTvis an daniSnulebis punqtSi miRebis dayovnebisaTvis gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mgzavrs jarimas uxdis, Tu ver daamtkicebs, rom yovelive gamoiwvia garemoebebma, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisagan damoukideblad. kanonmdeblis mier aq dakonkretebulia dayovnebis Sinaarsi _ Tu dayovnda satransporto saSualebis gamgzavreba an Tu
mimReb aeroportSi dagvianda misi miReba. zogad valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi SefasebiT, saxezea pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli, romelic moiazrebs namdvili valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi
urTierTobis, Sesrulebis vadamosulobisa da valdebulebis darRvevis, rogorc winapirobebis
arsebobas. Cveni azriT, mTlianobaSi aq saubaria mgzavris dagvianebiT gadayvanaze, rac isedac
pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia. arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes imas, misi warmoSoba
ganapiroba satransporto saSualebis dagvianebiT gamgzavrebam Tu miRebam. mTavaria, dagvianeba
gamowveuli iyos gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis braliT. somexi kanonmdebelic saubrobs bralis principiT pasuxismgeblobaze da uSvebs misi gamoricxvis iuridiul SesaZleblobebsac.
monrealis konvenciis me-18 muxlis 1-li punqti tvirTTan mimarTebaSi pasuxismgeblobas
analogiurad, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels akisrebs tvirTis mTlianad an nawilobriv dakargvisa da
dazianebis, aseve, tvirTis mitanis vadis gadacilebis safuZvlis arsebobisas. praqtikulad, konvenciam SeinarCuna 1975 wlis #4 oqmiseuli formulireba. mTavari maxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic
am safuZvelTagan romelimes pasuxismgeblobis ganmpirobeblad miiCnevs, aris is, rom tvirTis
nawilobrivi an sruli dazianeba an/da dakargva unda warmoiSvas gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier
tvirTis miRebidan uflebamosili pirisaTvis Cabarebamde drois SualedSi.
rf-is sahaero kodeqsi gadamyvan-gadamzidvels pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs tvirTis an bargis
miuwodeblobis, dakargvis an dazianebisaTvis im momentidan, roca man gadasazidad miiRo igi da
im momentamde, vidre gadasca igi uflebamosil pirs, Tu ar daamtkicebs, rom man yvela Rone
ixmara zianis Tavidan asacileblad an SeuZlebeli iyo aseTi zomebis miReba. imave Sinaarsis
momcvelia somxeTis respublikis sk-is 866-e muxlic. marTalia, qarTveli kanonmdebeli samarTlis normaSi, konkretulad tvirTis dakargviT, dazianebiT an mitanis vadis gadacilebiT zianis
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gamowvevis faqtis arsebobas xazs ar usvams, magram logikuria, TiToeuli aRniSnuli safuZvliT
dakisrebuli pasuxismgebloba am safuZvlebiT gamowveul zianis anazRaurebas gulisxmobs.
sasurvelia, samarTlis norma Sinaarsobrivad aqac Seivsos imdagvarad, rom gamoikveTos samoqalaqo samarTaldarRvevis sruli Semadgenloba. saqarTvelos sk-is mixedviT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels, tvirTis gadacemisas, zemoaRniSnuli safuZvlebiT pasuxismgebloba SesaZloa daekisros
mimReb tvirTis gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, mimRebis mier sakuTari saxeliT moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi (muxli 681).
qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis erT-erTi safuZvelia
mis mier tvirTis gadazidvis procesSi gamgzavnis miTiTebebis Seusrulebloba an maTi Sesruleba
zednadebis pirveli piris moTxovnis gareSe. pasuxismgebloba dgeba uflebamosili piris winaSe,
romelic Tu vin SeiZleba iyos, kodeqsi ar ganmartavs, magram aqac logikuria, es subieqti aris
an Tavad gamgzavni an misgan uflebamosili piri, romelSic SeiZleba moazrebuli iqnes Tavad
mimRebic, rogorc tvirTis gadazidvis xelSekrulebaSi mesame piri im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamgzavnis
miTiTebebis jerovani Sesrulebis mimarT mas raime iuridiuli interesi hqonda. garda amisa,
aseTi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis qmedebis ganxorcielebiT zianis gamowveva savaldebuloa, ris
Sesaxebac kanonmdebeli pirdapir uTiTebs samarTlis normaSic.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba damokidebulia uSualod
mis xelSemkvrel mxaresTan SeTanxmebul pirobebze da zednadebSi maT aRiarebaze. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos sk-is 676 e muxli 1-el nawilSi aRiarebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis valdebulebas
Seamowmos gadasazidad miRebuli tvirTis raodenoba, niSnebi, nomrebi, tvirTisa da SefuTvis
garegnuli iersaxe da arsebuli monacemebi Seitanos zednadebSi. imave muxli me-3 nawilSi gamgzavns uflebas aZlevs gadamyvan-gadamzidvels mosTxovos tvirTis wonis an sxvagvari raodenobis, aseve, tvirTis Semcvelobis Semowmeba, romlis Sedegebi zednadebSi unda aisaxos. Tu gadazidvis pirobebi zednadebSi aRniSnuli ar iqna, sapirispiros damtkicebamde ivaraudeba, rom
gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier tvirTis miRebisas, tvirTi da misi SefuTva garegnulad karg
mdgomareobaSi iyo da rom tvirTis calobrivi raodenoba, misi aRniSvnebi da nomrebi emTxveva
zednadebSi Caweril monacemebs. amdenad, mocemul situaciaSi izrdeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis
valdebulebebi da Sesabamisad, pasuxismgeblobis riski, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca yovelgvari
damatebiTi valdebulebis dakisrebis gareSe am ukanasknels gadasazidad Caabareben tvirTs.
maszea mtkicebis tvirTic, gadasazidad Cabarebul tvirTTan dakavSirebiT zianis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi gamokveTos Tavisi arabraleuloba da amiT gamoricxos sakuTari pasuxismgebloba, romelic advili SesaZlebelia gadatanil iqnes gamgzavnze, Tu damtkicdeba am ukanasknelis braleuloba, magaliTad, gadasazidad Cabarebuli tvirTis arasaTanado SefuTvaSi an gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis tvirTTan dakavSirebiT, arasaTanado informaciis miwodebaSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis kidev erTi konkretuli safuZvlis Sesaxeb, rac
gamgzavnis mier zednadebSi aRniSnuli da TandarTuli gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis gadacemuli sabuTebis dakargvisas an araswori gamoyenebisas, zianis anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba.
ramdenadac dasaSvebia gadaziduli iqnes samoqalaqo brunvaSi myofi, magram safrTxis Semcveli tvirTi,10 saqarTvelos sk gamgzavns avaldebulebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvels miawodos sruli
da zusti informacia gadasazidi tvirTis safrTxis Semcvelobis Taobaze da gaafrTxilos igi
amis Sesaxeb. gamgzavnis es valdebuleba gaTvaliswinebulia ara mxolod saqarTvelos sk-is 691-e
muxlSi, aramed gamomdinareobs zogadvaldebulebiTi normebidan. imave kodeqsis 318-e muxli
saubrobs informaciis miwodebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb da acxadebs, rom `valdebulebidan
SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes ama Tu im informaciis miRebis ufleba. informaciis gacema uzrunvelyofili unda iyos maSin, roca mas mniSvneloba aqvs valdebulebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisaTvis
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da kontrahents SeuZlia sakuTari uflebis Selaxvis gareSe gasces es informacia. informaciis
gacemis xarjebi valdebul pirs unda aunazRauros misma mimRebma~. amdenad, mocemuli norma
gadamyvan-gadamzidvels uflebamosils xdis, gamgzavnisagan moiTxovos saTanado informacia
tvirTis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul unda iqnes aseve, saTanado dros. vfiqrobT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mxridan aseTi informaciis gamoTxovis valdebuleba xels Seuwyobda tvirTis usafrTxo gadazidvas da Seamcirebs pasuxismgeblobis risks. gamgzavnis am valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, anu roca gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma tvirTis safrTxeSemcvelobis Sesaxeb araferi icoda, kodeqsi am ukanasknels uflebas aZlevs nebismier dros da adgilas gadmocalos,
mospos an gaauvnebelyos tvirTi ise, rom mas zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba ar warmoeSoba.
aSkaraa, rom kodeqsi arc Tavad am normaSi da arc sxvagan ar uTiTebs safuZvlebs, roca gadamyvangadamzidvelma es ufleba SeiZleba gamoiyenos. nebismier drosa da adgilas am uflebis
realizacia, Cveni azriT, yovelTvis gamarTlebuli ver iqneba. vfiqrobT da yovel SemTxvevaSi
Teoriulad dasaSvebad migvaCnia, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels zogierT SemTxvevaSi mainc mouwios
mtkiceba imisa, Tu ratom, ra faqtobrivi saSiSi garemoebebis arsebobis gamo gadmocala, mospo
an gaauvnebelyo tvirTi. man es rom gaakeTos, sWirdeba gadasazidi tvirTiT gamowveuli an masTan
dakavSirebuli realuri faqtobrivi saSiSroeba, romlis mtkicebulebac unda hqondes, SemdgomSi
pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan asarideblad. amitom, vTvliT, rom kodeqsma unda gansazRvros is
safuZvlebi, roca gadamyvan-gadamzidvels mocemuli uflebis gamoyeneba SeeZleba. garda
aRniSnulisa, miTiTebuli unda iyos gadamyvan-gadamzidvelisaTvis miniWebuli uflebis realizaciis Sesaxeb _ safrTxeSemcveli tvirTis gadmoclis, mospobis an gauvnebelyofis wesze.
saqarTvelos sk-is mixedviT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba SesaZloa warmoSvas
mesame piris SerCevis valdebulebis darRvevamac. tvirTis gadacemis xelSemSleli garemoebebis
warmoSobisas an xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis SeuZleblobisas uflebamosili piris gankargulebis safuZvelze, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma tvirTi unda gadmocalos, riTac gadazidva dasrulebulad CaiTvleba da uzrunvelyos am tvirTis Senaxva. tvirTis Senaxvis valdebuleba man
SesaZloa miandos mesame pirs, romlis SerCevac misi uflebaa, xolo sworad SerCeva ki, valdebuleba. arc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi da arc saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi ar akonkretebs, Tu ra niSan-TvisebebiT unda xasiaTdebodes mesame piri, ra kriteriumebiT unda moxdes
misi SerCeva. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, migvaCnia, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier mesame piris
SerCeva unda moxdes konkretuli situaciidan gamomdinare. man unda Seafasos garemo, romelSic
aRmoCnda tvirTTan erTad, Sesanaxi tvirTis arsebuli mdgomareoba, gansazRvros SenaxvisTvis
saWiro pirobebi da yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SearCios mesame piri. gadamyvan gadamzidvelis qceva unda iyos keTilsindisieri11 da emsaxurebodes tvirTis gamgzavnis interesebs.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, vfiqrobT, Tu ziani mainc dadgeba, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels pasuxismgebloba ar unda daekisros.
gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba drois garkveul periods.
saubaria mgzavris gadayvanis (bargis gadatanis) an tvirTis gadazidvis droze. gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mxolod maSin agebs pasuxs, Tu tvirTi dazianda an daikarga misi miRebidan Cabarebamde
drois SualedSi, aseve, mitanis vadis gadacilebisas. saqarTvelos sk-is 688-e muxlSi ganmartebulia, Tu ra iTvleba vadis gadacilebad _ roca tvirTi ar aris mitanili SeTanxmebul vadaSi
an Tu vada ar iyo daTqmuli, _ gadasazidad saWiro Cveulebriv droSi im garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic dakavSirebulia nawil-nawil datvirTvisas am nawilebis Sesakrebad aucilebeli drois gansazRvrasTan, Tu darRveulia vada, romelic windaxedul gadamzidvels unda
daecva Cveulebriv SemTxvevebSi. imave Sinaarsi gamomdinareobs somxeTis respublikis sk-is 862e muxlidanac, romelic saubrobs tvirTis gadazidvisa da mgzavris gadayvanis (bargis gadatanis)
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vadebze, romelTa daucveloba ganixileba nakisri valdebulebis darRvevad, rac ukve pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, monrealis konvencia acxadebs, rom
mgzavris, bargisa da tvirTis dagvianebiT gadayvana-gadazidva namdvilad warmoadgens gadamyvangadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebriv safuZvels, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
is ver daamtkicebs, rom man da misma agentebma da mosamsaxureebma yvela SesaZlo, gonivrulad
aucilebeli zoma miiRes zianis asacileblad, Tumca, gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad,
ziani mainc dadga an Tu ver daamtkicebs, rom mas an mis agentebsa da mosamsaxureebs aRniSnuli
zomebis miReba ar SeeZloT.
rac Seexeba tvirTis dakargvas, saqarTvelos sk prezumfciis sakiTxze msjelobs da mas ukavSirebs vadebs damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis warudgenlad. gadazidva-gadayvanis vadis amowurvidan 30 dRis gasvlis Semdeg, uflebamosil pirs ufleba aqvs tvirTi dakargulad miiCnios da
ganacxados zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis wardgenis gareSe. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadazidvis vada SeTanxmebuli ar yofila, aseTi moTxovna uflebamosil pirs
warmoeSoba samoci dRis Semdeg, roca gadamyvan-gadamzidvelma tvirTi miiRo. zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnasTan erTad, uflebamosil pirs ufleba aqvs aseve, werilobiT moiTxovos tvirTis
povnis SemTxvevaSi, dauyovnebliv werilobiTi Setyobineba. am moTxovnaze kodeqsi erTwlian
xandazmulobis vadas avrcelebs. Tu uflebamosil pirs aseTi SetyobinebiT acnobeben misi dakarguli tvirTis povnas, momdevno ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi igi uflebamosili xdeba miiRos
napovni tvirTi zednadebidan gamomdinare, uflebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg da miRebuli anazRaurebis dabrunebis sanacvlod. amasTan, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, zianis anazRaurebisas warmoSobili xarjebis gamoklebiT. am dros uflebamosil pirs unarCundeba gadazidvis vadis darRvevis gamo zianis anazRaurebaze moTxovnis ufleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moTxovna wardgenili ar
aris an ocdaaT dRian vadaze miTiTeba gakeTebuli ar iqna, an/da tvirTi napovni iqneba xandazmulobis erT wliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg, maSin gadamzidvels SeuZlia tvirTi gankargos tvirTis adgilmdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgilze moqmedi wesebis mixedviT. aRniSnul wess iTvaliswinebs moldaveTis respublikis sk-is 1011-e muxlic. amave kodeqsis 1007-e muxli aregulirebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs tvirTTan mimarTebaSi. misi pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi safuZvelia tvirTis daRupva, mTliani an nawilobrivi dakargva an dazianeba, aseve, mitanis dayovneba. safuZvlad ganixileba gadazidvis xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebis
darRvevac. garda safuZvlebisa, muxli iTvaliswinebs dispoziciur normas zianis anazRaurebis
moTxovnis zomis xelSekrulebiT SesaZlo SezRudvis Taobazec, Tumca, sainteresoa, me-3 nawili,
sadac naTqvamia, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ufleba ara aqvs ataros an SeizRudos pasuxismgebloba sxvagvarad, vidre es kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da pirobebiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis erT-erT safuZvlad, saqarTvelos
sahaero kodeqsis 82-e muxli ganixilavs saqarTvelos sk-gan gansxvavebul samarTlis normebs
ori an meti sahaero xomaldis Setakebisas (an mis gareSe) xomaldis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, maT
mflobelTa pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT. aq braleulobis xarisxs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. im SemTxvevaSi, roca ziani gamowveul iqna erT-erTi mxaris mizeziT, ziani mis mier
srulad anazRaurdeba, magram ori an meti mxaris mizeziT gamowveuli zianis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba nawildeba braleul pirTa Soris calkeulis braleulobis farglebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram Tu aRniSnuli ver dadgindeba, maSin pasuxismgebloba nawildeba Tanabrad. mocemul
situaciaSi calsaxad ikveTeba Sereuli bralis principiT pasuxismgebloba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
normis simkacris Sesaxeb, radgan kanonmdebelma masSi gaiTvaliswina gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis
mier zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas brali SesaZloa ar miuZRodes
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zianis dadgomaSi. ase, gamonaklisis saxiT maSin daiSveba, Tu aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi mgzavri
gardaicvleba, moiSleba misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba an daziandeba xomaldze myofi mesame
piris qoneba. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom kodeqsi imperatiulad uTiTebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis
pasuxismgeblobaze, Tumca, iqve uSvebs regresis wesiT braleul pirTan Sedavebisa da zianis
anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas. amasTan, kodeqsma zogadad, gansazRvra da miTiTebiTi normiT
ixelmZRvanela sahaero xomaldis Setakebisas, aseve, haerSi myofi sahaero xomaldidan mesame
pirebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis farglebis dadgenis Sesaxeb. imeorebs ra, gadamyvangadamzidvelis mier mTlianad anazRaurebis valdebulebas farglebis dadgenis mizniT,
paralelurad miuTiTebs zogadad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaze da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
normebze. amdenad, saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsma gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis kidev erTi safuZveli gamokveTa. es aris pasuxismgebloba mesame pirebis winaSe haerSi
myofi sahaero xomaldidan maTTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi. aseT specialur normas saqarTvelos sk ar iTvaliswinebs.
SedarebisaTvis, saintereso debulebebia rf-is sahaero kodeqsis12 129-e muxlSi, romelic
aregulirebs sahaero xomaldebis SejaxebiT an erTi sahaero xomaldis meore sahaero xomaldTan
Seujaxeblad miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sakiTxs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sahaero xomaldebis
pasuxismgebloba aseve, ganisazRvreba braleulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu zianis dadgomaSi mxolod erTis braleuloba damtkicdeba, pasuxismgeblobac mas daekisreba, xolo oris (an ramdenimes) SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuls daekisreba bralis xarisxis mixedviT, magram Tu amis dadgena SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, maSin _ Tanazomierad. rogorc vxedavT, sakiTxi analogiurad aris mowesrigebuli, Tumca, rf-is sahaero kodeqsi aqve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs swored braleulobis dadgenis sakiTxs, acxadebs ra, rom sahaero xomaldis verc erTi mflobeli braleulad
ver miiCneva, Tu ar damtkicdeba sawinaaRmdego. braleulobis daudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebeli imperatiulad ucxadebs sahaero xomaldis mflobelebs, rom erTmaneTis mimarT
zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis ufleba ara aqvT. Cveni azriT, amiT kanonmdebelma aq daicva
samarTlianobis principi. vfiqrobT, ukeTesi iqneboda, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi analogiuri konkretizacia. rac Seexeba imave safuZvliT mgzavris sicocxlis an janmrTelobis dazianebis an/da sahaero xomaldze myofi mesame piris qonebis dazianebis SemTxvevebs, zemoaRniSnuli
normis Tanaxmad, mflobeli pasuxs agebs amave kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebis mixedviT, miuxedavad
misi braleulobisa, Tumca, braleulobis gamokveTis safuZvelze, mas SemdgomSi ufleba eZleva
regresis wesiT edavos braleul subieqts. aq, SeiZleba iTqvas, rogorc qarTvelma, ise rusma
kanonmdebelma prioritetulad daicva momxmareblis ineteresebi, rac Cveni azriT, dadebiT
Sefasebas imsaxurebs.
garda imisa, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs tvirTis dazianebis, dakargvis an mitanis vadis gadacilebis gamo, igi pasuxs agebs mgzavris gadayvanisa da misi bargis gadatanisaTvis, rogorc nakisri valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. pasuxismgebloba aqac qonebrivi xasiaTisaa da miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba. saqarTvelos sk-is 669-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs mgzavrisaTvis miyenebuli zianisaTvis, aseve, misi bargis dazianebis an dakargvisaTvis. kodeqsi konkretulad ar
saubrobs, Tu raSi gamoixateba mgzavrisaTvis miyenebuli ziani, Tumca, am mxriv arsebuli samarTlis normaTa kompleqsuri ganmartebiT, nagulisxmevia mgzavris sicocxlis mospoba an janmrTelobis dazianeba, romelic calkeul SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa xarisxis mixedviT Sefasdes. mgzavris
mimarT, gadamyvan gadamzidvelis qcevis Sedegi unda ukavSirdebodes mgzavris gardacvalebas,
dasaxiCrebas an sxeulis sxvagvar dazianebas, xolo es qceva unda ganxorcieldes aeroportis
sazedamxedvelo areSi an sahaero xomaldze. am nawilSi monrealis konvencia me-17 muxlSi
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gadamyvan gadamzidvels imave safuZvlebiT akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas, rac mgzavrisaTvis
miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba, Tumca qmedeba, rogorc damdgari Sedegis
gamomwvevi mizezi, ganxorcielebuli unda iyos sahaero xomaldis bortze dajdomis an
gadmosxdomis nebismieri operaciis dros. konvenciis es debuleba novacia ar aris da zogierTis
azriT, ukangadadgmul nabijadac ki, fasdeba 1971 wlis gvatemalis oqmTan mimarTebiT.
konferenciam SGMW jgufis proeqtidan Tavis droze amoricxa winadadeba, romliTac gadamyvangadamzidveli pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufldeboda (an im xarisxiT) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mgzavris sikvdili an dazianeba gamowveuli iqneboda misive janmrTelobis mdgomareobidan
gamomdinare.
sasamarTlo praqtikidan: torontodan sankt-peterburgSi Carteruli reisis mgzavri iyo
72 wlis adamiani. reisis ganxorcielebisas sahaero xomaldi Seejaxa qariSxals. mosarCele
mgzavri amtkicebda, rom swored amis Sedegad ganicada janmrTelobis dazianeba _ xerxemlis
motexiloba. igi varSavis konvenciis me-17 muxlze miTiTebiT miiCnevda, rom qariSxali ubeduri
SemTxveva iyo da mopasuxe gadamyvan-gadamzidvels avaldebulebda aenazRaurebina janmrTelobis dazianebiT gamowveuli ziani. mopasuxe gadamyvan-gadamzidveli ki, amtkicebda, rom mgzavrma
dazianeba miiRo reisis dasrulebis Semdeg. amasTan, varSavis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli
mniSvnelobiT qariSxals ubedur SemTxvevad ar ganixilavda. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, saqme
Sewyvita, CaTvala ra, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mxolod maSin aris pasuxismgebeli, Tu mgzavris dazianebas iwvevs moulodneli an uCveulo SemTxveva. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mgzavris
dazianebis erT-erTi mizezi qariSxali iyo, Tumca, igi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas uCveulo,
moulodnel an seriozuli simZimis SemTxvevad, rameTu damaxasiaTebelia frenebisaTvis. amdenad,
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, ar iyo varSavis konvenciis me-17 muxlis gamoyenebis winapiroba, ris
gamoc mosarCelis moTxovna ar daakmayofila.13
qarTvelma kanonmdebelma, rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa mgzavrebis winaSe
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs da sahaero kodeqsis 75 e muxlis me-3 nawilSi daakonkreta, rom maT mimarT
gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba garda am kodeqsisa, ganisazRvreba mgzavrebis
gadayvanis, tvirTisa da bargis gadazidvis wesebis Sesabamisad. vfiqrobT, kanonmdebels imave
formulireba unda gaevrcelebina tvirTis gadazidvis SemTxvevaze. am fonze zedmetad migvaCnia
saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsis 77-e muxlis me-2 nawilis arseboba, romelic imaves imeorebs _
`gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT~.
saqarTvelos sk-gan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis am
kuTxiT pasuxismgeblobis damatebiT samarTlebriv safuZvlad uTiTebs mgzavris piradi nivTebis
nawilobriv an mTlianad dazianebis, dakargvis an dagvianebiT gadatanis SemTxvevas da pasuxismgeblobis imave reJims adgens, rasac tvirTis mimarT iTvaliswinebs.
bargis mimarT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis Taobaze saubrobs moldaveTis respublikis sk-is 989-e muxli, sadac pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad miTiTebulia bargis dakargva,
ganadgureba an dazianeba. monrealis konvencia ufro detalurad sazRvravs bargis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebs. xazs usvams ra, bargis registrirebulad da araregistrirebulad
dayofas, acxadebs, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs agebs registrirebuli bargis ganadgurebiT, dakargviT an dazianebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis, Tu dazianebis mizezi sahaero xomaldis
bortze moxda an nebismieri periodis dros, romlis ganmavlobaSi registrirebuli bargi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis dacvis qveS imyofeboda. rac Seexeba araregistrirebuli bargisa da piradi nivTebis mimarT pasuxismgeblobas, konvenciis Tanaxmad, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs ar
agebs, roca ziani gamoiwvia bargis defeqtma, xarisxma an naklma. igi pasuxs aseve ar agebs, Tu
ziani miyenebuli ar aris misi mosamsaxureebisa da agentebis braliT. amasTan, konvencia xazs
usvams pasuxismgeblobis kidev or safuZvels: pirveli _ gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier regist-
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rirebuli bargis dakargvis aRiareba, xolo meore _ gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier bargis mitanis
SeTanxmebul droze 21 dRiT gadacileba. orive SemTxvevaSi, konvencia mgzavrs uflebas aZlevs
gamoiyenos gadayvana-gadazidvis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare uflebebi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mimarT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabaJo zonis farglebSi an aeroportis usafrTxoebis zonaSi,
bargi gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mzrunvelobis qveS ar imyofeba. amitom is ar unda miiCneodes
pasuxismgebel subieqtad aseT zonebSi warmoSobil zaralze.
moldaveTis respublikis sk-Si, bargis mimarT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis
gamomricxvel garemoebad, garda forsmaJoruli situaciebisa, asaxelebs nivTebis naklovanebas
an mgzavris braleulobas. pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, mtkicebis tvirTi gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ekuTvnis. es ukanaskneli pasuxs ar agebs dokumentebis, fulis an sxva fasiani nivTebis dakargvisaTvis, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca igi gaafrTxiles nivTis
xasiaTis an Rirebulebis Sesaxeb da man Tanxmoba gamoTqva maT gadazidvaze. is miT umetes ar
agebs pasuxs, mgzavris mier TavisTan datovebuli bargisaTvis garda im SemTxvevisa, roca damtkicdeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis braleuloba. `angloamerikuli samarTali, valdebulebis darRvevis safuZvlad bralis arsebobis gansazRvriT, dasawyisSive gamoricxavs arabraleuli SeusruleblobisaTvis zianis anazRaurebis SesaZleblobas~.14
rac Seexeba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis dasaSvebobas da
safuZvlebs, mas icnobs rogorc varSavisa da monrealis konvenciebi, aseve, saqarTvelosa da
sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdebloba. magaliTad, safrangeTis kanonmdebloba ganasxvavebs SemTxvevebs, roca movale dapirda Sedegs (obligation de resultat) an dapirda mieRo yvela gonivruli zoma
Sesasruleblad (obligation de moyens). `valdebulebis darRvevisas movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisufleba xorcieldeba im Secvlil garemoebebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic movalis kontrolis sferos ar ganekuTvneba da mxares brali ar miuZRvis maT warmoSobaSi. Tu dabrkolebis
gadalaxva SeuZlebelia, maSin movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis unda damtkicdes misi arabraleuloba Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis dadgomaSi, xolo Tu Secvlili garemoebis Tavidan acileba obieqturad SesaZlebeli iyo, maSin mxarem unda miuTiTos valdebulebis
Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmis pativsadebi safuZveli~.15 movalis pasuxismgeblobisagan gasaTavisufleblad, saWiroa manve daamtkicos forsmaJoris arseboba, rogorc xelSekrulebis darRvevis
safuZveli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, daamtkicos misi arabraleuloba. kontinenturi saxelSekrulebo samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, saerTo samarTlisaTvis, bralis sakiTxi gadamwyveti ar
aris, rameTu efuZneba princips _ yoveli movale iZleva garkveul garantiebs. movalis mier
xelSekrulebis darRvevisas, igi pasuxs agebs aseTi darRveviT gamowveuli zianisaTvis bralis
miuxedavad. zemoaRniSnuli principi gulisxmobs individis Tavisufali qcevis SezRudvas,
pasuxismgeblobas valdebulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, misi braliT gamowveuli zianisaTvis.
rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi uflebis mizania _ uzrunvelyos `calkeuli adamianis an
sazogadoebis sasicocxlo amocanebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba~.16
inglisuri da germanuli samarTali mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZlevs gadawyvitos, sarCeli
waradginos saxelSekrulebo an deliqturi samarTlis normebis mixedviT.17 franguli samarTali
ar iZleva aseTi sarCelebis kumulaciis saSualebas. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi daiSveba xelSekrulebis darRveviT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba, deliqturi samarTlis normebiT, Tu movale
gaTavisuflebulia pasuxismgeblobisagan xelSekrulebis pirobebiT, xolo mosarCelem daamtkica movalis brali. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli saxelmwifoebis samarTlis mixedviT,
yuradReba maxvildeba uflebamosili piris materialuri sferos dacvaze, maSinac ki, roca ziani
adgeba piris sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas da saubaria amiT gamowveuli Sedegebis samarTlebriv
daregulirebaze.
saqarTvelos sk-is mixedviT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis
zogadi safuZvlebi SeiZleba iyos tvirTis gadazidvis SemTxvevaSi _ Tu dakargva, dazianeba an
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mitanis vadis gadacileba uflebamosili piris braliT an/da amave piris iseTi miTiTebiT moxda,
romelzedac gadamyvan-gadamzidveli pasuxs ar agebs. aseve, Tu tvirTis nakli iseTi garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli, romelTa Tavidan acilebac gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ar SeeZlo da arc maTi
Sedegebi SeiZleboda Tavidan aecilebina.
varSavis konvenciiT, pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebad aRiarebulia, roca man,
misma agentebma an mosamsaxureebma yvela zoma miiRes zianis asacileblad an roca mas (maT) aRniSnuli zomebis miReba ar SeeZloT. pasuxismgebloba aqac, braleulobis princips efuZneba,
mtkicebis tvirTi ki, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelzea. konvenciaSi Cadebuli es meqanizmi Tavis droze
novacias warmoadgenda da dRemde fasdeba, rogorc momxmarebelTa (pretenziis ganmcxadeblis)
interesebis dacvis mizniT gadadgmuli pozitiuri nabiji.
sasamarTlo praqtikidan: bralis mixedviT gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba da mtkicebis
tvirTi Cans kanadis sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi oTxi kolofi vaqcinis sahaero gziT
torontodan sidneiSi, hitrous gavliT gadazidvis Sesaxeb. etiketis mixedviT, vaqcinis Senaxvis
piroba 20 80 C iyo, rac zednadebSic Caiwera. piroba ar Sesrulda hitrouSi, rasac Sedegad
sidneiSi Casvlisas, vaqcinebis gafuWeba mohyva. saqmis ganxilvisas mTavari problema iyo, SeeZlo
Tu ara gadamzidvels pasuxismgebloba SeezRuda varSavis konvenciis 22-e muxlze miTiTebiT,
rasac mosarCele mxare uaryofda amave konvenciis 25-e muxlze miTiTebiT. sasamarTlom miiCnia,
rom mosarCeles unda emtkicebina gadamzidvelis ara mxolod daudevroba, aramed isic, rom man
icoda misi daudevrobis Sedegi ziani iqneboda. hitrouSi vaqcinebis Sesabamisi wesiT Seunaxaobis
raime mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda. sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom es SeiZleboda yofiliyo imitom,
rom Sesabamisi adamiani fiqrobda, dazianebas adgili ar eqneboda Tu vaqcinebs Sesabamisi pirobiT ar Seinaxavda an ubralod uyuradRebobiT _ 25-e muxli arcerTs ar iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom Sesabamisma pirma SesaZloa icoda dazianebis riskis Sesaxeb, magram ar
gaisarja vaqcinebis Sesanaxad, rasac 25-e muxli iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlom saqme gadawyvita
gadamzidvelis uaris safuZvelze warmoedgina mtkicebuleba realurad momxdaris Sesaxeb.
Sedegad, mosarCeles ufleba hqonda daebrunebina xarjebi da Rirebuleba. ontarios saapelacio
sasamarTloSi saqmis warmarTvisas, sasamarTlo daeTanxma gadawyvetilebaSi asaxul faqtebsa
da daskvnebs da gaaTavisufla apelaciisagan. saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom faqtebi da
garemoebebi sasamarTlosaTvis Ria iyo daudevrobasa da codnaze pirveli STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad, raTa moexdina daudevrobisa da codnis diagnostika da rom mtkicebuleba amis
gamosaricxad gadamzidvelis mier ar iqna warmodgenili misive codnis farglebSi.18
monrealis konvenciis debulebaTa mixedviT, dasaSvebia gadamyvan gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan nawilobriv an srulad gaTavisufleba, Tumca, Sesabamisi safuZvlis warmoSobis mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT, braleulobis uaryofis mtkiceba maszea. amdenad, tvirTis dakargvis,
ganadgurebis an dazianebis safuZvliT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxveli garemoebebi SeiZleba iyos: tvirTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli defeqti, xarisxi da nakli; piris
mier tvirTis araswori SefuTva, garda gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis, misi mosamsaxureebis an agentebis mier (mocemuli normis bolo winadadebaSi ikveTeba gadamyvan gadamzidvelis braleuloba);
omi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi (saxezea dauZleveli Zala); tvirTis SemotanasTan, gatanasTan
an tranzitTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organos aqtis gamocema (aqac, saxezea
dauZleveli Zala). garda imisa, rom dasaxelebuli konvencia calkeul muxlSi, Sesabamisi safuZvlis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, SesaZloa iTvaliswinebdes gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis konkretul safuZvlebs, me-20 muxls mTlianad uTmobs pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis zogad samarTlebriv safuZvlebze msjelobas. aq naTqvamia, `Tu
gadamyvan-gadamzidveli daamtkicebs, rom ziani miyenebuli iyo an mis miyenebas xels uwyobda
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anazRaurebis momTxovni piris an piris, visganac warmoiSva misi uflebebi, daudevroba, araswori
moqmedeba an umoqmedoba, gadamyvan-gadamzidveli srulad an nawilobriv Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan anazRaurebis momTxovni piris winaSe im zomiT, romelSic aseTma daudevrobam an
arasworma qmedebam ziani miayena an xeli Seuwyo mis miyenebas...~ miTiTebul muxlSi kidev erTxel
aSkarad ikveTeba pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis ori mniSvnelovani niSani _ gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis bralis ararseboba da aRniSnulis mtkiceba TviT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier. rogorc
vnaxeT, monrealis konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba pasuxismgeblobis
gamomricxvel garemoebaTa msgavs konkretizacias ar iTvaliswinebs, rac miuTiTebs masSi kompleqsuri cvlileba-damatebebis daCqarebuli wesiT ganxorcielebis aucileblobaze.
mxareTa materialuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs aregulirebs moldaveTis respublikis sk-ic,
romelic ar gamoirCeva samarTlis normaTa sistematizaciis daxvewilobis TvalsazrisiT. mxareTa pasuxismgebloba, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa konkretuli mxaris an raime
qvesakiTxis regulirebiT gaTvaliswinebul iqnes konkretulad TiToeul muxlSi, gabneulia da
samarTlis normaTa sistematizaciis zogad principebs ar pasuxobs. kodeqsis 988-e muxlis saTauria gadamyvan gadamzidvelis pasuxismgebloba, xolo masSi saubaria mgzavris mimarT misi pasuxismgeblobis valdebulebaze da gamomricxvel garemoebebze, raSic kanonmdebeli moiazrebs forsmaJorul situaciebs an/da mgzavris janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, qcevas. misi pasuxismgebloba
vadis gadacilebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis gamoiricxeba, Tu pirdapir sxva ram ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli an/da Tu gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis qmedeba ar atarebs ganzraxvas, mZime xasiaTis gadacdomas. aRniSnuli kodeqsis 1008-e muxli icnobs tvirTis dakargvis, dazianebis, daRupvis an/da miwodebis dagvianebis SemTxvevebSi pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebs:
tvirTis gankargvaze uflebamosili piris braleuloba; amasTan, Tu gamgzavnis warmomadgeneli
acilebda tvirTs; tvirTis gankargvaze uflebamosili piris miTiTebebis Sedegad, roca isini ar
aris miyenebuli gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis mier; malfuWebadi xasiaTis tvirTis ZaliT. gadamyvangadamzidveli ver gaTavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan daqiravebuli satransporto saSualebis
gaumarTaobis, gamqiraveblis an tvirTis gadazidvis procesSi monawile muSebis mizeziT. igi
SesaZloa misgan gaTavisfldes maSin, roca arsebobs erTi an ramdenime qvemoCamoTvlili
safuZvelTagani _ tvirTis gadasazidad zednadebiT gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri xasiaTis
(daxuruli) satransporto saSualeba, xolo tvirTi gadazidul iqna Ria satransporto saSualebiT
tvirTis gadauxuravad; SefuTvis ararsebobis an arasakmarisi SefuTvis; tvirTis datvirTva,
gadaadgileba an gadatvirTva ganxorcielda gamgzavnis, mimRebis an romelime maTganis
interesebisaTvis moqmedi mesame piris mier; cocxali cxovelebis gadayvaniT; zarali gamowveulia
gansazRvruli tvirTis maxasiaTebeli TaviseburebebiT. Tu aseT SemTxvevebSi gadamyvan
gadamzidveli daamtkicebs, rom zarali SesaZloa gamowveuli yofiliyo erTi an ramdenime aseTi
safuZvliT, miiCneva, rom ziani gamoiwvia aseTma garemoebam(ebma). aRniSnuli wesi ar gamoiyeneba
tvirTis eqstremalur pirobebSi gadazidvisas an tvirTis mTlianad dakargvis SemTxvevaSi.
Cveni azriT, sworicaa da kargic, rom saqarTvelos sk-ic icnobs normas, romelic SesaZloa
erTi SexedviT iyos mkacri, magram iuridiulad gamarTlebuli. saubaria 686-e muxlis me-3 nawilze, romlis mixedviTac, pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis mizniT, gadamyvan-gadamzidvels
ar SeuZlia miuTiTos arc gadazidvisaTvis gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebis naklze da
arc am saSualebis gamqiraveblis an damqiraveblis momsaxure personalis bralze. garda amisa,
gadamyvan-gadamzidvels ufleba ara aqvs sakuTari pasuxismgebloba gamoricxos an SezRudos
gadayvana-gadazidvis xelSekrulebiT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saamiso safuZvlebs Tavad saerTaSoriso an Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs. aRniSnuli gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis valdebulebebis Taobaze zogadsamarTlebrivi midgomidanac gamomdinareobs.
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moldaveTis respublikis sk-is 988-e muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs analogiur normas,
moTxovnas, rasac saqarTvelos sk-is 697-e muxli. saubaria, xelSekrulebiT gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis an SezRudvis dauSveblobaze. saqarTvelos sk-is zedmet
datvirTvad migvaCnia, 697-e muxlis arseboba, romelic gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis dauSveblobaze saubrobs _ `gadamzidvels ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos am
Tavis im wesebs, romlebic mis pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxaven an zRudaven an/da mtkicebis tvirTisagan aTavisufleben mas, Tu ziani gamowveulia misi braliT~. Cveni mosazreba eyrdnoba pozicias, romelic gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos sk-is 669-e da 687-e muxlebidan, sadac naTlad
ikveTeba, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidveli mxolod misi bralis SemTxvevaSi agebs pasuxs. amavdroulad, gansazRvravs pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebs. vinaidan, SesaZlebelia erTi
da imave qmedebis miCneva deliqtad an saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis darRvevad, deliqturi
da saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis praqtikuli gamijvnis problemaze msjelobisas, m. dundua19 iSveliebs gadazidvis xelSekrulebis dros mgzavrisaTvis miyenebuli zianis SemTxvevis
magaliTs. kiTxvaze _ aseTi ziani aris deliqti Tu xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili, vfiqrobT,
pasuxi martivia, es aris bileTiT dadasturebuli saxelSekrulebo urTierToba gadamyvan-gadamzidvelsa da mgzavrs Soris, rac sxva pirobebTan erTad iTvaliswinebs mgzavris usafrTxo gadayvanas. aRniSnuli pirobis darRveva warmoadgens gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels mgzavris gadayvanis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mgzavrisaTvis
miyenebuli ziani gamoxatuli iqneba mis gardacvalebaSi, rogorc m. dunduac miuTiTebs, gardacvlilis memkvidreebs, rogorc uflebamonacvleebs ufleba eZlevaT samarTlebrivad edavon gadamyvan gadamzidvels saxelSekrulebo safuZvelze, xolo aramemkvidreebs, romelTac mgzavris
gardacvalebiT ziani miadgaT _ deliqtis safuZvelze.
aRniSnulze saubrobs uzbekeTis respublikis sk-is 718-e muxlic, sadac aseve naTqvamia, rom
satransporto organizaciis SeTanxmeba mgzavrTan an tvirTis mflobelTan gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis an gamoricxvis Taobaze, ver iqneba namdvili. igive azri gaTvaliswinebulia amave qveynis sahaero kodeqsis 119-e muxlSic, im sxvaobiT, rom aq kanonmdebeli
saubrobs mxolod pasuxismgeblobis Semcirebis SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis
mxridan, rogorc mgzavrTan, ise tvirTis gamgzavnTan da mimRebTan. dasaxelebuli kodeqsi, Tumca,
saubrobs aranamdvilobis Taobaze, 120-e muxlSi uSvebs gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis
farglebis gazrdis Taobaze SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobas. aRsaniSnavia, somxeTis respublikis sk-is
863-e muxlic, romelic satransporto organizaciis mgzavrTan an tvirTis mflobelTan SeTanxmebas
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis SezRudvis an gamoricxvis Sesaxeb, aseve, iuridiuli
Zalis armqoned cnobs, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis samoqalaqo
pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams, rogorc calkeuli qveynebis SigniT, ise saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv sivrceSi sakiTxis samarTlebriv regulirebas, rac umTavresad emsaxureba
samoqalaqo aviaciis bazris momxmarebelTa _ tvirTis gamgzavnTa, tvirTis mimRebTa da mgzavrTa
interesebis dacvis mizans. gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba gadazidva-gadayvanis xelSekrulebis
swor samarTlebriv reglamentacias, xolo gamomdinare iqidan, rom sahaero gadayvana-gadazidvas
bunebrivi riskebi axasiaTebs, gadamyvan-gadamzidvelis pasuxismgeblobis moqnili meqanizmi unda
arsebobdes. saqarTveloSi es meqanizmi aris varSavisa da monrealis konvenciebisagan mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli, Tumca, araerTi qveynis analogi. vTvliT, rom Cvenma qveyanam dadebiTi nabiji
gadadga monrealis konvenciasTan mierTebiT, Tumca, warmatebuli SedegebisaTvis saWiroa Sida
kanonmdeblobis sistematizacia da misadageba mis moTxovnebTan pasuxismgeblobis nawilSi arsebuli valdebulebebis gaziarebis mxriv.
88
SeniSvnebi:
`saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidva-gadayvanis zogierTi wesis unifikaciis
Sesaxeb~ 1929 wlis varSavis konvencia.
2
`saerTaSoriso sahaero gadazidva-gadayvanis zogierTi wesis unifikaciis
Sesaxeb~ 1999 wlis monrealis konvencia.
3
z. WeWelaSvili, saxelSekrulebo samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008w., gv. 181.
4
d. geferiZe, `pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso sahaero samarTalSi~, Jurnali
`marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, 2009 w., #1, gv. 114.
5
Gabichvadze Sh, Key Legal Problems and Civil Law Regulations of the Liability of the Air
Carriers in Georgia, 2010, p.8-9. gamoqveynebulia: <http://www.mpipriv.de >.
6
ix.: Contract Law, Casebooks on the Common Law of Europe, General Editors Professor
Hugh Beale, Professor Hein Kotz, Professor Arthur Hartkamp, Professor Denis Tallon,
Oxford and Portland, oregon 2002, p. 670.
7
ix. iqve.
8
ix.: Contract Law, Casebooks on the Common Law of Europe, General Editors Professor
Hugh Beale, Professor Hein Kotz, Professor Arthur Hartkamp, Professor Denis Tallon,
Oxford and Portland, oregon 2002, p. 670.
9
Green Computer AB v Federal Express Corp. et al., 2004 FCA 111 affirming 2003 FCT 587
affirming 2002 FCT 1015, xelmisawvdomia saitze <http://www.admiraltylaw.com/air.htm>.
10
saqarTvelos sahaero kodeqsis 71-e muxlis 2011 wlis 15 aprilidan saxecvlili
redaqciis Tanaxmad, feTqebadi nivTierebebis, iaraRis, tyvia-wamlis,
momwamlavi, swrafaalebadi, radioaqtiuri da sxva saxifaTo nivTierebebisa da
sagnebis nusxas da maTi gadazidvis wess gansazRvravs saagento `saerTaSoriso
samoqalaqo aviaciis Sesaxeb~ Cikagos 1944 wlis konvenciis moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad. saagento am konvenciis me-18 danarTis (`saxifaTo tvirTis
usafrTxo sahaero gadazidva~) safuZvelze, agreTve aTavisuflebs saxifaTo
tvirTebs samoqalaqo sahaero xomaldiT gadazidvis akrZalvisagan.
11
`keTilsindisierebis principi bevrwilad dakavSirebulia moralur
standartebTan: erTi mxriv, igi Tavad aris moraluri standarti,
eTikursamarTlebrivi principi. keTilsindisiereba niSnavs gulwrfelobas,
siwmindes, miukerZoeblobas, obieqturobas, samarTlianobas, erTgulebas da
sxva. xSirad amboben, keTilsindisierebis standartSi ZiriTadad, moiazreba
is, rom kontrahentma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos meore mxaris interesebic,
‘meore mxriv, keTilsindisierebis principi _ es aris karibWe, romlis
gavliTac moraluri Rirebulebebi samarTlad iqceva~. _ ix.: Hesselink, Good
Faith, Towards a European Civil Code, 2. ed., The Hague/London/Boston (Kluwer Law
International), 1998, 288. miTiTebulia: al. ioseliani, `keTilsindisierebis
principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (SedarebiTsamarTlebrivi
gamokvleva)~. xelmisawvdomia saitze: http://www.geplac.ge/geo/glawreview.php?id=16.
12
Âîçäóùíûé Êîäåêñ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, ïîñòàòåéíûé êîììåíòàðèé,
Ìîñêâà, 2009, ñòðàíèöà 286-287 .
13
Quinn v Canadian Airlines International, 1994) 18 O.R. (3d) 326, xelmisawvdomia saitze
http://www.admiraltylaw.com/air.htm.
14
n. CitaSvili, `bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvrisaTvis~, samarTlis Jurnali, 2009w., #1, gv. 143.
15
Markesinis S.B., Unberath H., Johnston A., The German Law of Contract - A Comparative
nd
Treatise, 2 ed., Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 447. miTiTebulia:
n. CitaSvili, `bralis mniSvneloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis
gansazRvrisaTvis~, samarTlis Jurnali, 2009w., #1, gverdi 183.
16
Ýííåêöåðóñ Ë., Êóðñ Ãåðìàíñêîãî Ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà. Ïîëóòîì 1. Ââåäåíèå è
îáøàÿ ÷àñòü Ì. Èçäàòåëüñòâî èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, 1949, Ñòð. 244.
miTiTebulia: Õîõëîâà Ã., Ïîíÿòèå Ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé Îòâåòñòâåííîñòè,
Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû Ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé
Â. Âèòðÿíñêîãî, Ìîñêâà, 2002, ñòð. 68.
17
Öâàèãåðò Ê., Êåòö Õ., Ââåäåíèå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå â ñôåðå ÷àñòíîãî
ïðàâà, Â 2 ò. Ò. 2þ Ì., 1998. ñòð. 390. miTiTebulia: Õîõëîâà Ã., Ïîíÿòèå
Ãðàæäàíñêî-ïðàâîâîé Îòâåòñòâåííîñòè, Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû Ãðàæäàíñêîãî
ïðàâà, Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, Ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Â. Âèòðÿíñêîãî, Ìîñêâà, 2002, ñòð. 74.
18
Connaught Laboratories Limited v British Airways, 2005 CanLII 16576 affg.2002 CanLII
4642, xelmisawvdomia saitze <http://www.admiraltylaw.com/air.htm>.
19
m. dundua, `deliqturi pasuxismgeblobisa da saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobis Tanafardoba~, samarTlis Jurnali, 2009 w., #1, gv. 58.
1
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CIVIL LIABILITY AND
GROUNDS FOR
THE EXEMPTION FROM
THIS LIABILITY FOR AIR
TRANSPORT – TRANSFER
PROVIDERS ACCORDING TO
THE GEORGIAN LEGISLATION
SHORENA GABICHVADZE
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University PHD Student of Law Faculty
Article offers an overview on legislative regulations of civil liability and
grounds for the exemption from this liability for air transport – transfer providers.
Research was conducted using the comparative – legal methodology based on the
experiences Moldova, Russian Federation, Armenia, Uzbekistan and other countries’ legislations, as well as in relation with Warsaw and Montreal Conventions.
Court practice in Georgia is also reviewed in the Article.
As a sum up, Article analyzes legal problems, that revealed the need to amend
Civil Code of Georgia and Air Code of Georgia. It also focuses some of the technical shortcomings of the relevant legislation.
90
arapirdapiri
(Tana)amsruleblobis
doqtrina saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTalSi
(PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is
saqmis analizi)
giorgi dgebuaZe
saqarTvelos universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis
doqtoranti
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, afrikis kontinentze, kerZod, ugandaSi, kongos demokratiul respublikaSi, centraluri afrikis
respublikaSi, keniaSi, libiaSi, sudansa da kotdiuarSi sazareli
danaSaulebis Cadenam SeZra saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba. nacionaluri marTlmsajuleba, TiTqmis yvela zemoT aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, uZuluri iyo ganexorcielebina saTanado zomebi qveynis SigniT Cadenil danaSaulebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli `situaciebi~ ecnoba sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos (ICC),
romlis Seqmnis mTavari mizanic aseT SemTxvevaSi, drouli sisxlissamarTlebrivi RonisZiebebis gatarebaa. is marTlac didi
gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mTeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba
imis molodinSia, Tu rogor gaarTmevs Tavs ICC masze dakisrebul amocanebs da rogor precedentul samarTals Seqmnis. yovelive amis gacnobierebiT, efeqtiani zomebis gasatareblad, ICC
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlisaTvis axali pasuxismgeblobis
saSualebebs qmnis, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia, arapirdapiri
(Tana)amsruleblobis (indirect (co)perpetration) doqtrina1. sainteresoa misi gamoyenebis Tavisebureba Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is
saqmeze, sadac is, sudanis prezidentze sisxlissamarTlebrivi
devnis gansaxorcielebad, erT-erT mTavar iaraRad gamoiyeneba.2
Sesavali
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali misi Seqmnis periodidan,
farTo gagebiT, emsaxureba mizans, sisxlissamarTlebrivi Ronis91
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Ziebebi gaataros im adgilas, im danaSaulebis mimarT, sadac nacionaluri marTlmsajuleba uZluria ganaxorcielos drouli da saTanado zomebi. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebi, maT Soris, ICC3 TavianT wesdebebSi amkvidreben pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva saxeebis zogad formulirebebs, precedentuli samarTliT `akonkreteben~ da
ufro moqnilsa da efeqtians xdian maT. es cxadia, vinaidan, rodesac statutis Sesabamisi muxli
uZluria sakiTxis dasaregulireblad, `Cumad uyurebs arsebul mdgomareobas~, sadac reagireba aucilebelia, CveulebiTi samarTalic maSin iwyebs moqmedebas.4
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis, rogorc ZiriTadad, nacionaluri da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebis Serwymis safuZvelze Seqmnili disciplinis,5 sistemis arseboba, saerTaSoriso dogmatikis gareSe SeuZlebelia.6 amaze metyvelebs misi Camoyalibebis istoria7 da saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTloebis praqtika.8 maSin, rodesac individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas sisxlis samarTali, umeteswilad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs im movlenebze,
romlebsac adgili hqonda amsruleblis qmedebis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali upirvelesad, swavlobs politikur, socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul fons, Tu ram gamoiwvia danaSaulis Cadena da Semdgom midis individualuri pasuxismgeblobis dasafuZneblad.9 es ufro da
ufro naTeli xdeba, Tu gadavxedavT ICC-s mimdinare praqtikas.
individualuri pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso danaSaulebSi SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc
pirTa pasuxismgebloba im qmedebebisaTvis, romelTa Cadenac xdeba `koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT~.10
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi arsebuli doqtrinebi, upirveles yovlisa, scemen
pasuxs im kiTxvaze, Tu romeli piri aris sisxlissamarTlebrivad pasuxismgebeli, Tu danaSauli
ramdenime adamianis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad ganxorcielda.11
individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad, ICC Tanaamsruleblobis, arapirdapiri amsruleblobisa da arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis Teoriebs qmnis. statiis mizani
swored am ukanaskneli pasuxismgeblobis saSualebis Seswavlaa, romelic ICC-s mimdinare praqtikaSi saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebis erTi-erTi mTavari iaraRia. sainteresoa, ra igulisxmeba mis SinaarsSi, ratom iyenebs
ICC mas da ara pasuxismgeblobis sxva saSualebas Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmeze da rogoria
doqtrinis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. aRniSnul kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, jer mimovixilavT
arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis struqturas saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi,
Tu ra aucilebel elementebs unda akmayofilebdes is. Semdeg ganvixilavT Prosecutor v. Al Bashir
-is saqmes, al baSiris (Al Bashir) individualur pasuxismgeblobas darfurSi Cadenili danaSaulebis mimarT da Tavad saqmis mniSvnelobas ICC-s iurisprudenciaSi.
I.
arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina saerTaSoriso
sisxlis samarTalSi
arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina, im formiT, rogoriTac is dResdReobiT ICCSi arsebobs, siaxles warmoadgens saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi. romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e
muxli, `pirdapiri wakiTxviT~, danaSaulSi amsruleblobis sam saxes gamoyofs. esenia: pirdapiri
amsrulebloba, Tanaamsrulebloba da arapirdapiri amsrulebloba. aRniSnuli muxlis SinaarsSi,
ICC-s winasasamarTlo palata, Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeze amkvidrebs arapirdapiri
(Tana)amsruleblobis (indirect (co)perpetration) instituts, Tanaamsruleblobas sxva piris meSveobiT
(co-perpetration of a crime through another person),12 rogorc amsruleblobis meoTxe, damoukidebel
formas.13 katangas (Katanga) sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis aRwera arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis farglebSi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mas `vertikaluri mimarTulebiT~ hqonda `kontroli~ miliciaze, romelic emorCileboda mis brZanebebsa da `horizontaluri mimarTulebiT~ TanamSromlobda sxva braldebulTan, CuisTan (Chui), romelic danaSaulebs
`koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT~ axorcielebda.14
92
arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis, rogorc romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis
farglebSi amsruleblobis meoTxe formiT arseboba, ar Sedioda ICC-s wesdebis Semqmnelebis
ganzraxvaSi.15 winasasamarTlo palatis mxridan Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeze misma SemoRebam dacvis mxaris uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. misi mTavari argumenti, 25(3)(a)-e
muxlSi sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT konstruqciis arseboba iyo,16 romlis Sinaarsic gamoricxavda arapirdapir (Tana)amsruleblobas. dacvis mxaris azriT, am ukanasknelis arseboba muxlSi sxva pirTan erTad da sxva piris meSveobiT konstruqciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
iyo SesaZlebeli.17
winasasamarTlo palatam romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlSi arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis
SemoRebis gadawyvetileba, sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT konstruqciaSi, `an~
elementis ori gagebis arsebobiT daasabuTa. erTi _ es aris msubuqi, inkluziuri gageba, sadac
SesaZlebelia amsrulebloba rogorc sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT da orive
formiT. meore _ es aris `Zlieri, eqskluziuri gageba~, romelsac emxroboda dacvis mxare, sadac
SesaZlebelia amsrulebloba sxva pirTan erTad, an sxva piris meSveobiT da ara orive formiT.
palatis azriT, romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxli, Tavis TavSi moicavs `an~ elementis msubuq,
inkluziur gagebas, rac niSnavs, rom arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebloba dasaSvebia mis SinaarsSi.18
arapirdapir (Tana)amsruleblobas ar gaaCnia safuZvlebi klaus roqsinis Teoriis im Tavdapirvel variantSi,19 romelic ICC-s mier iqna aRiarebuli Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s 20 da Prosecutor v.
Katanga and Chui-s21 saqmeebze. is Tavis droze aRiarebul iqna ICTY-s sasamarTlo palatis mier
Prosecutor v. Stakic-is saqmeze,22 Tumca, SemdgomSi saapelacio palatam misi uaryofa moaxdina da
sabolood, arCevani mainc JCE-ze23 SeaCera.24
II. arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis aucilebeli elementebi
arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrina dResdReobiT aqtiurad gamoiyeneba ICC-s
mimdinare saqmianobaSi, kerZod, sudanisa da keniis situaciebSi, sadac is saerTaSoriso sisxlis
samarTlis damnaSaveebze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis erT-erT mTavar
iaraRad iqca. keniaSi arsebul mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT uaxles gadawyvetilebaSi,25 winasasamarTlo palata ayalibebs aRniSnuli doqtrinis aucilebel elementebs.26 esenia:
braldebuli erT, an ramdenime pirTan erTad unda iyos saerTo gegmis an SeTanxmebis nawili;
braldebulma da sxva Tanaamsruleblebma unda ganaxorcielon koordinirebuli arsebiTi
kontribucia, mimarTuli danaSaulis materialuri elementebis realizaciisken;
braldebuls unda hqondes `organizaciaze kontroli~;
`organizaciis~ farglebSi unda arsebobdes organizebuli da ierarqiuli Zalauflebis
aparati;
danaSaulis asruleba unda iyos uzrunvelyofili braldebulis mxridan gacemuli brZanebebiT;
braldebuli unda moqmedebdes Sesabamisi danaSaulis mentaluri elementebiT;
braldebulsa da sxva Tanaamsruleblebs unda hqondeT Segnebuli da daTanxmdnen, rom saerTo
gegmis asrulebas Sedegad mohyveba danaSaulis materialuri elementebis implementacia;
braldebuls unda hqondes Segnebuli is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romelic aiZulebs mas sxva
pirebis meSveobiT danaSaulis amsruleblobaze ganaxorcielos saerTo kontroli.
aRniSnul elementebSi, ICC-s winasasamarTlo palatis mxridan kombinirebulia is aucilebeli
moTxovnebi, romlebic ICC-m Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s da Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeebze
Tanaamsruleblobisa27 da arapirdapiri amsruleblobisaTvis28 Camoayaliba.
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III. PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is saqmis mokle mimoxilva
2004 wlis 18 seqtembers, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaero) uSiSroebis sabWom gaeros qartiis me-7 Tavis farglebSi miRebuli rezoluciiT daafuZna saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo
komisia saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebebis im darRvevebis gamosakvlevad, romlebsac adgili hqonda darfurSi, sudanSi.29 komisiam 2005 wels, gaeros generalur
mdivans warudgina daskvna, sadac darfurSi omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
danaSaulebis Cadenis Sesaxeb iuwyeboda da saswrafo zomebis miRebisken mouwodebda mas. 30
aRniSnuls gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 2005 wlis 31 martis rezoluciis miReba mohyva, romliTac
is mimarTavda ICC-s mTavar prokurors31 sudanSi, konkretulad darfurSi, 2002 wlis 1 ivlisidan32 arsebul situaciasTan dakavSirebiT gamoZiebis dawyebis TxovniT.33 mimarTvas darTuli
hqonda komisiis daskvna. sudanSi Seqmnili situaciis Seswavlis Semdeg, ICC-s mTavarma prokurorma, 2005 wlis 1 ivniss, ICC-s winasasamarTlo palatas auwya darfuris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
gamoZiebis dawyebis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb.34
IV. al baSiris individualuri pasuxismgebloba darfurSi ganxorcielebuli
danaSaulebis mimarT
ICC-s prokuraturis mier Catarebuli gamoZiebiT dadginda, rom arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi,
rom omar hasan amad al baSiri (Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir) iyo pasuxismgebeli sasamarTlos
iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulebis CadenaSi, romlebsac adgili hqondaT darfurSi, 2003 wlidan 2008 wlis 14 ivlisis CaTvliT furis (Fur), masalitisa (Masalit) da zaghavas (Zaghawa) eTnikuri
jgufis wevrebis mimarT. 2008 wlis 14 ivliss, prokuraturis ofisma, romis statutis 58-e muxlis
farglebSi, mimarTa winasasamarTlo palatas al baSiris mimarT dapatimrebis orderis gacemis
TxovniT, sadac uTiTebda, rom is iyo pasuxismgebeli genocidis (me-6 (a)(b)(c)), adamianurobis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulisa (me-7(1) (a)(b)(d)(f)(g)) da omis danaSaulebis (me-8(2) (e)(i)(v))
CadenaSi.35 aRniSnulis sapasuxod, winasasamarTlo palatam 2009 wlis 4 marts, gasca dapatimrebis
orderi, sadac aRniSna, rom al baSiri pasuxismgebeli iyo romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi, rogorc arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebeli adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulsa da omis danaSaulSi. palatis umravlesobis azriT, saqmeSi ar moipoveboda sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi, rom al baSiris mxridan adgili hqonda genocidis danaSaulis Cadenas. aRniSnuli
debuleba gasaCivrebul iqna prokuroris mier saapelacio wesiT, riTac saapelacio palatam
gaauqma sasamarTlo palatis gadawyvetileba genocidis danaSaulis nawilSi da daubruna sasamarTlo palatas axali ganxilvisaTvis.36
2010 wlis 12 ivliss winasasamarTlo palatis mier gaica meore dapatimrebis orderi, sadac
aRniSnuli iyo, rom arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi, rom al baSiri iyo pasuxismgebeli, aseve, genocidis danaSaulis CadenaSic (me-6 (a)(b)(c)).37
al baSirs dResac sudanis prezidentis Tanamdeboba ukavia. ICC-s prokuraturis mxridan
xazgasmuli iyo is garemoeba, rom is uSualod ki ar Rebulobda monawileobas sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulebis CadenaSi, aramed sudanis saxelmwifo `aparatis~, misi samxedro
Zalebis, `miliciis~, maRali rangis sudaneli politikosebis meSveobiT, romis statutis 25(3) (a)-e
muxlis farglebSi, rogorc arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebeli. braldebis mxridan, saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebidan gamomdinare, arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi, rom al baSirs hqonda sruli
kontroli im pirebis mimarT, romlebic uSualod sCadiodnen danaSaulebs, anu pirdapiri amsruleblebis mimarT. ukanono qmedebebi xorcieldeboda masStaburad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, sadac
damnaSaveebis mimarT ar gatarebula sadamsjelo RonisZiebebi. al baSiri arsebiTad monawileobda saerTo gegmis implementaciaSi, romelic darfurSi mcxovreb furis, masalitisa da
94
zaghavas eTnikur jgufis wevrebze ukanono TavdasxmaSi, mkvlelobaSi, ganadgurebaSi, iZulebiT
gadaadgilebaSi, wamebasa da gaupatiurebaSi gamoixateboda.38
V. PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR-is saqmis mniSvneloba ICC-s saqmianobaSi
Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqme gamosayofia ramdenime garemoebis arsebobiT, romelic saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis farglebSi, ICC-ze dakisrebuli amocanebidan gamomdinare,39 metad
yuradsaRebia. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia is faqtori, rom ICC pirvelad axorcielebs
sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas qveynis moqmedi prezidentis mimarT. aseT SemTxvevas ICC-s iurisprudenciaSi ar gaaCnia analogi. Semdegi sayuradRebo garemoeba, es aris prokuroris mxridan
saqmis msvlelobis sxva mimarTulebiT wayvana, al baSiris braldebebze genocidis danaSaulis
damatebiT, vidre es gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos darfuris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili komisiis daskvnaSi iyo mocemuli.40 aRniSnulze dayrdnobiT, sudanis xelisufleba ar moqmedebda
`genocidis danaSaulis politikiT~ da adgili hqonda omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs. Tumca, komisia aseve, dasZenda, rom es garemoeba ar unda yofiliyo ganxiluli,
rogorc darfurSi ganxorcielebuli danaSaulebis `Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba~, imis xazgasmiT,
rom omisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebi aranakleb seriozuli xasiaTis
matarebeli iyo, vidre Tavad genocidi.41
darfuris saqmis erT-erTi mTavari gamosakveTi garemoebaa, aseve, is, rom gamoZieba xorcieldeba romis statutis arawevri saxelmwifos mimarT, ICC-s wesdebis me-13(b) muxlis mixedviT
_ gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mimarTvis safuZvelze.42
VI. ratom ar daeyrdno ICC al baSiris saqmeze romis statutSi arsebul
pasuxismgeblobebis sxva saxeebs?
Tu ratom ar daeyrdno ICC al baSiris saqmeze romis statutSi arsebuli pasuxismgeblobebis
sxva saxeebs, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, jer CamovTvaloT is pasuxismgeblobebis saSualebebi,
romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebeli iyo arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis adgilze.
esenia: JCE, romis statutis 25(3) (a)-e (mxolod Tanaamsruleblobis doqtriniT), 25(3) (b)(d)-e da
28 (b)-e muxlebi.
JCE-s doqtrinis gamoyenebadobasTan mimarTebaSi pasuxi martivia. is adreul etapze ICC-s
mier Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s saqmeze iqna uaryofili.43 miT ufro, rom Tavis droze ICTY-s mier
SemuSavebuli JCE da arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebloba gansxvavebul aucilebel elementebs
saWiroeben.44 rac Seexeba romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis farglebSi Tanaamsruleblobis
doqtrinis gamoyenebas, al baSiris Tanamdebobidan, Tanaamsruleblobis doqtrinis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, romelic sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas `horizontaluri mimarTulebiT~
aviTarebs, braldebebis mtkicebis procesSi ver iqneboda produqtiuli.45 aseve, martivi pasuxi
arsebobs romis statutis 25(3)(b)-e muxlTan mimarTebaSi,46 romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi ar Seicaven danaSaulis amsruleblobaze `kontrolis~ elementebs47 da romlis
gamoyenebac SeuZlebelia amsruleblobasTan kavSirSi.48 rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, al baSirs
hqonda sruli kontroli im pirebis mimarT, romlebic uSualod axorcielebdnen danaSaulebs,
anu pirdapiri amsruleblebis mimarT. romis statutis 25(3)(d)-e muxli,49 romelic miCneulia,
rogorc JCE-s monaTesave forma,50 damatebiTi xasiaTis matarebelia,51 rac mis gamoyenebas gamoricxavs.
aseve, arsebobs meoTxe alternativac, romelic safuZvels ar aris moklebuli. es aris, al
baSiris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaSi micema romis statutis 28(b)-e muxlis farglebSi, rogorc samoqalaqo meTaurze, sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisaTvis,
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romelic Caidines misi efeqtiani Zalauflebis an kontrolis qveS, imis Sedegad, rom es piri
aRniSnul xelqveTebs ver uwevda saTanado kontrols.52 iuridiul literaturaSi es mosazreba
mxardaWerilia im argumentiT, rom `kontrolis~ elementis arseboba, romelsac iTxovs Tavis
TavSi Teoria `amsrulebeli amsruleblis ukan~, gaupatiurebasTan mimarTebaSi, rTulad dasamtkicebelia.53 meTauris pasuxismgeblobis farglebSi, prokuraturam unda amtkicos mxolod al
baSiris umoqmedoba, `organizaciaze~ misi efeqtiani Zalauflebisa da kontrolis meSveobiT.
al baSiris Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba ufro gaaiolebs am process. misi mtkiceba sajarod,
rom darfurSi adgili ar hqonda gaupatiurebebs, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes karg samxilad,
rom man ver moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma, raTa Tavidan aecileblina an
aRekveTa danaSaulTa Cadena.54
Tumca, mTavari argumenti, romelic gamoricxavs meTauris pasuxismgeblobis gamoyenebas
Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmeze, es aris romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlis upiratesoba 28-e muxlis
mimarT, romelic xazgasmul iqna ICC-s mxridan Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo-s saqmeze.55
saqmeSi mopovebuli mtkicebulebebidan gamomdinare, rodesac arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom
adgili hqonda rogorc `aqtiur amsruleblobas~, ise meTauris pasuxismgeblobas, upiratesoba
pirvels eniWeba.56
daskvna
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ukve SesaZlebelia statiis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacema da arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.
is, Tu ra Sinaarsi devs arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis pasuxismgeblobaSi, masSi Tanaamsruleblobisa da arapirdapiri amsruleblobis doqtrinebis gaerTianebidan da misTvis wayenebuli aucilebeli elementebidan gamomdinare,57 martivad gasagebia. axali `hibriduli doqtrina~
saWiroebs Tavisebur midgomas.58 es aris `horizontaluri~ da `vertikaluri~ pasuxismgeblobis
saSualebebis, amsruleblobis orive saxis cnebaTa erToblioba, sadac arsebiTad aucilebelia
orive doqtrinis elementebis mtkiceba. es ki, arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtriniT
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi monawileebze pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis
garkveul problematurobaze miuTiTebs.59
miuxedavad amisa, arapirdapiri (Tana)amsrulebloba Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-is saqmeze, adekvaturi
pasuxismgeblobis saSualebad unda miviCnioT, romelic saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalis
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.60 Tu ratom iyenebs ICC mas da ara pasuxismgeblobis sxva saxes, es ukve
zemoT davasabuTeT.61 Tumca, xazgasasmelia mTavari faqtori _ arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobiT, al baSiri miiRebs sasjelis ufro maRal zomas, vidre pasuxismgeblobis sxva saSualebebiT da is xdeba personalurad pasuxismgebeli qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli danaSaulebisaTvis.62
aRniSnulis gamoyenebiT, is gaxdeba warmatebuli, xSirad gamoyenebadi doqtrina `cnobili~ damnaSaveebis mimarT.
ICC-s mxridan Tanaamsruleblobisa da arapirdapiri amsruleblobis gaerTianeba da erTi
saerTo saxiT Camoyalibeba, mimarTulia inovaciuri doqtrinis Seqmnisaken, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis Teoriebisa da precedentebis ganviTarebisaken.63 Tu rogor adgils daikavebs is
ICC-s iurisprudenciaSi, jer rTuli saTqmelia. Tumca, prokuraturis mxridan misi gamoyenebis
done SegviZlia SevadaroT Tavis droze ICTY-s mier JCE-s damkvidrebis periods, romelic aqtiur
rols asrulebda jer ICTY-s saqmianobaSi da Semdeg sxva tribunalebis iurisprudenciaSi.64
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Indirect (Co)Perpetration Doctrine in International Criminal Law.
naSromi Sesrulebulia kiolnis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze
(germaniis akademiuri gacvlis samsaxuris (DAAD) stipendiis farglebSi).
ICC-ze da romis statutze dawvrilebiT ix.: merab turava, sisxlis
samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, `bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2005.
CveulebiTi samarTlis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: merab turava,
danaSaulis moZRvreba, `meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 129, 134, 145-146,
339, 430; aseve, ix.: Alexander Zahar and Göran Sluiter – International Criminal Law,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008, gv. 17.
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis cnebaze da mis arsze dawvrilebiT ix:
Claus kreß – International Criminal Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International
Law, xelmisawvdomia http://www.mpepil.com.
Sead. George P. Fletcher – New Court, Old Dogmatik, 9 Journal of International Criminal
Justice (JICJ), 2011, gv. 179.
Tu ra gza ganvlo saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalma dRemde dawvrilebiT
ix.: Claus Kreß – Versailles-Nuremberg-The Hague: Germany and International Criminal
Law, 40 The International Lawyer, 2006, gv. 15-39; ix. aseve: M. Cherif Bassiouni – The
Making International Criminal Court wignSi M. Cherif Bassiouni – International Criminal
Law, Vol. III, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 3rd. ed., 2008, gv. 117-132.
sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebis praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT
dawvrilebiT ix.: Roberto Bellelli (ed.) – International Criminal Justice, Ashgate, Farnham,
Repr., 2011, Tavi I – nawili meore, Tavi I I , Tavi I I I _ nawili meore.
ix.: Kai Ambos – Command Responsibility and Organisationsherrschaft: Ways of Attributing
International Crimes to the ‘Most Responsible’ wignSi Andre Nollkaemper and Harmen van
der Wilt (ed.) – System Criminality in International Law, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 2009, gv. 128.
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi individualuri pasuxismgeblobis
dakisrebis sirTulesTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Gideon Boas – The
Difficulty with Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law wignSi
Carsten Stahn & Larissa van den Herik (ed.) – Future Perspectives on International
Criminal Justice, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, gv. 501-519.
ix.: Bert Swart – Modes of International Criminal Liability wignSi Antonio Cassese (ed.) – The
Oxford Companion to International Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, gv. 82.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges (ICC-01/04-01/07), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 30 September 2008 (Prosecutor v.
Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges), par. 487-dan.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application
for a Warrant of Arrest (ICC-01/05-01/09), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 4 March 2009, (Prosecutor
v. Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest), par. 210,
sadac winasasamarTlo palata amsruleblobis saxeebSi arapirdapir
(Tana)amsruleblobas damoukidebeli saxiT moixseniebs, rogorc
amsruleblobis meoTxe formas romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxlSi.
Sead. Jens David Ohlin – Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical and Horizontal
Modes of Liability, 25 Leiden Journal of International law (LJIL), 2012, gv. 778; aseve, ix.:
Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 540-dan.
Sead. Elies Van Sliedregt – Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal
Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, gv. 168.
ix.: romis statutis 25(3)(a)-e muxli: 3. sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi
Semavali danaSaulis Camden pirs, winamdebare wesdebis Sesabamisad,
ekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da isjeba, Tu es piri: (a)
Caidens danaSauls piradad, sxva pirTan erTad an sxva piris meSveobiT.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 490.
ix.: iqve, par. 491.
klaus roqsinis TeoriebTan mimarTebaSi ix.: Claus Roxin – Crimes as Part of
Orginized Power Structures, 9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 193-205; Tu rogor iqna is germaniis
federaluri sasamarTlos (Bundesgerichtshof) mier aRiarebuli ix.: Thomas Weigend –
Perpetration through an Organization, The Unexpected Career of a German Legal Concept,
9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 94-99; Tu rogor aris is daregulirebuli germanul
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21
22
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24
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sisxlis samarTalSi ix.: Neha Jain – The Control Theory of Perpetration in International
Criminal Law, 12 Chicago Journal of International Law, 2011, gv. 157-176; ICTY-sa da ICCSi ix.: iqve, gv. 177-185; aseve, ix.: Harmen G. van der Wilt – The Continuous Quest for
Proper Modes of Criminal Responsibility, 7 JICJ, 2009, gv. 307-314.
Prosecutor v. Lubanga-s saqmeze ICC amkvidrebs qmedebaze funqciuri batonobis
(functional control over the act (ing.); Funktionelle Tatherrschaft (germ.)) germanul
doqtrinas, romelic dafuZnebulia qmedebaze batonobis doqtrinaze
(domination of the act (ing.) an control of the act (ing.); Tatherrschaft (germ.)) da
emsaxureba amsruleblobasa da Tanamonawileobas Soris argumentirebuli
mijnis gavlebis mizans _ ix.: Prosecutor Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Decision on the
Confirmation of Charges (ICC-01/04-01/06), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 29 January 2007, par. 320
(Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges), par. 317-dan; Prosecutor
v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute (ICC-01/04-01/06),
Trial Chamber I, 14 March 2012, par. 918-dan; aseve, ix.: merab turava,
danaSaulis moZRvreba, `meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 6 (par. 9), 239-240; Kai
Ambos – The First Confirmation Decision of the International Criminal Court: Prosecutor v.
Thomas Lubanga Dyilo – Kostsalis, Courakis Mylonopiulos (ed.), Essays in honour of
Agryrios Karras, Athen, 2010, gv. 998-999.
Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui-s saqmeze ICC ayalibebs klaus roqsinis mier
SemuSavebul doqtrinas, `amsrulebeli amsruleblis ukan~ (perpetrator behind
perpetrator (ing.), Täter hinter dem Täter (germ.)), sadac individualuri
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba pirdapir amsrulebels
danaSaulis subieqturi da obieqturi elementebis asrulebisaTvis da
arapirdapir amsrulebelze _ danaSaulze kontrolisaTvis, pirdapiri
amsruleblis nebaze kontrolis meSveobiT. romis statutis farglebSi
adgils ikavebs `organizaciaze kontrolis~ (control over the an organization
(ing); Organisationsherrschaft (germ.)) cneba, sadac `amsrulebeli amsruleblis
ukan~ danaSauls sCadis organizaciaze kontrolis meSveobiT _ ix.: Prosecutor
v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 496-497; aseve, ix.:
Claus Roxin _ Crimes as Part of Orginized Power Structures, 9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 193-205;
Thomas Weigend – Perpetration through an Organization, The Unexpected Career of a
German Legal Concept, 9 JICJ, 2011, gv. 91-111; Kai Ambos – Individual Criminal
Responsibility (Article 25) wignSi Otto Triffterer (ed.) – Commentary on the Rome Statute of
the International Criminal Court, C.H.Beck.hart.Nomos., München, 2nd ed., 2008, gv. 750-752.
ICTY-s sasamarTlo palata, arapirdapiri (Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinis
Camoyalibebas cdilobda, rogorc JCE-s alternatiuli variantisas _ ix.:
Prosecutor v. Stakic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-97-24-T), Trial Chamber, 31 July 2003, par. 439,
741; Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 506.
JCE-s doqtrinasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: giorgi dgebuaZe,
kriminaluri miznobrivi dajgufebis _ Joint Criminal Enterprise doqtrinis
Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis aucilebloba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi,
Jur. `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~ 1(28), 2011, gv. 101-110.
ICTY-s saapelacio palatis argumenti, riTac is uaryofda arapirdapiri
(Tana)amsruleblobis doqtrinas, mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRniSnuli
pasuxismgeblobis saSualeba, gansxvavebiT JCE-sagan, ar warmoadgenda
saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlisa da ICTY-s iurisprudenciis nawils _
dawvrilebiT ix.: Prosecutor v. Stakic, Judgement (ICTY-IT-97-24-A), Appeal Chamber,
22 March 2006, par. 62; Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of
Charges, par. 508; aseve, ix.: merab turava, danaSaulis moZRvreba,
`meridiani~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 57, par. 98.
keniis respublikis situaciasTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Decision
Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the
Situation in the Republic of Kenya, (ICC-01/09), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 31 March 2010;
aseve, ix.: Claus Kreß – On the Outer Limits of Crimes against Humanity: The Concept of
Organization within the Policy Requirement: Some Reflections on the Martch 2010 ICC
Kenya Decision, 23 LJIL, 2010, gv. 855-873.
ix.: Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang,
Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto,
Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (ICC-01/09-01/11), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 8
March 2011, par. 40.
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29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ix.: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 343-348.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Katanga and Chui, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 500-518.
ix.: United Nations (UN) Security Council (SC) Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004,
xelmisawvdomia http://www.un.org/en/.
ix.: Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the UN Secretary
General (Pursuant to SC Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004), xelmisawvdomia
http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf (nanaxia 07.07.2012).
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo konkretul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda romis
statutis me-13(b) muxlis farglebSi.
aRniSnuli periodi xazgasmulia, vinaidan ICC-s sisxlissamarTlebrivi
devnis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia mxolod im danaSaulebze, romlebsac
adgili hqonda 2002 wlis 1 ivlisidan, anu romis statutis ZalaSi Sesvlis
periodidan.
ix.: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593, 31 March 2005, xelmisawvdomia
http://www.un.org/en/.
ICC-s mTavari prokurori konkretul SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda romis
statutis 53-e muxlisa da procedurisa da mtkicebis wesebis 103-e wesis
farglebSi _ ix.: Decision to Open Investigation, xelmisawvdomia http://www.icc-cpi. int/
iccdocs/doc/doc251671.PDF (nanaxia 07.07.2012); darfuris saqmesTan dakavSrebiT
aseve, ix.: Press Release, The Office of the ICC Opens Investigation in Darfur, 06 June 2006,
ICC-OTP-0606-104-En. xelmisawvdomia http://www.icc-cpi.int/; Prosecutor v. Al Bashir,
Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest, par. 1-dan.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Public Redacted Version of the Prosecutor’s Application under
Article 58 filed on 14 July 2008 (ICC-02/05), 12 Septembr 2008, Annex A.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, Second Decision on the Prosecution’s
Application for a Warrant of Arrest (ICC-02/05-01/09), Pre-Trial Chamber I, 12 July 2010
(Prosecutor v. Second Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest),
gv. 4-dan; Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-s saqmeze genocidis danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi
ix. Claus Kreß – The crime of Genocide and Contextual Elements. A Commentary on the
Pre-Trial Chamber’s Decision in the Al Bashir Case, 7 JICJ, 2009, gv. 297-306.
ix.: iqve, gv. 5-dan.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Al Bashir, Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of
Arrest, par. 209-dan; Prosecutor v. Second Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a
Warrant of Arrest; al baSiris saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On
the Application of a Theory of Indirect Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 853-869.
ICC-ze miwerili `mudmivmoqmedi sasamarTlos~ statusi misi precendentebis
mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT
ix.: merab turava, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, `bona
kauza~, Tbilisi, 2005.
Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect
Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 854-dan.
ix.: Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the UN Secretary
General (Pursuant to SC Resolution 1564, 18 September 2004), gv. 4, xelmisawvdomia
http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_ darfur.pdf (nanaxia 12.07.2012).
Sead: Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect
Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 854; Prosecutor v. Al Bashir-s saqmis
mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. aseve: Theresa Giamanco – The Perpetrator
Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Prosecution Against Omar AlBashir, 25 Temple International and Comparative Law Journal (TICLJ), 2011, gv. 217-dan.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 322-341.
JCE iTxovs saerTo gegmis arsebobas, xolo Tanaamsruleblobis doqtrina
`kontrolisas~. Tumca, orive maTgani damokidebulia danaSaulebze,
romlebic xorcieldeba fizikurad sxva pirebis mier _ dawvrilebiT ix.
Elies Van Sliedregt – Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2012, gv. 170-171.
Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect
Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 865.
ix.: romis statutis 25(3) (b)-e muxli: 3. sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi
Semavali danaSaulis Camden pirs, winamdebare wesdebis Sesabamisad,
ekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da isjeba, Tu es piri:
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49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
kanoni
(b) uxelmZRvanelebs, waaqezebs, an xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli danaSaulis
Cadenas, Tu es danaSauli Cadenilia an iyo misi Cadenis mcdeloba.
romis statutis 25(3)(b)-e muxlTan mimarTebaSi dawvrilebiT ix.: William A.
Schabas – The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2010, gv. 430-dan.
Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect
Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 865.
ix.: romis statutis 25(3) (d)-e muxli: 3. sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi
Semavali danaSaulis Camden pirs, winamdebare wesdebis Sesabamisad,
ekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da isjeba, Tu es piri: (d)
nebismieri sxva saxiT xels uwyobs saerTo mizniT moqmed pirTa jgufis
mier danaSaulis Cadenas an Cadenis mcdelobas. aseTi xelSewyoba unda
xdebodes ganzrax, anda (i) miznad isaxavdes jgufis danaSaulebrivi miznis
ganxorcielebas an danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis gagrZelebas, Tu aseTi
mizani an saqmianoba moicavs sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali
danaSaulis Cadenas; an (ii) xorcieldebodes imis winaswari SegnebiT, rom
jgufi miznad isaxavs danaSaulis Cadenas.
ix.: Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect
Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 865; JCE-s da 25(3) (d) muxlTan
mimarTebaSi ix.: Thomas Weigend – Intent, Mistake of Law, and Co-perpetration in the
Lubanga Decision on Confirmation of Charges, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 477-478.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Lubanga, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, par. 334-33; ix.
aseve: William A. Schabas – The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome
Statute, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, gv. 436-437.
ix.: romis statutis 28(b)-e muxli.
ix.: Theresa Giamanco – The Perpetrator Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the
Theory of Prosecution Against Omar Al-Bashir, 25 TICLJ, 2011, gv. 239; 242-243.
ix.: iqve, gv. 234; aseve, ix.: romis statutis 28(b)(iii)-e muxli.
ix.: Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Decision Pursuant to Atricle 61(7)(a) and (b) of
the Rome Statute on the Charges (ICC-01/05-01/08), Pre-Trial Chamber II, 15 June 2009,
par. 342.
ix. William A. Schabas – The International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome
Statute, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, gv. 458.
ix.: Tavi I I , I I I .
Sead. Jens David Ohlin – Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical and
Horizontal Modes of Liability, 25 LJIL, 2012, gv. 784.
Sead. Elies Van Sliedregt – Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law,
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012, gv. 169.
Sead. Florian Jessberger and Julia Geneuss – On the Application of a Theory of Indirect
Perpetration in Al Bashir, 6 JICJ, 2008, gv. 866.
ix.: Tavi V I I .
Sead. Theresa Giamanco – The Perpetrator Behind the Perpetrator: A Critical Analysis of the
Theory of Prosecution Against Omar Al-Bashir, 25 TICLJ, 2011, gv. 242-243.
ICC-ze miweril gamowvevebTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT ix.: Fatou Bensouda
– Challenges Related to Investigation and Prosecution at the International Criminal Court
wignSi Roberto Bellelli (ed.) – International Criminal Justice, Ashgate, Farnham, Repr., 2011,
gv. 131-142.
Sead. Jens David Ohlin – Second-Order Linking Principles: Combining Vertical and
Horizontal Modes of Liability, 25 LJIL, 2012, gv. 784.
100
INDIRECT (CO)PERPETRATION
DOCTRINE IN INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL LAW 1
(ANALYSES OF THE CASE
PROSECUTOR V. AL BASHIR )
GIORGI DGEBUADZE
PHD Georgian University
At the beginning of XXI Century, international community was alarmed by
the horrible crimes taking place in Africa, Uganda, in the Democratic Republic of
Congo, in the Central Republic of Africa, in Kenya, Libya, Sudan and Cote d’Ivoire.
National justice systems, in all above-listed countries, was unable to carry out
proper measures against the criminal situation within the country, respond the
committed crimes and impose criminal liability. Accordingly, International
Criminal Court was notified regarding the mentioned “occurrings”. Taking proper
and timely criminal proceedings and measures – this was the very reason for
establishing International Criminal Court. ICC has a lot of challenges. Entire
international community is awaiting how will ICC resolve the problems and what
type of case law it will establish. Baring all this in mind, in order to take effective
measures, ICC introduces new forms of the criminal liability, among those,
important one is the doctrine of indirect co-perpetration. It will be interesting to
observe its application on Prosecutor v. al Bashir case, where it is applied and
used as a main tool against the President of Sudan to carry out criminal prosecution
against him.2
1
2
Indirect (Co)Perpetration Doctrine in International Criminal Law.
The work is prepared within the scholarship in Cologne University; Law Faculty (DAAD)
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sicocxlis uflebis
absoluturi dacva da
TviTmkvlelobis
problematika
germanuli sisxlis
samarTlis mixedviT
baCana jiSkariani
L.L.M. (München), miunxenis universitetis sisxlis samarTlis,
sisxlis samarTlis procesis, saerTaSoriso da evropuli
sisxlis samarTlisa da ekonomikuri sisxlis samarTlis
kaTedris doqtoranti, fridrix naumanis saxelobis fondis
stipendiati
Sesavali
sicoxlis uflebis dacva nebismieri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis prioritetuli sferoa da sisxlis samarTali erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, Tu ara yvelaze qmediTi meqanizmia am mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobac ar ganekuTvneba gamonakliss da sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili swored adamianis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebiT iwyeba. Sesabamisad, qarTul
iuridiul literaturaSi bevri ram iTqva am danaSaulebTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi diskusiebi garkveulwilad
zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs da ama Tu im sakiTxs naklebad
kompleqsurad udgeba.
statiis mizania germaniis magaliTze mimoxilul iqnes sicocxlis uflebis dacvasa da amave konteqstSi TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli iuridul literaturaSi Tu sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi arsebuli mosazrebebi. mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, miuxedavad am Tematikis mravaljeradi gadamuSavebisa, Ria da sadavo rCeba da maTi mimoxilva sxva saxelmwifos magaliTze imedia
xels Seuwyobs qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi Tu sasamarTlo
praqtikaSi diskusiebs.
102
1. sicocxlis uflebis absoluturi dacva
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-16 Tavi _ §§ 211-222 _ adamianis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs exeba da moicavs iseT deliqtebs rogorebicaa mkvleloba, mkvleloba
damamZimebel garemoebebSi, sicocxlis mospoba gaufrTxileblobiT da ase Semdeg.1
germaniis konstituciis meore muxlis meore nawilic sicocxlis dacvis Temas exeba, kerZod,
iq miTiTebulia naTlad, rom nebismier adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba. germaniis federaluri
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, es muxli adamianis sicocxlis fundamenturi uflebis
gamoxatulebaa2 da am uflebas konstituciursamarTlebrivi wesrigis farglebSi umaRlesi Rirebuleba gaaCnia.3 swored am midgomidan gamomdinare, Camoyalibda germanul samarTalSi sicocxlis uflebis absoluturi dacvis cneba. adamianis sicocxle xelSeuxebelia, miuxedavad am
pirovnebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa, asakisa, sicocxlisunarianobisa Tu mis mimarT sxva
kuTxiT gakeTebuli Sefasebisa.4 umZimesi fizikuri Tu sulieri defeqtebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, sicocxlis Sefaseba an/da amis safuZvelze misi mospoba dauSvebelia, risi gamoxatulebac aris Tundac evTanaziis Semadgenloba, romelic zRudavs TviT am sicocxlis uflebis matarebel pirs.5 amasTan, sainteresoa, imis garkveva, Tu ra momentidan iwyeba am fundamenturi uflebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva?
2. sicocxlis uflebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis dasawyisi
sicocxlis uflebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvisaTvis gadamwyvetia dabadebis procesis
dawyeba.6 am sakiTxze, germaniis federalurma uzenaesma (manamde, saimperio uzenaesma sasamarTlom) sasamarTlom Camoayaliba pozicia, sadac ganmarta, Tu ra momentidan iwyeba adamianis
sicocxle da misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, es dacva iwyeba
maSin, rodesac dedas ewyeba tkivilebi da misi sxeuli cdilobs, dabados nayofi.7 maSasadame,
vinmes sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micema adamianis mkvlelobisaTvis SesaZlebelia swored im tkivilebis dawyebis momentidan, romelic uSualod win uZRvis dabadebas.8 adamianis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis gavrceleba ukve tkivilebis dawyebis momentze da dabadebis procesze gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom es aris bavSvis sicocxlisaTvis mometebuli safrTxis stadia.9 Tumca, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi avtorebis mier gamoiTqmeba sxva mosazrebebic,
romlebic Tvlian, rom adamianis sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva unda iwyebodes mxolod dabadebis dasrulebis momentidan.10 am mosazrebis gabatonebis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis samarTali SesabamisobaSi movidoda germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsTanac. kerZod, am kodeqsis pirveli
paragrafiT adamianis uflebaunarianoba iwyeba misi dabadebis damTavrebis momentidan.11 kritikosTa mosazrebiT, xdeba nayofis, romelic jer kidev, ar dabadebula da amis mxolod procesia
dawyebuli, xelovnurad adamianad gamocxadeba da misi rogorc adamianis ise dacva, maSin roca
SesaZlebeli iqneboda calke SemadgenlobiT misi, anu nayofis dacva.12 Tumca, rogorc ukve zemoT
aRiniSna, literaturaSi gabatonebuli mosazreba da sasamarTlo praqtika,13 dawyebis droze
akeTeben aqcents da am sakiTxSi samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTali erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian.
sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba dabadebis dawyebis cnebis gagebisaTvis, bunebrivia, eyrdnoba
medicinas. samedicino TvalsazrisiT, normaluri dabadebis procesi iwyeba mokle intervalebiT
mimdinare tkivilebiT, ris Sedegadac xdeba saSvilosnos yelis gafarToeba. amas mosdevs dedis
sxeulis mxridan tkivilebis fonze Sida presi da bavSvis sxeulidan gamosvla. es tkivilebi
warmoSobilia bunebrivad Tu medikamentebis saSualebiT, sisxlis samarTlisaTvis ar aris relevanturi.14
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medicinaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben tkivilis sxvadasxva saxeebs im fazis mixedviT, Tu
romelSi imyofeba orsuli qali. es gansxvaveba sisxlis samarTlisTvisac Zalian mniSvnelovania.
kerZod, erTmaneTisgan unda gamoiyos dabadebamde arsebuli tkivilebi _ isini damaxasiaTebelia
orsulobis bolo dReebisaTvis da SeiZleba grZeldebodes mSobiarobis dawyebis momentamde,
uSualod mSobiarobis dawyebis tkivilebi _ anu rodesac iwyeba saSvilosnos yelis gafarToeba
da tkivilebi, romelic Tan axlavs press da romelic saWiroa bavSvis dedis sxeulidan gamoyofisaTvis. adamianis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva iwyeba mxolod mSobiarobis dawyebis tkivilebis etapidan da ara manamde.15 rac Seexeba sakeisro kveTas da am gziT bavSvis dabadebas, misi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva, rogorc adamianis, iwyeba saSvilosnos gaxsnis da ara muclis gaWris an narkozis Seyvanis momentidan.16 Tumca, arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, romliTac
sasurveli iqneboda adamianis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis muclis gakveTisTanave dawyeba da
ara mxolod saSvilosnos gaxsnisas, vinaidan muclis gakveTa aris pirveli nabiji operaciis gziT
bavSvis dabadebisa.17 gabatonebuli mosazreba ki, im arguments eyrdnoba, rom muclis gakveTa
SeiZleba sxva miznebiTac xdebodes da masze adamianis konteqstSi samarTlebrivi dacvis
gavrceleba orazrovnebas gamoiwvevda.18
zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinareobs, rom mSobiarobis tkivilebis dawyebamde Cadenil deliqtebze vrceldeba mxolod da mxolod germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §§ 218-219b. isini exebian
abortis problematikas da mas garkveuli winapirobebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi dasjadad
acxadeben. maTi dacvis obieqtia nayofi, vidre is sisxlissamarTlebrivi gagebiT gaxdeba adamiani
(mSobiarobis tkivilebis etapidan). magaliTad, pirma mkvlelobis ganzraxviT daWra mSobiare qali,
Tumca, is eqimis swrafi Carevis Sedegad gadarCa, magram sakeisro kveTis safuZvelze amoyvanili
bavSvi ramdenime dRis Semdeg gardaicvala, radgan dedisaTvis miyenebulma Wrilobebma gamoiwvies
misTvis sisxlis miwodebis procesis moSla mucladyofnis periodSi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, dedis
mimarT Cadenili qmedebis gamo, damnaSave pasuxs agebs mkvlelobis mcdelobis gamo damamZimebel
garemoebebSi (§211, 22) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianebasTan erTianobaSi (§224). rac Seexeba
adre dabadebuli bavSvis daRupvas, damnaSavis mxridan Cadenili qmedeba ganxorcielda mSobiarobis
dawyebamde periodSi, Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivad ziani miadga ara adamians, aramed nayofs,
amitomac bavSvTan mimarTebaSi dadgeba mxolod germaniis ssk-is 218-e paragrafiT pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi _ orsulobis moSla.19 mkvlelobis Semadgenlobebis (§§212, 211) gamoyeneba dauSvebelia,
radgan isini icaven adamianis sicocxles da ara nayofs.20
aseve, sainteresoa imis garkveva, dadgeba Tu ara dedis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, Tu misi
moqmedebis Sedegad (magaliTad, eqimis rCevis miuxedavad, igi misdevs sports) mas muceli
moeSleba da nayofi daiRupeba? am kiTxvas germanuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsidan gamomdinare,
uaryofiTi pasuxi unda gaeces. SesaZlebelia gvefiqra pasuxismgeblobaze sicocxlis gaufrTxileblobiT mospobis gamo (§ 222), magram aRniSnuli Semadgenloba isev da isev saubrobs adamianze
da ara jer kidev, ardabadebul sicoxleze. Sesabamisad, momaval dedas ver miscemen pasuxisgebaSi
gaufrTxileblobiT sicocxlis mospobis gamo. misi gaufrTxileblobiT daiRupa nayofi da ara
adamiani. aseve, SeiZleba gvefiqra orsulobis Sewyvetaze (§ 218), magram am paragrafis meoTxe
nawilSi pirdapir aris Cawerili, rom orsuli qalis dasja gaufrTxileblobis gamo dauSvebelia.21 marTalia, zogadad, gaufrTxileblobiT orsulobis Sewyveta dasjadia, magram kanonmdebelma orsul qalze dauSva gamonaklisi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas mouwevda nebismieri riskTan
dakavSirebuli qmedebis Sewyveta orsulobis periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac misi uflebebis araproporciuli SezRudva iqneboda.22
maSasadame, mkvlelobisa da orsulobis Sewyvetis Semadgenlobebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebisTvis mTavaria yuradReba mieqces samarTlebrivi sikeTis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebis Cade104
nis da ara Sedegis dadgomis dros.23 Tu magaliTad, Careva ganxorcielda mSobiarobis dawyebamde
orsulobis Sewyvetis mizniT da amis Sedegad daibada sicocxlisuunaro bavSvi, romelic mcire
xanSi gardaicvala, piri pasuxisgebaSi miecema germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e paragrafiT orsulobis Sewyvetis gamo da ara adamianis mkvlelobisaTvis, xolo Tu abortis
warumatebeli mcdelobisas bavSvi daibadeba (ara aqvs mniSvneloba is xangrZlivad sicocxlisunariania Tu ara) da mis sicoxles Sewyveten amis Semdeg, es dakvalificirdeba ukve mkvlelobad,
vinaidan sicocxlis momspobi qmedeba Cadenil iqna adamianis mimarT.24
imisaTvis, rom dabadebis Semdgom bavSvis mimarT Cadenili qmedeba dakvalificirdes mkvlelobad, saWiroa rom is daibados cocxali, xolo Tu rodis iTvleba bavSvi cocxlad dabadebulad, amaSi germanuli samarTali eyrdnoba msoflio jandacvis organizaciis mier Camoyalibebul
midgomas. kerZod, fetusi sul mcire, 500 grams unda iwonides da dedis sxeulidan gamoyofis
Semdeg misi guli unda cemdes, is unda sunTqavdes an misi Wiplari unda pulsirebdes. xolo
mkvdradSobilad iTvleba bavSvi, romelic orsulobis ganmavlobaSi an mSobiarobisas mokvdeba
da 500 gramze mets iwonis. aseve, calke gamoyofen naadrev mSobiarobas. naadrevad dabadebulad
iTvleba bavSvi, romelic sul mcire 3 kviriT adre an orsulobis 38-e kviramde adre daibadeba,
wonas ki, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvs.25
Tu axalSobili bavSi Seesabameba cocxlad dabadebulis zemoT motanil kriteriumebs, maSin
is moiazreba mkvlelobis obieqtad da eqceva Sesabamisi paragrafebis dacvis qveS (§211 da
Semdegi). es exeba Tundac iseT bavSvs, romelsac Tandayolili defeqtis gamo ara aqvs xangrZlivad cxovrebis Sansi.26 mTavaria, is cocxalia dabadebis procesSi.
3. adamianis sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis dasasruli
adamianis sicocxlis, rogorc absoluturi samarTlebrivi sikeTis, sisxlissamarTlebrivi
dacva iwyeba misi dabadebis momentidan, Tumca amavdroulad mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu
rodis mTavrdeba es dacva.27
sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva wydeba adamianis gardacvalebiT,28 magram germaniis
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi aranair miTiTebas ar Seicavs, Tu ra momentidan iTvleba adamiani
gardacvlilad.29 adre iurisprudencia samedicino midgomas eyrdnoboda da gardacvalebis aTvla iwyeboda klinikuri sikvdilis momentidan (sunTqvisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis Sewyveta),30
Tumca, medicinis ganviTarebis procesidan gamomdinare – amaSi igulisxmeba gansakuTrebiT
xelovnurad sunTqvisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis gaxangrZlivebis SesaZlebloba aparatebis meSveobiT _ klinikuri sikvdili ukve samarTlebrivad ver CaiTvleboda gardacvalebis definiciisaTvis sakmarisad, amitomac aqcenti gadatanil iqna e.w. tvinis gardacvalebaze, 31 kerZod,
mTliani tvinis muSaobis da ara mis nawilobriv SeCerebaze.32 tvinis muSaobis SeCerebaze aqcentis
gadataniT gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom transplantaciis procesi gamartivdes. arcTu iSviaTad aris
SemTxvevebi, rom rodesac adamiani magaliTad, avtoavariis Sedegad iRupeba, mis sunTqvasa da
sisxlis mimoqcevas axangrZliveben xelovnurad, raTa garkveuli organoebi gamosadegi iyos
gadanergvisaTvis. adre arsebuli definiciis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqimi gamorTavda
xelovnuri sunTqvis aparats, maSin garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, dadgeboda
misi umoqmedobiT Cadenili mkvlelobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, radgan is piri Zveli
definiciiT jer kidev, ver CaiTvleboda gardacvlilad (is xelovnurad, magram mainc sunTqavda
da sisxlis mimoqcevac xorcieldeboda).33 dRes arsebuli midgomiT ki, msgavs SemTxvevaSi,
saerTod ar arsebobs mkvlelobis obieqti, adamiani. tvinis gaCerebasTan erTad is ukve gardacvlilia da xelovnuri sunTqva amaSi arafers ar cvlis.
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adamianis tvinis muSaobis SeCerebis Sedegad adamiani, rogorc pirovneba da individi, wyvets
arsebobas da sisxlis mimoqcevis an sunTqvis SeCerebisagan gansxvavebiT, am procesis aRdgena
gamoricxulia.34 adamianis pirovnebis ganmsazRvreli erTaderTi organo aris misi tvini da ara
sxva ram, amitomac sisxlis samarTali sikvdilis definiciis amosaval wertilad swored mas
miiCnevs.35 sisxlis samarTlis mecniereba, marTalia, iTvaliswinebs medicinis miRwevebs da eyrdnoba mas sikvdilis momentis gansazRvrisas, magram am cnebis samarTlebrivi gageba ar Semoifargleba mxolod mediciniT, aramed saqme exeba gardacvalebis normatiul samedicino Sefasebas da
ara samedicino simptomebis brmad gadmoRebas.36
marTalia, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, garkveulia, rom adamianis sicocxlis dacvis Sewyveta iwyeba gardacvalebidan, anu tvinis muSaobis SeCerebis momentidan, magram Tu rogor xdeba
tvinis muSaobis SeCerebis gansazRvra, es ukve samedicino sakiTxia da masTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. sikvdilis momentis gansazRvra yovelTvis damokidebuli iqneba
medicinis miRwevebze da meTodebis cvalebadoba sruliad mosalodneli procesia. aqedan gamomdinare, transplantaciis Sesaxeb kanonSi germanelma kanonmdebelma (§3 naw. 2) daadgina, rom organoebis transplantaciisaTvis amoReba gardacvlili adamianisaTvis dasaSvebia misi tvinis
sikvdilis dadgenis Semdeg, magram am momentis gansazRvra medicinis miRwevebs da meTodebs
dauTmo.37
aseve, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom germanuli kanonmdebloba tvinis
sikvdilSi mis srul da ara nawilobriv sikvdils gulisxmobs,38 Tumca, amasTan dakavSirebiT
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic arsebobs. kerZod, mTliani tvinis sikvdilis arsebuli koncefciis
kritikosebi uSveben, rom adamianis sicocxlis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacva Sewyvetil unda
iqnes tvinis iseTi nawilobrivi funqcionirebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, romlis safuZvelzec misi
kognitiuri funqciebi Cerdeba da adamiani cnobierebas da azrovnebis unars kargavs.39 es midgoma
germanul iuridiul literaturaSi aqtiurad iqna gakritikebuli da man fexi ver moikida. umravlesobis mosazrebiT, dauSvebelia adamianis arsis mxolod tvinis erT nawilamde dayvana, miTumetes, rodesac medicinaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaurkvevlobebi arsebobs.40 adamiani aris
sulisa da sxeulis erTianoba da tvinis nawilobriv gaCerebis Sedegad, organizmi mainc damoukideblad ganagrZobs arsebobas da misi naadrevad gardacvlilad aRiareba miuRebelia.41 umciresobis mosazrebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, sisxlissamarTlebrivi dacvis gareSe darCebodnen
igive Rrmad moxuci adamianebi, romelTa tvinic garkveul SemTxvevebSi nawilobriv an mTlianad
ver asrulebs kognitiur funqcias. miuxedavad amisa, maTi organizmi mainc ganagrZobs sicocxles
da amis niSania tvinis mier koordinaciis funqciebis Sesruleba (magaliTad, sunTqva).42 garda
amisa, tvinis nawilobrivi sikvdilis koncefciis aRiareba iurisprudenciaSi Seqmnida „araRirebuli sicocxlis~ cnebis gaCenis safrTxes, rac sicocxlis absoluturi dacvis principidan
gamomdinare, kategoriulad dauSvebelia.43
4. TviTmkvleloba da misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi Sefaseba
mocemuli statiis dasawyisSive mkafiod iqna aRniSnuli, rom germanuli samarTlisaTvis
adamianis sicocxle absolutur Rirebulebas warmoadgens da Tundac sicocxlis matareblis
mier Tanxmoba mis sikvdilze aranair rols ar asrulebs am uflebis sisxlissamarTlebriv
SefasebasTan mimarTebaSi.44 erTaderTi gamonaklisi am uflebis SezRudvisa aris TviTmkvleloba
da es qmedeba ar aris dasjadi.
TviTmkvelobis sakiTxma samarTlebrivi Tu eTikuri Sefasebis sxvadasxva etapi ganvlo. romis
samarTali da kerZod, corpus juris mas dasjad qmedebad ar miiCnevda. romauli midgoma SemdgomSi
106
gavrcelebuli qristianobisagan gansxvavebiT TviTmkvlelobas ar Tvlida dasaZrax qmedebad
da piriqiT, Tu adamiani am nabijs gadadgamda, es mis Rirsebaze metyvelebda.45 senekas mosazrebiT,
TviTmkvleloba TavisuflebasTanac asocirdeboda, Tu adamiani Tavs moiklavda imisaTvis, rom
masze sxvas ar ebatona.46
mogvianebiT, qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, TviTmkvlelobis mimarT midgoma gamkacrda. eklesia mas dauSvebel qmedebad miiCnevda da vinc Tavs moiklavda, ar SeiZleboda misi
dakrZalva saeklesio sasaflaos teritoriaze an saeklesio ritualebis Catareba. TviTmkvlevlobis mimarT qristianul eklesias dResac uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs, vinaidan misi
gagebiT adamiani unda eswrafvodes srulyofilebas, vidre mas RmerTi sicoxlis uflebas aZlevs.
Tavis mokvliT ki, adamiani am gzas uxvevs da RmerTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba.47
zemoT aRniSnulma qristianulma dogmatikam gavlena moaxdina Sua saukuneebis Tu Semdgomi
periodis germanul samarTalze. me-18 saukuneSi TviTmkvlelis sxeuls agdebdnen fanjridan,
marxavdnen ucnob adgilas, wvavdnen mas da ase Semdeg. es iyo sasjeli Cadenili qmedebisaTvis.48
me-18 saukunis bolosaTvis ki, imZlavra ganmanaTleblobis ideebma da eklesiis gavlenam Semcireba daiwyo, rasac Tan daerTo sisxlissamarTlebrivi mecnierebis momZlavreba. sisxlis samarTali gaTavisuflda Teokratiuli gavlenisagan da misi mizani ukve mdgomareobda ara saRvTo
samarTlianobis, aramed saerTo keTildReobis dacvaSi.49 1747 wels, prusiis mefe fridrix didma
volteris ideebis gavleniT akrZala TviTmkvlelebis pativis gareSe dakrZalvis tradicia, xolo
mogvianebiT, 1813 wels bavariis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dadginda dasrulebuli
TviTmkvlelobisa da misi mcdelobis ardasjadoba.50
germaniaSi dReisaTvis moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba me-19 saukunis liberalizmis ideebs eyrnoba da Sesabamisad, TviTmkvleloba ar aris dasjadi qmedeba. Tumca, am ardasjadobasTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli midgomebi arsebobs. kerZod, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom TviTmkvlelobis Sedegad sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 211-e
paragrafiT gaTvaliswinebuli mkvlelobis Semadgenloba xorcieldeba da misi ardasjadoba
gamomdinareobs mxolod bralis gamoricxvis gamo.51 es midgoma naklebad povebs asaxvas bolo
periodSi arsebul literaturaSi da amis mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mkvlelobaSi gulisxmobs sityvasityviT „sxva adamianis” da ara zogadad, adamianis
mokvlas.52 Ria formulirebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ukve SesaZlebeli iqneboda gvesaubra SemovliTi gzebiT TviTmkvlelobis dekriminalizaciis gamarTlebaze.
4.1. mkvleloba Tu TviTmkvleloba?
dasjadobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia gairkves, saqme gvaqvs
TviTmkvlelobasTan Tu sxvis mkvlelobasTan. germaniaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebiT amaSi mTavar
rols asrulebs Semdegi winapirobis arseboba: vin ganaxorciela uSualod sicocxlis damasrulebeli aqti, sxvam Tu TviTon msxverplma?53 am kriteriumidan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia TviTmkvleobaSi ubralo Tanamonawileobis gamo vinme mieces pasuxisgebaSi. mTavaria, TviTmkvlels
hqondes gansjisa da situaciis saRi Sefasebis unari.54 piri, romelic sxvas gaumzadebs sawamlavs,
gaurevs Wiqa wyalSi da miawodebs sxvas, romelic mas dalevs da Tavs moiklavs, ar miecema sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi TanamonawileobisaTvis. sicocxlis uSualod damasrulebeli qmedeba, daleva, mas ar Caudenia. gardacvlils bolo wamamde hqonda saSualeba ar daelia sawamlavi
da sicocxle amiT SeenarCunebina. situacia icvleba, Tu msxverpls sawamlavs meore piri
Seuyvanda magaliTad, venaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs ukve mkvlelobasTan da ara TviTmkvlelobasTan.55
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sawamlavis momzadebisa da misi im adamianisaTvis micema, visac TviTmkvleloba surs, qmnis
situacias, sadac erTma pirma meores TviTmkvlelobaSi daxmareba gauwia, Tumca, amis dasjadoba
gamoiricxeba germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 27-e paragrafiT. daxmarebisaTvis daisjeba
mxolod is, vinc sxvas exmareba marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis CadenaSi. TviTmkvleloba ki, ar
aris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi masze, rogorc dasjad qmedebaze, arsad ar aris miTiTebuli.56
mecnierebasa da sasamarTlo praqtikas Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs iseT SemTxvevebze, rodesac pirs Tavis mokvla surs da meore piri mas sawamlavs pirSi Caudebs, magram sawamlavis
mimRebs TviTon SeuZlia bolo wuTamde gadawyvitos, es sawamlavi gadaylapos Tu ara. rogorc
ukve wina kazusTan mimarTebaSi aRiniSna, germanul iuridiul literaturaSi gabatonebuli
mosazrebiT aqac TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba gamoiricxeba. mTavaria, rom qmedebas
safuZvlad edo Tavisufali nebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba.57 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ki, Tvlis,
rom msxverplis xelSi ar iyo qmedebaze sruli batonoba da amitomac meore piri unda daisajos.
misTvis dasjadia kumulatiuri qmedebiT gamowveuli TviTmkvlelobac: pirma dalia sawamlavi
da man momakvdinebeli Zala SeiZina misTvis meore piris mier damatebiT nemsis gakeTebis Semdeg.
sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, aq adgili aqvs sxvisTvis sicocxlis mospobas da ara suicids. Sedegis
dadgomisaTvis saWiro iyo ori qmedebis ganxorcileba da Sesabamisad, qmedebaze TviTmkvlelobis
msurveli srulad ver batonobda.58
isev literaturaSi gabatonebul mosazrebas, Tavisuflad nebis gamoxatvis, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis kriteriums Tu mivubrundebiT, unda gavarkvioT, Tu sad gadis zRvari, anu rodis ar
CaiTvleba suicidis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavisufal gadawyvetilebad? amis gasarkvevad SeiZleba moviSvelioT germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-20 paragrafi _ braluunaroba fsiqikuri naklis gamo. am paragrafSi saubaria iseT fsiqikur problemebze, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mas romelime Cadenili sisxlissamarTlebrivi darRvevisaTvis brali ar
Seeracxeba. marTalia, suicidis SemTxvevaSi „bralze~ saubari ar aris (is ar klavs sxvas), Tumca
§20-is winapirobebis gamoyeneba iribad mainc SesaZlebelia.59 sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, mTavaria
piri acnobierebdes mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis arss da adgili ar hqondes masze zewolas, mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas da ase Semdeg.60
gansxvavebuli midgoma da gaurkvevlobebi arsebobs e.w. ormag TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiTac, kerZod maSin, rodesac ori piri gadawyvets Tavis mokvlas da erT-erTi gadarCeba. am
Temaze cnobili gadawyvetilebaa „gizelas SemTxveva.”61 Seyvarebulma wyvilma gadawyvita manqanis
gamonabolqviT Tavis mokvla da am mizniT Casxdnen SigniT. manqanis siCqaris pedalze fexs aWerda
biWi, xolo gizela, misi Seyvarebuli, gverdiT ejda da is gardaicvala kidec, biWi ki gadarCa.
germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi, gadarCenili pasuxs agebs germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 216-e paragrafiT _ mkvleloba Txovnis safuZvelze. sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, swored gizelas Seyvarebulis xelSi iyo qmedebis bolomde miyvana (fexis
daWera), ramac sasikvdilo Sedegi gamoiwvia. sasamarTlo iTvaliswinebs im moments, rom gizelas
hqonda saSualeba, nebismier dros gaeRo manqanis kari da gadmosuliyo, magram mas Tavidanve
hqonda gadawyvetili, braldebulis mier dawyebul qmedebas bolomde miyoloda. man aseve,
winaswar ar icoda, Tu rodis dadgeboda is momenti, rodesac mas ukve ar SeeZleboda Seecvala
movlenebis ganviTareba (gonebis dakargva). yovelive amis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi iyo misi Seyvarebulic. maT erTad dagegmes am formiT TviTmkvleloba. braldebuls mis mier dawyebuli, sikvdilisaken mimarTuli qmedeba (fexis daWera) unda gaegrZelebina, vidre is TviTon gonebas ar
dakargavda. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoricxa TviTmkvlelobaSi
daxmareba, rac braldebulis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebas gamoiwvevda.62
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uzenaesi sasamarTlos am Sefasebas ar eTanxmeba avtorTa umetesoba. maTi SefasebiT, gardacvlilis nebas da Tavisufali gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas sasamarTlo mcire adgils
uTmobs da aqcenti ufro pedalze fexis daWeraze gadaaqvs,63 maSin rodesac mocemul SemTxvevaSi,
gardacvlils Tavisuflad SeeZlo gadmosuliyo manqanidan da gadaerCina Tavi.64
4.2. SualobiTi amsrulebloba
TviTmkvlelobisa da SualobiTi amsruleblobiT mkvlelobis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebis
sakiTxi germanul iuridiul literaturasa da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi saintereso diskusiis sagania. mkvlelobas SualobiTi amsruleblobiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac msxverpli Zaladobis,
mizanmimarTulad SecdomaSi Seyvanis (erTi piri pirdeba meores, rom masTan erTad Tavs moiklavs)
Tu misi sxvaze damokidebulebis borotad gamoyenebis gziT sicocxles moispobs.65 SualobiTi
amsruleblobis dros, SecdomaSi Seyvanis gziT an sxva safuZvelze (magaliTad, is sulierad
avadmyofia) msxverpli gamodis iaraRis rolSi, romelic am Secdomis safuZvelze Tavisi Tavis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebas Cadis da sicocxles ispobs.66 SualobiTi amsruleblobisaTvis da
Sesabamisad, dasjadobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom meore piri batonobdes TviTon msxverplze da mis
mier Cadenil qmedebaze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba mxolod TviTmkvlelobaSi
Tanamonawileobas, rac ar isjeba.67
SualobiTi amsruleblobis klasikuri magaliTia e.w. siriusis SemTxveva:68 braldebulma daarwmuna meore piri, rom is (meore piri) iyo sinamdvileSi varskvlav siriusis macxovrebeli da
imisaTvis, rom mas axali cxovreba daewyo, saWiro iyo Zveli sxeulis moSoreba. amisaTvis is
unda Camjdariyo wyliT savse abazanaSi da Caegdo CarTuli Tmis saSrobi, xolo Semdgom mas
daxvdeboda axali sxeuli Jenevis tbasTan, sadac is axali cxovrebiT gamoiRviZebda. braldebulma msxverpli imaSic daarwmuna, rom axali cxovrebisaTvis saWiro iyo sicocxlis dazRveva,
rac maSinaTve unda gakeTebuliyo da asaRebi Tanxa (500 000 marka) mis (braldebulis) saxelze
gadaformebuliyo. rogorc ki, msxverpli axal sxeulSi gaiRviZebda, braldebuli mas am Tanxis
tbasTan mitanasac dapirda. sinamdvileSi ki, ra Tqma unda, SecdomaSi Seyvanis erTaderTi mizani
iyo am fulis xelSi Cagdeba. sabolood, piri mainc gadarCa, radgan Tmis saSrobi gaumarTavi
aRmoCnda da wyalSi Cagdebis Sedegad ver gamoiwvia sasikvdilo Sedegi. braldebuli amis Semdegac cdilobda msxverplis darwmunebas, sxva gzebiT daetovebina Zveli sicocxle, Tumca, amaze
is ukve ar daTanxmda. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi, msxverpls sjeroda, rom is marTla Tavs
ki ar iklavda, aramed axal sicoxles iwyebda.
germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas yuradReba gaamaxvila
TiToeuli SemTxvevis calkeuli gaanalizebis aucileblobaze. misi mosazrebiT, dauSvebelia
abstraqtulad gaeces pasuxi kiTxvas, adgili aqvs SualobiT amsruleblobas Tu ubralod TviTmkvlelobaSi Tanamonawileobas. mocemul saqmeSi misi SefasebiT adgili hqonda SualobiT amsruleblobas. braldebulma msxverpli sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg iaraRis rolSi gamoiyena da
is daarwmuna, rom axali sicocxlis dasawyebad Zvelis mitoveba iyo saWiro. amasTan, is warmarTavda msxverplis moqmedebas da aZlevda miTiTebebs Tu rogor unda emoqmeda mas. sabolood,
sasamarTlos SefasebiT, braldebulma Caidina mkvlelobis mcdeloba angarebis mizniT SualobiTi amsruleblobis gziT da amis samarTlebrivi SefasebisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu ramdenad warmoudgenelia zogadad, vinmesTvis imis dajereba, rom is am gziT axal
cxovrebas daiwyebs. mTavaria, man moaxdina msxverplze iseTi gavlena, rom is ubralod, iaraRad
aqcia.69 damnaSave misi upiratesi codnis safuZvelze batonobda msxverplis qmedebaze.
mocemul gadawyvetilebas germanul iuridiul literaturaSi uamravi statia mieZRvna da
maT ganxilvas cal-calke aq ar SevudgebiT, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom garkveuli SeniSvnebis miuxedavad, principSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas avtorebi eTanxmebian.70
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SualobiT amsruleblobas eqneba adgili maSinac, rodesac vinme daarwmunebs meore pirs, rom
is sasikvdilod avadmyofia da male tanjva wamebiT gardaicvleba. amis Sedegad ki, meore piri
Tavs moiklavs. sinamdvileSi ki, msxverpli sulac ar iyo mZimed avad da damnaSaves misi qonebis
memkvidreobiT miReba ainteresebda. aq isev dadgeba SualobiTi amsruleblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobis gamo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. damnaSavem SecdomaSi Seiyvana msxverpli da is iseT
fsiqologiur situaciaSi Caayena, rom man sicocxle Tavisi xeliT moiswrafa.71
4.3. dauxmarebloba TviTmkvlelobisas
kidev erTi sakiTxi, sadac literaturisa da germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos
poziciebi kategoriulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, es aris dauxmareblobis iseTi SemTxveva,
romelzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. saqme exeba 1984 wlis erT-erT gadawyvetilebas:72 76 wlis,
guliT mZimed daavadebulma qalbatonma miiRo didi odenobiT damaZinebeli saSualebebi TviTmkvlelobis mizniT. ramdenime xanSi saxlSi is grZnobadakarguli aRmoaCina misma piradma eqimma.
qalbatons xelSi eWira Semdegi baraTi: „Cems eqims _ gTxovT, saavadmyofoSi nu wamiyvanT _ me
gavTavisufldi!” eqimi mixvda, rom misi gadarCenis SemTxvevaSi, pacientis janmrTeloba kidev
ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi iqneboda. amasTan, qalbatoni manamdec yovelTvis winaaRdegi iyo
saavadmyofoSi dawolis da xangrZlivi mkurnalobisa. amitomac man araferi ar moimoqmeda da
daeloda, vidre qalbatoni ar gardaicvala.
germaniis uzenaesma sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSi principSi dauSva eqimis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SesaZlebloba dauxmareblobis gamo (msxverplis TxovniT, sicocxlis
mospoba _ §§216, 13).73 sasamarTlos mTavari argumentacia mdgomareobda SemdegSi: marTalia
msxverplma TviTon miiRo gadawyvetileba TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb, magram gonebis dakargvis
Semdeg, is ukve ver gankargavda da ver marTavda Tavis qmedebas. man gonebis dakargvis momentidan
dakarga qmedebaze batonoba da misi sicocxle mTlianad damokidebuli gaxda samarTlebriv
garantze, mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ eqimze. is, rom eqimma gaiTvaliswina msxverplis survili, ar
cvlis damdgari Sedegis samarTlebriv Sefasebas.74 Tumca, sabolood, sasamarTlom eqimi sxva
mizeziT gaaTavisufla sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisgan. kerZod, eqimi imyofeboda
konfliqtis winaSe, Seesrulebina Tavisi movaleoba Tu pativi eca pacientis nebisaTvis. man es
Sinagani konfliqti momakvdavis survilis gaTvaliswinebiT umoqmedobis sasargeblod gadawyvita da ar airCia TavisTvis komfortuli gza saavadmyofoSi misi gadagzavnisa. eqimma aseve,
icoda, rom pacientis organizmi ukve mniSvnelovnad iyo dazianebuli. msgavs situaciebSi,
sasamarTlos mosazrebiT, eqimma TviTon unda gadawyvitos, miiRos sicocxlis gadasarCenad saWiro zomebi Tu bolomde daemorCilos momakvdavis survils.75 am gadawvetilebidan gamodis, rom
ar damdgariyo interesTa konfliqtis es specifikuri situacia da eqimis adgilas yofiliyo
sxva piri samarTlebrivi garantis rolSi (magaliTad, meuRle), is aucileblad miecemoda sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi. eqimi mxolod da mxolod misi profesiidan gamomdinare, gaTavisuflda gamonaklisis saxiT, am pasuxismgeblobisagan. uzenaesi sasamarTlo daeyrdno germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikas, romliTac eqimi valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos pacientis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi da amaSi igulisxmeba mis mier gamoTqmuli
survili, ar Cautardes sicocxlis gadamrCeni operacia.76
germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebas iuridul literaturaSi
kritikis qarcecxli daatyda Tavs da samarTlianadac. marTalia, eqimis pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisufleba ar gamxdara diskusiis sagani, magram is, rom sasamarTlom zogadad, dauSva msgavs
situaciebSi dauxmareblobis gamo dasjadoba da gonebis dakargvis Semdgom mTeli tvirTi
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samarTlebriv garantze gadaitana, ar SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnes. mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, saerTodac sakiTxavia, iyo Tu ara eqimi samarTlebrivi garanti mas Semdeg, rac pacientma
mas aSkarad miuTiTa Caurevlobaze da is faqtiurad samarTlebrivi garantis funqciisagan
gaaTavisufla.77 garda amisa, dauSvebelia, TviTmkvlelobis msurvelis nebis ignorirebiT vinme
daavaldebulo sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenaSi. samarTlebrivi garanti ar Cadis darRvevas
umoqmedobis gamo, Tu is meore piris survils gauwevs angariSs.78 Tu sasamarTlos es mosazreba
iqneboda aRiarebuli, maSin dadgeboda sakmaod aralogikuri situacia TviTmkvlelobasTan
mimarTebaSi. kerZod, zemoT aRiniSna, rom TviTmkvlelobaSi Tanamonawileoba, magaliTad, sawamlavis miwodeba ardasjadi qmedebaa, xolo germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos am gadawyvetilebiT unda daisajos is, vinc grZnobadakargul pirs ar gauwevs daxmarebas. anu ar
miecema pasuxisgebaSi piri, Tu is miawodebs sawamlavs sxvas Tavis mokvlisaTvis da gonebis
dakargvis Semdeg ki, uceb warmoeSoba valdebuleba, gadaarCinos imave piris sicocxle, rac
urTierTsawinaaRmdego samarTlebrivi Sefasebaa.79
dauxmareblobis gamo samarTlebrivi garantis mxridan Cadenili mkvlelobis uaryofa
TavisTavad, ar gulisxmobs misi saerTod pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebas.80 zemoT motanili kazusi mimarTuli iyo kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, hqonda Tu ara adgili eqimis, rogorc
samarTlebrivi garantis mxridan Cadenil mkvlelobas umoqmedobiT, rac literaturaSi gabatonebuli mosazrebis safuZvelze gamoricxulia. …magram germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
§323c sjis ubedur SemTxvevaSi myofi piris dauxmareblobas da es paragrafi zogadad, mimarTulia nebismieri piris mimarT. samarTlebrivi garantis momenti ar aris gadamwyveti. maSasadame
Cndeba, kiTxva: marTalia, eqimi ar miecema pasuxisgebaSi dauxmareblobiT Cadenili mkvlelobis
gamo, magram dakvalificirdeba Tu ara misi qmedeba §323c-iT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa gairkves, imyofeboda Tu ara piri „ubeduri SemTxvevis~ situaciaSi,
rodesac saqme exeba TviTmkvlelobas. am sakiTxze literaturaSi isev azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.
rodesac TviTmkvlels gadawyvetileba Tavisufali nebiT ar miuRia, TavisTavad adgili aqvs
ubedur SemTxvevas da dauxmarebloba dasjadia.81 xolo rodesac meore piri, mocemul SemTxvevaSi
eqimi, kargad icnobda pacientis gadawyvetilebas da darwmunebuli iyo mis nebaSi, SeiZleba
ubeduri SemTxvevis momenti saerTod gamoiricxos.82 Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze Cadenili
suicidis mcdelobisas §323c ar avaldebulebs aravis, daexmaros sxvas.83 magaliTad, Tu patimari
SimSilobs da amiT rame miznis miRweva surs, sicocxlisaTvis arsebuli realuri safrTxis
SemTxvevaSic ki, sapatimros administracia ar aris valdebuli is iZulebiT gamokvebos. msgavs situaciebSi adgili ara aqvs ubedur SemTxvevas. patimarma Tavisi nebiT miiRo es gadawyvetileba.84
literaturaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis umetesoba sxva poziciaze dgas ubeduri SemTxvevis definciasTan mimarTebaSi. suicidis nebismieri mcdeloba gabatonebuli mosazrebiT, ukve
TavisTavad, niSnavs ubedur SemTxvevaSi yofnas daxmarebis aRmoCenis saWiroebis momentis warmoSobidan (magaliTad, gonebis dakargva).85 gabatonebuli mosazrebis mimdevrebi imaze amaxvileben
yuradRebas, rom situaciis Sefaseba unda xdebodes meore piris, potenciuri damxmaris perspeqtividan. man ar SeiZleba zustad icodes msxverplis winare gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, aseve miiRo
Tu ara man marTla sakuTari nebiT es gadawyvetileba, amitomac sasurvelia, rom nebismieri
TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba ubedur SemTxvevad Sefasdes. xolo rac Seexeba pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxs, aq gabatobenuli mosazrebac iziarebs im pozicias, rom Tu potenciuri damxmare zustad
icnobda TviTmkvlelis nebas, maSin misgan ar unda velodoT daxmarebas da dasjadobac gamoiricxeba.86 marTalia, piris sicoxle SeiZleba safrTxeSi iyos, magram germaniis ssk-is §323c iZleva
konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, potenciuri damxmaris pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis saSualebas.
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4.4. gaufrTxilebloba
germaniis sasamarTlo praqtikasa da literaturaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebiT Tavisufali
nebiT Cadenili TviTmkvlelobis gaufrTxileblobiT gamowveva ardasjadi qmedebaa.87 Tu msxverpli Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze moqmedebs, maSin damdgar SedegSi realizirdeba mis mier
Seqmnili safrTxe da Sesabamisad, sxvisi dasjadoba gamoiricxeba.88 magaliTad: policielma dado
iaraRi saxlSi da ojaxis wevrma Tavi moikla. obieqturad damdgari Sedegi sicocxlis mospobisa
policiels ar Seeracxeba. ojaxis wevrma Tavisi nebiT da gadawyvetilebiT moiswrafa sicocxle
da swored misi qmedebis safuZvelze dadga sasikvdilo Sedegi.89 sapirispiro Sedegi dadgeba,
Tu piri iaraRs saTanadod ar Seinaxavs iseT adgilas, sadac masze fsiqikurad daavadebul da
suicidisken midrekil pacients xeli miuwvdeba. msgavs mdgomareobaSi myofi avadmyofi piris
mimarT SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom is „Tavisufali nebiT~ iRebs gadawyvetilebebs.90
gaufrTxileblobiT sicoxlis mospobas aqvs adgili maSinac, Tu sasikvdilo Sedegi dadgeba
TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis Semdeg Seqmnili axali safrTxis gamo. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis
Semdeg, eqimTan miyvanili gonebadakarguli pacienti gardaicvleba mkurnalobisas eqimis mier
Cadenili Secdomis gamo. marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi msxverplma Tavisi nebiT miiRo TviTmkvlelobis gadawyvetileba, magram eqimi pasuxisgebaSi mainc miecema. swored mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegad dadga konkretuli Sedegi da obieqturad sicocxlis mospoba mas
Seeracxeba.91
daskvna
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis garkveuli normebis mimoxilva gviCvenebs, Tu erTmaneTisagan ramdenad gansxvavdeba calkeul sakiTxebSi sasamarTlosa da iurist avtorTa mosazrebebi. federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo met yuradRebas amaxvilebs sicocxlis uflebis dacvaze da amis safuZvelze sakmaod avrcobs dasjadobas imave TviTmkvlelobasTan mimarTebaSi,
xolo mowinaaRmdegeni ki, iTxoven sicocxlis uflebis dacvasTan erTad pirovnebis nebisaTvis
meti mniSvnelobis miniWebas. es diskusia jerjerobiT, Riad rCeba da sasamarTlos Semdgomi
gadawyvetilebebi gviCveneben Tu ra mimarTulebas daadgeba marTlmsajuleba, miTumetes im
fonze, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo Tavadac aRiarebs araerTgvarovani midgomis arsebobas.
112
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Schmidt/Priebe, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 9. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen, 2010, Rn. 2.
germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis
krebuli, BVerfGE 18, 117.
BVerfGE 49, 53.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 2.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 2.
Rössner/Winkel,krebulSi Dölling/Duttge/Rössner, Gesamtes Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden
2011, § 211 Rn. 6.
germaniis federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli
sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, BGHSt. 10, 5.
Jäger C., Examens-Repetitorium, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a. 2009, Rn.
3.
Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2012, § 1 Rn. 7.
Herzberg/Herzberg, Der Beginn des Menschseins im Strafrecht: Die Vollendung der Geburt, JZ
2001, 1107 da Semdegi.
Herzberg/Herzberg, Der Beginn des Menschseins im Strafrecht: Die Vollendung der Geburt, JZ
2001, 1112.
Herzberg/Herzberg, Der Beginn des Menschseins im Strafrecht: Die Vollendung der Geburt, JZ
2001, 1112.
Lackner/Kühl, StGB, 27. Aufl., München 2011, Vorbemerkung § 211, Rn. 3.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 11.
dawvrilebiT ix.: BGHSt. 32, 195.
Lackner/Kühl, StGB, 27. Aufl., München 2011, Vorbemerkung § 211, Rn. 3;JägerC., ExamensRepetitorium, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil, 3. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a. 2009, Rn. 4; Rössner/Winkel,
krebulSi Dölling/Duttge/Rössner, Gesamtes Strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2011, § 211, Rn. 7.
SchneiderH., krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 12.
Eser A., krebulSi Schönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen
zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 13.
Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, Vorbemerkungen zu den
§§218 bis 219b, Rn. 2.
es kazusi moyvanilia saxelmZRvanelodan Schmidt/Priebe, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I,
9. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen 2010, Rn. 4.
es kazusi moyvanilia saxelmZRvanelodan Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I,
Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 41.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 41.
Momsen C.,krebulSi Satzger/Schmitt/Widmaier, StGB, Köln 2009, Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 211
ff., Rn. 11; Lackner/Kühl, StGB, 27. Aufl., München 2011, Vorbemerkung § 211, Rn. 3.
Momsen C., krebulSi Satzger/Schmitt/Widmaier, StGB, Köln 2009, Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 211
ff., Rn. 11; Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2012, § 1, Rn. 10.
Momsen C.,krebulSi Satzger/Schmitt/Widmaier, StGB, Köln 2009, Vorbemerkungen zu §§ 211
ff., Rn. 11; Kindhäuser U., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 5. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2012, § 1, Rn. 12.
Eser A., krebulSiSchönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen
zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 14.
Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 10. Aufl., München 2010, § 3, Rn. 7.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 19.
SchneiderH.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 14.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 45.
Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 10. Aufl., München 2010, § 3, Rn. 10.
Merkel R., Hirntod und kein Ende, JURA 1999, 115.
Merkel R., Hirntod und kein Ende, JURA 1999, 120.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 21.
Eser A., krebulSiSchönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen
zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 19.
Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 82.
113
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37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
kanoni
Eser A., krebulSiSchönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen
zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 20.
Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 85.
Dencker F., Zum Erfolg der Tötungsdelikte, NStZ 1992, 311.
Schneider H.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 21.
Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 84.
Schneider H.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 21.
Sternberg-Lieben D., Tod und Strafrecht, JA 1997, 84.
Maurach/Schroeder/Maiwald, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil 1, 8. Aufl., Heidelberg 1995, § 1, Rn.
14.
Rehbach B.,Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 242.
Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 242.
Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 243.
Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 243.
Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 245.
Rehbach B., Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Selbstmordbestrafung, DRiZ 1986, 246 da
Semdegi.
Hoerster N., Rechtsethische Überlegungen zur Freigabe der Sterbehilfe, NJW 1986, 1789.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 43; Fischer
T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, Vorbemerkung zu §§ 211 bis
216, Rn. 19.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 166.
Schneider H.,krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 32.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 166.
Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen
Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 542.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 48.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 169 da Semdegi; Küpper G., Der Täter
als „Wekrzeug”?-BGH, NJW 2003, 2326, und OLG Nürnberg, NJW 2003, 454, JuS 2004, 757 da
Semdegi.
Eser A.,krebulSi Schönke/Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, 28. Aufl., München 2010, Vorbemerkungen
zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 36.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 49;
literaturaSi arsebul sxva mosazrebebTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und
Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, Vorbemerkung zu §§211 bis 216, Rn. 26 da Semdegi.
BGHSt 19, 135.
BGHSt 19, 140.
Kühl K., Beteiligung an Selbsstötung und verlangte Fremdtötung, JURA 2010, 83.
Maurach/Schroeder/Maiwald, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil 1, 8. Aufl., Heidelberg 1995, § 1, Rn.
22; RengierR., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 10. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 10; Eisele J.,
Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 172.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 51.
Kühl K., Beteiligung an Selbsttötung und verlangte Fremdtötung, JURA 2010, 82.
Kühl K., Beteiligung an Selbsttötung und verlangte Fremdtötung, JURA 2010, 82.
BGHSt. 32,38.
aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis reziume ix.: krebulSi Roxin C., Höchstrichterliche
Rechtsprechung zum allgemeinen Teil des Strafrechts, München 1998, 119. sasamarTlos
zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebic amoRebulia aRniSnuli krebulidan.
Roxin C., NStZ 1984, 71; Neumann U., Abgrenzung von Teilnahme am Selbstmord und
Tötung in mittelbarer Täterschaft-BGHSt 32, 38, JuS 677 da Semdegi.
Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 41, 53.
BGHSt. 32, 367.
BGHSt. 32, 371.
BGHSt. 32, 374.
114
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
BGHSt. 32, 377 da Semdegi.
BGHSt. 32, 378.
Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen
Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 544.
Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 14; Rössner/Wenkel,
krebulSiDölling/Duttge/Rössner (Hrsg.), Gesamtes strafrecht, 2. Aufl., Baden-Baden 2011,
Vorbemerkung zu §§ 211 ff, Rn. 12.
Schmidt/Priebe, Strafrecht Besonderer Teil I, 9. Aufl., Grasberg bei Bremen 2010, Rn. 204; Eisele
J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 180.
Dölling D., Suizid und unterlassene Hilfeleistung, NJW 1986, 1012.
Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen
Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 545.
Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 18; Aschenbach H.,
Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen Problemfeldes, JURA
2002, 545.
Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, § 323c, Rn. 5.
Fischer T., Strafgesetzbuch und Nebengesetze, 59. Aufl., München 2012, § 323c, Rn. 5.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Wessels/Hettinger, Strafrecht
Besonderer Teil I, 35. Aufl., Heidelberg u.a., 2011, Rn. 60.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Rengier, R., Strafrecht
Besonderer Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 19.
Schneider H., krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 86.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer
Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8, Rn. 185.
Aschenbach H., Beteiligung am Suizid und Sterbehilfe-Strukturen eines unübersichtlichen
Problemfeldes, JURA 2002, 545.
Schneider H., krebulSi Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch, Bd. 3, München 2003,
Vorbemerkung zu den §§ 211 ff., Rn. 86.
Eisele J., Strafrecht-Besonderer Teil I, Stuttgart 2008, Rn. 184; Rengier R., Strafrecht Besonderer
Teil II, 11. Aufl., München 2010, § 8 Rn. 187.
115
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ABSOLUTE PROTECTION OF
RIGHT TO LIFE AND
THE PROBLEM OF SUICIDE
ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL
CODE OF GERMANY
BACHANA JISHKARIANI
LLM, Munich University; Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law,
International and European Criminal Law and Economic Criminal Law
Faculty. Fellow of Fredric Neumann Fund
Protection of the right to life is priority of every state and criminal law – if not
the most important, one of the most effective mechanisms in this direction. Georgian
legislation is not exception and the private section of the criminal code starts with
the crimes again humans. Accordingly, there are many references regarding this
crime in the Georgian legal literature. Though, in many cases, discussions remain
on superficial and approach to various issues are not comprehensive.
Purpose of this Article is to provide an overview on the opinions expressed in
legal literature and in court practice regarding right to life and in this context
suicide issues on the example of Germany. There are number of issues that are
still open and disputable, regardless number of discussions and processing.
Comparative analyses on the example of other countries will promote discussions
in legal literature and court practice.
116
embrionis kvlevisa
da donaciis
samarTlebrivi
aspeqtebi
irma gelaSvili
samarTlis doqtori,
saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori
Sesavali
embrionis donacia aris procesi, roca sinjaraSi Seqmnil embrionze gametebis mimwodeblebi uars acxadeben da mas genetikurad sruliad sxva pirebs uTmoben.1
`embrionTa donaciis~ cnebaSi moiazreba embrionTa gadacema
rogorc uSvilo wyvilTaTvis bavSvis dabadebis mizniT,2 ise samecniero kvlevis obieqtad gamoyenebisaTvis.3
qarTuli samarTali sinjaraSi arsebuli embrionis dacvis
meqanizms ar moicavs. saqarTvelos kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis
Sesaxeb~ embrionze kvlevis ganxorcielebasa da sxvadasxva mizniT misi ujredebis gamoyenebas ar krZalavs, xolo embrionis
donacias, faqtobrivad, reproduqciis uflebis realizaciis
formad ganixilavs. miTiTebul sferoSi arsebuli normebi xarveziani da Seuswavlelia. naSromis mizani swored am normaTa mecnieruli analizi, kvlevis komparativistuli meTodis gamoyenebiT problemis regulirebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis
warmoCena da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis srulyofis, evropul
samarTalTan harmonizaciisaTvis winadadebebis SeTavazebaa.
1. embrionis donacia kvlevis mizniT
embrionze kvleva Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi problematuri
gamowvevaa, vinaidain miiCneva, rom igi miznad isaxavs orsulobis
misaRwevad xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnikis gaumjobesebas,
genetikur daavadebaTa gamovlenas, simsivnis dadgenasa da prevencias.4
117
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kanoni
embrionis ujredebis kvlevis obieqtad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba.
mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom embrioni daculi unda iyos pirvelive ujredis SeqmnisTanave,
zogierTis mosazrebiT, kvleva dauSvebelia ToTxmet dRes miRweul unikalur embrionze, xolo
umetesobis azriT, embrioni daculi unda iqnes eqsperimentebisagan mxolod centraluri
nervuli sistemis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, roca igi tkivils SeigrZnobs.5
`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis6 me-18 muxlis I nawilis mixedviT,
im qveynebSi, sadac daSvebulia embrionze in vitro kvlevis Catareba, uzrunvelyofil unda
iqnes embrionis adekvaturi dacva, miTiTebuli muxlis I I nawili ki, krZalavs kvlevis Catarebis
mizniT adamianis embrionis Seqmnas. aRniSnuli muxli xazs usvams kvlevis farglebSi embrionis
dacvis aucileblobas, Tumca, ar gamoxatavs pozicias imis Taobaze, misaRebia Tu ara embrionze
in vitro kvlevis Catareba.7
evrosabWos eqspertTa moqmedi komitetis moxsenebaSi asaxuli `adamianis xelovnurad Casaxvis
principebis~ (SemdgomSi _ evrosabWos principebi)8 mixedviT (me-17 principis I nawili), nebadarTuli ar aris in vitro embrionze nebismieri proceduris Catareba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu mizania
embrionisaTvis sargeblis motana an kvleva, romelic dakvirvebas moicavs da ar aris embrionisaTvis zianis momtani. miTiTebuli principis I I nawiliT, Tu saxelmwifos mier daSvebuli kvleviTi da eqsperimentuli procedurebi ar isaxavs miznad embrionisaTvis prevenciul, diagnostikur, xolo embrionis mZime paTologiis SemTxvevaSi, mis mkurnalobas, gasaTvaliswinebelia
Semdegi moTxovnebi: a) miznis misaRwevad SeuZlebeli unda iyos sxva meTodebis gamoyeneba; b)
embrioni ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganayofierebidan 14 dRis gasvlis Semdeg (gayinviT an
sxva meTodiT Senaxvis periodi mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba); g) miRebulia wyvilis informirebuli
Tanxmoba, maT Soris, embrionis donaciis dros; d) Sesabamisi multidisciplinaruli komisiis
mier nebadarTulia kvleva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miTiTebuli moxsenebis me-19 principi krZalavs qalis saSvilosnoSi implantirebul embrionze kvlevas, Tumca, 12 kviramde orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis faqtobrivad
upirobo legalizeba9 kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs kvlevis dauSveblobas nayofze, romlis arseboba SemdgomSi Sewyvetil iqnes.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi araferia naTqvami embrionze/Canasaxze kvlevis Sesaxeb. `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~10 saqarTvelos kanoni awesrigebs samedicino-biologiur kvlevas,
magram igi mxolod adamianisa da cxovelebis, rogorc samedicino-biologiuri kvlevis obeqtebis, dacvis humanuri damokidebulebis princips ganamtkicebs.
1.1. embrionis skriningi
kvlevis mizani medicinis progresis garda, SesaZloa iyos sinjaris embrionTa arCeva sxvadasxva kriteriumis safuZvelze. ZiriTadad, upiratesoba eniWeba im embrions, romelic metad sicocxlisunariania.11 Tumca, seleqcia SeiZleba moxdes sxva niSnebis mixedviTac, kerZod, genetikur daavadebaTa gamoricxvis motiviT, sqesis gansazRvrisa da gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis
SerCevis mizniT, agreTve konkretul genTan Tavsebadobis safuZvelze.
embrionis skriningi12 gulisxmobs preimplantaciur genetikur diagnostikas _ (SemdgomSi
pgd13), romelic moicavs ramdenime etaps: embrionis in vitro Seqmnas ganviTarebis adreul etapze,
optimalurad, rva ujredad dayofili embrionis biofsiasa14 da Semdeg mis diagnostikas.
embrionTa skriningi warmoSobs mraval eTikur da samarTlebriv problematikas. sakiTxis
sirTules ganapirobebs is, rom biofsiis Sedegad safrTxe eqmneba embrionis gadarCenas imdenad,
ramdenadac mcirdeba ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli ujredebis odenoba da seleqciis Sedegad
mizanmimarTulad nadgurdeba embrioni.15
118
pgd-is ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda 1980-iani wlebidan. axali reproduqciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, aRniSnuli meTodiT xdeba iseT daavadebaTa dadgena, rogoricaa
daunis sindromi, mukoviscidozi da sxva.16 vinaidan in vitro Seqmnil embrionTa 50-70 procents
aReniSneba qromosomuli anomalia, rac savaraudod, iwvevs orsulobis nakleb albaTobas, aSS-Si
aRniSnuli meTodi xelovnuri ganayofierebis procesis nawilad, mis gagrZelebad iqca.17 pgd-is
testis dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, genetikuri mSobeli an recipienti uars ambobs paTologiur (abnormal) embrionTa implantaciasa da dabadebaze, rasac misi ganadgureba mohyveba. Tumca,
meore mxriv, pgd-is saSualebiT embrionis anomaliis mizeziT orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis
Canacvleba xdeba.18 xelovnur abortTan SedarebiT, romelic sicocxlisunariani, ganviTarebadi
Canasaxis mospobas gulisxmobs, pgd SedarebiT misaRebad miiCneva, vinaidan sinjaris embrioni
jer kidev, ar aris individualuri da arc diferencirebuli organoebi gaaCnia.19
pgd-is meTodis upiratesoba mxolod mSoblisaTvis gamoixateba, vinaidan igi emociuri,
fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, naklebad damTrgunvelia, eTikurad ki, igi iseve gaumarTlebelia,
rogorc seleqciuri aborti. ufro metic, pgd uaresia, vidre tradiciuli prenataluri (dabadebamdeli) diagnostika da seleqciuri aborti, vinaidan aRniSnuli manipulacia moiTxovs ara
erTi sicocxlis uflebis mqone embrionis Seqmnasa da ganadgurebas.20
genetikurma skriningma da embrionis seleqciam manamde gamoiwvia diskusia bioeTikosebsa da
kanonmdeblebs Soris, vidre es realuri gaxdeboda. germaniaSi, 1990 wlis kanonma `embrionis dacvis Sesaxeb~21 akrZala embrionze samecniero kvlevis Catareba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu es uSualod embrionis sasikeTod ar iyo gamiznuli. vinaidan aRniSnuli kanoni ar exeboda importirebul
embrionTa gamoyenebas, akrZalvis ararseboba miCneul iqna nagulisxmev Tanxmobad da Sedegad,
2002 wlis 28 ivliss, parlamentma xangrZlivi diskusiis Semdeg, miiRo federaluri kanoni Rerovani
ujredebis Sesaxeb (Stamzellgezetz),22 romlis mixedviTac, dasaSvebi gaxda kvleva gamonaklis
SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, germaniis teritoriaze 2002 wlis 1 ianvramde importirebul embrionebze,
Tu kvlevis proeqti eTikurad gamarTlebuli da mowonebuli iqneboda centraluri eTikis komisiis mier. 2008 wlis 11 aprils, amave kanonSi Sesuli cvlilebebis mixedviT, kvleva nebadarTulad
gamocxadda aseve, im importirebul embrionebze, romelic Seiqmna 2007 wlis 1 maisamde.23
embrionze kvleva dResac sakamaTo sakiTxia germaniaSi, rac kaTolicizmis Zlieri gavlenis
Sedegia.24
germanuli komisiis mixedviT, embrionis skriningi unda daSvebuliyo gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani genetikuri daavadebis arsebobisas, Tumca, es gamoiwvevda embrionTa eugenezis seleqciasa da
sqesis mixedviT SerCevas.25 amitom, zemoxsenebuli `embrionis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT aikrZala pgd,
Tumca, mravalwliani cxare debatebis Semdeg, 2011 wlis ivlisSi, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, genetikur
daavadebaTa maRali riskis mqone pirTaTvis Terapiuli skriningi daSvebul iqna.26
`janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~ kanonis 143-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT, eqstrakorporuli
ganayofiereba nebadarTulia uSvilobis mkurnalobis mizniTa da colis an qmris mxridan
genetikuri daavadebis riskis arsebobisas, rac swored embrionis genetikur skriningsa da mis
seleqcias gulisxmobs. Tumca, norma am SemTxvevaSic mSralia da ar gansazRvravs pgd xelmisawvdomia yvelasTvis Tu mxolod genetikuri daavadebis riskis mqone pirTaTvis. Sesabamisad, igi
xorcieldeba mSobelTa survilis mixedviT, Tu aucilebelia garkveuli winapirobebis arseboba.
1.2. pgd embrionis sqesis SerCevisa da gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis miniWebisaTvis
pgd miiCneva reproduqciuli uunarobis mkurnalobis efeqtian meTodad,27 Tumca, igi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes araTerapiuli mizniTac, kerZod, sasurveli sqesis SerCevisa da bavSvisaTvis
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gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis miniWebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom embrionze pgd-is meTodis
gamoyenebiT sqesis dadgena faqtobrivad 100 procentiT efeqtiania,28 xolo inteleqtis, Tmis,
Tvalis feris dadgena am etapze teqnikurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca, teqnologiis progresis
gaTvaliswinebiT, misi uaxloes momavalSi ganxorcieleba mosalodnelia.29
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben embrionis sqesis SerCevas socialuri da Terapiuli mizniT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi in vitro embrionis Seqmna xorcieldeba mSoblebisaTvis sasurveli ama Tu
im sqesis bavSvis dabadebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, ara erTi janmrTeli embrionis ganadgureba swored
sqesis safuZvelze xdeba,30 xolo Terapiuli skriningiT SesaZlebelia sqesTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis Tavidan acileba da janmrTeli bavSvis dabadeba.
reproduqciis avtonomiis momxreTa mosazrebiT, piris ufleba akontrolos reproduqcia,
embrionis sqesis arCevis uflebasac unda moicavdes,31 vinaidan sqesis SerCevis akrZalviT piri
iZulebuli xdeba xSirad, arasasurveli bavSvi gaaCinos, rac mas finansur tvirTad awveba.32
miuxedavad miTiTebuli argumentisa, sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom dauSvebelia sqesis SerCevis
mizniT xelovnurad adamianis Seqmna, vinaidan dairRveva demografiuli balansi. es gamoiwvevs
pirTa diskriminacias sqesis safuZvelze, konkretuli sqesis gamo Seqmnili piris fsiqologiur
garTulebas da sxva uaryofiT Sedegebs. amasTan, sqesis seleqcia mSobels gardaqmnis momxmareblad, gadaidgmeba pirveli nabiji bavSvTa `dizainisaken~, rac mSobels ubiZgebs airCios ara mxolod Svilis sqesi, aramed samomavlod Tmisa da Tvalis feri, Tu SesaZlebeli gaxda inteleqti da
musikaluri niWic ki.33
evrosabWos pirveli principis mixedviT, adamianis xelovnurad Casaxva ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli
im mizniT, rom bavSvs hqondes gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebi, gansakuTrebiT, sqesis SerCevisaTvis,
garda im SemTxvevisa, roca Tavidan unda iqnes acilebuli sqesTan dakavSirebuli daavadeba.
`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis~ Sesaxeb konvenciis me-14 muxlic krZalavs sqesis
SerCevis mizniT xelovnuri Casaxvis meTodebis gamoyenebas, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca aucilebelia sqesTan dakavSirebuli mZime memkvidreobis Tavidan acileba. analogiur normas iTvaliswinebs `pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 34-e muxlic.
maSasadame, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sqesis SerCeva socialuri mizniT dauSvebelia, xolo `trivialuri~ mizezebis, kerZod, momavali bavSvisaTvis gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibebis mizniT xelovnuri Casaxvis meTodebis gamoyenebis akrZalvaze araferia
naTqvami.
1.3. embrionis Seqmna sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad
`mxsneli dedmamiSvili~34 ewodeba bavSvs, romelic dabadebulia mecnierTa mier dadgenili
konkretuli genis gaTvaliswinebiT ise, rom man SeZlos ufrosi dis/Zmis daavadebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis gaweva.35
Tanamedrove teqnologiis miRwevebiT, kerZod, adamianis leikocitTa antigenis meTodis
(Human leucocyte Antigen – HLA) gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba Tavsebadi in vitro embrionis SerCeva
implantaciisaTvis. ufro konkretulad, aRniSnuli manipulaciiT dgindeba Seqmnili embrionis
konkretuli genis ufrosi da/Zmis genTan Tavsebadoba da dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, placentisa Tu Wiplaridan miRebuli Rerovani ujredebis36 ufrosi avadmyofi da/ZmisaTvis implantaciis Sedegad am ukanasknelis gadarCena.37 Tumca, mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, saWiro gaxdes mkurnalobis mizniT, ukve dabadebuli bavSvis sisxlis, Zvlis tvinisa Tu organoTa donaciac.38
aRniSnuli meTodi avadmyofi ufrosi bavSvis gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualebaa, vinaidan
SeTavsebadi Rerovani ujredis gadanergviT xdeba iseT mZime daavadebaTagan gankurneba, rogoricaa Talasemia, daimond-blekfanis anemia, fankonis anemia, leikemia39 da a.S.
120
genetikuri testirebis Sedegad, pirveli e.w. `mxsneli~ dedmamiSvili, adam naSi, daibada 2000
wels, aSS-Si ufrosi dis, molis fankonis anemiisagan gankurnebis mizniT, Tumca, SeTavsebadi
embrionis miRebamde ocdaaTi embrionis seleqcia-ganadgureba gaxda saWiro.40
embrionTa pgd-is aRniSnuli meTodi mkurnalobis warmatebul saSualebad gamoiyeneba did
britaneTSi, belgiasa da aSS-Si.41
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, did britaneTSi 2005 wlis precedenti _ Quintavalle (on Behalf of
Comment on Reproductive Ethics) V. Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority)42 saqmeze:43 mosarCele
haSmis 6 wlis vaJs aReniSneboda sisxlis daavadeba, beta-Talasemia, romlis gankurnebis erTaderT Sanss mxolod Tavsebadi RviZli da/Zmis Wiplaris Rerovani ujredebis implantacia warmoadgenda. amisaTvis embrioni xelovnuri ganayofierebis meTodiT unda Seqmniliyo, rasac skriningis meTodiT Tavsebadobis dadgenis Semdeg Rerovani ujredis gadanergva mohyveboda.44 manipulaciis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebel winapirobas uflebamosili organos _ adamianis fertilizaciisa da embriologiis ganyofilebis45 nebarTva warmoadgenda. marTalia, nebarTva gacemul
iqna, magram vinaidan 1990 wlis `embriologiisa da fertilizaciis Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad,46
nebarTvis gacema sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad embrionis SeqmnisaTvis ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, igi sicocxlis damcvelma organizaciam _ reproduqciuli eTikis komitetma gaasaCivra.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom dedis moTxovna daakmayofila. Seiqmna 14 embrioni, Tumca,
arcerTi maTgani Sesaferisi ar aRmoCnda.47 saapelacio instanciam da lordTa palatam sakiTxi
sxvagvarad gadawyvita. dava xsenebuli kanonis debulebam gamoiwvia, romlis mixedviTac,
nebarTva gaicemoda, Tu embrioni `Sesaferisi~ iqneboda qalis sxeulSi implantaciisaTvis. adamianis fertlizaciisa da embriologiis ganyofilebis mixedviT, sityva `Sesaferisi~ (suitable)
gulisxmobda qalisaTvis Sesaferis embrions, am SemTxvevaSi iseTs, romelic ufrosi Svilis
gankurnebisaTvis gamodgeboda. reproduqciuli eTikis komitetis mixedviT ki, am terminSi janmrTeli, genetikuri anomaliisagan Tavisufali embrioni igulisxmeboda, Sesabamisad, kanonieri
iyo pgd da ara da/Zmis genTan Tavsebadobis testireba.
aRniSnuli argumenti saapelacio instanciam ar gaiziara, xolo lordTa palatam daadgina,
rom vinaidan miTiTebuli kanoni, klonirebis msgavsad, pirdapir ar krZalavda pgd-is meTodis
gamoyenebiT konkretul genTan SeTavsebisa da amiT sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenisaTvis embrionis
Seqmnas, ganyofilebas SeeZlo nebarTvis gacema.
arsebuli precedentis gaTvaliswinebiT, didi britaneTis 2008 wlis `adamianis fertilizaciisa da embriologiis Sesaxeb~ kanonma48 `mxsneli~ seleqcia dauSva Sesabamisi licenziis arsebobisas, kerZod, Tu Rerovani ujredis recipienti Seqmnili/SerCeuli donoris biologiuri
da/Zmaa; recipients aReniSneba sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadeba, romlis gankurnebis alternatiuli gza ar arsebobs da romelic SeiZleba ganikurnos Wiplaridan miRebuli sisxlis Rerovani
ujredebiT, Zvlis tvinis an sxva ujredebis gadanergviT, Tu misi da/ZmasTan Tavsebadoba dadgenilia. amasTan, gaTvaliswinebulia garkveuli SezRudvac: dauSvebelia embrionis Seqmna da seleqcia bavSvis mTliani organos gadanergvis mizniT.49 yuradsaRebia is garemoeba, rom bavSvis
Seqmna mSobelTa gankurnebis mizniT nebadarTuli ar aris;50 embrionis implantaciamde genetikuri testirebisas Sesabamisi klinikis mier gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes: recipienti bavSvis
daavadebis simZime da masTan dakavSirebuli tanjva; daavadebis progresireba, prognozi, mkurnalobis yvela SesaZlo saSualeba, donori `mxsnelisaTvis~ embrionis biofsiasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela SesaZlo riski; emociuri da fsiqologiuri Sedegebi; organoTa (ujredTa) gadanergvasTan
dakavSirebuli garTulebani; xolo im ojaxisaTvis, romelsac surs embrionis Seqmna ufrosi
Svilis gankurnebisaTvis _ reproduqciuli gamocdileba da garemoebani (Seqmnil da Tavsebad
embrionTa odenoba); warmatebis albaToba; warumateblobis Sedegebi da sxva.51
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doqtrinaSi `mxsneli dedmamiSvilis~ Seqmna gakritikebulia imdenad, ramdenadac am dros
bavSvis dabadeba warmoadgens miznis miRwevis saSualebas. amasTan, SesaZloa ufrosi Svilis mkurnalobisaTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes sisxlidan miRebuli Rerovani ujredebi, aramed aucilebeli gaxdes sxva organoTa gadanergvac. moraluri TvalsazrisiT, embrionis Seqmna Wiplaris
sisxlis ujredebis miRebisaTvis ufro gamarTlebulia, vidre Zvlis tvinisa da organos donacia,
vinaidan es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia tkivilTan, diskomfortTan, riskTan.52 vinaidan arasrulwlovnis organos gadanergvis Taobaze informirebuli Tanxmobis gacxadebaze uflebamosili piri mSobelia, Sesabamisad, maTTvis umcrosi Svilis ufrosis keTildReobisaTvis msxverplSewirvis farglebi ar unda iyos SeuzRudavi.53
`mxsneli dedmamiSvilis~ Seqmnis legalizeba gamoiwvevs bavSvTa `dizainis~ legalizebasac,
rac gulisxmobs sasurveli Tmis, Tvalis ferisa Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebisaTvis adamianis specialurad Seqmnas,54 `mxsneli~ bavSvisaTvis fsiqologiurad damTrgunveli iqneba imis gancda, rom
igi Seiqmna mxolod sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad, miT ufro, Tu molodini ver gaamarTla da
ufrosi da/Zma ar ganikurna.55 Tumca, donorisaTvis SesaZlo emociuri ziani ar amarTlebs
sicocxlis gadarCenaze uaris Tqmas da Tu da-Zmis sicocxlis gadarCena sasargeblo ar aris
donorisaTvis, arc sazianoa, miT ufro, roca mxolod Wiplaridan miRebuli Rerovani ujredebis
gamoyeneba xdeba, rac bavSvisaTvis ar iwvevs uaryofiT Sedegs. amasTan, `mxsnelis~ Seqmnis dros
motivi keTilSobiluria, radgan sicocxlis gadarCenas emsaxureba, gansxvavebiT `bavSvTa dizainisagan,~ sadac mizezi meorexarisxovania,56 embrionis specialurad dabadebis miznis miuxedavad,
warmoudgenelia mSoblebma Svili mxolod organos wyarod ganixilon da igi ugulvebelyon,
xolo donorisaTvis sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara stresi, aramed siamaye
da sixaruli.57
zogadad, erTi bavSvis mier meorisaTvis ujredisa Tu organos donacia gamarTlebulia imdenad, ramdenadac mSoblis, da-Zmis sicocxlis gadarCena TavisTavad donorisTvisac sasargebloa,
misTvis miyenebul safrTxes, tkivilsa da zians recipientisaTvis miniWebuli sargebeli gadawonis. Tumca, sakamaToa, ramdenad aqvT mSoblebs moraluri ufleba erTi Svilis saxeliT miiRon
gadawyvetileba organos gadacemis Taobaze.58
`organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~59 saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxlis me-2 nawili iTvaliswinebs
mkurnalobis mizniT placentisa da Wiplaris sisxlis Rerovani ujredebis aRebas sxva adamianisaTvis gadasanergad, mxolod potenciuri donoris mSobiarobis Semdeg. me-19 muxlis me-2 nawilis
mixedviT ki, sxva adamiani SeiZleba iyos rogorc genetikuri naTesavi, ise nebismieri mesame piri.
maSasadame, bavSvis dabadeba sxvisi sicocxlis gadasarCenad nebadarTulia. daSvebulia arasrulwlovanisagan organos aRebac. kerZod, miTiTebuli kanonis me-20 muxlis mixedviT, arasrulwlovani (garda mcirewlovnisa) SeiZleba iyos Zvlis tvinis donori, Tu: Zvlis tvinis aReba
ar imoqmedebs donoris janmrTelobaze, rasac erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad daadasturebs
saTanado licenziis mqone ori eqimi; Zvlis tvinis gadanergva gankuTvnilia pirveli an meore
rigis naTesavisaTvis, romlis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba sicocxlisaTvis saSiSia da ar arsebobs mkurnalobis sxva saSualeba; arasrulwlovnis ganwyoba iZleva samedicino Carevis SesaZleblobas da miRebulia meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos mier dadasturebuli mSoblebis an
mSoblebis zrunvas moklebuli arasrulwlovnis kanonieri warmomadgenlis Tanxmoba.
jdk-is 143-e muxli in vitro embrionis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs uSvilobis mkurnalobis mizniT
da colis an qmris mxridan genetikuri daavadebis gadacemis riskis arsebobisas. normis
teleologiuri, gramatikuli da logikuri ganmartebidan gamomdinare, unda vivaraudoT, rom
genetikuri daavadebis gadacemis riski uSualod Seqmnil embrions exeba da ara mis da Zmas.
`pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~60 saqarTvelos kanonis 32-e muxlis mixedviT, daavadebis ganma122
pirobebeli genis gamovlenis an daavadebisadmi genetikuri midrekilebis ganmsazRvreli
testireba dasaSvebia mxolod pacientis janmrTelobis dacvisa da janmrTelobis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli samecniero kvlevis mizniT. amave kanoniT pacients warmoadgens nebismieri piri,
romelic, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis miuxedavad, TviTon sargeblobs, saWiroebs an apirebs
isargeblos janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis momsaxurebiT. maSasadame, pacientad unda moviazroT
piri, romelsac utardeba genetikuri testireba da ara nebismieri, vinc mkurnalobas saWiroebs.
aRniSnuli teqnologia medicinis uaxlesi miRwevaa da miTiTebuli kanonisa Tu principebis
SemuSavebisas misi prognozirebac ki, SeuZlebeli iyo. Tumca, sakiTxi misi aqtualobidan
gamomdinare, uaxloes momavalSi realobad iqceva, rac droul mowesrigebas moiTxovs, xarvezis
aRmofxvrisas mTavar amocanad ki, embrionis statusis gansazRvra rCeba.
Sesabamisad, embrionis Seqmna sxvisi sicocxlis gadasaCenad, dasaSvebi da misaRebia, Tumca,
amas ar unda mohyves seleqcia da araTavsebad embrionTa ganadgureba, ramdenadac embrioni,
rogorc potenciuri adamiani pativiscemasa da dacvas imsaxurebs, miuxedavad imisa, misi dabadeba
vinmesTvis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis garantia iqneba Tu ara.
2. embrionis donacia bavSvis dabadebis mizniT
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben pirdapir donacias, roca recipienti donorisaTvis nacnobia
da anonimur donacias. am SemTxvevaSi mimRebi uSvilo qalis vinaoba donorisaTvis ucnobia.61
evrosabWos me-11 principis I I nawilis mixedviT, erTi wyvilis mier gamouyenebeli embrionis
donacia meore wyvilisaTvis xelovnurad Casaxvis mizniT, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier SeiZleba
daSvebul iqnes gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. bevr qveyanaSi (avstria, germania, SvedeTi, Sveicaria,
saberZneTi, irlania, TurqeTi) embrionis donacia akrZalulia, nawili qveynebisa (belgia, safrangeTi, ungreTi, fineTi, espaneTi, didi brataneTi, kanada, aSS) mxolod sinjaraSi ganayofierebuli
da `darCenili~ embrionis donacias uSvebs.62
jdk pirdapir ar aRiarebs embrionis donacias, Tumca 143-e muxlis I nawili uSvilobis
mkurnalobis mizniT eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs donoris
sasqeso ujredebis an embrionis gamoyenebiT, 144-e muxliT ki, nebadarTulia gayinvis meTodiT
konservirebuli embrionis gamoyeneba. arcerT normaSi ar gvxvdeba pirdapiri miTiTeba, embrionis gadatana unda moxdes uSualod genetikuri dedisaTvis Tu SesaZlebelia misi sxva pirisaTvis gadacemac xelovnuri ganayofierebisaTvis. normis sityvasityviTi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, `donoris sasqeso ujredebis an embrionis gamoyeneba~ ganimarteba, rogorc donorTa
embrionis gamoyeneba-donaciac, xolo 143-e muxlis I I nawilis mixedviT, donors an surogat dedas
ara aqvs dabadebuli bavSvis mSoblad cnobis ufleba, donorad ki, am SemTxvevaSi rogorc kvercxujredis, ise embrionis donoric moiazreba.
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTulia
in vitro embrionTa donacia da igi iseve, rogorc sxva reproduqciis alternativa, mowesrigebuli ar aris, maSin roca embrionTa donaciiTa da sxva reproduqciuli momsaxurebiT dResdReobiT araerTi samedicino dawesebuleba63 aqtiurad aris dakavebuli.
evrosabWos me-12 principis mixedviT, embrionis gadatana erTi qalis saSvilosnodan meore
qalis saSvilosnoSi ar unda iyos nebadarTuli. aRniSnulis Taobaze jdk-Si araferia naTqvami,
Tumca, 143-e muxlSi uSvilobis mkurnalobis saSualebad mxolod eqstrakorporuli ganayofierebis meTodze miTiTeba TavisTavad gamoricxavs in vivo embrionis donacias.
embrionTa donacia Tanamedroveobis gamowvevas warmoadgens da masze ukanasknel periodSi
cxare diskusiebi mimdinareobs. momxreTa mosazrebiT, donacia sasargebloa embrionisaTvis da
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mis keTildReobas emsaxureba,64 vinaidan Sansi eZleva dabadebisa, romelic TavisTavad sjobs
ganadgurebas. erT-erT upiratesobad saxeldeba recipienti mSoblis SesaZlebloba akontrolos
da izrunos bavSvis ganviTarebaze muclad yofnis periodidan, gansxvavebiT Svilad ayvanisagan.
Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia, am gziT dabadebuli bavSvis fsiqikuri garTulebanic. simarTlis
garkvevis Semdeg, _ rom misi arseboba `kosmiuri SemTxveviTobaa~, vinaidan gametebis mimwodeblebi erTmaneTs arc ki Sexvedrian, _ SesaZloa, bavSvma dakargos pirovnulobisa da vinaobis
gancda.65
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kanoni `organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~66 ar vrceldeba Canasaxisa
da nayofis organoebis, aseve, reproduqciuli ujredebis gamoyenebaze. miTiTebuli kanonis mixedviT,
donori aris cocxali adamiani an gardacvlili, romlisganac iReben organos sxva adamianisaTvis
gadasanergad, xolo recipienti ki, warmoadgens adamians, romelsac mkurnalobis mizniT gadaenerga
sxva adamianis organo. TviTon organos definicia arc xsenebul kanonSi da arc sxva sakanonmdeblo
aqtebSi ar gvxvdeba. medicinaSi igi ganimarteba, rogorc adamianis sxeulis fardobiTad (relatively)
damoukidebeli nawili, romelsac specialuri, erTi an ori funqcia gaaCnia.67
embrioni gacilebiT metia, vidre adamianis erTi romelime organo, misi donaciis daSveba
ewinaaRmdegeba aRiarebul principebs, adamianis Rirsebas. amdenad, embrionis rogorc sasyidliani, ise usasyidlo donacia da amiT embrionis brunvaSi monawileoba unda aikrZalos, rogorc
sayovelTaod miuRebuli qceva.
2.1. Svilad ayvanasTan embrionis donaciis Tanafardoba
aRiarebulia, rom embrionis donacia, rogorc damxmare reproduqciis alternativa, pirad
da ojaxur cxovrebas ganekuTvneba.68 igi gansxvavdeba Svilad ayvanisagan imiT, rom wyvilma,
romelmac gaiara in vitro procedura da gaaCnia Warbi embrioni, saCuqrad gadascems mas recipients,69 Tumca, embrionis donaciasa da Svilad ayvanasTan mimarTebaSi msgavseba realurad
arsebobs, vinaidan orive SemTxvevaSi, genetikurad sxva piri/wyvili kisrulobs mSoblis valdebulebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Svilad ayvanis institutisagan gansxvavebiT, donori _ genetikuri
mSobeli bavSvis mSoblad aRiarebis moTxovnis uflebas kargavs embrionze uaris Tqmis
momentidan, jer kidev, bavSvis dabadebamde. amasTan, Svilad ayvana, normis sitvasityviTi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, gulisxmobs ukve dabadebuli da gasaSvilebeli statusis mqone bavSvis
Svilad ayvanas, maSin, roca embrionis donaciis SemTxvevaSi, gasaSvilebeli obieqti araTu dabadebuli, aramed SeiZleba Casaxulic ki, ar iyos da winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seiqmnas.
Svilad ayvanis instituti TiTqmis yvela qveynaSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic, mowesrigebulia
specialuri kanoniT `Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb,~ romlis mixedviTac, bavSvis
interesebidan gamomdinare, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo, Tu es
mis keTildReobas emsaxureba.70 amasTan, mSvileblis statusis misaniWeblad dadgenilia kriteriumebi,71 xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb daskvna unda iTvaliswinebdes
bavSvis eTnikuri da kulturuli garemos gaTvaliswinebiT aRzrdis SesaZleblobasac.72
embrionTa donacia, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanasknel periodSi sakmaod aqtualuri sakiTxia,
gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si, sakanonmdeblo doneze mouwesrigebelia da Svilad ayvanis wesisagan
gansxvavebiT, savaldebulo moTxovnebs ar moicavs.73 momavali bavSvis interesebis dacvis mizniT,
mxolod ramdenime qveynis, magaliTad, safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis samarTali iTvaliswinebs embrionis `Svilad ayvanamde~ Svilad ayvanis msurvelTa Sefasebas sasamarTlos mier.74
embrionis donaciis regulirebis saerTo xarvezi iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, rom embrionis
recipienti Svilis mosurne nebismieri piri SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris, iseTic, romelsac sxva124
dasxva mizeziT uari eTqva mSvileblis statusis miniWebaze. amitom amerikuli doqtrina xSirad
miuTiTebs arsebuli Tanafardobis miuxedavad, embrionTa donaciaze Svilad ayvanis tradiciuli principebis gavrcelebis aucileblobaze, raTa dacul iqnes rogorc donori, ise recipienti mxare, bavSvi da zogadad, sazogadoeba da momavali Taoba.75
2.2. embrionis donaciis anonimuroba
`Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 25-e muxlis mixedviT, Svilad
ayvanis procesSi monawile yvela piri, maT Soris, biologiuri mSobeli, valdebulia daicvas Svilad
ayvanis saidumlo. mSvileblis neba-survilis gareSe, aRniSnuli saidumlos gamJRavnebisaTvis ki,
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 175-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas.
embrionTa donaciac, Svilad ayvanis msgavsad, rogorc wesi, anonimuria.76
evrosabWos me-13 principis I nawilis mixedviT, eqimma, agreTve, dawesebulebis TanamSromlebma, romlebic iyeneben xelovnurad Casaxvis teqnologiebs, unda daicvan donoris anonimuroba, saidumlod Seinaxon wyvilis vinaoba da aRniSnuli faqti ar unda gaaxmauron erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. gamonaklisis saxiT, donoris genetikuri informacia
SeiZleba gamJRavnebul iqnes, Tu es saWiroa bavSvis janmrTelobis, interesebisaTvis an
genetikuri konsultaciis Casatareblad. aRniSnulis uzrunvelsayofad, sasurvelia, embrionis
donaciisas gacxadebul informirebul TanxmobaSi mieTiTos genetikuri mSoblis janmrTelobis
istoria da STamomavlobisaTvis yvela SesaZlo samedicino riski.77
evrosabWos me-13 principis I I nawilis mixedviT, erovnulma kanonmdeblobam SeiZleba dauSvas,
rom bavSvs garkveul asakSi hqondes saSualeba gaecnos informacias misi Casaxvis garemoebebisa
da donoris vinaobis Sesaxeb.
konfidencialobis dacvis principi ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxlis
I I nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad, ‘oficialur CanawerebSi arsebuli informacia, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianis janmrTelobasTan, mis finansebTan an sxva kerZo sakiTxebTan, aravisTvis ar
unda iyos xelmisawvdomi, TviT am adamianis Tanxmobis gareSe, garda kanoniT dadgenili SemTxvevebisa, rodesac es aucilebelia saxelmwifo uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelsayofad, janmrTelobis, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dasacavad.~
jdk-is 42-e muxliT, `medicinis muSaki da samedicino dawesebulebis yvela TanamSromeli
movalea daicvas samedicino (saeqimo) saidumlo, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca konfidencialuri
informaciis gamJRavnebas moiTxovs gardacvlilis naTesavi an kanonieri warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlo an es aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad.~
embrionis donacia, xsenebuli kanonis me-3 muxlis `C~ qvepunqtiT gansazRvrul saeqimo
saidumlos warmoadgens. janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli saidumloeba ganekuTvneba pirad saidumlos, magram es informacia absoluturad daculi ar aris da kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, maT Soris, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad gamJRavnebas eqvemdebareba.78
`pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 28-e muxlis mixedviT, samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis mier konfidencialuri informaciis gamJRavneba dasaSvebia, Tu miRebulia
pacientis Tanxmoba; informaciis gaumJRavnebloba safrTxes uqmnis mesame piris (romlis vinaobac
cnobilia) sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas; Tu es gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba zemoT motanil
princips, Tumca me-13 principis I I nawilis msgavsad, bavSvis konkretuli asaki informaciis gamJRavnebisaTvis dadgenili ar aris.
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damxmare reproduqciis teqnologiis gamoyeneba eqceva piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis saidumloebis farglebSi,79 romelic simarTlis garkveviT, SesaZloa, Seilaxos. Tumca, genetikuri warmomavlobis dadgena xSirad, bavSvis interesebis dacvas emsaxureba, vinaidan ojaxis janmrTelobis istoriis dadgena xels uwyobs genetikur daavadebaTa adreul prevencias, diagnostikasa
da mkunalobaSi daxmarebas.80
bavSvis interesebis saukeTeso dacva upiratesia damxmare reproduqciis teqnologiis gamoyenebisas, aseve, mSobelTa cxovrebis wesis arCevanis TavisuflebasTan SedarebiT.81 swored amitom, embrionTa donaciis Sedegad dabadebul bavSvTaTvis cnobili unda iyos warmomavlobis,
genetikuri mSoblebisa da ojaxis wevrebis Sesaxeb,82 vinaidan sakuTari warmoSobis garkvevis
ufleba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxliT garantirebuli pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebidan gamomdinareobs.83 amasTan, anonimurobis dros arsebobs sisxlis aRrevis
riski. incestis Tavidan acilebis mizniT ki, aucilebelia kanonmdeblobiT individualur donorTaTvis STamomavlobis odenobis SezRudva.84
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanamedrove tendencia mimarTulia ara mxolod embrionTa
donaciis Sesaxeb informaciis gamJRavnebis savaldebuloobisaken, aramed naxevar da-Zmis Taobaze informaciis miwodebis uzrunvelyofiskenac.85
donori mSoblebisagan sxva dedmamiSvilTa moZiebis xelSewyobisaTvis aSS Si Seiqmna specialuri internet-gverdi,86 romlis meSveobiT aTasobiT pirma SeZlo naxevar da-Zmis moZieba, did
britaneTSi ki, adamianis fertilizaciisa da embriologiis ganyofilebis iniciativiT dafuZnda
nebayoflobiTi saregistracio momsaxureba, romlis mizani, aseve, donaciis meSveobiT dabadebuli STamomavlobis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa.87
2.3. embrionis donaciis sasyidlianoba
embrionTa donaciis yvelaze rTul samarTlebriv da eTikur problemas warmoadgens sasyidlianoba, ramdenadac arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba, rom gametebis mimwodeblebma, romlebsac
Warbi embrionebi gaaCniaT, isini materialuri sargebelis miRebis mizniT gamoiyenon, xolo uares
SemTxvevaSi, socialurad daucveli, susti mxare aRmoCndes eqspluataciis msxverpli. amis
safuZvels gvaZlevs arsebuli garemoeba. kerZod, rogorc sazRvargareTis qveynebis praqtika
cxadyofs, embrionis SeZeniT dainteresebulia ara mxolod uSvilo piri/wyvili, aramed embrionTa bankebi _ Semnaxveli klinikebi, aseve, mecnierebi, romelTa mizania kvlevis ganxorcieleba da
embrionTa e.w. `dilerebi~, romlebic garda mza embrionTa SeZenisa, yiduloben qalisa da mamakacis gametebs, vinaidan samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, es ufro usafrTxoa da TviTon qmnian
embrionebs sxva pirTaTvis miyidvis mizniT.88
embrioniT vaWroba sayovelTaod araeTikuri qcevaa, romelic SeuTavsebadia adamianis RirsebasTan.
`adamianis uflebaTa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, `adamianis
sxeuli an misi nawilebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes finansuri mogebis wyarod.~ aRniSnuli
norma gamomdinareobs amave konvenciis preambulidan da pirveli muxlidan, romlis mixedviTac,
konvenciis monawile mxareebma unda daicvan TiToeuli adamianis Rirseba da individualoba da
ar dauSvan, rom adamianis sxeulis nawilebi da qsovilebi iqces finansuri sargeblobis wyarod
arc im pirisaTvis, romlisganac iqna igi aRebuli da arc mesame mxarisaTvis, iqneba es kerZo piri
Tu dawesebuleba.89 Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlis ganmartebisas ar aris miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom
finansuri sargeblobis akrZalva vrceldeba embrionTa gadacemazec.90
im qveynebSi, sadac nebadarTulia embrionis donacia, rogorc wesi, pirdapir aris miTiTeba
finansuri sargeblis miRebis dauSveblobaze. aSS Si embrioni ar aris brunvaSi, Tumca kanoniT
126
arc pirdapir aris misi monawileoba akrZaluli,91 aramed aSS-is fertiluri sazogadoeba rekomendaciis saxiT gansazRvravs, rom sazRauris gadaxda embrionis donaciis dros dauSvebelia,
Tumca, donors unda mieces samarTliani kompensacia drois, danaxarjebisa da gancdili uxerxulobisaTvis (inconvenience).92 kvercxujredis donaciis dros donors anazRaureba, rogor wesi,
miecema recipientisaTvis specialurad gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis, amdenad, kompensaciis gadaxda tkivilisa da diskomfortisaTvis SedarebiT gamarTlebulia,93 xolo embrionTa donaciis
dros, umetes SemTxvevaSi, In vitro ganayofierebis Sedegad darCenili, Warbi embrioni gamoiyeneba,
ise, rom donors mis Sesaqmnelad gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva aRar esaWiroeba. amasTan, wyvilis
mier embrioni sakuTari `moxmarebisaTvis~ iqmneba, momavalSi specialuri anazRaurebis molodinis gareSe,94 ris gamoc embrionis donaciisaTvis sazRauris moTxovna xarjebis dafarvis mizniTac gaumarTlebelia.
`organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic organoebiT vaWrobas dauSveblad miiCnevs, pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom kanoni ar vrceldeba Canasaxisa da embrionis organos
gamoyenebaze, vinaidan embrioni ufro metia, vidre adamianis organo. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1351-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenloba ar gveqneba da adamianis organoebiT vaWrobad ver dakvalificirdeba embrionis gadacemis Sesaxeb sasyidliani garigeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom miTiTebuli kodeqsis 135-e muxli danaSaulad
miiCnevs sisxliTa da sisxlis komponentebiT vaWrobasac ki, rodesac maTi aRdgena-regeneracia
SesaZlebelia, is faqti, rom embrionis brunvaSi monawileoba ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul normebs, udavod ikveTeba.95
evrosabWos me-9 principi adgens, rom `kvercxujredis, spermis, embrionis an maTgan miRebuli
elementis donorobisaTvis ar unda iqnes miRebuli raime materialuri sargebeli, anazRaurebadia mxolod xelfasis danakargi, samgzavro an sxva xarjebi, romlebic uSualod donorobasTan
aris dakavSirebuli~. komercializaciis dauSvebloba unda emsaxurebodes sazogadoebrivi
moralis dacvas, amisaTvis ki, aucilebelia specialuri amkrZalavi normis dadgena.
reproduqciis masalis sasyidlianobis dauSveblobaze jdk arafers ambobs, mxareebi Tavisuflad gansazRvraven momsaxurebisaTvis safasuris odenobas, rac realurad embrioniT vaWrobas
gulisxmobs. arsebuli tendencia miT ufro aqtualuria saqarTvelosaTvis, rogorc ganviTarebadi qveynisaTvis, sadac mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli nawilisaTvis es saqmianoba
SesaZloa Semosavlis wyarod iqces, amitom problema swraf da radikalur gadawyvetas moiTxovs.
2.4. embrionis Seqmna donaciisaTvis
miuxedavad imisa, rom gayinul mdgomareobaSi inaxeba asobiT da aTasobiT embrioni, sazRvargareTis qveynebis praqtikaSi arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca embrioni specialurad iqmneba donaciisaTvis. am dros xdeba donorTa winaswari SerCeva gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTeblebis, kerZod,
donoris simaRlis, wonis, Tvalis feris, agreTve, erudiciisa da TviT profesiis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki,96 rac recipient-mSobelTa mxridan gasakviri namdvilad ar aris. vinaidan umetesi qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT, maT Soris, jdk-s 143-e muxliT, nebadarTulia reproduqciis masalis donacia, recipients ufleba aqvs Tavad moiZios donori misTvis mniSvnelovani kriteriumebis mixedviT.
embrionis specialurad donaciisaTvis Seqmnis erT-erT mizans, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens
recipientis survili, hyavdes tyupebi, vinaidan ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis adreul etapze
stimulaciis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia, identur ujredebad _ tyupebad dayofis provocireba, ra
drosac orive embrioni gadaaqvT recipientis saSvilosnoSi an erT-erTs yinaven samomavalo
dabadebisaTvis.97
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saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi embrionis specialurad donaciisaTvis Seqmnis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami, Tumca, reproduqciis masalis donaciis upirobod daSveba, embrionis gamoyenebisaTvis winapirobebis Riad datoveba, embrionis donaciis Sesaxeb specialuri amkrZalavi normis ararseboba safuZvels gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom embrionis Seqmna mizanmimarTulad donaciisaTvis nebadarTulia, rac sinjaris embrionis nivTTan gaTanabrebis tendenciaze miuTiTebs.
daskvna
embrionze samecniero-biologiuri kvlevis Catareba qarTuli samarTliT akrZaluli ar aris,
Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom qmedeba nebadarTuli unda iyos, vinaidan `aukrZalavis nebadarTulobis
ganmartebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom akrZalulisa da nebadarTulis gverdiT xSirad
arsebobs viTareba, romelic marTalia, ar wesrigdeba normebiT, magram maT deonturi da iuridiuli statusi ara aqvT da miuxedavad imisa, rom isini akrZaluli ar aris, arc nabadarTulis
Sedegebs warmoadgenen~.98 sinjaraSi arsebul embrionze, iseve, rogorc ganviTarebad Canasaxze
kvleva dauSvebeli unda iyos, Tu es kvleva uSualod misTvis sargeblis momtani ar aris, rac
unda daadasturos Sesabamisma specialurma komisiam da bioeTikis komitetma.
kvlevam cxadyo, rom qarTuli samarTliT nebadarTulia embrionis donacia. amasTan, akrZaluli ar aris sasyidlis miRebac. vinaidan embrioni arc adamianis organoa da arc TviT adamiani,
amitom qceva sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul dasjad qmedebad ver Sefasdeba.
Tumca, embrioni gacilebiT metia, vidre adamianis organo, amitom embrionis brunvaSi monawileoba unda aikrZalos, rogorc sayovelTaod miuRebeli qceva.
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Wilkinson S., Choosing Tomorrow’s Children: The Ethics Of Selective Reproduction, Oxford
University Press, 2010, 114.
Paola F.A., Walker R., Nixon L.L., Medical Ethics and Humanities, Jones & Barlett Publishers,
2009, 260.
Gosden R., Designing Babies: The Brave New World of Reproductive Technology, W H Freeman
& Co, 2000, miTiTebulia: McLean Sh., First do no Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare, Ashgate
Pub Co, 2006, 399.
Paola F.A., Walker R., Nixon L.L., Medical Ethics and Humanities, Jones & Barlett Publishers,
2009, 260
McLean Sh., First do no Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare, Ashgate Pub Co, 2006, 399.
Herring J., Medical law and Ethics, Oxford University Press, 3rd ed., 2010, 385.
Wilkinson S., Choosing Tomorrow’s Children: The Ethics Of Selective Reproduction, Oxford
University Press, 2010. 118.
ZalaSia 1993 wlis 25 martidan.
ZalaSia 2000 wlis 5 maisidan.
http://www.asrm.org/search/detail.aspx?id=2356&q=embryo%20donation.
Council of Europe, Medically Assisted Procreation and the Protection of the Human Embryo
Comparative Study on the Situation in 39 States, Strasburg, 4 June 1998 http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/
healthbioethic/Activities/04_Human_embryo_and_foetus_en/CDBI-INF(98)8PMA.pdf.
In-Vitro janmrTelobis klinika, http://www.info-tbilisi.com/ge/invitro/service,
surogatuli dedobis centri saqarTveloSi, http://www.surrogacy.ge/
index.php?do=left_menu&id=10>.
Robertson J., Reproductive Technology And Reproductive Rights: In The Beginning: The Legal
Status Of Early Embryos, Va.L.Rev., Vol. 76, 1990, 502.
Cooper S.L., Glazer E.S., Choosing Assisted Reproduction: Social, Emotional and Ethical
Considerations, Perspective Press, 1998, 328.
miRebulia 23/02/2000, gamoqveynda ssm, 8, 15/03/2000.
130
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77
78
79
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83
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89
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98
WebMD, Webster’s New World Medical Dictionary,third edition, Wiley Publishing, 2008, 309
Jacobs M., Welss Conference on Adoption Law: Procreation Through Art: Why The Adoption
Process should not Apply, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 399.
http://www.theafa.org/article/embryo-donationprospective-recipients.
saqarTvelos kanoni `Svilad ayvanisa da mindobiT aRzrdis Sesaxeb~,
gamoqveynebulia ssm, 50, 31/12/2009, ZalaSia 1/01/2010.
igive kanonis me-5 muxli, ix.: agreTve, saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa
da socialuri dacvis ministris #50/n brZaneba `Svilad ayvanis
procedurebisa da formebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, gamoqveynebulia ssm, 23,
26/02/2010, ZalaSia 01/03/2010.
igive kanonis me-15 muxlis me-6 nawili.
Anderson M., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L. Rev.,
Vol. 35, 2006, 607.
Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook: A clinician’s Guide, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press,
2011, 172.
Anderson M., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L. Rev.,
Vol. 35, 2006, 607.
Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook : A Clinician’s Guide, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press,
2011, 166.
Cahn N., Accidental Incest: Drawing the Line-or the Curtain? For Reproductive Technology, 32
Harvard J.L.&Gender, Vol. 58, 2009,103.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 30 oqtombris #2/3/406408 gadawyvetileba.
Jacobs M., Welss Conference on Adoption Law: Procreation Through Art: Why The Adoption
Process should not Apply, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 399.
Cahm N., No Secrets: Openess and Donor-Concieved Half-Siblings, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 39,
2011, 333.
Kohm L.M., Well Conference On Adoption Law: What’s My Place In This World? A response To
Professor Ellen Waldman’s, What Do We Tell the Children?, Cap.U.L.Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 568.
iqve.
kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 106.
Cahn N., Accidental Incest: Drawing the Line-or the Curtain? For Reproductive Technology, 32
Harvard J.L.&Gender, Vol. 58, 2009,102.
iqve.
http://donorsiblingregistry.com
http://www.hfea.gov.uk/5838.html
Robertson J., Reproductive Technology And Reproductive Rights: In The Beginning: The Legal
Status Of Early Embryos, Va.L.Rev., Vol. 76, 1990, 512.
`adamianis uflebebisa da biomedicinis Sesaxeb~ konvenciis ganmartebiTi
memorandumi.
iqve.
Katz K., Wells Conference On Adoptioon Law, The Legal Status Of The Ex Uteroo Embryo:
Implications For Adoption Law, Cap. U.L. Rev., Vol. 35, 2006, 337.
Sauer M., Principles of oocute and embryo donation, Springer, 1998, 223.
Kindregan Ch., McBrien M., Assisted reproductive technology; a lawyer’s guide to emerging law
and science, American Bar Association, 2006,122.
Sauer M., Principles of oocute and embryo donation, , Springer, 1998, 253
Sead. Robertson J., Reproductive Technology And Reproductive Rights: In The Beginning: The
Legal Status Of Early Embryos, Va.L.Rev., Vol. 76, 1990, 514, romlis mixedviT,
embrionis komercializacia akrZalul unda iqnes, magram donorebs SeiZleba
daekisroT embrionis Seqmnis xarjebi.
Kindregan Ch., McBrien M., Assisted reproductive technology; a lawyer’s guide to emerging law
and science, American Bar Association, 2006, 123.
iqve.
Âðèòò Ô., Ëîãèêî-ôèëîñîñîôñêèåèñëåäîâàíèÿ, Èçáðàííèå òðóäû, 1986, 300.
miTiTebulia: naWyebia g., kanoniT aukrZalavis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb, Jur.
`samarTali~, #1, 1992,19.
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RESEARCH OF EMBRYO
AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF
DONATION
IRMA GELASHVILI
Doctor of Low, Associated Professor of the Georgian University
Embryo donation is the process when the producers of the embryo in the tube
deny it and give it to absolutely genetically different people.1The concept of
“embryo donation” means transmission of the embryo aiming birth of a baby,2 as
well as with the purpose of using it as scientific object.3
Georgian law does not envisage protection of the embryo in the tube. Georgian
law on “Healthcare” does not restrain carrying out research on embryo, neither it
restricts using its cells for various purposes, however, according to the Conventions
on “Human Rights and Biomedicine”, Article 18.1. countries that allow in vitro
research on the embryos, should also provide proper protection mechanism of
embryo. Second part of the same Article prohibits production of a human embryo
for the research purposes. Thus, based on the need to protect an embryo, as
conditional subject, it is necessary to envisage legislative restrictions researches
on developing embryos, if this research is beneficial for the embryo. The latter
should be proved by special commission and bioethical committee.
According to the teleological and grammatical definition of the Article 143 of
the Law on “Healthcare”, we can say that embryo donation with the purpose of
baby birth is allowed. At the same time, unlike the adoption institute, this issue
falls under the margin of contractual freedom, and recipient of an embryo may be
a person that does not fulfill adoption requirements. At the same time, it is not
restricted to receive the reward, that makes the embryo subject of the trade. Since
embryo is not an organ of a person and neither a person itself, this action shall not
become subject of punishment according to the Criminal Code. However, embryo
is much more than a human organ, thus, embryo circulation should be restricted,
as universally unacceptable act.
FOOTNOTES:
1
2
3
Anderson M.l., Are you My Mommy? A Call For Regulation Of Embryo Donation, Cap.U.L. Rev.,
Vol.35, 2006, 600.
Embryo donation for the receipinets, that should carry it, give a birth and raise, sometimes “adoption
of an embryo” - Embryo adoption .
Kovacs G., The Subfertility Handbook : A Clinician’s Guide, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press,
2011, 166.
132
ucxouri investiciebis
SidasamarTlebrivi
dacvis garantiebi
saqarTveloSi
levan kokaia
iuristi
Sesavali
sxvadasxva kapitalis saxelmwifos sazRvrebs gareT moZraoba
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi kapitalis migrireba da misi miReba uzrunvelyofs ama Tu im saqonlis an momsaxurebis siWarbis da aseve, deficitis aRmofxvras rogorc investiciis gamcemi fizikuri an iuridiuli piris saxelmwifosaTvis,
agreTve investiciis mimRebi mxarisTvisac.
kapitalis transnacionaluri moZraoba biznesis sxvadasxva
sferos mzard tendenciasa da saxelmwifoTa mWidro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis urTierTdamokidebulebas ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom investiciebi, misi mimRebi saxelmwifosaTvis ekonomikur mniSvnelobasTan erTad politikur rolsac asruleben,
rac ama Tu im qveynis usafrTxoebaze da ekonomikur stabilurobaze aisaxeba.
saqarTvelos, rogorc saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi subieqtis erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis
mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas usafrTxo da mdgradi sainvesticio
klimatis Seqmna, mrewvelobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebisaTvis
investorTa mozidva da maTi saqmianobis waxaliseba warmoadgens.
aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualeba aris ucxouri investiciebis dacvisaTvis iseTi samarTlebrivi garemos arseboba,
romelic investiciebis usafrTxoebas, stabilurobasa da misi zrdis
winapirobas uzrunvelyofs. swored amitom, ucxouri investiciebis
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maregulirebeli nebismieri ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba da SidasamarTlebrivi sainvesticio
kanonmdebloba miznad isaxavs investiciebis dacvis efeqtiani meqanizmebis SemuSavebas.
ucxouri investiciebis dacvis saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi meqanizmebis arsebobis paralelurad mniSvnelovania, saqarTvelos SidasamarTlebrivi sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebis mimoxilva
da gaanalizeba, romlebic iTvaliswineben ucxouri investiciebis usafrTxoebasa da sainvesticio saqmianobis TiToeuli elementis stabilurobas.
ama Tu im samarTlebrivi sikeTis dasacavad aucilebelia uSualod samarTlebrivi dacvis
obieqtis (mocemul SemTxvevaSi „invescitiis~) arsisa da misi saxeobebis gageba.
I.
investiciis cneba da saxeebi
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi investiciis erTiani samarTlebrivi definicia ar aris SemuSavebuli. sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobac mis arss gansxvavebulad ganmartavs. saerTaSoriso
sainvesticio samarTlis literaturac ar gvTavazobs unikalur formulas, riTac SesaZlebeli
iqneboda sxvadasxva sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi misi danergva. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, TiTqmis
yvela ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebaSi da aseve, sxva wyaroebSic gvxvdeba investiciis erTiani
maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric aris fuladi saxsrebi, fasiani qaRaldebi da sxva.
investiciis, rogorc samarTlebrivi kategoriis ganmarteba ukavSirdeba mis sxvadasxva saxes.
pirobiTad, investiciebs yofen kerZo, saxelmwifo, adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso investiciebad,
Tumca, zemoaRniSnuli klasifikacia ufro konkretulad warmodgenilia: Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi
an adgilobrivi, pirdapir ucxouri da portfeluri da saxelmwifo investiciebis saxiT. aRniSnuli terminebi zog sainvesticio SeTanxmebaSi an sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi SeiZleba
moicavdes msgavs maxasiaTeblebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, SeiZleba misi struqtura gansxvavdebodes,
Tumca, investiciis TiToeuli saxe garkveul aqtiur qmedebasTan asocirdeba, rasac investirebiT moixsenieben. farTo gagebiT „investireba~ ganmartebulia rogorc fuladi saxsrebis an
kapitalis dabandeba mogebis miRebis mizniT.1 sxvadasxva investireba Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulad
realizdeba da maTi dabandeba da dacva aseve, sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi reJimiT SeiZleba regulirdebodes, rasac Tan Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sedegebi mosdevs.
„investiciis~, miaxloebiT erTiani kategoriis Camosayalibeblad aucilebelia maTi saxeobebis ganmarteba.
investirebis yvelaze ufro martivi formaa Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi an adgilobrivi investiciebi. adgilobrivi investireba gulisxmobs erTi romelime qveynis fizikuri an iuridiuli
piris inteleqtualuri resursebis, fuladi saxsrebis an sxva tipis kapitalis dabandebas misi
warmomSobi an registraciis mqone qveynis SigniT mogebis miRebis mizniT.
pirdapir ucxour investiciebSi moiazreba ucxo qveynis moqalaqis, moqalaqeobis armqone
piris, romelic mudmivad ar cxovrobs saqarTvelos teritoriaze da agreTve ucxouri sawarmos
mier garkveuli kapitalis akumulireba da dabandeba saqarTveloSi. ZiriTadad, aseTi tipis
investiciebi kompaniis sxvadasxva aqtivis SesyidvaSi vlindeba. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa
da ganviTarebis organizacia pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis specifikas axasiaTebs rogorc
„adgilobrivi sawarmos mier grZelvadiani interesebis arsebobas investiciis momwodebeli ucxouri fizikuri an iuridiuli pirisagan. grZelvadiani interesi gulisxmobs xangrZlivi urTierTobis arsebobas pirdapir investorsa da beneficiar sawarmos Soris, rac TavisTavad, investiciis mimRebi kompaniis marTvaze axdens gavlenas~.2
portfeluri investicia warmoadgens ucxo qveyanis safondo birJaze kapitalis ganTavsebas
fasiani qaRaldebis Sesyidvis gziT an erovnul safondo birJaze ucxo qveynis kompaniis fasiani
134
qaRaldebiT vaWrobas. ucxour fortfelur da pirdapir investiciebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba mdgomareobs investorTa mier kompaniis flobis, marTvisa da kontrolis konkretul
funqciebSi. rodesac „portfeluri~ investori garkveul safrTxes xedavs ganTavsebuli kapitalis Semcirebis, dakargvis an gaufasurebis gziT, mas SeuZlia drois mokle monakveTSi moaxdinos
fasiani qaRaldebis gadacvla misTvis sasurveli aqciebiT. riskis marTvis aseTi siswrafe ar
axasiaTebs pirdapir ucxour investiciebs, radganac maTi arseboba rogorc wesi, grZelvadian
saqmian urTierTobebas ukavSirdeba.
saxelmwifo investiciebSi igulisxmeba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ama Tu im organos
mier kontrolirebad an naxevradkontrolirebad sawarmoSi wilis, aqciebis an/da aqtivebis Sesyidvas, mis marTvas da kontrols saxelmwifos mier. aseTi saqmianobidan miRebuli wminda amonagebi Tanxa iricxeba saxelmwifo biujetSi da Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
miznebisaTvis. saxelmwifo investicia Tavis mxriv, moicavs rogorc adgilobriv saxelmwifo,
agreTve sagareo investiciebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxezea ama Tu im saxelmwifos saxsrebiT
sawarmos dafuZneba an qveynis SigniT arsebuli sawarmos wilebis, aqciebis an/da aqtivebis
garkveuli procentiT Sesyidva, marTva da kontroli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, adgili aqvs ucxo
qveynis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ama Tu im organos an saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier sagareo
sesxis an grantis formiT investirebas meore saxelmwifos mTavrobisaTvis kapitalis an sxva
materialuri resursis gamoyofis saxiT.
investiciebis TiToeuli saxeobis specifika unikaluria, rac iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT,
investors ama Tu im samarTlebrivi reJimis dacvis qveS aqcevs. magaliTad, Tu ucxouri kompaniis
mier moxdeba saqarTveloSi arsebul safondo birJaze aqciebiT vaWroba da Sesabamisi mogebis
miReba, cxadia, aseTi investoris kapitalis usafrTxoebisaTvis erT-erT mTavar faqtors Seadgens saqarTveloSi arsebuli safondo birJebis, sabrokero saqmianobisa da fasiani qaRaldebis
brunvis stabiluroba da sxva saxis samarTlebrivi garantiebis arseboba, rasac ver vityviT
sxva tipis investiciebis ganTavsebasa da marTvaze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom „investicias~ mravalmxrivi da ormxrivi xelSekrulebebisa da konvenciebis,
agreTve erovnuli kanonmdeblobis garda, calke ganmartaven rogorc saerTaSoriso tribunalebi, agreTve arbitraJebi da erovnuli sasamarTloebi. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ganmartebisas mTavar berkets Seadgenen is ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec modave mxareTa saxelmwifoebma valdebuleba aiRes ama Tu im moqmedebis Sesasruleblad.
investiciis definiciis gagebisas sainteresoa, germanuli ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmebebis modelis ganxilva, romelic germaniis ekonomikisa da Sromis saministros mier 2005 wels
iqna SemuSavebuli. aRniSnuli modelis SemuSavebas safuZvlad edo germaniis federalur
respublikasa da malaiziis respublikas Soris gaformebuli ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmeba
1960 wels. kerZod, germanuli modeli „investicias~ ganmartavs, rogorc: „1. moZravi da uZravi
qoneba, aseve, moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi, rogoric aris giravnoba da ipoTeka; 2.
kompaniis aqciebi da sxva saxis Semosavlebi kompaniis saqmianobidan; 3. materialuri sargeblobisaTvis gamoyenebuli fuladi saxsrebisa da iuridiulad mniSvnelovani moqmedebis Sesrulebis
moTxovnis ufleba; 4. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi uflebebi, kerZod, saavtoro ufleba, patenti, sasargeblo modeli, sawarmoo gamogoneba, savaWro niSani, savaWro saxeli, savaWro da biznesis
komerciuli saidumloeba, sawarmoo teqnikuri procesi, nou-hau, gudvili; 5. sajaro samarTliT
regulirebuli samewarmeo koncesiebi, romelic moicavs bunebrivi resursebis moZiebisa da
sargeblobis uflebis mopovebas~.3
aseve sayuradReboa, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gaformebuli mravali ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmeba „qonebas” materialur mniSvnelobasTan erTad araerT aramaterialur
135
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qonebriv uflebadac moixseniebs. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiTi uflebebis garda, es SeiZleba
iyos nebismieri sanivTosamarTlebrivi da valdebulebiTsamarTlebrivi moTxovnis ufleba,
romelic SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes mxareTa Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis Sinaarsidan.
investiciis ganmarteba saqarTvelos ormxrivi sainvesticio SeTanxmebebis formatSi aseve,
moicavs: aqciebTan erTad kompaniis saqmianobaSi monawileobis sxva formebs, romlebic moTxovnis uflebas warmoSoben; savalo valdebulebebs; obligaciebs da sxva fasian qaRaldebs,
romelTac ekonomikuri mniSvneloba gaaCniaT; kompaniis aqtivebs; ijaras; qonebis gankargvis
uflebas; uzufruqts; servituts; giravnobas, ipoTekasa da Tavdebobas; sawyisi kapitaldabandebis Rirebulebis moculobis nebismier zrdas; moTxovnis uflebas reinvesticiis Sedegad
miRebul sargebelze; miznobriv sabanko da finansur Senatanebs, romelic dakavSirebulia investiciebis ganxorcielebasTan; sabanko kreditebs; sesxebs da misgan gamomdinare uflebebs; adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul, agreTve kanonis an administraciuli ganCinebis
safuZvelze miniWebul koncesiebs, licenziebs, ekonomikur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul uflebamosilebasa da nebarTvebs.
saqarTvelos mier gaformebul ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebTan erTad „sainvesticio
saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 12 noembris kanonis
pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. investiciad miiCneva yvela saxis qonebrivi da inteleqtualuri
faseuloba an ufleba, romelic dabanddeba da gamoiyeneba SesaZlo mogebis miRebis mizniT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganxorcielebul samewarmeo saqmianobaSi. 2. aseTi faseuloba an ufleba SeiZleba iyos: a) fuladi saxsrebi, wili, aqciebi da sxva fasiani qaRaldebi; b) uZravi da
moZravi qoneba _ miwa, Senoba-nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi da sxva materialuri faseuloba; g)
miwiT da sxva bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis ufleba (maT Soris, kompensacia), patenti,
licenzia, „nou-hau~, gamocdileba da sxva inteleqtualuri faseuloba; d) kanoniT aRiarebuli
sxva qonebrivi an inteleqtualuri faseuloba an ufleba~.4
saqarTvelos kanonSi „investiciis” Semadgeneli komponentebi metwilad emTxveva, rogorc
saqarTvelos mier gaformebul ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi warmodgenil elementebs,
agreTve sxva qveynebis mier erTmaneTTan gaformebul ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi arsebuli investiciis ganmartebebsac. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, investiciis TiToeuli Semadgeneli elementi ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan, materialur datvirTvas atarebs.
investiciis aseTi mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba TavisTavad moiTxovs iseTi samarTlebrivi berketebis arsebobas, ra drosac investiciis TiToeuli Semadgeneli komponentis maregulirebeli
adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso kanonmdebloba adekvaturad upasuxebs sxvadasxva finansur da
samarTlebriv riskebs da rac Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sainvesticio saqmianobis met
usafrTxoebas adgilobrivi da ucxoeli investorebisaTvis.
II. eqspropriaciis mniSvneloba da misi kavSiri sainvesticio saqmianobasTan
farTo gagebiT eqspropriacia gulisxmobs sakuTrebis Zaladobriv CamorTmevas saxelmwifos
mier anazRaurebiT an mis gareSe.5 ucxouri investiciebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, arsebobs eqspropriaciis ori forma: 1. pirdapiri eqspropriacia, anu CamorTmeuli sakuTrebis e.w. „nacionalizacia~, rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis gadasvla investiciis beneficiari saxelmwifos sasargeblod xdeba; 2. arapirdapiri eqspropriacia, rodesac qonebis CamorTmevas Tan axlavs saTanado
kompensaciis gacema. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos mier CamorTmeuli qoneba SeiZleba darCes
saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi an aseTi qoneba saxelmwifos mierve SeiZleba gasxvisdes. investiciis
eqspropriacia SesaZloa savaldebulo saxesac atarebdes. aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis eqspropriacia
136
SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc: „saxelmwifos marTlzomieri Careva sakuTrebaSi, misi amoReba an
datvirTva sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad~.6
nebismieri tipis investiciis meti usafrTxoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifos midgoma
qonebis eqspropriaciisas gamoixatebodes misi arapirdapiri saxiT, anu saTanado anazRaurebis
gacemis gziT.
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis mier Camoyalibebulia is kriteriumebi, rodesac saqmis ganmxilvelma arbitraJma unda ixelmZRvanelos eqspropriaciis kanonierebis Semowmebisas da ra kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda dakvalificirdes eqspropriaciis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri forma. kerZod, organizaciis rekomendaciiT _ sistemurad
eqspropriaciis ama Tu im nairsaxeobis gamoyenebis aucilebloba arsad ar aris dafiqsirebuli,
ris gamoc saqmis ganmxilvelma arbitraJma iseTi kriteriumebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos, rogoric
aris: 1. sakuTrebis uflebaSi SeWris masStabi; 2. eqspropriaciis mizani da misi xasiaTi; 3. eqspropriaciis gamoyeneba saTanado kompensaciis gadaxdis pirobiT an misi gadaxdis upirobo perspeqtiviT. aseve, saarbitraJo tribunalebi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas xelmZRvaneloben
qonebis CamorTmevis proporciulobisa da Carevis xarisxis kriteriumebiT. sxvadasxva ganxiluli saarbitraJo saqmeebi cxadyofen, rom pirdapir eqspropriacias adgili aqvs iseT SemTxvevebSi,
roca xdeba ucxouri sainvesticio kapitalis CamorTmeva garemos, adamianTa janmrTelobisa da
usafrTxoebis, sabazro keTildReobis, biznesis dargis konkurentunarianobisa da socialuri
keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove ormxriv sainvesticio SeTanxmebebSi pirdapir asaxulia mxareTa pasuxismgebloba, rodesac SesaZloa moxdes investiciis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri eqspropriacia. eqspropriaciis daxarisxebis msgavsi kriteriumebi sxvadasxva saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizebis Sedegad SemuSavda.7
saerTaSoriso sainvesticio samarTalSi SemuSavebul doqtrinebTan, sasamarTlo da saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebebTan erTad sainteresoa, aramarTlzomieri eqspropriaciisagan ucxouri
investiciebis dacvis qarTuli Sida sakanonmdeblo midgomis ganxilva.
III. arapirdapiri eqspropriaciis sakanonmdeblo berketebi
stabiluri sainvesticio saqmianobisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi SidasamarTlebrivi bazis
arseboba, romelic sakuTrebis pirdapir eqspropriacias, rogorc sainvesticio saqmianobis erTerTi riskis Semcvel faqtors gamoricxavs.
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi aseTi samarTlebrivi berketi saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis pirveli nawilidan gamomdinareobs, romlis Tanaxmad: „sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uflebis SezRudva~.8
konstituciiT aRiarebul uflebaTa Soris sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebaa,
romelic TiToeuli piris sakuTrebas icavs. am normis darRvevis safuZvelze investors SeuZlia
sakuTari uflebis dasacavad mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da aRidginos darRveuli
ufleba. sakuTrebis ufleba ar aris absoluturi da SeuzRudavi ufleba. kerZod, konstituciis
21-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebis mixedviT: „...2. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis
dasaSvebia pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul uflebaTa SezRudva kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da
dadgenili wesiT. 3. aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas da mxolod saTanado anazRaurebiT~.9
konstituciis 21-e muxlis me-2 nawilis amoqmedeba damokidebulia citirebuli normis
safuZvelze SemuSavebul specialur kanonSi gawerili „sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis~ mniSvnelo137
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biT. ucxouri investiciis an misi nawilis eqspropriaciac Sesabamisad, kanonis moTxovnaTa safuZvelze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes.
aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis gansazRvrisas eqspropriatori upirveles yovlisa,
konstituciis 21-e muxliT aRiarebuli sakuTrebis uflebis SinaarsiT aris SeboWili. agreTve
gasaTvaliswinebelia, kerZo da sajaro interesebis Tanafardoba, ra drosac zustad unda ganisazRvros investoris qonebis eqspropriaciis aucilebloba da konkretuli sazogadoebrivi
saWiroebis specifika.
sakuTrebis SezRudvis sferoSi kanonmdeblis uflebamosileba miT ufro didia, rac ufro
metia sakuTrebis obieqtis socialuri funqcia;10 Tavad sakuTrebis uflebis socialuri funqciis dadgenisaTvis ki, mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad exeba es sakuTreba sazogadoebriv interesebs.11
eqspropriaciis arapirdapir saxeze miuTiTebs 21-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romelic kanoniT
pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili
gadaudebeli aucileblobisas sakuTrebis CamorTmevas mxolod saTanado anazRaurebis gacemis
gziT xdis SesaZlebels.
ucxouri investiciebis samarTlebrivi dacvis konteqstSi sakuTrebis arapirdapiri eqspropriaciis SemTxvevebs aregulirebs „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis
CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1999 wlis 23 ivlisis kanoni, romelic gamomdinareobs
konstituciis 21-e muxlidan da sakuTrebis eqspropriaciis SemTxvevebTan erTad miuTiTebs
saTanado kompensaciaze, rac absoluturad Seesabameba 21-e muxlis me-3 nawilis moTxovnas. kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis pirveli muxlis „d” da „e” qvepunqtebiT gansazRvrulia: „d) eqspropriaciis ufleba _ saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxliTa da am kanoniT gansazRvruli aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis erTjeradi ufleba saTanado kompensaciis uzrunvelyofiT; e) eqspropriacia _ saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlisa da am
kanonis Sesabamisad sakuTrebis CamorTmeva, CamorTmeuli qonebis saTanado kompensaciiT.”12 aRniSnuli normebis safuZvelze garantirebulia ucxouri investiciebis e.w. „nacionalizaciis”
safrTxis Tavidan acileba. eqpropriaciis kompensirebadi xasiaTi ucxouri investiciebis dabandebisas mravali sainvesticio saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli riskebidan gamoricxavs investiciis absoluturi dakargvis albaTobas, rac saqarTveloSi ufro xelsayrel garemoebas qmnis
ucxouri investiciebis mosazidad da maTi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.
aRsaniSnavia, rom eqspropriaciis aucilebel winapirobad zemoaRniSnuli kanonis me-6 muxlis
pirveli punqti adgens eqspropriaciis anazRaurebis wess. kerZod, am normis Sesabamisad:
„eqspropriatori, romelmac miiRo eqspropriaciis ufleba, am kanonis me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad,
winaswar uTanxmdeba qonebis mesakuTres saeqspropriacio qonebis kompensaciis wesis Sesaxeb.
eqspropriatori axorcielebs yvela saTanado RonisZiebas, raTa qoneba miiRos mesakuTresTan
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. qonebis SeZenaze molaparakebis dawyebamde eqspropriatori Tavisi xarjiT, damoukidebeli eqspertis daxmarebiT afasebs qonebas da gansazRvravs kompensaciis saxiT
mesakuTrisaTvis gadasacem savaraudo sakompensacio Tanxas an sxva qonebas saeqspropriacio
qonebis sabazro Rirebulebis Sesabamisad. mesakuTre uflebamosilia Tavisi xarjiT isargeblos
sxva damoukidebeli eqspertis daxmarebiT~.13 kanonis me-3 muxli ki, adgens eqspropriaciis safuZvlebs, rac apelirebas axdens konstituciis 21-e muxliT gansazRvrul aucilebel sazogadoebriv saWiroebaze.
ucxouri investiciis eqspropriaciis arapirdapir formaze miuTiTebs „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni. kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis me7 muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. investicia mTlianad da upirobod aris daculi saqarTveloSi moqmedi
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kanonmdeblobiT; 2. investiciis CamorTmeva dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT pirdapir dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT an organuli kanoniT dadgenili gadaudebeli aucileblobisas da mxolod saTanado anazRaurebiT. 3. gadawyvetileba investiciis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb,
agreTve kompensaciis pirobebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saqarTvelos sasamarTloSi, Tu mxareTa
SeTanxmebiT an saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.”14
mocemul SemTxvevaSi, citirebuli muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvrul „saqarTvelos
moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi~ „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis
wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonTan erTad igulisxmeba yvela is sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti, romelic farTod aregulirebs sainvesticio saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobas. ZiriTadad, aseTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli
normebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT. pirvel jgufSi erTiandebian zogadi normebi, romlebic
aregulireben sakuTrebis usafrTxoebis materialur samarTlebriv da procesualur garantiebs, sanivTo samarTlebriv, inteleqtualur sakuTrebiT, samewarmeo samarTlebriv, sagadasaxado, sabaJo, satarifo, salicenzio da sanebarTvo urTierTobebs, xolo meore jgufSi warmodgenilia is normebi, romlebic uSualod samewarmeo saqmianobis ama Tu im dargis specifikas
exebian. es SeiZleba iyos sabanko, sadazRvevo, mikrosafinanso, kavSirgabmulobis, energetikis
sxvadasxva dargis, samSeneblo, infrastruqturuli, sasoflo-sameurneo, bunebrivi resursebiT
sargeblobis, meRvineobis, sasursaTo da sxva saxis samewarmeo sferos maregulirebeli normebi,
romlebic erTi mxriv, gansazRvraven Sesabamisi dargis specifikur samarTlebriv urTierTobebs
da meore mxriv, qmnian Sesabamis dargebSi ganxorcielebuli ucxouri an adgilobrivi investiciebis usafrTxoebis garantiebs.
sayuradReboa „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanoniT regulirebuli im samarTlebrivi Sedegebis specifika, romelic Tan sdevs eqspropriacias daqvemdebarebul investicias. kerZod, aRniSnuli kanonis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. kompensacia, romelic miecema investors, unda Seesabamebodes CamorTmeuli investiciis realur
sabazro Rirebulebas uSualod im momentisaTvis, rodesac moxdeba CamorTmeva. 2. kompensacia
unda gaices yovelgvari Seferxebis gareSe da igi unda moicavdes im zaralsac, romelic investorma ganicada CamorTmevis momentidan sakompensacio Tanxis gadaxdamde. 3. ucxoel investors
ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos sabanko dawesebulebaSi moaxdinos sakompensacio Tanxis konversia
sabazro kursiT da Tavisuflad da Seuferxeblad gadaiyvanos igi sazRvargareT~.15
CamorTmeuli investiciis realuri sabazro Rirebulebisa da zaralis odenobis gansazRvra
yoveli konkretuli faqtis Sefasebis sagania, romelsac daadgens saqarTvelos sasamarTlo an
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT ganszRvrul SemTxvevaSi, sainvesticio davebis mogvarebis saerTaSoriso centri.16 mocemul SemTxvevaSi, investiciis sabazro Rirebulebis kriteriumi SeiZleba iyos CamorTmeuli aqtivis sabazro Rirebuleba misi SeZenisaTvis gansazRvruli
fasisa da Sesabamisi savaluto kursis gaTvaliswinebiT. zianis odenobis gansazRvrisas ki, sayuradReboa, is materialuri danakargi, rasac investori miiRebda misi saqmianobis Sedegad da ra
drois ganmavlobaSic moxda misi saqmianobis Seferxeba eqspropriaciis Sedegad.
ucxoeli investoris mier sakompensacio Tanxis konversia misTvis sasurvel valutaSi teqnikurad uzrunvelyofs gacemuli kompensaciisa da zianis miyenebisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis usafrTxoebas, romelic did mniSvnelobas iZens imave investoris mier saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad.
normatiuli aqtebis ierarqiidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis,
„aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~ da „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonebis Sesabamisi
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normebi iZlevian imis samarTlebriv garantias, rom vercerTi kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti
veRar daamyarebs pirdapiri eqspropriaciis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
msgavsi tipis aqti winaaRmdegobaSi mova rogorc kanonTan, agreTve saqarTvelos konstituciasTan. samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba aseve, iZleva imis garantias, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelis SetaniT moxdes arakonstituciuri kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtis
saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa.
erTaderTi gamonaklisi, romelic saqarTveloSi awesebs eqspropriaciis pirdapir formas
aris saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, romelic sasjelis erT-erT saxed gansazRvravs
qonebis CamorTmevas. kerZod, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 52-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad:
„qonebis CamorTmeva niSnavs danaSaulis sagnis an/da iaraRis, danaSaulis Casadenad gamiznuli
nivTis an/da danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis saxelmwifos sasargeblod usasyidlod
CamorTmevas~.17 aRsaniSnavia, rom amave kodeqsis 1073-e muxli iuridiuli piris sasjelis erTerT saxed aseve, gansazRvravs qonebis CamorTmevas.
ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobis konteqstSi sainvesticio saxsrebi SesaZloa gamiznuli
iyos ama Tu im danaSaulis Casadenad, an sainvesticio potenciali mopovebuli iyos danaSaulis
Cadenis gziT. cxadia, Tu dadgindeba piris braleuloba, msgavsi tipis qoneba, romelic SesaZloa
saqmis viTarebidan gamomdinare, gamosaxuli iyos investiciis erT-erT instrumentad daeqvemdebareba CamorTmevas saxelmwifos sasargeblod da msgavs SemTxvevas araviTari kavSiri ar eqneba
pirdapir eqspropriaciasTan.
IV. ucxouri investiciebis dacvis sxva sakanonmdeblo garantiebi
ucxouri investiciebisaTvis pirdapiri eqspropriaciis negatiuri Sedegebis safrTxis
Tavidan acilebis garda, mniSvnelovania, im sakanonmdeblo normebis ganxilva, romlebic gansazRvraven ucxoel investorTa dacvis safuZlebs saqarTveloSi da miuTiTeben ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobis saxelmwifos mxardaWeris sxvadasxva formebze.
ucxoeli investoris uflebebis antidiskriminaciul formulirebas Seicavs „sainvesticio
saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-3 muxlis pirveli nawili,
romlis Tanaxmad: „sainvesticio da samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas ucxoeli investoris
uflebebi da garantiebi ar SeiZleba iyos im uflebebze da garantibze naklebi, romliTac sargeblobs
saqarTvelos fizikuri da iuridiuli piri, garda kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili SemTxvevebisa~.18
aRniSnuli normidan gamomdinare, ivaraudeba, rom SidasamarTlebrivi reJimi ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobis mTliani procesis warmarTvisas, romelic ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
gansazRvrul ekonomikur, sagadasaxado, satarifo da sxva tipis SeRavaTebs iTvaliswinebdes,
Tanabrad vrceldeba rogorc qarTvel, aseve ucxoel investorebze. formulirebas ar axlavs
ganmarteba, Tu ra SeiZleba miviCnioT „kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi~, sadac saubaria
ucxoel investorTa garkveuli uflebebis SezRudvaze. aseTi akrZalvebi calkeul SemTxvevebSi
SeiZleba Seexos saqmianobis gansazRvrul sferoebs, sadac kanonmdeblobaSi gakeTebulia daTqma,
rom esa Tu is saqmianoba mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqem an saqarTveloSi daregistrirebulma
qarTulma iuridiulma pirma unda awarmoos. aseTi daTqmis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs rogorc erovnuli uSiSroebisa da Tavdacvisunarianobis interesebidan, agreTve saqarTvelos ekonomikuri potencialisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da maTi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. agreTve msgavsi tipis daTqma SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes konkretul ucxoel investorze, romelic araerTgzis yofila gakotrebuli, nasamarTlevi an Seusrulebeli hqonda sxvadasxva
samarTlebrivi valdebuleba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan.
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amave kanonis me-3 muxliT, aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia investorTa iseTi uflebebi, rogoricaa:
saqarTvelos nebismier komerciul bankSi mimdinare da sxva angariSebis gaxsna; sesxis aRebis
ufleba ucxouri an/da qarTuli bankebidan, sxva iuridiuli an fizikuri pirebisagan; rogorc
saqarTveloSi, agreTve sazRvargareT arsebuli qonebis, aqciebis, obligaciebisa da sxva fasiani
qaRaldebis SeZena; investirebis Sedegebis flobis, gamoyenebisa da gankargvis sxva fizikuri
an/da iuridiuli pirisaTvis gadacema; investiciebidan miRebuli mogebis da sxva fuladi saxsrebis saqarTvelos sabanko dawesebulebaSi sabazro kursiT konversiisa da sazRvargareT SeuzRudavi repatriacia, mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis sazRvargareT gatana.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, amave kanonis me-14 muxli, romlis mixedviT: „ucxoel investors, romelsac
miadga ziani saomari mdgomareobisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros, ar SeiZleba dauwesdes
zianis anazRaurebis ufro uaresi pirobebi, vidre adgilobriv investors~.19
cxadia, saomari mdgomareoba da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi potenciur safrTxes uqmnis nebismier kerZo sakuTrebas, ucxour da adgilobriv investiciebs, yvela saxis materialur faseulobas da Sesabamisad, zianis anazRaurebis msgavsi tipis antidiskriminaciuli sakanonmdeblo
garantia garkveulwilad azRvevs ucxoel investors safrTxis arsebobisa da misi negatiuri
Sedegebis dadgomisas.
saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis sakanonmdeblo dacvis kidev erT mniSvnelovan meqanizms warmoadgens saqarTvelos 2006 wlis 30 ivnisis kanoni „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~, romlis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad: „am kanonis miznebia investiciebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba investiciebis dabandebisa da samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli procedurebis gaumjobesebiT da damatebiTi samarTlebrivi reJimis SeqmniT~.20 kanoniT detalurad
gawerilia saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros sistemaSi Semavali
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris _ saqarTvelos erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos uflebamosileba saqarTveloSi sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobis mizniT. kerZod, kanonis me-3 muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos erovnuli
sainvesticio saagento (SemdgomSi _ saagento); 2. saagento aris saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli
investorTan urTierTobaSi; 3. saagentos ufleba aqvs iyos investoris warmomadgeneli administraciul organoebTan da sxva pirebTan urTierTobebSi. am mizniT investorsa da saagentos
Soris ideba xelSekruleba, romelic gansazRvravs warmomadgenlobis farglebs. investorsa da
saagentos Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT saagento uwevs investors momsaxurebas sainvesticio
saqmianobisaTvis saWiro yvela licenziis an/da nebarTvis aRebaSi an sxva warmomadgenlobiTi
uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebaSi. saagentos mier aRniSnuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba
anazRaurebadia. momsaxurebis safasurs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministro. 4. saagentos am muxliT gansazRvruli warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba ar zRudavs investors, administraciul organoebTan urTierToba ganaxorcielos uSualod an sxva warmomadgenlis meSveobiT~.21
citirebuli muxli ayalibebs damatebiT administraciulsamarTlebriv meqanizmebs ucxouri
investiciebis saqarTveloSi mozidvisa da investorTa saqmianobis mxardaWeris mizniT, romelic
gansazRvruli biurokratiuli amocanebis ioli gadaWris gziT gamoisaxeba.
daskvna
stabiluri, usafrTxo da momgebiani ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli
politikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebi mniSvnelobas dakargaven, Tu qveynis Sidasakanonmdeblo
baza ver uzrunvelyofs ucxouri kapitalis mimoqcevis samarTliani da saerTaSoriso standartebTan Tavsebadi berketebis SemuSavebasa da maT dacvas.
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ucxouri investireba gacilebiT ufro didi potenciuri riskis qveS dgas, vidre adgilobrivi
investireba. pirdapiri eqspropriacia warmoadgens erT-erT mTavar risks, romlis winaSe potenciurad nebismieri ucxoeli investori imyofeba.
saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT myarad garantirebulia arapirdapiri eqspropriaciis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da SesaZlo materialuri danakargebisa da
zianis anazRaurebis saTanado kompensaciis farTo SesaZleblobebi. aseve, didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba ucxoel da adgilobriv investorTa uflebebis antidiskriminaciul xasiaTs, romelic
naTlad gamoxatulia saqarTvelos Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. aRniSnulis garda, didia
erovnuli sainvesticio saagentos roli ucxoel investorTa momsaxurebisa da maTi saqmianobis
waxalisebis mizniT, rogorc sainvesticio saqmianobis dawyebamde, agreTve uSualo saqmianobis
mimdinareobis drosac. am sferoSi saxelmwifo mxardaWera kidev ufro metad amyarebs ucxouri
investiciebis daculobis SesaZleblobebs saqarTveloSi.
amdenad, saqarTveloSi ucxouri sainvesticio saqmianobis maregulirebeli SidasamarTlebrivi saSualebebi mniSvnelovanwilad aneitraleben investiciebis mosalodnel finansur da politikur riskebs, qmnian stabilur, myar da usafrTxo sainvesticio garemos da realurad icaven
nebismier ucxoel investors maTi saqmianobis TiToeul etapze. aRniSnuli ki, xels Seuwyobs
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri potencialis, mcire, saSualo da msxvili biznesis ganviTarebasa da
saqarTvelos warmoCenas stabilur da usafrTxo partniorad saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisa
da umsxviles ucxoel investorTa Soris.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, „bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2007;
saqarTvelos kanoni „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis
sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007" _ kodificirebuli
kanonebis saZiebo sistema;
3. saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis
Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema;
4. saqarTvelos kanoni „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~,
„kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema;
5. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, „kodeqsi 2007~ _
kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema;
6. levan izoria, konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi
xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi; adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebani da Tavisuflebani; Tbilisi 2005;
7. moxelis samagido leqsikoni/gaeros ganviTarebis programa (Semdg. samson
urdia da sxv.), Tbilisi, 2004;
8. Jurnali „solidaroba~, #2(11), saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli
tolerantobis centri, 2007;
9. Princeton University Word net, wordnet.princeton.edu/, accessed on September 21, 2009;
10. Fifth edition (BPM5) Washington D.C. International Monetary Fund, 1993) and the Detailed
Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment: Third Edition (BD3) (Paris, Organization for
Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1996);
11. Mahnac Malik, Definition of Investment in International Investment Agreements; Foreign
Investment for Sustainable Development Program, Best Practice Bulletin # 1., August 2009;
12. OECD Working Papers on International Investment 2004/4 ‘Indirect Expropriation~ and the
‘Right to Regulate~ in International Investment Law, September 2004.
142
SeniSvnebi:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Princeton University Word net, wordnet.princeton.edu/, accessed on September 21, 2009.
Fifth edition (BPM5) Washington D.C. International Monetary Fund, 1993) and the Detailed
Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment: Third Edition (BD3) (Paris, Organization for
Economic Co-Operation and Development, 1996).
Mahnac Malik, Definition of Investment in International Investment Agreements; Foreign
Investment for Sustainable Development Program, Best Practice Bulletin # 1., August 2009
saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis
Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.
Jurnali „solidaroba~, #2(11), saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis
centri, 2007.
moxelis samagido leqsikoni/gaeros ganviTarebis programa (Semdg. samson
urdia da sxv.), Tbilisi, 2004.
OECD Working Papers on International Investment 2004/4 “Indirect Expropriation” and the
“Right to Regulate” in International Investment Law, September 2004
saqarTvelos konstitucia, „bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2007.
iqve.
BVerf GE 25, 112 (117); 26, 215 (222); 37, 132 (140); 50, 290 (339); 52, 1(29); 58, 137
(146); 68, 361 (368); 72, 66 (77); 79, 179 (198); 87, 114 (138) ix.: levan izoria,
konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi xubua, saqarTvelos
konstituciis komentarebi; adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da
Tavisuflebani; Tbilisi 2005.
levan izoria, konstantine korkelia, konstantine kublaSvili, giorgi
xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi; adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebani da Tavisuflebani; Tbilisi 2005.
saqarTvelos kanoni „aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis
sakuTrebis CamorTmevis wesis Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli
kanonebis saZiebo sistema.
iqve.
saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis
Sesaxeb,” „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.
iqve.
konvencia sainvesticio davebis mogvarebis Sesaxeb (ICSID) saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi ZalaSia 1992 wlis 6 seqtembridan. wyaro saqarTvelos sagareo
saqmeTa saministros oficialuri veb-gverdi http://www.mfa.gov.ge/
index.php?sec_id=107&lang_id=GEO
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli
kanonebis saZiebo sistema.
saqarTvelos kanoni „sainvesticio saqmianobis xelSewyobisa da garantiebis
Sesaxeb~, „kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.
iqve.
saqarTvelos kanoni „investiciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb,”
„kodeqsi 2007~ _ kodificirebuli kanonebis saZiebo sistema.
iqve.
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NATIONAL LEGAL
PROTECTION GUARANTEES
FOR FOREING INVESTMENTS
LEVAN KOKAIA
Lawyer
Presented Article reviews legal safeguards for foreign investments in Georgian legislation. Specifics of the national, direct foreign, portfolio and state investments, as well as concepts of various investments, are widely described in the
Article. Author believes that expropriation is one of the major risks for foreign
investments and carrying out relevant investment activities. Author defines direct
and indirect forms of expropriation. Along with that, author offers deep analyzes
of the regulations of the institute of expropriation in accordance with the Constitution of Georgia and other legislative means. Meaning of the forms of indirect
expropriation of foreign investments is analyzed, in accordance with the Constitution of Georgia and other legislative acts. Criminal law mechanism of property
expropriation is considered to be the only direct expropriation means.
Article reviews rights of foreign investors that are stipulated in various
legislative acts. Specifically, equal legal safeguards, anti discriminatory legislative means for local and foreign investors. Functions of the National Investment
Agency under the Ministry of Economic and Sustainable Developments are
described as well. It is basically expressed in legal cooperation with foreign
investors and providing incentives for the activities.
Summing up the article, author expresses his opinion, that foreign investors’ activities are strongly protected by acting Georgian legislation from negative affects of direct expropriation, this will definitely raise the potential of
foreign investments in Georgia.
144
mediis gavlena nafic
msajulTa verdiqtze
elene kavTuaSvili
samarTlis magistri
`...hqmeniT marTali samarTali, dabrZandiT bWobad...~
esqile
Sesavali
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo araerT qveyanaSi arsebobs da
mas mravalsaukunovani tradicia gaaCnia. misi saqmianobis da daniSnulebis arsi aixsneba fraziT: `TiToeuli adamianis uflebaa
kanonierad da Tanazomierad gansajon Tanasworebma~.1
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo marTlmsajulebis yvelaze demokratiul formadaa miCneuli, radgan am SemTxvevaSi, Tavad xelisuflebis wyaro _ xalxi gvevlineba `uzenaes mosamarTled.~
demokratiis ZiriTadi ideaa, rom saxelmwifos yovelgvari
saxis saqmianoba eyrdnobodes xalxis nebas da mis mier unda iyos
legitimuri. demokratia koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa sferoa.
igi ganasaxierebs idealur sistemas, sadac gadawyvetilebebs,
romlebic mTel sazogadoebas exeba, yvela misi wevri iRebs,
Tanac yovel maTgans Tanabari ufleba aqvs monawileoba miiRos
ama Tu im sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi.2
nafic msajulTa mizani konkretul saqmeze socialurad samarTliani da moralurad umwikvlo gadawyvetilebis miRebaa.
`sazogadoebrivi sindisis sasamarTlo~ (rogorc mas mefis
ruseTSi uwodes) gulisxmobs piris damnaSaveobis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas ara marto mosamarTlis, aramed rigiTi moqalaqeebis _ `eriskacebis~ monawileobiT.
msajulebi usmenen dacvisa da braldebis mxareebis gamosvlebs sasamarTlos winaSe, akvirdebian mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenisa da Sefasebis process da iReben gadawyvetilebas gansasjelis damnaSaveobisa Tu udanaSaulobis Sesaxeb.3
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nafic msajulTa Semadgenlobis umTavresi Rirsebaa, rom maTSi Tavmoyrilia mravali Taobis
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba da ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Sexedulebebi samarTlianobis Taobaze. amdenad, moqalaqeebis warmomadgenlebis CarTva marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi sasikeTod unda waadges saqmeze WeSmaritebis dadgenas. rodesac amerikis prezidentsa
da erT-erT udides konstitucionalists, Tomas jefersons hkiTxes: romel xelisuflebaSi ar
unda Caerios xalxi sakanonmdeblo Tu sasamarTloSi? man upasuxa: `mimaCnia, rom umjobesia xalxi
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis saqmianobas ar exebodes, radgan kanonebis aRsrulebaSi maTi monawileoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre maT SeqmnaSi...~
nafic msajulebs sazogadoebis nawili `Tavisuflebis burjadac~ moixseniebs. 2010 wlis 1
oqtombridan, am institutis amoqmedebiT qarTulma saxelmwifom xmamaRla ganacxada, rom WeSmariteba unda daadginos xalxma. sawyis etapze, 2012 wlis 1 oqtombramde, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia gavrceldeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 109-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebze _ mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi _ mxolod Tbilisis saqalaqo
sasamarTloSi. esaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze kargi saSualeba, araTu miiRos informacia, ra xdeba sasamarTlo sistemaSi, aramed Tavad gaxdes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze
mimdinare samarTalwarmoebis monawile.
cxadia, vinaidan nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sazogadoebis interesebis dasacavad iqna SemoRebuli, igi unda iyos sasamarTlo sistemis meti demokratiulobis garanti.
amasTan, radgan nafici msajulebis sasamarTloSi gadawyvetilebas damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi iReben, maT yovelgvari zemoqmedebis gareSe unda SeeZloT Camoayalibon sakuTari pozicia, Tumca, isic sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli, rom realurad,
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotanil verdiqtze bevri gareSe faqtori axdens zegavlenas. mediisa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebis pirobebSi gansakuTrebul aqtualurobas iZens sakiTxi, romelic tradiciul sasamarTlo sistemebsac ki, seriozuli dilemis winaSe
ayenebs _ esaa nafic msajulebze mediis zegavlena _ media, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi, `mecamete
msajulad~ gvevlineba. mas SeuZlia potenciuri msajulis ganwyoba rogorc braldebulis
winaaRmdeg, ise mis sasikeTod.
1. sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacvis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi
`mieciT xalxs Tavisufleba icodes faqtebi da qveyana usafrTxo iqneba~ _ es fraza amerikis
prezidents, abraam linkolns ekuTvnis. miTumetes, aqtualuria es gamonaTqvami internetis
xanaSi, rodesac uaxlesi informacia moqalaqes uSualod personaluri kompiuteriT an mobilur
telefonze miewodeba. bunebrivia, sainteresoa, rogor aris daculi sityvisa da gamoxatvis
Tavisufleba, agreTve informaciis miRebis ufleba Cvens saxelmwifoSi?
saqarTvelos kontituciis me-19 muxliT garantirebulia sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba. konstituciis 24-e muxlSi ki, naTqvamia: `yovel adamians aqvs
ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri
zepirad, werilobiT an sxvagvari saSualebiT~, amasTan, `masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
Tavisufalia, cenzura dauSvebelia~.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxli ki, aregulirebs pozitiuri valdebulebebis sakiTxs,
kerZod, rom `saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi
masze arsebul informacias, agreTve iq arsebul oficialur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven
saxelmwifo, profesiul an komerciul saidumloebas~.
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis (Semdgom `mediis~) saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebs aseve, aregulirebs saqarTvelos kanoni ‘sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~.
146
masSi asaxulia TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadi principi, rac Seqmnilia saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis
mier. kanoni, faqtobrivad farTod mimoixilavs im sferoebs, romlebsac moicavs sityvis da
gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da rasac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis.
informaciis da presis Tavisuflebas saerTaSoriso normebic icaven. maTgan aRsaniSnavia _
gaero-s mier 1966 wels miRebuli `samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti~,
romlis me-19 muxlis Tanaxmad, `TiToeul adamians aqvs ufleba gamoxatos sakuTari azri vinmes
Carevis gareSe~. Tumca, igive muxli ganmartavs, rom TiToeul adamians aqvs azris gamoTqmis
Tavisufleba. es ufleba gulisxmobs, rom SeuzRudavad moxdes yvela informaciis da mosazrebis
miReba da gavrceleba rogorc zepirad, aseve, werilobiTi da nabeWdi saxiT.
presa _ periodul gamocemaTa (Jurnal-gazeTebis) erToblioba mediis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
`presa asrulebs umniSvnelovanes rols saxelmwifoSi, sadac aRiarebulia kanonis uzenaesoba~.4
marTalia, misi Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturi, magram Znelia aiZulo media ar gamoaqveynos
da ar gaavrcelos mis xelT arsebuli masala, miTumetes Tu is eqskluziur informacias Seicavs
da iseT sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic sazogadoebis mZafr interess iwvevs.
realobaa, roca danaSauli moxdeba, mis gaSuqebas medias veravin aukrZalavs. Jurnalistis
statiisadmi an satelevizio siuJetisadmi interesi ki, sagrZnoblad mcirdeba, rodesac yovndeba
informacia rezonansuli SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. medias, faqtobrivad, dakisrebuli aqvs sazogadoebis `mxedvelobisa da smenis~ organos funqcia.
saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa institutis amoqmedebis pirobebSi, udavod sainteresoa, rogori gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos mediam nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos mier gamotanil verdiqtze.
mediis saSualebiT xdeba sazogadoebriv midgomaTa formireba saqmis irgvliv (rac Tavis
mxriv, zegavlenas axdens msajulebze, romlebic warmoadgenen am sazogadoebis nawils).
aseve, SeiZleba msajulebs saqmis irgvliv miewodoT iseTi informacia, romelic maT winaswar
ganawyobs braldebis an dacvis mxaris sasargeblod. aseve, SesaZlebelia miewodoT iseTi informacia, romelic saqmis ganxilvisas ar dadasturdeba. aseTi informacia SesaZlebelia exebodes braldebulis nasamarTlobas, dauSveblad cnobil sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis Sedegebs da
a.S.5
2. sazRvargareTuli gamocdileba da miRebuli zomebi mediis gavlenisagan nafic
msajulTa dasacavad
bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, rogor unda moxdes nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sxdomebis gaSuqeba da rogor unda daicvas sasamarTlom nafici msajulebi an naficma msajulebma sakuTari Tavi
mediis gavlenisagan? unda moxdes Tu ara maTi izolireba, raTa mediasaSualebebSi gaJRerebulma
informaciam Sinagani rwmena ar Seuryios msajulebs, romlebic jansaRi azris sasamarTlos
warmoadgenen.
rogoria am mxriv viTareba sazRvargareTis qveynebSi? iq, sadac nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo
ukve didi xania funqcionirebs da am problemamac bevrad adre iCina Tavi.
savaraudo danaSaulis Taobaze informacias mosaxleobis umetesoba, pirvel rigSi, mediis
saSualebiT ecnoba. mogvianebiT, swored maTi warmomadgenlebi unda aRmoCndnen am saqmis ganmxilvel sxdomaze nafic msajulebad. maTze aucileblad eqneba zegavlena ukve miRebul informacias da SesaZloa garkveuli mosazrebebic winaswar CamouyalibdeT, rac xels SeuSliT iyvnen
obieqturebi da miukerZoeblebi verdiqtis Camoyalibebisas.
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amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier ganxiluli gaxmaurebuli saqme _
`saxelmwifo maqsvelis winaaRmdeg~, romelic nafic msajulTa monawileobiT mimdinareobda,
naTeli magaliTia, Tu rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios mediam msajulTa mier gamotanil
verdiqtze. 1954 wels, cnobili eqimi sem Separdi fexmZime colis _ merilinis mkvlelobis gamo
daakaves. Separdi amtkicebda, rom mkvleloba misi Cadenili ar iyo. man ganacxada, rom SuaRamisas
maT saxlSi Tavs daesxa ucnobi mamakaci, romelmac mokla misi meuRle, xolo mas orjer Caartya
TavSi, ris Sedegadac igi ugono mdgomareobaSi daeca. saqmis mimdinareobas farTod aSuqebda
presa da televizia. klivlendis gazeTebSi yoveldRe iwereboda am SemTxvevis Sesaxeb, rac TavisTavad aisaxa kidec msajulTa verdiqtze. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlom is damnaSaved cno da
samudamo patimroba miusaja. msjavrdebulma ganaCeni gaasaCivra uzenaes sasamarTloSi. uzenaesi
sasamarTlo daeTanxma braldebulis mtkicebas procesis samarTlianobis darRvevis Sesaxeb da
daadgina misi xelmeored gasamarTleba, ris Sedegadac mas aTi wliT patimroba miesaja.6
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mediis gavlenisagan nafic msajulTa dasacavad sasamarTloebi
Semdeg xerxebsa da meTodebs iyeneben: 1. saqmis ganxilva gadaaqvT sxva adgilas; 2. aCereben saqmis
ganxilvas; 3. ukrZalaven braldebisa da dacvis mxareebs saqmis detalebis gaxmaurebas da a.S.
Zalian xSirad, nafici msajulebi ar cxovroben Cveulebriv garemoSi, izRudeba maTi kontaqtebi,
ekrZalebaT gazeTebis kiTxva, internetSi Sesvla. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi nafic msajulebs
mkafio instruqciebi eZlevaT. maqsimalurad adreul etapze, miuxedavad gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, mainc ver xerxdeba maTi sruli kontroli. amis magaliTad gamodgeba arkanzasis Statis
umaRlesi sasamarTlos nafic msajulTa mier ganxiluli saqme. socialur qsel Twitter-ze gamoqveynebulma Canawerebma, romelic amerikel nafic msajuls ekuTvnoda, sasikvdilo ganaCenis
Secvla gamoiwvia. naficma msajulma rendi frankom procesis msvlelobisas Twitter-ze gamoaqveyna
sakuTari mosazrebebi, rac akrZalulia da ris Sesaxebac is sxdomis Tavmjdomaris mier gafrTxilebuli iyo.
inglisSi bralis wardgenis Semdeg, medias ekrZaleba saqmis winaswari mosmenis an sasamarTlo
procesis Sesaxeb raime arsebiTi informaciis gamoqveyneba.7
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi nafici msajulebi xSirad sxva Statebidanac CamohyavT, raTa
gamoricxon maTi SesaZlo nacnoboba da kavSirebi. aseve, sasamarTlo procesamde cdiloben
saidumlod Seinaxon maTi piradi monacemebi.
mediaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxvanairad ganisazRvra. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma darTo neba medias gaeSuqebina yvelaferi, rac moxda Ria
sasamarTlo sxdomaze; inglisSi mediis mimarT SesaZloa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnac ki, ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos upativcemulobis SemTxvevaSi (Tu igi gamoaqveynebs saqmis ganxilvaze
gavlenis momxden informacias); SotlandiaSi ki, kanonis metismeti simkacris gamo, presa did
sifrTxiles iCens nafic msajulTa procesis gaSuqebis dros. mediaze akrZalvis dawesebis meqanizmebs aseve, iyenebs avstralia, axali zelandia da irlandia.
3. nafic msajulTa verdiqti da media saqarTveloSi
(gatarebuli da gasatarebeli RonisZiebebi)
saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa monawileobiT jer mxolod sami procesi Catarda. miuxedavad
praqtikis simcirisa, isini garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas mainc iZleva.
sainteresoa, ra keTdeba Cvens qveyanaSi imisaTvis, rom nafici msajulebi ar moeqcnen mediis
wnexis qveS? ar SeeqmnaT winaswari ganwyoba da ganaCeni mxolod sasamarTloSi miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze gamoitanon?
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2011 wlis 27-30 ianvars, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos samarTlebrivi mrCevelis
ofisma (RLA) gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programasTan (UNDP) erTad
saqarTveloSi samocze meti Jurnalistisa da samarTlis eqspertisaTvis nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gaSuqebis Temaze treningi Caatara.
pirveli seminaris Tema iyo: `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gaSuqeba televiziiTa da beWduri
mediiT, rogorc sasamarTlo darbazSi, ise mis gareT~. msmenelebma miiRes informacia, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens satelevizio gaSuqeba saqmeebze, aseve, Tu rogor adgens mosamarTle SezRudvebs
masmediisaTvis, raTa Tavidan aicilos sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi mediis Careva. maT ganixiles konkretuli kazusic amerikuli mediisa da marTlmsajulebis istoriidan.
gaeros ganviTarebis programam aseve, moawyo saswavlo turi amerikaSi, sadac qarTuli mediis
warmomadgenlebi praqtikulad gaecnen nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos amerikul models da amerikuli mediis mier nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos gaSuqebis meTodebs.
saqarTveloSi Catarebuli nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos samive procesis ganmavlobaSi mediam
aqtiurad gaaSuqa saqme, dawyebuli winaswari gamoZiebidan, damTavrebuli procesiT. faqtia,
rom amerikuli da evropuli marTlmsajulebisagan gansxvavebiT CvenTan medias aravin ukrZalavs
saqmis winaswari mosmenis an sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb arsebiTi informaciis gaSuqebas da
amisaTvis arc raime pasuxismgeblobaa dawesebuli. sasamarTlos spiker-mosamarTleebic, mediis
warmomadgenlebs awvdian maTTvis saWiro da aucilebel samarTlebriv axsna-ganmartebebs gansaxilvel saqmesTan dakavSirebiT.
qarTul realobaSi amerikuli modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SezRudvebis zustad gadmoReba
garTuldeba.
saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa, mediis gavlenisagan Tavis dasacavad magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvis
sxvagan gadatana gamarTlebulia im qveynebSi, romlebic floben did teritoriebs, magram ara
CvenTan. bevri meTodi, romelsac sxva qveynebi mimarTaven, vfiqrobT, aq ar gaamarTlebs, amitom
ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba nafic msajulTa vinaobis gasaidumloebaze. msajulebs rom mediis
gavlena aaridon, cdiloben maTi vinaoba cnobili aravisTvis gaxdes. es risk-faqtorebi matulobs, iqidan gamomdinare, rom Cveni kanonmdebloba arafers ambobs msajulTa vinaobis gamJRavnebaze. masmediisa da sasamarTlo sistemis urTierTobisaTvis ki, amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs.
sainteresoa, ra xdeba maSin, Tu Jurnalisti Tavad moxvdeba nafic msajulTa skamze? _ aseT
dros mas aqvs ufleba, acilebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi daayenos, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is aRniSnul danaSauls aSuqebda, xolo Tu Jurnalisti nafic msajulTa Soris aRmoCndeba, mas ukve
Semdgom SeezRudeba ufleba, procesis Taobaze moamzados statia an satelevizio siuJeti.
nafic msajulebs saqmis ganxilvis dros garesamyarosTan nebismieri kontaqti ekrZalebaT.
kanonis Tanaxmad, maT ara aqvT ufleba, saqalaqo sasamarTlos Senobidan gavidnen (SenobaSi ki,
maT qmedebebs mandaturebi akontroleben). aRniSnuli meTodi aprobirebulia rig qveynebSi, zogan msajulebs sasamarTlos Senobis gareTac ketaven, es xdeba sastumroSi, sadac maT sakvebiT
amarageben. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare _ konstantine kublaSvili ar gamoricxavs, rom Tu iarsebebs safrTxe, nafici msajulebis obieqturobaze mediis gavlenisa, SeiZleba isini sxvagan dasaxldnen garkveuli vadiT, sadac garantirebuli eqnebaT sacxovrebeli
pirobebi.
nafic msajulTa vinaobis gaumJRavneblobis mizniT, sasamarTlo Tavad axdens procesis audio
da videoCaweras, Tumca, icavs Semdeg wess: kadrSi ar unda moxvdnen nafici msajulebi da saTadarigo nafici msajulebi. swored maTi piradi monacemebis gasaidumloebis mizniT procesze
mowveulia mxatvari, romelic xatavs procesis monawileebs (maT Soris, msajulebs) da sazoga149
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doebas mediis saSualebiT nafic msajulTa saxeebi am formiT miewodeba. msajulTa vinaobis
gamxela aseve, ekrZalebaT sasamarTlo sxdomaze damswre pirebsa da procesis monawileebs, xolo
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mediisaTvis mainc gaxdeba cnobili nafici msajulis vinaoba, mediam ar unda
gaavrcelos masze informacia, raTa maqsimalurad aaridos konkretul msajuls garkveuli
gavlenis qveS moqceva.
mosamarTle TiToeuli sxdomis dasrulebisas nafic msajulebs aZlevs miTiTebebs: verdiqtis
gamotanamde saqmis ganxilvisas miRebuli informaciis gaumJRavneblobis an gansaxilvel saqmesTan sakuTari azris gamoTqmisagan Tavis Sekavebis, gansaxilveli saqmis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT sxdomis Tavmjdomaris garda sxvasTan urTierTobis, nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos TaTbirisa da kenWisyris saidumloebis darRvevis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonmdeblobiT isjeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos TaTbirisa da kenWisyris saidumloebis darRveva. aRniSnuli qmedeba iwvevs dajarimebas an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas
vadiT or wlamde. Tumca, sainteresoa, rogor akontrolebs mosamarTle, ramdenad asrulebs
nafici msajuli mis mier micemul miTiTebebs an rogor Seityobs am miTiTebebis daarRvevs Sesaxeb?
marTalia, cxovrebiseuli simarTlis sasamarTlos warmomadgenlebi _ nafici msajulebi maTi
moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas deben fics, rac unda iyos garanti imisa, rom patiosnad da miukerZoeblad aRasruleben msajulis movaleobas, Tumca, realurad, mxolod maT sindisze xdeba damokidebuli damalavs Tu ara konkretuli nafici msajuli saqmis Sesaxeb informacias.
sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobisas nafic msajulebs ekrZalebaT gansaxilvel saqmesTan
dakavSirebiT mediasaSualebis mier miwodebuli informaciisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba da presaSi
gamoqveynebuli masalebis gacnoba. maT saqmis irgvliv saubris ufleba mxolod mas Semdeg
eZlevaT, rodesac saqme dasruldeba. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare _ konstantine kublaSvili aRniSnavs, rom _ `SerCeul nafic msajulebs utardebaT detaluri axsnaganmarteba, ras unda miaqcion yuradReba, mediis mimarT rogor unda moiqcnen procesis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg TaTbiris saidumloeba rogor unda Seinaxon da a.S. ar unda SekrTnen da SeSindnen
imis gamo, rom mediis yuradRebis qveS iqnebian, es aris maTi moqalaqeobrivi valdebuleba, pasuxismgebloba, romelic mediis gareSe Tu mediasTan erTad, unda ganaxorcielon~.8
medias ekisreba udidesi pasuxismgebloba, man ar unda Seqmnas iseTi ganwyoba, rom nafici msajulebi asamarTleben damnaSaves da TiTqos mxolod isRa rCeba gasarkvevi, rogor unda daisajos
igi.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetesoba mzad aris SeiTavsos nafici
msajulis funqcia, daexmaros marTlmsajulebas samarTliani verdiqtis gamotanaSi, medias ubralod ara aqvs ufleba `mecamete skamis~ dakavebisas gaxdes dabrkoleba samarTlianobisaTvis
brZolaSi.
saqarTveloSi nafici msajulebis monawileobiT Catarebul procesebze msajulebs mediis
mxridan winaRoba ar SeqmniaT, mediasaSualebebi SeZlebisdagvarad informirebulni iyvnen ra
saxiT da ra doziT unda gaevrcelebinaT procesis Sesaxeb informacia, raTa gavlena ar moexdinaT samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze. Sesabamisad, qarTuli mediis maRali standartebis gamo, `meoTxe xelisuflebis~ mxridan darRvevebi saxeze ar gvqonia.
rac Seexeba msajulebs, isinic pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebodnen dakisrebul movaleobas, zedmiwevniT asrulebdnen mosamarTlis miTiTebebs da cdilobdnen Tavi aeridebinaT iseTi informaciis miRebisagan, rac maT Sinagan rwmenas SeuryevdaT da imoqmedebda xalxis saxeliT gamotanil verdiqtze.
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vfiqrobT, warmatebuli dasawyisia, Tumca momavalSi, roca nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos
iurisdiqcia gavrceldeba saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 111-e da 137-e muxlebiT
gaTvaliswinebul danaSaulebzec, amasTan, quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSic daiwyeba nafic
msajulTa monawileobiT saqmeebis ganxilva, moimatebs praqtikuli gamocdileba da sazRvargareTis qveynebis msgavsad, saqarTveloc dadgeba im problemis winaSe, rasac nafic msajulTa
verdiqtze mediis gavlena hqvia. prevenciisaTvis saTanado zomebi axlave unda iqnes miRebuli:
gasamkacrebelia sanqciebi nafic msajulTa TaTbirisa da kenWisyris saidumloebis darRvevisaTvis; internetis saukuneSi maSin, roca tradiciuli media socialurma mediam Caanacvla,
adamianis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi SemoiWra da udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze,
mkacrad unda gakontroldnen nafici msajulebi socialur qselebSi; Tu saWiro gaxdeba, msajulebi sxvaganac unda dasaxldnen garkveuli vadiT; seriozuli mniSvnelobis simZimisa da xarisxis danaSaulTa saqmeebze, aseve, aucileblobisas, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT msajulebis garegnobis dafarvis uzrunvelyofa.
media saSualebebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris is RonisZiebebi, rac gatarda. nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos Temaze unda moewyos seminarebi JurnalistebisaTvis da aseve, turebi im qveynebSi,
sadac es instituti warmatebiT moqmedebs, radgan mediis warmomadgenlebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis praqtikulad gacnoba da am sakiTxebze ucxoel kolegebTan
urTierToba.
aseve, kargi iqneba, Tu dawesdeba mediaSi akrZalva, nafic msajulTa makomprometirebeli
masalis gamoqveynebaze. JurnalistebisaTvis unda gamoices sasamarTlo procesebis gaSuqebis
saxelmZRvaneloebi, mniSvnelovania zustad gaSuqdes procesi da zusti informacia miiRos
xalxma. aseve mniSvnelovania, gamWirvaloba da Tu sasamarTlo procesebi daixureba, xalxi
ifiqrebs, rom marTlmsajuleba samarTliani ar aris.
saWiroa mudmivi treningebi, raTa sazogadoebis informirebuloba da samarTliani verdiqti
erTobliobaSi iyos SesaZlebeli. ar unda arsebobdes urTierTwinaaRmdegoba maT Soris, rac
xels Seuwyobs nafic msajulTa institutis warmatebul damkvidrebas.
daskvna
dabolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom nafici msajulebis monawileobiT Catarebul samive procesze
`eriskacebma~ miukerZoeblad da obieqturad upasuxes mTavar SekiTxvas: "Is Guilty Or Not Guilty?"9
miuxedavad azrTa didi sxvadasxvaobisa, vimedovnebT, saqarTveloSi am institutis amoqmedeba
gaamarTlebs da igi aRmoCndeba wingadadgmuli nabiji.
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi sazogadoebis mxridan
pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa sakuTar Tavze, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki, es instituti mediasTan urTierTobis kuTxiT ufro daixveweba, sazogadoebis mxridanac meti ndobiT aRiWurveba da
demokratiuli marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi sapatio wvlils Seitans.
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SeniSvnebi:
es fraza moxseniebulia 1215 wels, inglisSi, mefe jonis mier xelmoweril
`magna kartas~ (Magna Carta) 39-e muxlSi.
http://blawg.ge/?p=222
Temur rexviaSvili, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (analitikuri mimoxilva),
15.06.2010 w., gv. 1.
Castells v. spain, 1992 . Prager and oberschlick v. Austria 1995
`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo,
Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 97.
`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo,
Tbilisi, 2012, gv. 97.
neil vidmari, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (saerTo samarTlis qveynebi),
sasamarTlo da Tanamedrove problematika, gv. 15.
http://gurianews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4478:—qq&catid=69:
2010-11-25-16-48-11&Itemid=114
(ingl.) _ `damnaSavea Tu udanaSauloa?~
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcemloba „bona kauza”
(cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT 2012 wlis 25 ivnisamde);
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, gamomcemloba
„bona kauza~ (cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT 2012 wlis 25 ivnisamde);
saqarTvelos kanoni _ `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~,
Tbilisi, 2004 wlis 24 ivnisi;
saqarTvelos konstitucia;
`samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti~, 1966;
`gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~ – (adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis
me-10 muxlis ganxorcieleba), evropis sabWo, me-2 qarTuli gamocema, 2008;
Temur rexviaSvili, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (analitikuri
mimoxilva), 15.10.2010;
`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo,
Tbilisi, 2012;
neil vidmari, `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo~ (saerTo samarTlis qveynebi,
samarTali da Tanamedrove problematika), Tbilisi, 2005;
Castells v. spain, 1992 . Prager and oberschlick v. Austria 1995
www. msajuli.ge
http://gurianews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4478:—qq&catid=69:201011-25-16-48-11&Itemid=114
http://blawg.ge/?p=222
152
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON
THE JURY VERDICT
ELENE KAVTUASHVILI
LLM
New Criminal Procedure Code entred legal force on October 1, 2010, that
established novelty in Georgian judiciary, this is jury trail.
In the developed countries, jury trail is considered to be the most democratic
form of administration of justice. It is considered that impartial and independent
representatives of the society make decision, however, in reality verdict of the
jury is affected by number of external factors.
Article “Influence of Media on Jury Verdict” – offers an overview of one of
the strongest factor influencing judicial decisions and this is the role of media in
ensuring justice and fairness. For this purpose, author analyzes Georgian legislation that provides safeguards for the freedoms of speech and expression, also
studies foreign case law, where jury trail already has history. Article offers an
overview of the measures that are taken to protect jurors from the media influence
and analyzes already conducted jury trails.
At the end of the Article, there are specific recommendations for the successful implementation of the jury trail in Georgia, so that access to information for
public is not damaged, and still fair verdict is issued.
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saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa asociacia
JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 292 34 90
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo
THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
tel-faqsi/Tel-Fax: (+995 32) 299 70 01
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