106
piston steam-tight they�re virtually useless.
In our
I
vessel has a most beautiful model for speed, the bow
who died
during the year, amI, in short, forms a
la.rgeBt ocean steamers, say those having 1(J5-inch being long, symmetrical, and well up out of the complete history of the year.
I
What an invaluable
cylinders, the outsi�e rings are not over three-fourths, water. The masts have a slight rake, and when run­ work lor reference a complete set of these annuals
of an inch thick, and yet we meet with packing in ' ning under full speed, with her high bow, she reminds will form in any library, public or private I
small cylinders of very nearly the same dimensions. lone of a mettled racer.
It would be far better to reduce the outside rings to
:
'
I
The hull was. built by Messrs.
Lawrence & Foulks, of Williamsburgh, and is 120
three-eighths, and the inside ones to five-eighths in feet on the keel, and 130 on deck; the beam is 20
Shrinking of Steel.
As a slight mistake at times is the common lot of
cylinders of 24 inches diameter, and from that to feet, and depth of hold 10 feet. The outside plank­ all, a few words will not be out of place upon the
forty inches; below twenty-four inches they might be ing is 2} inches thick, and it, as well as the frames, shrinking of such pieces of work as the mechanic
made even less with good results.
The packing are 01 white oak. The whole is fastened in the best may have had the misfortune of boring too large,
should be light and tough, not hard and stiff. It manner, no expense having been spared in its con­ and which would be useless but for the process of
should be like the hoops of a barrel, and stay where- struction.
ever the springs put it.
With
The yacht is schooner-rigged, and when
such rings little under sail aione did well.
pressure would be required, and the engine would
THE
not only perform better but actually wear longer than
shrinking it smaller.
Shrinking is simply heating
the steel and plun/d,ng it in cold water, but should it
not prove small enough the first time, the operation
ENGINES.
The steam-power consists of two inverted cylin­ must be repeated, and if insufficient the second time,
where stiff, ungainly rings are employed, and jack­
ders, 22 inches diameter by 22 inches stroke of it must be operated upon the third time, which gener­
screws substituted for springs.
piston, low pressure, anrl fitted with link motion. ally effects the purpose. After the third time, I have
These engines are beautiful speeimen, of workman- generally found the hole to cast either oval or bell­
PHILOSOPHY IN A CUP OF TEA.
--,ship. They were built by the Novelty Iron Works,
We were recently interested and somewhat amused I under the superintendence of Mr. I. V. Holmes, a
at the c?nversation of two gentle an at a table be- rising engineer, and are as compact in size as they
�
The engine frame is made to
fore us 10 a restaurant. As thClr cups of tea were arc efficient in action.
placed on the table, one of them remarked to the
I
serve as the condenser, and the air-pump gearing is
mouthed, but after shrinking it the third time, and
the article still remaining a waster, there is another
source open, which is simply to heat it again, and dip
it in the water half-way, leaving one-half of it above
the water, and then to heat it again and dip in the re­
so arranged that it balances the main moving parts verse way, half-way in the water; this will often ac­
.. I suppose, Doctor, you put the milk and sugar very perlectly. At 96 revolutions, the highest at- complish what other methods have failed to do•
into your tea on philosophical principles ?"
tailled on this trip, their action was remarkably Small holes will shrink rather more if the hole be
.. Certainly," said the Doctor. "I have ascer- smooth and regular. These little 'engines are much filled with loam; shrinking and expansion of steel
other:-
tained, nl3t by syllogistic reasoning, but by direct �b- admired, by cnginee,rs who have examined them, for
servation of that particular property, that tea is their good qualities.' .The screw is four-bladed, of
spoiled if it gets cold, or even cool, aud I consequent- iron, and has a diameter. of 9 feet, .and a pitch of 13
Iy introduce the milk and sugar in a way to cool it as feet. At 96 revolutions, which is a low rate of speed,
little as possible. Now, a cup of tea loses its heat she would make 12 miles an hour, minus the slip.
in two ways, by evaporation and by radiation. It is The engines, however, 'can run much faster, and have
well known that all bodies radiate heat, and that at
a high temperature they radiate more heat than at a
made 110 turns per minute without heating.
TilE
vary so much, that I have, at a red heat, shrunk the
hole in a steel ring considerably; and at a whitish
heat on the same steel the hole has been considerably
larger.
Iron rings, or collars, may be shrunk after
the samf3 manner as steel, by simply heating and cool­
ing in water.
Much might be said upon the various kinds of tools
used in the turnery, but there is such a variety of
CABINS AND FIXTURES.
them, differing in form and size according t.o the ne­
The cabin hatches and hatch combings, where they cessities, it would take a whole volume to do them
walls of the room, at the same time heat is being rise above deck, are 01 solit! mahogany, strongly justice; some turners are apt to think the tools of
emitted from the walls of tlle ro�m, nnd is being ab­ d o\'etailed together, allll plainly but beautifully fin­ their invention best of any, and their attachment to
sorblld by the cup of tea. But as the tea radiates ishell. Below, the luxurious fittings speak plainly of them, not to say bigotry, is often accompanied with
low temperature.
Heat is streaming out from this
cup of tea in every direction, and is absorbed by the
more heat than it receives, it is constantly growing
cooler.
When its temperature has come down to
that of the surrounding walls, it will cease to grow
the tastes of the owner and those to whom he en-
a silly attempt to conceal from their fellow-workmen
The panel the benefits of their amazing discoveries as to the
work in the after cabin is whi'te, picked out with best shape of a tool; but baving had good experi­
trusted the task of furnishing his vessel.
The Jaw on which I act is this: the rapidity gold, and stripetl with faint pink tints. Green velvet ence in tools, and their different shapes, I �h'e it as
of the cooling is proportioned to the dift'erence he­ cushions alon� the lockers in\'itc the wcary mariner Illy opinion that the best shape of a tool is a tool
tween the temperature of the tea and tJ.mt 01 the to repose, awl the green silk rep curtains, lined with that answers the purpose, does the work well, where­
bodies by which it is surrounded; that is to say, eanary-eolored satin, that fringll the berths above, with least steel is cut to waste in the dressing of it,
colder.
when it is very hot, it loses heat' more rapidly by cause him to be careful lest he soil them with rude least time required in the grinding of it, and whose
handling-. The carpets, the black walnut beaufet for wear is longest without repairing.-George Ede.
The same is the case with the COOling by evapora­ silver, and the pantry adjoining, are all upon the
radiation than after its temperature has been reduced.
tion.
The steam that you see rising here, though no
hotter than the water, has in fact nusorbed 1,000'"
NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.
same scale of elegance, and there is a dainty little
wash-room aft, where the toilet can lJe made.
There
DICTIONARY OF SOLUBILITIES.
PART
ID.
We noticed some time since in terms of the highest
This evap­ is also another calJin forward, which is handsomely
praise, the first two parts of "Storer's Dictionary of
oration goes on most rapilUy When the tea is hottest. furnisheu.
of heat, and that has come from the tea.
Thus in both ways a hot cup of tea looses heat more
rapidly than a cooler cup.
TilE ARMAMENT.
If when it is boiling hot
Two guns form part of the equipment of this ves­
minute, perhaps when it gets within two or three de,
Wiard pattern, and when mounted on their massive
its temperature is reduced at the rate of a degree a sel,
the Solubilities 01 Chemical Substances," published
by Sever & Francis, Cambridge, Mass., and we are
they are steel, 12-pound boat howitzers, oC the pleased to know that our high opinion of the work
is shared by the most learned chemists in the city.
grees of the temperature of surrounding objects, it bra�s carriages and run forward, look sufficiently We are now in receipt of the third part, which com­
may not be cooled at the rate of a degree in half an formidable to deter any evil disposed persons.
hour.
H
If the milk and sugar are introduced when the
tea l� first hrought, their COOling effect is applieu to
the cup in its hottest condition, and the reduction of
entire cost of the yacht was $100,000.
The pletes the work.
The yacht was
superintended throu!!;hout by Mr. W. W. Vanderbilt,
C.E., of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.
Vanderbilt has shown great taste in the construction
and appointments, and shines with renewed splendor
ture is further reduced by the addition of the cold
achievement.
allowed to go on awhile first, and then the tempera­ in the eyes of his acquaintance s:nce this his latest
Maguire, the
venerable
milk and sugar, the tea is made very cold, aud its pilot, graced the occasion with him�elt and his fa­
ftavor is ruined.
So, you see, when I put the milk
and sugar into my tea as soon as it is brought, I do
it on philosophical prinCiples."
mous white hat, and took the boat in and out with
his usual IIkill.
The trip was greatly e:::joyed by all
present, and the best wishes of the guests will attend
the yacht Olara Olarita wherever she goes.
D. JEROME'S YACHT.
.. �
...
_
-----
-------.
THE YEAR IS63.
On the 28th ultimo, in company with a select party
labor expended in its compilation, and of the illim­
Mr. itable extent of the science of chemistry.
temperature is checked; while if the rapid cooling is
Mr. John
An examination of a few pages is
sufficient to impress us with the enormous amount of
Corrulfated Llninlr for Skatinlr and other
Boot...
Boots and shoes corrugated upon the vamps have
become
quite
fashionable,
but
we
never
could
see their utility, nor could we ever disco\'er their
beauty.
worn.
They are admired, however, and are much
We have received Irom the inventor, what we
consider both a SEnsible and blghly useftJl improve­
ment, viz: a Balmoral boot upper with corrugated
lining.
For skating boots this is an excellent inven­
tion; for no matter how tight the skate is strapped
on, the air can ventilate around the foot, keeping it
ishes a complete record of the eventful free from the perspiration that would ensue if there
we enjoyed a pleasant sail on the splendid new steam year 1863, may find it, collected with great care and
were no vent. Besides in wearing corrugated lined
wacht recently completed for Mr. L. W. Jerome, E sq., judgment, arranged'in alphabetical order, printed
boots with rubber over-shoes, let the latter press ever
of this city.
in clear type, and bound in one large neat volume so tight, still there will be free ventilation. We have
of gentlemen, members of the New York Yacht Club,
Whoever
in t,he American Annual C.lJclopedia, published by no doubt these linings will meet with approval by
D. Appleton & Co., 443 and 445 Broadway, New manufacturers, as they certainly must by wearers.
..
been built for some time, but this trip was her first York. It contains a complete history of the war dur­
DR. B. N. HARRIS'S large barn in Winslow was
successful one since completion. She had originally ing the year with numerous maps to illustrate all im­
a large shop engine of 16-inch cylinder and 36-inch portant operations, statements of the number and struck by lightning Oil the 11th of July. The light­
TilE
YACHT.
This vessel is a somewhat famous one.
She has
stroke, which was adapted to her by a well-known condition of the troops, North ann South, lists of the
ning passe,l down the inside 01 the barn, but strange
officers, accOunts of improvements in ordnance and to say did not set fire to the hay lyin/!: against the
liked the adaptations, anll stubbornly refused to go iron-clad vessels, operations of the Navy, statistics posts it shivered. There was some stock in the haln
which was not injured, but a hog forty feet from the
of long as the engine remained in her. Thereupon it of the crops, transactions of European nations,
was taken out, and new ones were substituted. The obituaries of officers a.nd other prominent persous barn was killed, though no mark was upon him,
patent-lawyer of this city.
The yacht, however, dis·
© 1864 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC,