!"#!$%&'(')%#*+,-#.(/0$12&,)3#!,,4%#&,#510,6$(7#8$%0,9)%'#:';')'(&%#
!
"#$%$&!'%()$%*+,!-./!"/0$1/*+,!2/33/#!45#1$6+!/31!-7.!89!:;#/<$%*+!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*+!"#$%&'#()*+,*-./.#0#*.(*12"+.,!6+!"#$%&'#()*+,*34#"56&78**
•! !"#1),0'%%$(7E#ZFO$1!$AF1$3;$!<5%!?$OF;/?!/31!&.3)/;@;!/3@;F=/@53!!
C$9H9,!U5>;/%)!$)!/?9,!6R*[D!])5!$)!/?9,!6R*SD!W//3,!6R*[+!!!
•! !"#)';')'(/2=#1),0'%%$(7E##4$1>;$1!>&$!5<!1F&;5>%&$K?$A$?!;>$&!/31!
=5)$3@/??.!H%$/)$%!%$?F/3;$!53!&$3)$3;$K?$A$?!F3<5%7/@53!!
CP#$3H!Q!-?75%,!6R*SD!'%()$%!$)!/?9,!6R*SD!45I$%)&!$)!/?9,!6RRe+!
!! !A+"%*+,*(8%'%*'(64#%'*8.$%*6'%4*P%(8+4+S+7#%'*G.K.5S%*+,*
G.K(6&#"7*K&+.GL$%*5#.'%'**+,-.+*.*&%,%&%"L.S*%UK&%''#+"*#'*
%"G+6"(%&%4J!
IF'(&#%&)90&9)'#2(>#1),(,9(#$(&')1)'&2/,(##
C*+ !EmilySource brought/was bringing a drink to MelissaGoal. She _____!
D2/F'#%1'24')%E#
•! '$3$%/?!IF/&!<5%!'5/?!%$<$%$3;$!<5??5JF3H!)%/3&<$%K5<K=5&&$&&F53!$A$3)&!
C:)$A$3&53!$)!/?9,!*XX[+!
•! Z5%$!:5>%;$!;53@3>/@53&!<5??5JF3H!F7=$%<$;@A$!A&9!=$%<$;@A$!/&=$;)!
Ca3H?F&#c!W$#?$%!$)!/?9,!6RReD!8/=/3$&$c!g$35!Q!W$#?$%,!6R*RD!W5%$/3c!WF7!$)!/?9,!
6R*f+D!a4M&!&#5J!$3#/3;$1!F3)$H%/@53!1Fr;>?).!<5%!:5>%;$K%$<$%%F3H!
<5??5JF3H!=$%<$;@A$!A&9!F7=$%<$;@A$!/&=$;)!CU$%%$V!$)!/?9,!6RRX+9!
!"#='2)(')%E#
•! L5!/&=$;)!$E$;)!53!;5%$<$%$3;$!<5%!8/=/3$&$!/31!W5%$/3!?$/%3$%&!5<!
a3H?F&#,!1$&=F)$!%$?F/I?$!/&&5;F/@53!5<!=$%<$;@A$`F7=$%<$;@A$!JF)#!
;57=?$)$1`F3;57=?$)$!$A$3)&!!C'%()$%!$)!/?9,!6R*SD!:;#/<$%!$)!/?9,!6R*j+!
*!*R%46G%4*M5#S#()*(+*X%"%&.(%*3UK%G(.L+"'*T0RMX3YV*#"*4#'G+6&'%*
#
<2&')$2=%#2(>#8'%$7(!
•! GF3H>F&@;!&@7>?Fc!6K&$3)$3;$!F)$7&,!7/3F=>?/@3H!.%1'0&!F3!)#$!;53)$O)!&$3)$3;$,!/31!
=%535>3!:';')'(0'!F3!)#$!;53@3>/@53D!I%5/1!<5;>&!F3)53/@53
•! YF&>/?!_5%?1!M/%/1FH7!C:Z]!4ak,!6jR2d+D!f!-b]&!CUFH9*+c!:5>%;$!Ck53/?1+,!'5/?!
CZ$?F&&/+,!"#$7$!C1%F30+!
•! j!F)$7&`;531F@53!CG/@3!&T>/%$+!n!6R!$O=$%F7$3)/?!F)$7&D![R!353K)%/3&<$%!N??$%&!
!
M%$AF$J!
v6,RRR!7&w!
P53)$O)!:$3)$3;$!
v1!n!6,ejS!7&w!
:F?$3;$!
v6,jRR!7&w!
1st sentence:
'Donald brought
Melissa
a fancy drink.'
0.8
P53@3>/@53!
v1!n!6,mjj!7&w!
:F?$3;$!
v*,mjR!7&w!
U5??5JF3H!/!)%/3&<$%K5<K=5&&$&&F53!$A$3)!JF)#!=$%<$;@A$!CA&!F7=$%<$;@A$+!
/&=$;)!/31!K&#+&*(+*)#$!$3;5>3)$%!5<!/!%$<$%$3@/?!$O=%$&&F53,!
*+! L/@A$!&=$/0$%&!JF??!?550!)5!)#$!'5/?!75%$!)#/3!)5!)#$!:5>%;$D!
6+! G6!?$/%3$%&B!?550&!JF??!35)!I$!751>?/)$1!I.!/&=$;)9!
]<!G6!?$/%3$%&!#/A$!35!=%5/;@A$!%$<$%$3@/?!IF/&$&,!
f+ !)#$.!JF??!?550!/)!)#$!:5>%;$!/31!'5/?!$T>/??.!>3@?!)#$!?F3H>F&@;!
&FH3/?!1F&/7IFH>/)$&!%$<$%$3;$9!
.04(,-='>76'(&%E# Z/3.! )#/30&! )5! -7/31/! \?/0$,! -7I$%! P/7=,! YF;)5%F/! G$$,! _$3.F! GF3H,! ]A/3/!
Z/)&53,!a%F;,!:)$=/3&,!/31!Z/#5!"/0/#/&#F!<5%!/&&F&)/3;$!JF)#!A/%F5>&!/&=$;)&!5<!)#F&!$O=$%F7$3)9!"#F&!
%$&$/%;#!F&!&>==5%)$1!I.!)#$!L/@53/?!:;F$3;$!U5>31/@53!C\P:K*6j*[jR!)5!"9!'%()$%!Q!-9!:;#/<$%+9!
9&%'%"(%4*.(*:!;<=*>?@*A+$*>BC@*DE?CF*G+"(.G(H*(8%&%'I8./.##J%46*
x>$&@53!
Z5>&$;?F;0!53!I5O!
;5%%$&=531F3H!)5!/3&J$%! !"#$(Q!"%F/?!&)%>;)>%$!
:'%9=&%#
2nd sentence:
'REF obviously
liked hosting
parties.'
[Silence]
0.6
!"#$'Q!YF&>/?!&;$3$!
0.8
Source reference
Goal reference
2nd sentence:
'REF obviously liked hosting parties.'
2nd sentence:
'REF obviously liked hosting parties.'
0.6
AOI!Group
Source!L1
Goal!L1
Theme!L1
Source!L2
Goal!L2
Theme!L2
0.4
AOI!Group
Source!L1
Goal!L1
Theme!L1
Source!L2
Goal!L2
Theme!L2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0
0.0
!4000
!2000
0
2000
Time from pronoun onset (ms)
500
1000
1500
2000
0
500
Time from pronoun onset (ms)
1000
1500
2000
!"#$&Q!M%5=5%@53!?550&!)5!-b]&!I.!'%5>=!/31!4$<$%$3;$!C;5??/=&F3H!5A$%!-&=$;)+!
!"#$%Q!M%5=5%@53!?550&!)5!-b]&!I.!'%5>=,!;5??/=&F3H!5A$%!-&=$;)!/31!4$<$%$3;$D!R!n!53&$)!5<!P53@3>/@53!
L1
<$J'>G'K'0&#=$('2)#)'7)'%%$,(#L=6')M'%&C#########propGoal ~ Aspect * Reference * Group * Window#
L2
0.8
2nd sentence:
'REF obviously liked
hosting parties.'
[Silence]
b>);57$!7$/&>%$c!=%5=5%@53!?550&!)5!'5/?!`!C?550&!)5!'5/?!s!?550&!)5!:5>%;$+,!;/?;>?/)$1!I.K&>It$;)&!/31!I.K
F)$7&!5A$%!)J5!I%5/1!@7$!JF315J&c!!:]GaLPa!CK*S[R!)5!6RR+!Q!PbL"]Lg-"]bL!C6RR!)5!6RRR+u+!
2nd sentence:
'REF obviously liked
hosting parties.'
[Silence]
!
0.6
AOI!Aspect
Source!Perf.
Goal!Perf.
Source!Imperf.
Goal!Imperf.
0.4
"! A#H)'>$0/,(%E#
P53)$O)c
!Donald brought/was bringing Melissa a fancy drink.!
P53@3>/@53c !He/She obviously liked hosting parties.!
Prop. looks
C$9H9,!Y/3!\$%0>7!$)!/?9,!6RRmD!45#1$!Q!25%)53,!6R*[+!
•! G*!a3H?F&#!CA*n!j[+,!7$/3!/H$c!6f!.$/%&!C*eK[X+!
•! G6!a3H?F&#!CA*n!fj+,!7$/3!/H$c!6e!.$/%&!C*eK[S+D!N%&)!$O=5&>%$!)5!a3H?F&#!1*n!**!.%&!CfK6*+D!A/%F5>&!G*&!C*X!P#F3$&$,![!8/=/3$&$,!6!:=/3F&#,!6!]3153$&F/3,!e!5)#$%+!
-! Y$%&/3)!a3H?F&#!"$&)!CM$/%&53,!6R**D!JJJ9A$%&/3l$&)9;57+,!5A$%/??!&;5%$!C%/3H$!6RKeR+c!1!n!SR!CfXKeR+D!;5%%$&=531&!)5!PaU4!%/3H$!5<!-6KP6!C7$1F/3!Q!751$!n!\6+!!
-! G$O"-Ga!a3H?F&#!CG$7#o<$%!Q!\%5$%&7/,!6R*6D!JJJ9?$O)/?$9;57+c!/;;>%/;.!1*n!m*p!CO=!n!*S+D!M$/%&53!;5%%$?/@53!I$)J$$3!Y$%&/3)!/31!G$O"-Gac!&CfR+!n!9me,!K!q!9RR*!
-! bA$%/??!H551!=$%<5%7/3;$!53!F31$=$31$3)!)/&0!/&&$&&F3H!>31$%&)/31F3H!5<!H%/77/@;/?!/&=$;)!F3!a3H?F&#!C&$$!'%()$%!$)!/?9,!6R*S,!<5%!)/&0+!
Prop. looks
•! D2/F'G=2(7927'#1),0'%%$(7E#!]3;%$7$3)/??.!>=1/)$1,!
=%5/;@A$!IF/&$&!/I5>)!>=;57F3H!F3<5%7/@53!/)!/??!
?$A$?&!5<!?F3H>F&@;!%$=%$&$3)/@53,!F3;?>1F3H!1F&;5>%&$!
H2)/0$12(&%#
Prop. looks
=+*<D*S#'(%"%&'*8.$%*K&+.GL$%*5#.'%'*T%UK%G(.L+"'V*.5+6(*/8+*
/#SS*5%*P%"L+"%4*"%U(*#"*.*4#'G+6&'%W***
0.2
•!
•!
•!
•!
!!
]3)$%;$=)!CI.K&>Itc!5!n!9jj,!K!q!9RR*D!I.KF)$7c!5!n!9j[,!K!q!9RR*+!!!!!!#,F')2==#N,2=#O$2%#
Z/F3!$E$;)!5<!4$<$%$3;$!CI.K&>Itc!5!n!9**,!K!q!9RR*D!I.KF)$7c!5!n!9*R,!K!q!9RR*+!
4$<$%$3;$!O!_F315J!F3)$%/;@53!CI.K&>Itc!5!n!9*e,!K!q!9RR*D!I.KF)$7c!5!n!9*X,!K!q!9RR*+!!
.%1'0&#J#N),91!F3)$%/;@53!CI.K&>Itc!5!n!9Rm,!K!n!9R6D!I.KF)$7c!5!n!9RS,!K!n!9R[+!!!!!!!!!!35!5)#$%!$E$;)&!&FH3FN;/3)!
!! U5??5JK>=!751$?&!JF)#F3!$/;#!H%5>=!&#5J!%$7($P02(&#'K'0&%#,;#.%1'0&#$(#&+'#!@#CI.K&>Itc!5!n!K9R[,!K!n!9R6D!
I.KF)$7c!5!n!K9R[,!K!n!9RS+!O9&#(,&#&+'#!"#7),91#CI.K&>Itc!5!n!9Rf,!K!n!96fD!I.KF)$7c!5!n!9R6,!K!n!9[f+9!
!! -11F3H!M%5N;F$3;.!/&!/!=%$1F;)5%!1F1!35)!F7=%5A$!751$?!N)!!
0.0
!2000 !1000
0
1000
2000
!2000 !1000
Time from pronoun onset (ms)
0
1000
?,(0=9%$,(%#
2000
!"#$)Q!M%5=5%@53!?550&!)5!-b]&!I.!-&=$;)!/31!'%5>=!C;5??/=&F3H!5A$%!4$<$%$3;$+!
BC#D,&'%#,(#6,>'=$(7#>'0$%$,(%E#
•! K*S[R!n!7F3F7/?!1F&)/3;$!I$)J$$3!?550&!)5!f!-b]&!F3!G6!H%5>=,!)/0$3!/&!/==%5O9!$31!5<!&FH3/?K1%FA$3!?550&!
•! Z$/3!=%5=5%@53&!J$??!JF)#F3!9fK9m!%/3H$,!JF)#!;57=/%/I?$!A/%F/3;$!/;%5&&!;531F@53&,!/31!35%7/??.!1F&)%FI>)$19!CZ51$?&!
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45I$%)&,!'>??I$%H!Q!]31$<%$.!C6RRe+9!b3?F3$!=%535>3!%$&5?>@53!F3!G6!1F&;5>%&$c!G*!F3i>$3;$!/31!H$3$%/?!?$/%3$%!$E$;)&9!OO<MJ!
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:;#/<$%,!"/0$1/,!45#1$!Q!'%()$%!C6R*j+9!Z/==F3H!=%5&51.!)5!%$<$%$3;$!F3!G69!M5&)$%!/)!\gPGk![R9!
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•!