APA CHART – CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY, ST. PAUL
Situation
APA (In Text Citation)
Anonymous author
Research found that 42 percent of monkeys view
bananas as an aphrodisiac (Anonymous, 2008).
OR
Research found that “42 percent of monkeys
reacted to the bananas in the same way as the
other aphrodisiacs” (Anonymous, 2008). OR
Research suggest (as cited in Anonymous, 2008),
“42 percent of monkeys reacted to the bananas in
the same way as the other aphrodisiacs.”
This should only be used if the
work is signed “Anonymous.”
Article
Artwork
(artist’s name, year of fabrication,
title of piece, medium, location)
As cited in
Bible or Qur’am
Include the version of the source
in text—do not list in the
references.
APA (Reference Page)
Anonymous. (2008) Monkey love. Cambridge,
MA: Peachtree Publications. book
OR
Anonymous. (2008) Monkey mischief. Animal
News USA, 13(2), 42-51. journal article
See journal
Pablo Picasso’s Baboon and Young
demonstrates the creativity of the artist.
In Baboon and Young, the mother’s tail is an
important part of the piece (Picasso, 1951).
Picasso, P. (1951). Baboon and young [Bronze
sculpture]. Minneapolis, MN: Minneapolis
Institute of At.
Picasso, P. (1951). Baboon and young [Bronze
sculpture]. Retrieved from www.
artsonnected. Org/resource/2590/baboon-andyoung
See secondary source
The comparison was “the glass as it were a
brilliant star: Lit from a blessed Tree” (Qur’an,
Al-Nour, Surah 24:35).
…as is seen in this passage: “Though thou mount
on high as the eagle, and though thy nest be set
among the stars” (Obadiah 1:4, American
Standard Version).
Classical material, such as the Bible and the
Qur’am, are not included in the references
because the sections are standardized across
various versions.
Situation
Book, one author
(direct quote)
In-text citations
Sal Smith found that “42 percent of the monkeys
in the study did eat the mangos (1987, p. 42). OR
Sal Smith (1987) found that “42 percent of the
monkeys in the study did eat the mangoes” (p.
42). OR
Research showed that “42 percent of the monkeys
ate the mangoes” (Smith, 1987, p. 42).
References
Smith, S. (1987). Monkey trouble: Today and
every day. Boston, MA: Plumtree
Publications.
Book, one author
(paraphrase)
Sal Smith found that 42 percent of the monkeys
in the study did eat the mangos (1987).
OR
Sal Smith (1987) found that 42 percent of the
monkeys in the study did eat the mangoes.
OR
Research found that 42 percent of the monkeys
ate the mangoes (Smith, 1987).
Smith, S. (1987). Monkey trouble: Today and
every day. Boston, MA: Plumtree
Publications.
Book, two authors
(direct quote)
Smith and Wright found that “42 percent of the
monkeys in the study did eat the mangos (1987,
p. 42). OR
Smith and Wright (1987) found that “42 percent
of the monkeys in the study did eat the mangoes”
(p. 42). OR
Research shows that “42 percent of the monkeys
ate the mangoes” (Smith & Wright, 1987, p. 42).
Smith and Wright found that 42 percent of the
monkeys in the study did eat the mangos (1987).
OR
Smith and Wright (1987) found that 42 percent of
the monkeys in the study did eat the mangoes.
OR
Research shows that monkeys will eat mangoes
(Smith & Wright, 1987).
Smith, S., & Wright, P. (1993). Monkeys in the
wild: A new day. Boston, MA: Plumtree
Publications.
Book, two authors
(paraphrase)
Book, two authors with
same last name
Situation
In-text citations
Smith, S., & Wright, P. (1993). Monkeys in the
wild: A new day. Boston, MA: Plumtree
Publications.
Duvall, K., & Person, M. (2000). Primate
pizazz. Saint Paul, MN: Blossom Publishers.
References
Book, three, four, or five
authors (direct quote)
List all authors the first time
you cite them, but after the
first time, list the author’s last
name, followed by et al.
Notice the period goes after al
and not et.
Book, three, four, or five
authors (paraphrase)
List all authors the first time
you cite them in text, but after
the first time, list the first
author’s last name, followed
by et al.
Notice the period goes after al
and not et.
Book, six or seven authors
Situation
According to Smith, Wright, and Brown (1990),
“42 percent of the monkeys in the study ate the
mango first, then proceeded to the bananas” (p.
291). OR
According to Smith, Wright, and Brown, “42
percent of the monkeys in the study ate the
mango first, then proceeded to the bananas”
(1990, p. 291). OR
Only “42 percent of the monkeys in the study ate
the mango first, then proceeded to the bananas”
(Smith, Wright, & Brown, 1990, p. 291).
Smith, S., Wright, S., & Brown, M. (1990).
Monkey see monkey do: a cautionary tale.
Boston, MA: Plumtree Publications.
Smith, Wright, and Brown (1990) conclude that
Smith, S., Wright, S., & Brown, M. (1990).
42 percent of the monkeys favored mango. Smith
Monkey see monkey do: A cautionary tale.
et al. go on to point out that bananas were the 2nd
Boston, MA: Plumtree Publications.
favorite fruit of the study group.
OR
Research shows that mango is favored over
banana (Smith, Wright, & Brown, 1987). Smith et
al. plan to research cantaloupe next.
Evans et al. (2011) argued that monkeys prefer
bananas to popcorn because of the texture.
(paraphrase)
OR
Evans et al. declared that “only 33 percent of the
monkeys preferred popcorn to bananas” (2011, p.
5). (direct quote)
For IN-TEXT CITATIONS, cite only the
surname of the first author followed by et al. (not
italicized and period after al)—even the first
time—and the year.
In-text citations
Evans, I., Jons, I., Ming, I., Tone, S., Garcia, H.,
Nun, M., & Yang, W. (2000). Ape behavior
(3rd ed.). San Angelo, TX: Tone Press.
(seven authors)
For REFERENCES, list all surnames and firstname initials up to seven authors.
References
Wright et al. (1994) state, “42 percent of the
monkeys chose to eat mangos rather than bananas
In-text citations:
when given the choice” (p. 67). (direct quote)
cite only the surname of the first
OR
author followed by et al. (not
Wright et al. state, “42 percent of the monkeys
italicized) and the year—even the chose to eat mangos rather than bananas when
first time.
given the choice” (1994, p. 67). (direct quote)
OR
In references:
The studies revealed that “42 percent of the
When there are eight or more
monkeys chose to eat mangos rather than bananas
authors, write out the first six,
when given the choice” (Wright et al., 1994,
insert and ellipsis (three periods),
p.67). (direct quote)
and follow the ellipsis with the last OR
author’s name.
Wright et al. (2011) argued that monkeys prefer
bananas to popcorn because of the texture.
(paraphrase)
Book, eight or more authors
Books or articles, same
author(s), same year and
different year
In references, list books by same
author in order of earliest to latest.
Monkeys imitate humans eating an apple more on
cloudy days (Person, 2004, 2005).
A study conducted by Duvall and Person (2008a,
2008b) explained how weather affects animal
behavior.
Situation
When there are eight or more authors, write out
the first six, insert an ellipsis (three periods), and
follow the ellipsis with the last author’s name.
Note there is a comma after the period
following the initial—before the ellipsis.
Duvall, L., & Person, C. (2008a). Behind the
ape ball. Animal Digest, 14(3), 45-54.
Duvall, L., & Person, C. (2008b, Spring).
Monkey tea time. Science Digest, 4, 11111114.
Person, C. (2004). Weather permitting. St. Paul,
MN: Bluedog Press.
Person, C. (2005). Weather or not. St. Paul,
MN: Bluedog Press.
References of the same author in
the same year are arranged
alphabetically by article or book
title.
Book with an editor
(direct quote from editor)
Poullada, P., Gehan, J., Wright, S., Brown, M.,
Lew, I., Mandel, A., Iwaszek, T.,…Gehan,
J. (1999). Ape business. Ames, IA:
Transition Publishing.
(eight or more authors)
According to Dr. Stoffer, “Monkeys are capable
of understanding and performing basic card
tricks” (2003, pp. ii-x).
In-text citations
Stoffer, J. T. (Ed.). (2003). Anthology of ape
stories. Apricotville, ME: Sorrento Press.
References
Brochure or pamphlet
The Sunflower Zoo’s brochure “Zoo Highlights,” Sunflower Zoo. (n.d.). Zoo highlights
explains how weather affects monkeys (n.d.). OR [Brochure]. St. Joseph, MO: Starburst Printing.
“Monkeys exhibit repetitious behavior more often
on overcast days” (Sunflower Zoo, n.d.).
Smith, S. (2003). Fruits and monkeys. In J. T.
Chapter of a book with an editor Smith states that monkeys “can’t get enough
ALSO
fruit” (2003, p. 67). (direct quote)
Stoffer (Ed.), Anthology of ape stories, (pp.
66-76). Apricotville, ME: Sorrento Press.
Story or article appearing in an
Smith suggests that monkeys eat fruit until they
anthology.
are full (2003). (paraphrase)
Do not include editor info. in
Do include both chapter title and book title.
the in-text citation but do
include it in the references.
Do not include editor information in the in-text
citation but do include it in the references.
Chapter of a book with two
editors
(direct quote)
(also story in anthology)
Note: Even if Ming wrote the
article in 2003, use date the
article appeared in edited book.
Corporation as author
Several articles in the
same year
Handbook
Use a, b, c, etc. after the dates
to distinguish the different
materials published in the
Ming states that monkeys “are borderline
obsessed with the idea that bananas are
phenomenal” (2004, p. 64).
Do not include editor info. in text, but do
include the chapter title and book title in the
references.
Chapter titles should appear inside quotation
marks when mentioned in text.
The Corporate Readers Council (CRC) handbook
states that “participation in the mentoring
program is 100 percent voluntary” (2001c, p. 2).
OR
The CRC invites employees to participate in selfevaluation sessions (2001b).
OR
Not all mentors and mentees are good matches
(Corporate Readers Council [CRC], 2001a).
Use brackets for parentheses within
Ming, S. (2004). Banana monkeys. In J. B.
Wright & M. L. Jacobs (Eds.), Monkey
religions: Do they have them? (pp. 1-64).
Apricotville, ME: Sorrento Press.
Note: Initials come before editor(s)’ last
names—not after.
Corporate Readers Council (CRC). (2001a).
Corporate relationships. Corporate Readers
Council a-z [Handbook]. Greenly, VT: CRC
Press.
CRC. (2001b). Mentoring. CRC guidelines
[Handbook]. Greenly, VT: CRC Press.
CRC. (2001c). Strategies for mentors.
Corporate Readers Council handbook
[Handbook]. Greenly, VT: CRC Press.
If the same organization is listed in the
same year all by the same
author(s).
Situation
In-text citations
references more than once, spell out the first
time and put the acronym in parentheses; use
the acronym in subsequent references.
References
Dictionary
Hardcover book
The New American Handy College Dictionary
defines ape as “any of several anthropoid
animals, the gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, or
gibbon” (p. 40).
Note: the book title capitalizes the first letter
of each main word in the text, but in the
references only the first letter, the first letter
after a colon, or proper nouns are capitalized.
Morehead, A., & Morehead, L. (Eds.). (1995).
The new American handy college dictionary
(3rd ed.). New York, NY: New American
Library.
Note: Begin the entry with authors of the
byline, if there is one. If not, list the editors.
If there are no editors, begin the entry with
the word being defined.
Dictionary
Online and book
MyDictionary.net defines monkeys as “a
collection of animals with opposable thumbs”
(2011, para. 3). OR
Monkeys are defined as “a collection of animals
with opposable thumbs” (MyDictionary.net,
2011, para. 3).
Write out the website name, but do not
include URLs in the body of the paper.
Use (n.d.) if there is no copyright date.
According to Stone and Sand, more than “41
percent of the monkeys acted predictably, but
only on cloudy days” (1998, p. 7). (direct quote)
OR
According to Stone and Sand, more monkeys
than not acted predictably on cloudy days (1998,
p. 7). (paraphrase)
As was shown in the film Out of Africa: Primates
in American Zoos, many monkeys take up to two
years to adjust to climate changes (2007). Some
monkeys do not ever adjust and always appear to
be too hot or too cold (Niemyer & Yang, 2008).
Monkey. (2011). In MyDictionary.net’s online
dictionary. Retrieved from http://
MyDict.net/monkeys_definition.html
Ape. (n.d.). In Define it online. Retrieved from
http://defineonline.com/ape
Note that there is neither a period at the end
of the website nor underlining.
For reference material with no
byline, list the title of entry in the
author’s position.
DOI
Use a DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) if one is assigned.
No other retrieval information is
needed (p. 191)
Film
(motion picture)
Situation
parentheses.
In Text
Stone, X., & Sand, M. (1998). Monkey do: Or
do not. Psych News, 12(1), 23-27. doi:
11.1099/4943-4444.34.2.222
Note: there is no period after the DOI. The word
doi is not capitalized.
Jackson, K. (Producer). (2007). Out of Africa:
Primates in American zoos [DVD].
Cincinnati, OH: Egbert Productions.
Niemyer, N., & Bon, K. (Producers), & Yang,
S. (Director). (2008). Monkeys in motion
[Motion picture]. Norway: Dons Studio.
In References
Journal article, one author
(direct quote)
According to Melanie Sand, “42 percent of the monkeys
ate mangoes, but 58 percent refused to even touch them”
(1987, p. 7). OR
As many as “42 percent of the monkeys ate mangoes,
but 58 percent refused to even touch them” (Sand, 1987,
p. 7).
Sand, M. (1987). Monkey trouble: Today and
every day. Psych News, 11(3), 2311-2313.
Note journal names and volume
numbers are italicized. The issue
numbers are in parentheses.
Journal article, one author,
(paraphrase)
Melanie Sand found that fewer than half of the monkeys
in the study did eat the mangos (1987). OR
Melanie Sand (1987) found that fewer than half of the
monkeys in the study did eat the mangoes. OR
Research found that fewer than half of the monkeys ate
the mangoes (Sand, 1987).
Sand, M. (1987). Monkey trouble: Today and
every day. Psych News, 11(3), 2311-2313.
Note journal names and volume
numbers are italicized. The issue
numbers are in parentheses.
Journal article, two authors
(direct quote)
According to Stone and Sand, more than “41 percent of
the monkeys acted predictably, but only on cloudy days”
(1998, p. 7). OR
More than “41 percent of the monkeys acted predictably,
but only on cloudy days” (Stone & Sand, 1987, p. 7).
Stone, X., & Sand, M. (1998). Monkey do: Or
do not. Psych News, 12(1), 23-27.
Note journal names and volume
numbers are italicized. The issue
numbers are in parentheses.
Journal article, two authors
(paraphrase)
According to Stone and Sand, more monkeys than not
acted predictably on cloudy days (1998, p. 7). OR
More monkeys acted predictably, but usually only on
cloudy days (Stone & Sand, 1987, p. 7).
Stone, X., & Sand, M. (1998). Monkey do: Or
do not. Psych News, 12(1), 23-27.
Note journal names and volume
numbers are italicized. The issue
numbers are in parentheses.
Journal article, three, four,
or five authors (direct
quote)
According to Smith, Wright, and Brown (1990), “42
percent of the monkeys in the study ate the mango first,
then proceeded to the bananas” (p. 291).
OR
According to Smith, Wright, and Brown, “42 percent of
the monkeys in the study ate the mango first, then
proceeded to the bananas” (1990, p. 291).
OR
Only “42 percent of the monkeys in the study ate the
mango first, then proceeded to the bananas” (Smith,
Wright, & Brown, 1990, p. 291). Smith et al. go on to…
In Text
List all authors the first
time you cite them in
text, but after the first
time, list the author’s last
name, followed by et al.
Notice the period goes
after al and not et.
Situation
Smith, S., Wright, S., & Brown, M. (1990).
Monkey see monkey do: A cautionary tale.
Monkey News, 7(2), 9-11.
In References
Journal article,
three, four, or five authors
(paraphrase)
List all authors the first
time you cite them in
text, but after the first
time, list the first author’s
last name, followed by et
al.
Notice the period goes
after al and not et.
Song, Wright, Brown, and Stinchfield (1990) suggest
that groups are more likely to explore new food (rather
than when solo) Song et al. stress that this is probably
true, regardless of species.
OR
Research shows groups are more likely to explore new
food (rather than when solo) (Song, Wright, Brown, &
Stinchfield, 1990). Song et al. stress that this is probably
true, regardless of species.
Song, P., Wright, J., Brown, A., & Stinchfield,
S. (1990) Feeding frenzy. Monkey News,
6(3), 30-33.
Journal article,
six or seven authors
Evans et al. (2011) argued that monkeys prefer bananas
to popcorn because of the texture. (paraphrase) OR
Evans et al. declared that “only 33 percent of the
monkeys preferred popcorn to bananas” (2011, p. 5).
(direct quote)
For IN-TEXT CITATIONS, cite only the surname of
the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and
period after al)—even the first time—and the year.
Evans, I., Jons, I., Ming, I., Tone, S., Garcia,
H., Nun, M., & Yang, W. (2000). Going
bananas. Monkey News, 7(1), 12.
Journal article,
eight or more authors
Evans et al. (2011) argued that monkeys prefer bananas
to popcorn because of the texture. (paraphrase) OR
Evans et al. declared that “only 33 percent of the
monkeys preferred popcorn to bananas” (2011, p. 5).
(direct quote)
For IN-TEXT CITATIONS, cite only the surname of
the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and
period after al)—even the first time—and the year.
For REFERENCES, list all surnames and
first-name initials up to seven authors.
Sand, M. Jr., Stone, X., Ming, T., Din, J. III,
Courtly, D., Ging, W.,…Feeney, K. T.
(2000). Apes appetites. Monkey News,
5(3), 33-34.
In REFERENCES:
When there are eight or more authors, write
out the first six, insert an ellipsis (three
periods), and follow the ellipsis with the last
author’s name and initials.
Note: Only use Jr. or III in references—not in
the in-text citations.
Situation
In Text
In References
Journal article
online
Use para. or paras. when
there are no page
numbers
Use para. for one
paragraph, and paras. for
more than one paragraph
Journal article
using a database
(The APA manual suggests
database information may
change over time [p. 192]).
Journal article
using DOI
Use a DOI (Digital
Object Identifier) if
one is assigned.
Lecture, PowerPoint,
lecture notes, or handouts
For lecture content and
handouts that do not have
recoverable (hard) copies—
either from a published
source or an internet site—
see personal communication.
As cited in Smith, monkeys will “broaden their diet in
the future” (2003, para. 4). (direct quote)
OR
According to Smith (2003), monkeys will broaden their
diet in the future. (paraphrase)
OR
Studies indicate that “monkeys will broaden their diet in
the future” (Smith, 2003, para. 4). (direct quote)
Smith, J. (2003, July). Diets of monkeys and
their relatives. Haven Monkey Journal,
39(1). Retrieved from http://www.
hmj.org/diets.html
Ames confirms that monkeys can be unpredictable in
their behavior (1985). OR
Ames confirms that monkeys “can be unpredictable in
their behavior” (1985, p. 4). OR
Ames (1985) confirms that monkeys can be
unpredictable in their behavior.
Ames, M. (1985, October). Monkey see,
monkey don’t. Ape Times, 12(2), 4-5.
Retrieved from http://search/proquest.com/
education/docview/897324987630926587
According to Stone and Sand, more than “41 percent of
the monkeys acted predictably, but only on cloudy days”
(1998, p. 7). (direct quote) OR
According to Stone and Sand, more monkeys than not
acted predictably on cloudy days (1998, p. 7).
(paraphrase)
Stone, X., & Sand, M. (1998). Monkey do: Or
do not. Psych News, 12(1), 23-27. doi:
11.1099/4943-4444.34.2.222
Professor Hartnett described the transition from one lead
ape to another as “quick as lightening” (2010).
Hartnett, K. (2006). Monkey business.
[Lecture]. Concord University, College of
Animal Studies. Retrieved from
http://concord/animals_lecture30521.pdf
Leadership can change if the alpha ape becomes
wounded (Powers, 1996, Slide 2).
If monkeys could stop, challenge, and choose, as is
explained in the Kooper model (personal
communication, September 6, 2006), they might learn
that it is better not to throw banana peels at the person
Note: The URL is not underscored.
If there is no DOI assigned and the reference
was retrieved online, give the URL of the
journal home page.
Note: there is no period after the DOI. The
word doi is not capitalized.
Powers, G. C. (1996). Ape leadership
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Evans
University School of Animal Health
website: www.eusah.edu:classfour_d.htm
Note: Lecture notes and nonrecoverable handouts should
not be included in the
references as they are treated
like personal
communications (since they
are not material accessible by
others usually).
who brings the food. (This is from a handout in class or
it could be from lecture notes.)
Situation
In Text
Baboons go through several life transition stages
(Baboon Life, 2012).
When referencing a [recoverable] handout with no
author, use the first few words of the handout.
According to Ames and Brown, more monkeys than not
acted predictably on cloudy days (1985, p. A7).
Note: Article titles appear (paraphrase)
inside quotation marks
OR
when in text.
More monkeys acted predictably, but “usually only on
cloudy days” (Ames & Brown, 1987, p. B1). (direct
quote)
OR
According to the article “Monkey Business Around
Mealtime,” predictability is related to the weather (Ames
& Brown, 1985).
Newspaper article
Newspaper article,
no author, pages are
nonconsecutive
If there is no author, put
the first few words of the
article title in the author’s
position.
Situation
According to studies, more monkeys than not acted
predictably on cloudy days (“Eating habits, 1985, p. 7).
(paraphrase)
OR
More monkeys acted predictably, but “usually only on
cloudy days” (Eating habits, 1985, p. B1). (direct quote)
In Text
Baboon life transitions [Handout]. (2012).
Retrieved from westu.edu/class3/syllabus/
handouts/baboons.html
Non-recoverable handouts and material
accessed only through course management
software (like Blackboard) are not
included in the references. (p. 31 of the
APA Style Guide to Electronic
References)
In References
Ames, M., & Brown, M. (1985, October 21).
Monkey business around mealtime. The
New York Minutes, p. E14.
Note: the month and day is included with
the year for most newspapers.
Note: Article titles appear inside quotation
marks when in text, and capitalize main
words, but in the references, the quotation
marks are omitted and text is lowercased
(except first letter of the first word, first
letter after a colon or semicolon, and first
letters of proper nouns).
Eating habits of apes reveal much. (2006),
September 11). The Oregon Animal
News, pp. B2, B4, B6-8.
In References
Newspaper article
Online
Provide the URL of the
homepage to avoid
nonworking URLs.
No date
Use (n.d.) to signify no date
was included in the
information about the
material.
Organization as author
Same author published
more than once in the same
year.
If the organization has an
acronym, spell out the
first time and put the
acronym in parentheses;
use the acronym in
subsequent citations.
If there is no abbreviation
for the organization, spell
out the organization’s
name every time.
Use a bracket for
parentheses falling within
parentheses.
According to Otis and Lawson, more monkeys than not
acted predictably on cloudy days (2011, p. A7).
(paraphrase)
OR
More monkeys acted predictably, but “usually only on
cloudy days” (Otis & Lawson, 2011, p. A7). (direct
quote)
Otis, J., & Lawson, V. (2011, January 3). The
last mango: Monkeys go bananas. Oregon
Animal News. Retrieved from http://
www.oregonanimalnews.com
Weisinger (n.d.) argued that music affected eating
patterns of the animals. (paraphrase)
OR
West declared Smith’s test results to be “utterly
irresponsible” (n.d., para. 4).
Weisinger, T. T. (n.d.). What the world needs
now. The Daily Banana. Retrieved July 2,
2002, from http://www.apenews.cam
website
OR
West, C. F. (n.d.). Music to their ears.
Madison, WI: Poppers Press. book
Research by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) shows
monkeys prefer bananas to popcorn (2001).
OR
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) states that “monkeys
prefer bananas to popcorn” (2007, p. 3). WWF plans to
launch a longitudinal…
OR
Research shows “monkeys prefer bananas to popcorn”
(World Wildlife Fund [WWF], 2007, p. 3).
Note: Use brackets when parentheses fall within
parentheses, as in the last example.
According to Wolf, "Low student achievement scores and high
dropout rates in the United States indicate that the education
American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed., first
printing). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
World Wildlife Fund. (2007). Report on
monkey food preferences. Retrieved from
http://
www.wwf.org/archives/reports/mfp.pdf
Corporate Readers Council (CRC).
(2001a). Mentoring: From theory to
action. Business Week, 6(16), 34-38.
(journal article)
CRC. (2001b). Mentoring programs work.
CRC hompage. Retrieved from www.
clc/mentor_8907.html website
When listing a website, break the URL at a
point that makes sense (so that it fits on the
line) using a soft return ([shift] + [enter]).
PDFs are like other material on the Internet. If you have
an author, that should be listed first (last name and first-
PDF
system is not meeting the needs of many students" (2012,
para. 3).
Here is a website that explains some web sources:
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-citesomething-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html
and second-name initials, if available). Then the article
(brief) title, lower-cased. If there is a brief number or
identification code, that would follow in parentheses.
Then a period. If there is an organization involved, that
would be next, not italicized but each main word begins
with a capital letter. Period. Retrieved from (the
complete URL would be here with no parentheses,
hyperlink removed, no period at the end of the URL
[web address])
Wolf, M. (2012, May). Culture shift: Teaching in a
learner-centered environment powered by digital
learning [Brief]. Alliance for Excellent Education.
Retrieved
from http://www.all4ed.org/files/CultureShift.pdf
Personal communication
(letter, email, telephone,
interview, etc.)
Do not list personal
communications in the
references.
PowerPoint
Referring to an entire
website
Secondary source
(as cited in)
Material from a primary
source that is quoted in
another [secondary] source.
Ex. I read in K. Jackson’s
book that Peter West said
“West is best.” The primary
source is West and the
secondary source is Jackson.
Situation
J. M. Petri said in his letter, “Monkeys have a tendency
to eat bananas at an astounding rate” (personal
communication, July 7, 2011).
OR
Based on results of the experiment, monkeys eat bananas
very quickly (J. M. Petri, personal communication, July
7, 2011).
All About Monkeys is an informative website for
research on orangutans (http://www.aamonkey.com).
Smith, Gehan, and Wright declared, “Cantaloupe was
more popular than pineapple” (as cited in Jackson, 1999,
p. 2). OR
Smith, Gehan, and Wright (as cited in Jackson) found
that “cantaloupe was more popular than pineapple”
(1999, p. 2). OR
Research shows that “cantaloupe was more popular than
pineapple” (Smith, Gehan, & Wright, as cited in
Jackson, 1999, p. 2).
In Text
“Because they do not provide recoverable data,
personal communications are not included in
the reference list. Cite personal
communications in text only. Give the initials
and the name of the communicator, and
provide as exact a date as possible.”
–APA Publication Manual (2011, p. 179)
“When citing an entire website or page, and
not any document in particular on that
website, it is sufficient to give the address of
the site in the text (no reference list entry is
needed).” (APA Style Guide to Electronic
References, 2012, p. 32).
Jackson, N. (1999). Feeding time at the zoo.
Kalamazoo, MI: Flower Power Press.
Note: only include the author of the
secondary source in the reference section.
In References
Secondary Source/as cited
in
three authors,
(paraphrase)
Short story in an anthology
or
Article in a book of
collected articles
Song on CD
Song on CD written by
someone other than who
sang it on the CD
Speech Recording
Research shows that cantaloupe was more popular than
pineapple (Smith, Gehan, & Wright, as cited in Jackson
& Jones, 1999). OR
According to Smith, Gehan, and Wright (as cited in
Jackson & Jones), cantaloupe was more popular than
pineapple (1999, p. 2).
Jackson, N., & Jones, G. (1999). Feeding time
at the zoo. Kalamazoo, MI: Flower Power
Press.
Checker uses contrast to illustrate the transitions the
main characters go through (2007). (paraphrase)
The author shows how light is used to reflect the inner
feelings of the characters: “As the natural lighting
dimmed, Jerry and Sasha sank into depression”
(Checker, 2007, p. 8). (direct quote)
Checker, A. (2007). The story of the little pig.
In D. Chatters (Ed.), A collection of stories
(Vol. 3, pp. 7-11). Ames, IA: Saint Martini
Press.
Even if Checker wrote the story in
1904, use the publication year of the
book the story appears in (2007).
Include the page numbers in the book
that the article or story appears on.
Some think monkeys have hair, but in the song “My
Furry Friend,” by Laura Lane, there is an explanation of
why it is actually fur (2000, track 2).
Lane, L. (2000). My furry friend. On All mine
[CD]. St. Paul, MN: Virtigo.
Just as is expressed in the song “Aping Around,” “We
feel happy when we monkey around” (Jennings, 1995,
track 8).
Jennings, P. (1995). Aping around [Recorded
by Laura Lane]. On All mine [CD]. St. Paul,
MN: Virtigo. (2000).
In his artist’s statement speech, Keith Sanford
stated, “I am obsessed with monkeys these days”
(Evans & Francis, 2011).
Only include the author of the secondary
source in the reference section.
Evans, E., & Francis, Z. (Directors). (2011).
Art is my life [Video clip of M. Lewis
reading Keith Sanford speech]. In E. Stinch
(Executive producer), Art lives. Retrieved
from http://www.art.com/shows/Sanford
Situation
Television show
For television (or radio)
series, format like a book
chapter, but list the script
writer and director in the
author position and the
producer in the editor
position.
Two sets of authors cited
with same idea
(paraphrase)
Note: semicolon
separates sets.
Webinar
Web post and online
forum comment
In Text
In References
According to Jeannie, the hostess on the program Nature
Ways, “Apes surprisingly do like honey” (Steiger &
Paulson, 1992). OR
Apes like honey (Steiger & Paulson, 1992). OR
As was demonstrated on Nature Ways, apes like honey
(Steiger & Paulson, 1992).
Steiger, L., & Paulson, B. (Writers). (1992).
Honey girl [Television series episode]. In
Natalie Rosen (Executive Producer),
Natures Ways. (Season 4, Episode 6). Los
Angeles, CA: BCD Family.
Monkeys imitate humans eating popcorn more on cloudy
days (Truso, 2004; Duvall & Person, 2008).
Duvall, L., & Person, C. (2008a). Behind the
ape ball. Animal Digest, 14(3), 45-54.
Truso, M. (2009). Monkey magic. Ames, IA:
Freedom.
Dewling (2011) suggests apes are a current favorite animal
to include in videogames.
Ball and Feeney note that there are “approximately 125
species of monkeys” (n.d.).
Discussion Board post
The question was asked, “If left alone with an unlimited
supply of food, will monkeys become overweight?” (Going
bananas
In the online discussion about emotions, Gehan vehemently
cautioned against stressing monkeys just to observe if they
exhibit emotions connected to stress (2009).
Dewling, J. (2011, May 10). Video games: Who
wants to explore the world? [Webinar].
Retrieved from http://www.instantpresentr.
com/WebConference/aspx?c_psrid=E9DD8085
4D
Ball, A., & Feeney, K. (n.d.). Duality in ape
theory [Online forum comment 215].
Retrieved from http://www.college.edu/
classes/ape.html
Going bananas. (2010). Re: Ape eating too
much [Online forum comment]. Retrieved
from Animal Studies website: http://www.
edu/assess489
The screen name is in the author’s
position. State the website name before
listing the URL if the name is not part of
the URL.
Gehan, Z. (2009, February 2). Re: Do
monkeys feel remorse? [Discussion Board
post]. Retrieved from
http://conc_scince404/1/rf%
Situation
In Text
In References
Website article with no
corporate author
Research shows that “baboons should not eat sugar”
(Baboon Eating Habits, 2009, para. 4).
Baboon Eating Habits. (2009). Retrieved from
http://animalinformation_baboons.html
Website of journal only
available online
Baboons should not eat sugar (Pritz, 2009).
Website
There are several strategies for helping chimpanzees stay
calm during observations (Worldwide Animal Life, 2011b).
“Do not include retrieval
dates unless the source
material may change over
time” (Publication Manual
of the American
Psychological Association
[6th ed.], 2010, p. 192).
The loudest monkey in the world may be the “Howler
monkey” (Facts About Monkeys, n.d., para. 1).
Use n.d. when no date is provided.
Shorten the website name to the first three or so words
if the name is long
Use para. for the paragraph on the website when
including a direct quote.
“If no DOI is assigned to
the content and you
retrieved it online, include
the home page URL for the
journal, newsletter, or
magazine in the reference.
Use this format: Retrieved
from http://www.xxxxxxx”
(Publication Manual of the
American Psychological
Association [6th ed.], 2010,
p. 198).
Pritz, H. (2009, July). Cupcakes are the latest
trend. Bakers Rock News, 4(15), 33-39.
Retrieved from http://bakersrocknews.com
General formatting of references for websites:
Author’s last name and initials, (year), title of
article on the website, website name, retrieved
from (URL). If there is no author, use the
organization name. If there is no organization,
the article title is listed first. Put a description
of the format in brackets after the title in some
cases.
Facts About Monkeys Everyone in the World
Should Know About. (n.d.). Observation
The Style Expert at APA notes, “When material about an
strategies. Retrieved from www.wal/
organization is posted on a website belonging to that
observe_8808_homepage.html
organization, and no other author is given, the organization
This is an example of an article on a
itself is treated as the author:
website with no author.
Use the homepage URL address for
Boston Children’s Hospital. (n.d.). Osteogensis imperfecta.
websites with more than one page.
Retrieved from http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/
Site1390/mainpageS1390P3.html”
Use n.d. when no date is provided.
Hyperlinks should be removed from
Do not italicize the website name when referring to it in the
URLs (no underlining and the font is
text. Ex. The website Facts About Monkeys is full of
black rather than blue) and no periods
helpful suggestions.
follow URLs. Also, URLs should be
broken with soft returns (shift plus enter)
if there is a gap.
Wikipedia
Joseph Frank “Buster” Keaton was born October 4, 1895
(Buster Keaton, n.d., para. 1).
(many instructors do not
consider Wikipedia as a
reliable or academic
source)
YouTube video
In the film Gorilla Mothering, posted on Youtube by Ms.
Sexsmith, gorillas in Cameroon demonstrate subtle
communication cues for indicating who is allowed to care
for another’s gorilla infant…and when (2001). Sexsmith
declares, “It took me years to notice that some of the same,
nearly imperceptible actions were being repeated” (2001).
Since there are no pages or paragraphs in a video, just the
author and year are required—even with direct quotes.
Buster Keaton. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved
July 13, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/buster_keaton
Sexsmith, D. [Animal Galaxy]. (2001,
September 11). Gorilla mothering [Video
file]. Retrieved from http://anigal_gorilla.html
If the author’s name is known and it is
different from the screen name, add the screen
name in brackets after the user’s real name. If
only the screen name is available, place that in
the author’s position and do not include
brackets or bracketed information. In this
case, the video was posted by Animal Galaxy,
Doris Sexsmith’s screen name.
This chart© was created by Charlotte Lewis, former Writing Center Specialist at the Concordia University, St. Paul, Writing
Center. Please send corrections or comments to [email protected]. Feel free to share this chart with anyone who might be
interested; however, we ask that credit be given to Concordia University, St. Paul’s Writing Center. Thanks!
Last updated August 9, 2013.