Referencing guide for Word 2007
Kari Myöhänen
28.4.2010, version 1.3
Contents
1 Introduction
2
2 Prerequisites
2
3 Citations
3
4 Reference sources
5
5 Reference source lists
9
6 Importing reference sources from other applications
10
7 Exporting reference sources from Word
13
8 Comparison between LUTapa and built-in APA
14
9 Examples of bibliography entries
16
9.1 Book .................................................................................................... 16
9.2 Book section......................................................................................... 17
9.3 Journal articles ..................................................................................... 17
9.4 Article in a periodical ........................................................................... 18
9.5 Conference proceedings ....................................................................... 18
9.6 Report .................................................................................................. 19
9.7 Web site ............................................................................................... 20
9.8 Document from web site....................................................................... 21
9.9 Electronic source .................................................................................. 22
9.10 Patent ................................................................................................... 22
9.11 Miscellaneous ...................................................................................... 22
References
23
1 Introduction
2
1 Introduction
This guide presents instructions for creating citations and references using built-in
reference manager in Microsoft Word 2007 and applying LUTapa referencing style. The
instructions are targeted for dissertations and similar works written in English at
Lappeenranta University of Technology. The referencing scheme used in this document
applies Harvard (author-date) referencing system based on a scheme created by
American Psychological Association (2009), but with some modifications both in
citation style and reference list style. In order to get the most out of these instructions,
open the original docx document in Word and apply Edit Source for citations to view
how the different data fields have been specified. For broader knowledge, read the
separate referencing instructions created for LaTeX by Ritvanen (2010). The LUTapastyle will be available for RefWorks as well, if you prefer to use RefWorks and WriteN-Cite for referencing.
2 Prerequisites
Before starting Word, copy the file LUTapa.xsl to local computer to the folder
containing the bibliography styles. The LUTapa.xsl is found in the following directory:
\\Files-tkt\lutenergia\ENTE\common\Templates\Referencing
In typical installations, the bibliography styles for Word 2007 are located in
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office12\Bibliography\Style
After copying the file, start Word and select the style:
References –Style –LUTapa.
The style takes care of automatically formatting the citations and bibliography
(reference list).
The LUTapa.xsl is based on BibWord style templates originally written by Yves
Dhondt (http://bibword.codeplex.com/). Compared with standard Word bibliography
styles and BibWord styles, this style contains modifications and extensions. The style
file can be modified, but then it is recommended to change the style name found in
section <stylename> and save the file with a different name.
If the LUTapa style has been utilized and the Word document is later opened in a
computer, which does not include the LUTapa.xsl-file, the citations and bibliography
are still shown correctly and the document can be printed or saved to a pdf-file without
problems. However, new citations cannot be created or the references updated without
affecting the formatting.
In addition, it is recommended to install a JabRef reference manager for handling
BibTeX databases. The latest version of JabRef is found here:
http://jabref.sourceforge.net/.
3
3 Citations
The citations can be indirect (passive) or direct (active).
In an indirect citation, the author’s name and publication year are placed at the relevant
point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets (Bagnold, 1941). A basic
indirect citation is accomplished by selecting References – Insert citation and either
selecting from a list of of reference sources or adding a new source.
In a direct citation, the author’s name forms part of the sentence and it is followed by
the year of publication in brackets. Bagnold (1941) shows an example of this. This
alternative formulation is not a standard feature of Word referencing, but in LUTapastyle this has been enabled by abusing a flag for controlling display of title in a citation.
A citation can be changed to direct by left-clicking the citation, opening the citation
options, selecting "Edit Citation" and selecting suppress title from the dialog box (see
below).
The title is not used in citations, thus, the flag for suppressing the title can be utilized for
controlling the indirect/direct –state of the citation. This feature works only when using
LUTapa style. In standard Word bibliography styles, only one citation syntax is
allowed. In LUTapa.xsl, the citation formats are found in section <citation>.
The above "Edit Citation" dialog can be used for adding pages to a citation and
suppressing author or year of the citation. Examples are shown below.
Add pages: (Bagnold, 1941, pp. 123-180)
(Bagnold, 1941, p. 195)
Suppress author or year: (1941, pp. 205-210)
(Bagnold)
Suppress year and suppress title (direct citation without year):
Bagnold
In a case with two authors, the author names are separated by "and" (Summers and
Smith, 2006). If there are more than two authors, only the first is cited followed by "et
al." (Jalali et al., 2005). If the date of the work is not known, this is indicated by "n.d."
(Writer, n.d.).
If the author of a periodical (e.g. newspaper) article is not known, then the name of the
periodical is used instead (Guardian, 1998). In other source types, an anonymous author
can be replaced by editor, institution or publisher of work (Lappeenranta University of
Technology, 2008).
4
3 Citations
If everything else fails, an anonymous author is indicated by "Anon." (Anon., 2010), but
this should be avoided.
Several citations can be placed within same parentheses by first clicking the previously
created citation and then selecting Insert Citation (Bagnold, 1941; Tannehill et al.,
1984). If the citations are from the same author, then the author name can be suppressed
(Bagnold, 1941; 1954).
The order of citations inside the parentheses cannot be automatically ordered: they are
shown in the order in which they were specified. This is a feature of Word and cannot
be affected by the bibliography style. The order of citations can be modified by rightclicking the citation and then selecting Edit Field and placing the citation tags to correct
order by cut and paste. The following presents an example.
False order: (Pollet and Schneider, 2004; Dahl et al., 2003)
Field codes: CITATION Pollet2004433 \l 1035 \m Dahl20037
Corrected order: (Dahl et al., 2003; Pollet and Schneider, 2004)
Field codes: CITATION Dahl20037 \m Pollet2004433
The switch "\l 1035" is the locale ID for identifying the language (1035 for Finnish), but
when using LUTapa-style, this does not have any effect and can be removed from the
field completely. The switch "\m" is used for adding another source to the same citation
and it must be inserted between the citation tags.
If there are multiple works by the same author and published in the same year, then they
should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the year (Soros, 1966a). This
must be done manually to the reference source (Soros, 1966b).
If an author has a space in surname, a non-breaking space must be used instead of
normal space between the words. This special character can be typed using <Ctrl Shift
spacebar> when writing the author name for the citation (van Wachem and Sasic, 2008).
A non-breaking space is necessary, because Word applies space for separating the
names.
If there are authors with same family name, who have published in the same year, then
the sources should be differentiated by using initials or full first names. This can be
accomplished by using special character "‚" ("single low quotation mark",
<ALT-0130>) instead of comma "," and non-breaking space (<Ctrl Shift spacebar>)
instead of normal space when writing the name of the first author (Liu‚D.C. et al.,
2002; Liu‚H. et al., 2002). Then the Word does not recognize these characters as
separators between the surname and first name and keeps the names together. If there is
only one writer, an easier method is to define the author as corporate author, in which
case the full name is used as written (Liu, H.C., 2002).
5
4 Reference sources
The reference sources can be added by several methods. The simplest way is to add a
new source directly: References –Insert Citation –Add new source. The sources in the
current reference list are shown when selecting Insert Citation.
The following table presents the different source types, which are available in the
current version of the LUTapa style. The corresponding LaTeX entry types have been
listed for comparison.
Word 2007 / LUTapa
Book
Book section
Journal article
Article in a periodical
Conference proceedings
Report
Web site
Document from web site
Electronic source
Patent
Miscellaneous
LaTeX / BibTeX
book, booklet
inbook, incollection
article, unpublished
periodical
inproceedings, proceedings
manual, mastersthesis, phdthesis, techreport
electronic material
electronic material
electronic material
patent
misc, standard
In addition, Word 2007 allows the following source types: Art, Sound recording,
Performance, Film, Interview and Case, but these have not been included as part of the
LUTapa-style.
When selecting the type of source, a dialog box with important fields is shown. The
important fields are different for different source types. Additional fields are shown by
selecting "Show All Bibliography Fields".
4 Reference sources
6
Conference proceedings
Report
Web site
Document from web site
Electronic source
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Name of web page
Editor
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ProductionCompany
BookTitle
x
JournalName
x
PeriodicalTitle
x
ConferenceName
x
Name of web site
x
PublicationTitle
x
Edition
x
x
x
ChapterNumber
x
x
Volume
Issue
x
x
ShortTitle
x
Pages
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Report type
x
x
x
Month
x
Day
x
YearAccessed
MonthAccessed
x
x
x
x
DayAccessed
x
x
x
x
URL
City
x
x
Institution
ThesisType
x
x
BookAuthor
InternetSiteTitle
Miscellaneous
Article in a periodical
x
Patent
Journal article
x
x
Year
Title
Book section
Author
Inventor
Book
used in Word
Alternative field name
in LUTapa.XSL file
Variable name
The important fields for different source types are listed below. In LUTapa.xsl, the
important fields are defined in section <importantfields>. In most cases, the
variable name used in the XSL-file is similar to the field name shown in the dialog box
in Word. The exceptions are shown in the table below.
x
x
x
x
x
PatentNumber
x
Medium
Publisher
StandardNumber
x
x
x
x
x
Comments
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
7
In most cases, the data in the important fields is sufficient for identifying the reference
accurately. All of the data in the important fields is not always necessary. For example,
for specifying a book section, either a chapter number or page numbers is sufficient –
not necessarily both. The fields, which are left empty are not showing in the
bibliography.
Use minimal capitalization for the titles of books, book chapters, articles and reports
(i.e. capital first letter only). Use Title Case capitalization for names of journals,
newspapers, companies and other proper nouns.
The "Short Title" field is reserved for specifying series data for books and reports and
conference place and date for proceedings. This is due to fact Word does not provide
such data fields and in some cases these are necessary to be included in the reference
data.
The Report source type includes different thesis works as well. The "Report type"
should then be specified as "Ph.D. thesis", "Master's thesis" etc. indicating the thesis
type. In thesis works, the publisher is often a university or similar institution and the
name of the institution already includes the place of publish, thus the "City" field can be
left empty.
The "Pages" data field is interpreted as total pages for Book and Report entries and as
range of pages for other entry types.
Citations for standards should be defined as Miscellaneous and the standard number
specified as corporate author (ISO 9004, 2000). This citation format is different from
other citations, which are always referring to creator of the work, but this formulation
has been selected for the purpose of clarity.
The following page presents the format of different reference entries in a bibliography.
The mandatory fields are highlighted, but these can be replaced by other fields, e.g.
book author can be replaced by book editor (this is marked as | in the following list).
Data fields are not repeated in the reference entries (except for an article in a periodical
without author). Empty data fields and any accomppanying symbols and words (e.g.
"edn") are not showing in the reference list. In some entry types, two different formats
are possible depending on which of the data fields are specified, for example, if Title of
the book section is not given, then the BookTitle follows the Year without the "In:"
keyword.
For a more comprehensive understanding of the reference sources and formatting of the
reference list, see the examples of bibliography entries in Chapter 9 and the reference
list at the end of this document. In the LUTapa.xsl file, the formatting codes for
reference list entries are found below the keyword <bibliography>.
8
4 Reference sources
Reference list formatting
Book:
Author|Editor|"Anon." (Year|"n.d."). Title, Edition edn, vol. Volume, ShortTitle.
Translated by Translator. City, StateProvince, CountryRegion: Publisher.
StandardNumber, Pages p. Comments.
Book section:
Author|BookAuthor|Editor|"Anon." (Year|"n.d.").
Title In: Editor(s) ed.|eds |BookAuthor, BookTitle, Edition edn, vol. Volume, chap. ChapterNumber, p.|pp. Pages.
or
BookTitle, Edition edn, vol. Volume, chap. ChapterNumber, p.|pp. Pages.
ShortTitle. Translated by Translator. City, StateProvince, CountryRegion: Publisher. StandardNumber. Comments.
Journal article:
Author|Editor|"Anon." (Year|"n.d."). Title. JournalName, Volume(Issue), p.|pp. Pages.
StandardNumber. Comments.
Article in a periodical:
Author|PeriodicalTitle|"Anon." (Year|"n.d."). Title. PeriodicalTitle, Month Day, p.|pp. Pages.
StandardNumber. Comments.
Conference proceedings:
Author|Editor|"Anon." (Year|"n.d.").
Title In: Editor(s) ed.|eds |BookAuthor, ConferenceName, Volume, p.|pp. Pages.
or
ConferenceName, Volume, p.|pp. Pages.
ShortTitle. City: Publisher. StandardNumber. Comments.
Report:
Author|Institution|Publisher|"Anon." (Year|"n.d."). Title.
ThesisType. ShortTitle. City: Institution|Publisher. StandardNumber, Pages p. Comments.
Web site:
Author|Editor|ProductionCompany|InternetSiteTitle|"Anon." (Year|"n.d.").
Title|InternetSiteTitle, ver. Version. ProductionCompany.
[Retrieved MonthAccessed DayAccessed, YearAccessed], url: URL. StandardNumber. Comments.
Document from Web site:
Author|Editor|ProductionCompany|InternetSiteTitle|"Anon."% (Year|"n.d.").
Title|InternetSiteTitle, ver. Version. In: Editor(s) ed.|eds, InternetSiteTitle. ProductionCompany.
[Retrieved MonthAccessed DayAccessed, YearAccessed], url: URL. StandardNumber. Comments.
Electronic source:
Author|Editor|Institution|Publisher|"Anon." (Year|"n.d."). Title [Medium].
City, StateProvince, CountryRegion: Publisher. StandardNumber. Comments.
Patent:
Inventor|"Anon." (Year|"n.d."). Title. Pat. PatentNumber. CountryRegion. ShortTitle. Comments.
Miscellaneous:
Author|Editor|"Anon." (Year|"n.d.").
Title In: Editor(s) ed.|eds |BookAuthor, PublicationTitle [Medium], Edition edn, vol. Volume(Issue), p.|pp. Pages.
or
PublicationTitle [Medium], Edition edn, vol. Volume(Issue), p.|pp. Pages.
ShortTitle. Month Day. Translated by Translator. Compiled by Compiler.
City, StateProvince, CountryRegion: Publisher. StandardNumber. Comments.
9
5 Reference source lists
Word maintains two lists of reference sources: a master list and a current list. These are
shown by References –Manage Sources:
When a new source is added, it is shown both in master list and current list. The current
list includes all the references, which have been added to the document and this list is
saved with the document. The current sources include references, which have been
earlier added but then later removed as well. All the references in the current list will be
written to bibliography, thus, the non-cited sources should be deleted before making the
final reference list. The cited sources are marked by ü and they cannot be deleted.
The master list shows the references, which are found in the master list file. By default,
Word is using a master list file found in
Documents and Settings\username\Application Data\Microsoft\Bibliography\Sources.xml.
(replace username by your own folder name)
The master list file can be changed by selecting Browse in the Source Manager. This
can be used for importing citation data from other Word documents, databases and
reference managers. After a new master list has been selected, the different sources can
be copied from master list to current list.
It is possible to copy the data from current list to master list as well – the reference
sources are then saved to the selected master file. This method can be used to export the
reference list to other applications.
Notice: the master list file is always set to default Sources.xml when re-starting Word.
10
6 Importing reference sources from other applications
6 Importing reference sources from other applications
Most journal and citation databases and referencing tools (e.g. RefWorks) allow
exporting the citation data in BibTeX-format. The following shows an example of
exporting reference sources from ScienceDirect.
First, select the interesting articles in ScienceDirect and click Export Citations:
Then select export format to BibTeX and export the data to a file. Add an extension
*.bib to the file name so it is recognized by JabRef.
Open the file in JabRef as a new database and then export the data to MS Office 2007
(*.xml) –format:
11
Read the xml-file to Word by changing the master list file to the saved database file
(References – Manage Sources –Browse). Then copy the data records from master list
to current list, and the new references are then available in Word:
Some of the data fields may not be exported correctly, but these problems are likely to
be fixed in future updates of JabRef (especially if you report them to JabRef).
12
6 Importing reference sources from other applications
If the name of the conference proceedings has been defined as "Booktitle", the data field
is not exported to Word as "Conference Publication Name". This can be fixed by
copying the data to "Organisation" before exporting the citations to Word.
If you export citation data from ISI Web of Knowledge, most of the records are written
with extra brackets { }. The extra brackets can be easily removed by text editor (see
below). Similar problems are likely to be encountered with different applications.
13
7 Exporting reference sources from Word
The reference sources can be exported by using the master list file and JabRef. Word
does not allow to save the master list to a new file – only to change the master list to
another existing file. The easiest method to create a new list file is to copy the default
Sources.xml to a different location (e.g. create a dedicated folder for different reference
source lists) and rename file to a descriptive name. In the following example, a file
named RefGuideList.xml was first created to My Documents\Active\ReferenceLists.
Change the master list file to this new file by selecting Browse in the Source Manager.
In order to make sure, that the master list contains only the reference sources used in the
document, first delete all the entries in the master list (select all entries in master list and
press Delete) and then copy all the entries from current list to master list (select all
entries in current list and press Copy).
The new file RefGuideList.xml is updated immediately after copying the sources in the
Source Manager.
Start JabRef, select "File – Import into new database" and open the RefGuideList.xml.
Save the database, for example to the same folder as earlier to file RefGuideList.bib.
8 Comparison between LUTapa and built-in APA
14
Naturally, the Word and JabRef reference list entries are not yet 100% compatible,
especially the web site references, but most of the data can be transferred without
problems. The future updates of JabRef are likely to remove some of the problems.
The created bibtex file (RefGuideList.bib) can be imported to various other
applications, for example RefWorks.
8 Comparison between LUTapa and built-in APA
The Word 2007 already includes an APA reference style. The format of the LUTapa
and the built-in APA styles can be easily compared by changing the style in the
Citations&Bibliography section to APA. Compared with the LUTapa, the built-in APA
style does not have a possibility to use indirect and direct citations. Thus instead of
getting this kind of citations:
Indirect: (Bagnold, 1941)
Direct: Bagnold (1941)
All of the citations when using built-in APA would look like this (Bagnold R. A., 1941).
The citations using built-in APA do not apply the "et al." for stating more than two
authors, so citations with several authors would look cumbersome:
(Portny;Mantel;Meredith;Shafer;M.;& Kramer, 2007) instead of (Portny et al., 2007). In
citations of articles in a periodical, the title of the article would be used instead
(Schemes to boost dental care, 1998). In some cases, the built-in APA includes the
name of the article anyway, and there is no method for controlling this (Ritvanen &
Jalali, Experimental study on the signs of particulate structures formation in annular
geometry of rapid granular shear flows, 2009).
9.1 Book
15
One annoying feature of built-in Word styles is that the default language of the citations
is determined based on the regional settings of the computer. In computers using
Finnish settings for keyboard, this would then change the format of some references to
look like this despite the language setting of the original document:
Smith, J. (1975). A source of information. Teoksessa W. Jones (Toim.), One hundred
and one ways to find information about health. Oxford University Press.
The language for each reference source can be set separately, but there is no method to
set the default language to English or change settings of all references. This feature
would be likely to cause problems when transferring documents between people having
different language settings, but this is avoided when using LUTapa.
If the language has been set to English, the format of the reference entries with built-in
APA is close to the LUTapa. However, many of the data fields, which are applied in
LUTapa (e.g. standard number, chapter number, comments) are not used in the built-in
APA and some details have been set differently in LUTapa for consistency and clarity
(e.g. no extra space after journal name and "2nd edn" instead of "2 ed.").
Built-in APA:
Jalali, P., Ritvanen, J., & Sarkomaa, P. (2005). Transient and steady state behaviors
of rapid granular shear flows. Experiments in Fluids , 39 (3), 552-561.
Raiko, R., Saastamoinen, J., Hupa, M., & Kurki-Suonio, I. (Eds.). (2002). Poltto ja
palaminen [Combustion and burning] (2 ed.). Jyväskylä, Finland: International
Flame Research Foundation.
LUTapa:
Jalali, P., Ritvanen, J., and Sarkomaa, P. (2005). Transient and steady state behaviors
of rapid granular shear flows. Experiments in Fluids, 39(3), pp. 552-561. ISSN
0723-4864, doi:10.1007/s00348-005-0984-6.
Raiko, R., Saastamoinen, J., Hupa, M., and Kurki-Suonio, I., eds, (2002). Poltto ja
palaminen [Combustion and burning], 2nd edn. Jyväskylä, Finland: International
Flame Research Foundation. ISBN 951-666-604-3. In Finnish.
Finally, the custom-made LUTapa.XSL can be fairly easily maintained and updated,
while the built-in APA style file (APA.XSL) has been written in language style, which
is very difficult to comprehend. As an example, the following presents how the
reference format is set for journal article in LUTapa. The similar simple logic cannot be
found in APA.XSL.
{%Author:2|"Anon."%}{ (%Year|"n.d."%{%YearSuffix%}).}
{ %Title%.}{{ &lt;i&gt;%JournalName%&lt;/i&gt;}
{, %Volume%{(%Issue%)}}{, %Pages:p. :pp. %}.}
{ %StandardNumber%.}
{ %Comments%.}
9 Examples of bibliography entries
16
9 Examples of bibliography entries
The references are automatically written in alphaphetical order by selecting References
– Bibliography – Insert Bibliography. The style of the bibliography (e.g. font, hanging
indentation, etc.) can be modified as normally in Word:
(Home –Styles –Bibliography-(Right-click)-Modify-Format).
The following presents examples of different bibliography entries. These have been
manually copied from the reference list at the end of this document.
9.1 Book
Book with one author (Basu, 2006).
Basu, P. (2006). Combustion and gasification in fluidized beds. Boca Raton, FL,
USA: CRC Press.
Book with two authors and including ISBN and total number of pages (Summers and
Smith, 2006).
Summers, J. and Smith, B. (2006). Communication skills handbook, 2nd edn.
Milton: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470807636, 130 p.
Book with three authors and including number of total pages (Horngren et al., 2006).
Horngren, C.T., Datar, S.M., and Foster, G. (2006). Cost accounting: a
managerial emphasis, 12th edn. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
868 p.
Book with more than four authors and including ISBN (Portny et al., 2007).
Portny, S.E., et al. (2007). Project management: planning, scheduling and
controlling projects. USA: Wiley. ISBN 0470111240.
Edited book (Danaher, 1998).
Danaher, P.A., ed., (1998). Beyond the ferris wheel. Rockhampton: CQU Press.
Several editors and example of providing translated title (Raiko et al., 2002).
Raiko, R., Saastamoinen, J., Hupa, M., and Kurki-Suonio, I., eds, (2002). Poltto ja
palaminen [Combustion and burning], 2nd edn. Jyväskylä, Finland:
International Flame Research Foundation. ISBN 951-666-604-3. In Finnish.
Corporate author (Australian Institute of Management, 2002).
Australian Institute of Management (2002). The heart and soul of leadership.
Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2000). Use "Short Title" for Series data.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2000). Book name, 3rd edn, vol. 2, Series 12.
Translated by Translator, T. City, State, Country: Publisher. ISBN 1-234-567,
100 p. This is a comment.
9.2 Book section
17
9.2 Book section
Chapter or pages of book with own title (Smith, 1975; Tuckman, 1999). Notice that the
publication place can be omitted if it is indicated in the name of the publisher.
Smith, J. (1975). A source of information. In: Jones, W., ed., One hundred and
one ways to find information about health, chap. 3. Oxford University Press.
Tuckman, A. (1999). Labour, skills and training. In: Levitt, R., ed., The
reorganised National Health Service, 6th edn, pp. 135-155. Cheltenham:
Stanley Thornes.
This type can be used for referencing chapters and pages within a book and without own
title as well (Incropera and DeWitt, 1996). The author can be then specified either as
"Author" or as "Book Author", but the title should be specified as "Book Title" to get
the italic font correctly for reference list.
Incropera, F.P. and DeWitt, D.P. (1996). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer,
4th edn, chap. 8. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Use this type to cite article or chapter in lecture notes and similar references (Kallio,
2007). Use "Short Title" to specify series and number.
Kallio, S. (2007). Averaged equations and closure relations for simulation of
dense gas-solid flow. In: Tynjälä, T. and Sarkomaa, P., eds, Summer school in
heat and mass transfer 2007, pp. 9-18. Lecture notes EN C-185. Lappeenranta
University of Technology. ISBN 978-952-214-400-3, ISSN 1459-2649.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2001).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2001). Name of the section. In: Editor, E. and
Seceditor, S., eds, Name of the book, 2nd edn, vol. 4, chap. 6, pp. 50-62. Series
12. Translated by Translator, T. City, State, Country: Publisher. ISBN 1-234567. This is a comment.
9.3 Journal articles
Journal articles with one or two authors (Liu, H.C., 2002; van Wachem and Sasic,
2008).
Liu, H.C. (2002). Study of temporomandibular joint in edentulous patients.
Journal of Dental Research, 81, p. B217.
van Wachem, B. and Sasic, S. (2008). Derivation, simulation and validation of a
cohesive particle flow CFD model. AIChE Journal, 54(1), pp. 9-19.
Three authors and including ISSN and doi numbers (Jalali et al., 2005).
Jalali, P., Ritvanen, J., and Sarkomaa, P. (2005). Transient and steady state
behaviors of rapid granular shear flows. Experiments in Fluids, 39(3), pp. 552561. ISSN 0723-4864, doi:10.1007/s00348-005-0984-6.
More than four authors (Liu‚D.C. et al., 2002).
Liu‚D.C., et al. (2002). Reduction of N2O and NO emissions by co-combustion
of coal and biomass. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 75, pp. 81-84.
9 Examples of bibliography entries
18
Unpublished (Writer, n.d.).
Writer, W. (n.d.). This is not a good reference. Unpublished.
If only surnames have been defined (Hassanpour et al., 2004).
Hassanpour, Ding, and Ghadiri (2004). Shear deformation of binary mixtures of
dry particulate solids. Advanced Powder Technology, 15(6), pp. 687-697.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2002).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2002). Journal article. Name of Journal, 42(5), pp. 5062. ISSN 1-123-123. This is a comment.
9.4 Article in a periodical
Author known (Bowcott, 2005).
Bowcott, O. (2005). Protests halt online auction to shoot stag, Guardian, Oct. 18.
Author unknown (Guardian, 1998).
Guardian (1998). Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, May 18.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2003).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2003). Article in a periodical. Periodical Name, Jul.
12, pp. 50-62. ISSN 1-123-312. This is a comment.
9.5 Conference proceedings
Typical examples (Igci et al., 2006; King, 1992; Ritvanen and Jalali, 2009).
Igci, Y. et al. (2006). Coarse-graining of two-fluid models for fluidized gasparticle suspensions. In: Fifth International Conference on CFD in the Process
Industries. CSIRO.
King, D. (1992). Fluidized catalytic crackers: an engineering review. In: Potter,
O.E. and Nicklin, D.J., eds, Proceedings of the Seventh Engineering
Conference on Fluidization, pp. 15-26. New York: Engineering Foundation.
Ritvanen, J. and Jalali, P. (2009). Experimental study on the signs of particulate
structures formation in annular geometry of rapid granular shear flows. In:
Nakagawa, M. and Luding, S., eds, Proceedings of the 6th Intenational
Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media, pp. 563-566. Melville,
NY, USA: American Institute of Physics.
Word bibliography does not include place or date for conference proceedings. If you
need to add these data, then include them into the "Short Title" field as shown in the
following examples (Nakagawa and Luding, 2009; Pallarès and Johnson, 2002). The
series name can be provided to "Volume" field.
9.6 Report
19
Nakagawa, M. and Luding, S., eds, (2009). Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media, AIP Conference
Proceedings 1145. Golden, Colorado, USA, Jul. 13-17, 2009. Melville, NY,
USA: American Institute of Physics. ISBN 978-0-7354-0682-7, ISSN 0094243X.
Pallarès, D.J. and Johnson, F. (2002). Fluid dynamic modeling of large CFB units.
In: Grace, J.R., Zhu, J., and de Lasa, H., eds, Proceedings of the 7th
International Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, pp. 387-394. Niagara
Falls, May 5-8, 2002. Ottawa: Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering.
ISBN 0-920804-98-5.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2004).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2004). Conference article. In: Editorname, E., ed.,
Proceedings of a Conference, vol. 3, Series 23, pp. 50-62. Place and date of
conference. City: Publisher. ISBN 1-234-567. This is a comment.
9.6 Report
Research report (Laine et al., 2009; Vakkilainen and Kivistö, 2008). Use "Short Title"field to specify report series name and number if necessary. Specify ISBN/ISSN
numbers, if they can be determined
Laine, J., Leppänen, T., and Nurmi, O. (2009). The influence of special effects on
the perception of printed products. Research report. VTT-R-04966-09. Espoo:
VTT Technical Research Center of Finland.
Vakkilainen, E. and Kivistö, A. (2008). Fossil fuel replacement in the pulp mills.
Research report. Lappeenranta University of Technology. ISBN 978-952-214621-2, ISSN 0785-823X-58.
Manual (Red Hat, 2003).
Red Hat (2003). Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux x86 Installation Guide. Raleigh,
NC, USA: Red Hat, Inc.
Master's thesis (Tanskanen, 2005). Use "Report Type" to specify thesis type.
Tanskanen, V. (2005). CFD study of penetration and mixing of fuel in a
circulating fluidized bed furnace. Master's thesis. Lappeenranta University of
Technology.
Dissertations with different levels of details (Natarajan, 1997; Ritvanen, 2006). The
"Short Title" field can be applied to specify series name and number.
Natarajan, V.R. (1997). Material and thermal transport in vertical granular flows.
Ph.D. thesis. California Institute of Technology.
Ritvanen, J. (2006). Experimental insights into deformation dynamics and
intermittency in rapid granular shear flows. Ph.D. thesis. Acta Universitatis
Lappeenrantaensis 237. Lappeenranta University of Technology. ISBN 952214-180-1, ISSN 1456-4491, 78 p.
9 Examples of bibliography entries
20
Examples of report references presenting the different formulations depending on which
of the data fields (author, publisher, institution) are filled (Reportmaker, 2010a;
Reportmaker, 2010b; Reportmaker, 2010c; Report Institution, 2010).
Reportmaker, M. (2010a). Report with a publisher but no institution or
department. Report type. Series name and number. City: Publisher.
Reportmaker, M. (2010b). Report with an institution but no publisher. Report
type. Series name and number. City: Institution.
Reportmaker, M. (2010c). Report with an institution and publisher. Report type.
Series name and number. City: Institution.
Report Institution (2010). Report with institution and publisher but no writer.
Report type. Series name and number. City: Publisher.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2005).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2005). Report name. Report type. Series name and
number. City: Institution. Standard number, 152 p. This is a comment.
9.7 Web site
The data fields for "web site" and "document from web site" source types are the same,
but the references are formatted slightly differently. The "web site" is intended for
complete books and similar material found from Internet. The "document from web
site" is intended for sections of books. These sources are thus comparable with the
"book" and "book section", but all the data cannot be given (e.g. book author) and the
titles of the data fields used by Word can be misleading. The following table helps in
specifying the data fields correctly.
Book or book section
Author
Title
Year
Book title
Publisher
Editor
Comments
Web site or document from web site
Author
Name of web page
Year
Name of web site
Production company
Editor
Comments
9.8 Document from web site
21
Apply "web site" type for a complete eBook to get italic font correctly (Crowe, 2006;
Linstrom and Mallard, 2010; Wikimedia Foundation, 2010). It is highly recommended
to include a standard number (ISBN etc.) if it has been defined for the web-reference, as
it is one information, which will remain stable in future as well.
Crowe, C.T., ed., (2006). Multiphase flow handbook. CRC Press. [Retrieved Feb.
18, 2010], url: http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/978-0-8493-1280-9. ISBN 9781-4200-4047-0.
Linstrom, P.J. and Mallard, W.G., eds, (2010). NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST
Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and
Technology. [Retrieved Feb. 15, 2010], url: http://webbook.nist.gov.
Wikimedia Foundation (2010). Parenthetical referencing. [Retrieved Feb. 12,
2010], url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2006).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2006). Title or name of web page, ver. 1.5. Production
Company. [Retrieved Feb. 10, 2010], url: http://www.website.com. Standard
number. This is a comment.
9.8 Document from web site
Chapter of a webbook (Afeefy et al., 2010; Fritsching, 2006). The publisher name is
specified as production company. Provide ISBN-number, if it has been specified.
Afeefy, H.Y., Liebman, J.F., and Stein, S.E. (2010). Neutral thermochemical data.
In: Linstrom, P.J. and Mallard, W.G., eds, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST
Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and
Technology. [Retrieved Feb. 14, 2010], url: http://webbook.nist.gov.
Fritsching, U. (2006). Spray Systems. In: Crowe, C.T., ed., Multiphase flow
handbook.
CRC
Press.
[Retrieved
Feb.
18,
2010],
url:
http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/pdf/10.1201/9781420040470.ch8. ISBN 978-14200-4047-0.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2007).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2007). Title of the document or name of web page,
ver. 2.3. In: Editor, E., ed., Name of web site. Production Company. [Retrieved
Jan. 15, 2010], url: http://www.website.com. Standard number. This is a
comment.
9 Examples of bibliography entries
22
9.9 Electronic source
One example (Comsol, 2006).
Comsol (2006). Minicourse Kit [CD-ROM]. COMSOL AB.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2008).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2008). Title of electronic source [Media type]. City,
State, Country: Publisher. Standard number 123-456. This is a comment.
Notice that the Electronic source type does not include URL and Accessed data fields
and the Web site types do not include Medium (or media type) data field. If you need to
combine these data, then use Electronic source type and include extra data to comments
(Gratzer, 2008). In most cases, the Web-sources do not need media type defined.
Gratzer, G. (2008). A gentle learning curve for LaTeX [e-journal]. [Retrieved Feb.
17, 2010], url: http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/2008-3/gratzer.
9.10 Patent
Typical patent (Virtanen and Aalto, 1996).
Virtanen, J. and Aalto, S. (1996). Procedure for controlling an elevator group.
Pat. US 5503249.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2009). Apply ShortTitle-field to include data of
owner, application number, publishing date, and number of pages, if necessary.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2009). Title of invention. Pat. EP 1 234 567. Country
or region. Owner Oy. Appl. 1944-12-31. Publ. 1995-01-25, 98 p. This is a
comment.
9.11 Miscellaneous
Standard (set the standard number as corporate author): (ISO 9004, 2000). Define the
title as publication title to get the italic font correctly.
ISO 9004 (2000). Quality management systems - guidelines for performance
improvements, 2nd edn. Geneve: International Organization for
Standardization.
All data fields used (Author and Writer, 2010).
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2010). Title of miscellaneous reference. In: Editor, E.,
ed., Publication title [Media type], 2nd edn, vol. 4(12), pp. 50-62. Series 12.
Feb. 11. Translated by Translator, T. Compiled by Compiler, C. City, State,
Country: Publisher. Standard number. This is a comment.
23
References
Afeefy, H.Y., Liebman, J.F., and Stein, S.E. (2010). Neutral thermochemical data. In:
Linstrom, P.J. and Mallard, W.G., eds, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[Retrieved Feb. 14, 2010], url: http://webbook.nist.gov.
American Psychological Association (2009). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
ISBN 978-1-4338-0559-2, 272 p.
Anon. (2010). Report by unknown author, institution and publisher. Do not use this
kind of references.
Australian Institute of Management (2002). The heart and soul of leadership. Sydney:
McGraw-Hill.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2000). Book name, 3rd edn, vol. 2, Series 12. Translated by
Translator, T. City, State, Country: Publisher. ISBN 1-234-567, 100 p. This is a
comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2001). Name of the section. In: Editor, E. and Seceditor, S.,
eds, Name of the book, 2nd edn, vol. 4, chap. 6, pp. 50-62. Series 12. Translated by
Translator, T. City, State, Country: Publisher. ISBN 1-234-567. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2002). Journal article. Name of Journal, 42(5), pp. 50-62.
ISSN 1-123-123. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2003). Article in a periodical. Periodical Name, Jul. 12, pp.
50-62. ISSN 1-123-312. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2004). Conference article. In: Editorname, E., ed.,
Proceedings of a Conference, vol. 3, Series 23, pp. 50-62. Place and date of
conference. City: Publisher. ISBN 1-234-567. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2005). Report name. Report type. Series name and number.
City: Institution. Standard number, 152 p. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2006). Title or name of web page, ver. 1.5. Production
Company. [Retrieved Feb. 10, 2010], url: http://www.website.com. Standard
number. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2007). Title of the document or name of web page, ver. 2.3.
In: Editor, E., ed., Name of web site. Production Company. [Retrieved Jan. 15, 2010],
url: http://www.website.com. Standard number. This is a comment.
24
References
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2008). Title of electronic source [Media type]. City, State,
Country: Publisher. Standard number 123-456. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2009). Title of invention. Pat. EP 1 234 567. Country or
region. Owner Oy. Appl. 1944-12-31. Publ. 1995-01-25, 98 p. This is a comment.
Author, A. and Writer, W. (2010). Title of miscellaneous reference. In: Editor, E., ed.,
Publication title [Media type], 2nd edn, vol. 4(12), pp. 50-62. Series 12. Feb. 11.
Translated by Translator, T. Compiled by Compiler, C. City, State, Country:
Publisher. Standard number. This is a comment.
Bagnold, R.A. (1941). The physics of blown sand and desert dunes. William Morrow &
Co.
Bagnold, R.A. (1954). Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in
a Newtonian fluids under shear. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series
A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 225(1160), pp. 49-63.
Basu, P. (2006). Combustion and gasification in fluidized beds. Boca Raton, FL, USA:
CRC Press.
Bowcott, O. (2005). Protests halt online auction to shoot stag. Guardian, Oct. 18.
Comsol (2006). Minicourse Kit [CD-ROM]. COMSOL AB.
Crowe, C.T., ed., (2006). Multiphase flow handbook. CRC Press. [Retrieved Feb. 18,
2010], url: http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/978-0-8493-1280-9. ISBN 978-1-42004047-0.
Dahl, S.R., Clelland, R., and Hrenya, C.M. (2003). Three-dimensional, rapid shear flow
of particles with continuous size distributions. Powder Technology, 138, pp. 7-12.
World Congress of Particle Technology.
Danaher, P.A., ed., (1998). Beyond the ferris wheel. Rockhampton: CQU Press.
Fritsching, U. (2006). Spray Systems. In: Crowe, C.T., ed., Multiphase flow handbook.
CRC
Press.
[Retrieved
Feb.
18,
2010],
url:
http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/pdf/10.1201/9781420040470.ch8. ISBN 978-1-42004047-0.
Gratzer, G. (2008). A gentle learning curve for LaTeX [e-journal]. [Retrieved Feb. 17,
2010], url: http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/2008-3/gratzer.
Guardian (1998). Schemes to boost dental care. Guardian, May 18.
Hassanpour, Ding, and Ghadiri (2004). Shear deformation of binary mixtures of dry
particulate solids. Advanced Powder Technology, 15(6), pp. 687-697.
References
25
Horngren, C.T., Datar, S.M., and Foster, G. (2006). Cost accounting: a managerial
emphasis, 12th edn. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. 868 p.
Igci, Y., et al. (2006). Coarse-graining of two-fluid models for fluidized gas-particle
suspensions. In: Fifth International Conference on CFD in the Process Industries.
CSIRO.
Incropera, F.P. and DeWitt, D.P. (1996). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 4th
edn, chap. 8. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ISO 9004 (2000). Quality management systems - guidelines for performance
improvements, 2nd edn. Geneve: International Organization for Standardization.
Jalali, P., Ritvanen, J., and Sarkomaa, P. (2005). Transient and steady state behaviors of
rapid granular shear flows. Experiments in Fluids, 39(3), pp. 552-561. ISSN 07234864, doi:10.1007/s00348-005-0984-6.
Kallio, S. (2007). Averaged equations and closure relations for simulation of dense gassolid flow. In: Tynjälä, T. and Sarkomaa, P., eds, Summer school in heat and mass
transfer 2007, pp. 9-18. Lecture notes EN C-185. Lappeenranta University of
Technology. ISBN 978-952-214-400-3, ISSN 1459-2649.
King, D. (1992). Fluidized catalytic crackers: an engineering review. In: Potter, O.E.
and Nicklin, D.J., eds, Proceedings of the Seventh Engineering Conference on
Fluidization, pp. 15-26. New York: Engineering Foundation.
Laine, J., Leppänen, T., and Nurmi, O. (2009). The influence of special effects on the
perception of printed products. Research report. VTT-R-04966-09. Espoo: VTT
Technical Research Center of Finland.
Lappeenranta University of Technology (2008). Annual report.
Linstrom, P.J. and Mallard, W.G., eds, (2010). NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST
Standard Reference Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and
Technology. [Retrieved Feb. 15, 2010], url: http://webbook.nist.gov.
Liu, H.C. (2002). Study of temporomandibular joint in edentulous patients. Journal of
Dental Research, 81, p. B217.
Liu‚D.C., et al. (2002). Reduction of N2O and NO emissions by co-combustion of coal
and biomass. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 75, pp. 81-84.
Liu‚H., Chen, C.X., and Kojima, T. (2002). Theoretical simulation of entrained flow
IGCC gasifiers: Effect of mixture fraction fluctuation on reaction owing to turbulent
flow. Energy & Fuels, 16, pp. 1280-1286.
26
References
Nakagawa, M. and Luding, S., eds, (2009). Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Micromechanics of Granular Media, AIP Conference Proceedings
1145. Golden, Colorado, USA, Jul. 13-17, 2009. Melville, NY, USA: American
Institute of Physics. ISBN 978-0-7354-0682-7, ISSN 0094-243X.
Natarajan, V.R. (1997). Material and thermal transport in vertical granular flows.
Ph.D. thesis. California Institute of Technology.
Pallarès, D.J. and Johnson, F. (2002). Fluid dynamic modeling of large CFB units. In:
Grace, J.R., Zhu, J., and de Lasa, H., eds, Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Circulating Fluidized Beds, pp. 387-394. Niagara Falls, May 5-8,
2002. Ottawa: Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering. ISBN 0-920804-98-5.
Pollet, N. and Schneider, J.-L.M. (2004). Dynamic disintegration processes
accompanying transport of the Holocene Flims sturzstrom (Swiss Alps). Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 221, pp. 433-448.
Portny, S.E., et al. (2007). Project management: planning, scheduling and controlling
projects. USA: Wiley. ISBN 0470111240.
Raiko, R., Saastamoinen, J., Hupa, M., and Kurki-Suonio, I., eds, (2002). Poltto ja
palaminen [Combustion and burning], 2nd edn. Jyväskylä, Finland: International
Flame Research Foundation. ISBN 951-666-604-3. In Finnish.
Red Hat (2003). Red Hat Linux 9: Red Hat Linux x86 Installation Guide. Raleigh, NC,
USA: Red Hat, Inc.
Report Institution (2010). Report with institution and publisher but no writer. Report
type. Series name and number. City: Publisher.
Reportmaker, M. (2010a). Report with a publisher but no institution or department.
Report type. Series name and number. City: Publisher.
Reportmaker, M. (2010b). Report with an institution but no publisher. Report type.
Series name and number. City: Institution.
Reportmaker, M. (2010c). Report with an institution and publisher. Report type. Series
name and number. City: Institution.
Ritvanen, J. (2006). Experimental insights into deformation dynamics and intermittency
in rapid granular shear flows. Ph.D. thesis. Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis
237. Lappeenranta University of Technology. ISBN 952-214-180-1, ISSN 14564491, 78 p.
Ritvanen, J. (2010). Instructions to the Harvard style of referencing. Lappeenranta
University of Technology.
References
27
Ritvanen, J. and Jalali, P. (2009). Experimental study on the signs of particulate
structures formation in annular geometry of rapid granular shear flows. In:
Nakagawa, M. and Luding, S., eds, Proceedings of the 6th Intenational Conference
on Micromechanics of Granular Media, pp. 563-566. Melville, NY, USA: American
Institute of Physics.
Smith, J. (1975). A source of information. In: Jones, W., ed., One hundred and one
ways to find information about health, chap. 3. Oxford University Press.
Soros, G. (1966a). The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Soros, G. (1966b). Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Summers, J. and Smith, B. (2006). Communication skills handbook, 2nd edn. Milton:
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0470807636, 130 p.
Tannehill, J.C., Anderson, D.A., and Pletcher, R.H. (1984). Computational fluid
mechanics and heat transfer, 2nd edn. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-56032046-X.
Tanskanen, V. (2005). CFD study of penetration and mixing of fuel in a circulating
fluidized bed furnace. Master's thesis. Lappeenranta University of Technology.
Tuckman, A. (1999). Labour, skills and training. In: Levitt, R., ed., The reorganised
National Health Service, 6th edn, pp. 135-155. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes.
Vakkilainen, E. and Kivistö, A. (2008). Fossil fuel replacement in the pulp mills.
Research report. Lappeenranta University of Technology. ISBN 978-952-214-621-2,
ISSN 0785-823X-58.
van Wachem, B. and Sasic, S. (2008). Derivation, simulation and validation of a
cohesive particle flow CFD model. AIChE Journal, 54(1), pp. 9-19.
Wikimedia Foundation (2010). Parenthetical referencing. [Retrieved Feb. 12, 2010],
url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing.
Virtanen, J. and Aalto, S. (1996). Procedure for controlling an elevator group. Pat. US
5503249.
Writer, W. (n.d.). This is not a good reference. Unpublished.