CHAPTER 2
AN EVOLVING PROFESSION
Chapter Overview
Chapter 2 surveys the historical roots of the social work profession and details the professional knowledge, skill, and
value base. The knowledge, value, and skill competencies in this chapter include:
™ The emergence of social work as a profession
™ Social work’s quest for professional status, the rise of professional organizations, and the development of
social work education
™ The common base of social work’s values, knowledge base, and skills
™ Tenets that guide the profession
Key Concepts
Jane Addams
Charity Organization Society
Colored Federated Charities
Common base of social work practice
Community organizing
Grace Coyle
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
Stanton Coit
Dual focus
Ecosystems approach
Sarah Fernandis
Abraham Flexner
Ernest Greenwood
S. Humphries Gurteen
Lester Granger
Hollis-Taylor report
Harry Hopkins
Mary Jarrett
Eduard Lindeman
Knowledge base of social work
Milford Conference Report
National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
Fredericka Douglass Sprague Perry
Frances Perkins
Person-in-situation
Professional tenets
Psychoanalytic movement
Public welfare movement
Bertha Reynolds
Mary Richmond
Settlement House Movement
Skill base of social work
Social case work
Social group work
Mary Eliza Church Terrell
Toynbee Hall
Value base of social work
Whitney Young
Connecting Competencies
Competencies found in this chapter
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19
Chapter Outline
I.
Learning Activities
Introduction
A. Historically, social work focused on both individual and social
reform.
B. Social reformers view: people who are disadvantaged are
victims of social injustice; advocates of social change.
C. Other views: people who disadvantaged need personal reform;
apply measures to improve moral acceptability.
II. Emergence of Social Work as a Profession
A. Early Social Welfare Organizations
1. The National Conference of Charities and Corrections
formed in 1879 to address social problems of poverty,
crime, and social dependency.
2. Themes reflect roots of social work
B. Charity Organization Societies (COS)
1. Founded by S. Humphrey’s Gurteen - 1877 in Buffalo,
NY
2. emphasis on private charity work
3. friendly visitors
4. social investigation and registration of the poor
5. Mary Richmond - early COS leader
C. Settlement House Movement
1. Originated in London - Toynbee Hall
2. First settlement in U.S., Neighborhood Guild, founded by
Stanton Coit
3. Hull House founded in Chicago by Jane Addams and
Ellen Gates Starr
4. Combined social advocacy and social services to address
problems associated with urbanization and immigration
5. Live among poor as “settlers”
6. First Black settlement house in Washington, DC, founded
by Sarah Fernandis
III. Defining Social Work as a Profession
A. Social Casework
1. Theories, and methods of social casework included in
Mary Richmond's writings, Social Diagnosis (1917) and
What is Social Casework? (1922).
B. Psychoanalytic Movement (1920s)
1. The psychoanalytic movement of Freud, along with the
mental hygiene movement and the mental health services
provided by the American Red Cross at the time of World
War I, fostered an individual treatment approach that
emphasized intrapsychic dynamics.
2. Mary Jarrett - initiated specialty in psychiatric social work
•
Application and Analysis 2.1:
"Spotlight on History."
•
Have students read selections from the
Proceedings of the Conference on
Social Welfare to discern the
philosophical orientations, key issues
of the time, types of services provides.
Application and Analysis 2.2:
Charity Organization Societies and
the Settlement House Movement”
The roots of the social work
profession lie in two distinct late
nineteenth century social movements.
What unique contributions of the
Charity Organization and the
Settlement House movements
continue to be evident in
contemporary social work practice?
Box 2.1 Reflections on Empowerment
and Social Justice: "Roots of
Empowerment"
Learn about Jane Addams and the
historic Hull House initiatives, and
then visit the website of the
contemporary Hull House
Association. Compare and contrast the
Hull House initiatives at the turn of
the 20th and 21st centuries.
Prepare a presentation reflecting the
parallel development of social work in
the African American and Hispanic
communities.
•
•
•
•
•
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20
C. The Public Welfare Movement (1930s)
1. Pointed to an unstable economy as the root cause of
poverty
2. Harry Hopkins - worked with FDR to develop public
responses to poverty, including the Social Security Act
3. Frances Perkins - Secretary of Labor under FDR played
significant role in developing national social security
policy that addressed maternal and child health, child
welfare services, public health, and dependent children
living in poverty
D. Social Group Work and Community Organization were
popularized during the 1940s and 1950s.
1. Grace Coyle, early leader in social group work
2. Eduard Lindeman, early leader in community
organization
E. The dual perspective of social work was featured in
works by Bertha Reynolds (1951) and Florence Hollis
(1964), in the Hollis Taylor Report (1951), and in the
"Working Definition of Social Work Practice" (1958).
F. Social reform (1960s)
1. "War on Poverty" activities, addressing social
problems at the grassroots and criticized the social
work profession's emphasis on reforming individuals.
2. Whitney Young, leadership for social reform
G. Ecological perspectives and a social systems approach to
social work emerged in the 1970s & accepted in the
1980s.
H. Evolving definition of social work 1. All definitions focus on problems, issues, and needs
arising from transactions
2. Trend toward identifying dual focus that includes
both individual treatment and social reform
•
Box 2.2 Reflections on Diversity and
Human Rights - "It's Time to Update
Social Work History"
•
Discuss Bertha Reynold's social justice
charge to the profession. In what ways
does this charge continue to have
relevance to the profession?
Film Suggestion: "Legacies of Social
Change" (NASW and CSWE)
•
•
IV. The Quest for Professional Status
•
A. Abraham Flexner delivered a speech, "Is Social Work a
Profession?" (1915), in which he challenged the
professional status of social work.
B. Efforts were made to expand professional education, form
an accrediting body, consolidate professional
associations, and establish a singular professional
identity.
C. Ernest Greenwood's article, "Attributes of a Profession"
(1957), asserted social work's professional status.
D. Recent critics argue social work needs to assert the
authority of its professional practice domain.
•
E. Professional organizations for social work practice and
social work education emerged.
1. NASW, formed in 1955, merged a number of specialty
membership groups. Membership extended to persons
with BSW degrees in 1974.
2. Special interest organizations formed around fields of
practice and advocacy interests.
F. Development of Professional Education
1. Debate over nature of education - Should it be training or
university-based education?
Social workers view the personal
troubles of individuals within the
societal context of larger social issues.
From an ecosystems perspective, why is
it important for social workers to engage
in practice activities that include both
individual treatment and social reform?
Discuss the impact of Flexner's
presentation on the development of the
social work profession.
Application and Analysis 2.3
"Professional Status of Social Work"
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21
2.
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) formed in
1952 with merger of the American Association of Schools
of Social Work and the National Association of Schools
of Social Administration. Accreditation for BSW
programs began in 1974.
• Purpose: to promote high quality social work
education
G. Social Work Today
1. NASW and CSWE continue to play vital roles in shaping
profession
2. Competencies outline foundation of knowledge, values,
and skills
V. The Common Base of Social Work Practice
A. Professional values guide practice activities
1. About people: Inherent dignity and worth of all
2. About society: Social justice and democratic participation
3. About professional perspectives: Strengths and
competencies of client systems.
B. The knowledge base of social work
1. Social work education builds upon a liberal arts base.
2. The philosophy and history of social work provide
insights into the underpinnings of social services.
3. Knowledge of fields of social work practice and the
social service delivery is essential to access services and
respond to gaps and barriers through policy change.
4. Social workers practice from a theory base that
emphasizes how biological, social, psychological, and
cultural systems interact with human behavior.
5. Knowledge of social welfare legislation and policies is
important for understanding social service provisions.
6. Social workers need to understand the dynamics of ethnic
and cultural diversity.
7. Research informs practice and practitioners need to add
to the knowledge base through research activities too.
8. Self-knowledge enhances understanding of personal
values, ethical perspectives, cultural background, and
attitudes toward others and the change process.
C. The skill base of social work
1. Skilled social workers apply theories to practice.
2. The planned change process draws upon affective and
cognitive skills throughout the problem-solving stages.
3. A repertoire of skills facilitates work at all system levels.
4. Social workers are skilled in forming relationships
5. Effective communication is essential.
6. Cultural competence skills ensure cultural relevance.
7. As policy practitioners, social workers advocate social
policy development and analyze social welfare policies.
8. Research skills contribute to the knowledge base of
practice and to practice and program evaluation.
Computer literacy is essential.
9. Work management skills are vital.
•
•
•
•
•
To enhance the image of social work in
the eyes of the general public, the NASW
has recently mounted an education and
media campaign “Help Starts Here.”
What can you do as an individual
practitioner to influence the general
public’s positive regard of social workers
and the social work profession?
Describe the elements of the common
base of social work practice. How does
this common base reflect a generalist
perspective of social work practice?
The common base of professional values,
knowledge, and skills is shared by all
social workers and unifies the profession.
What personal values might interfere with
your professional obligation to allow
social work values to guide practice?
Box 2.3 Social Work Profile - Family
Services
Application and Analysis 2.4: "Social
Work Profile: Family Services" (Based
on Box 2.3).
•
Application and Analysis 2.5:
"Application of Social Work Knowledge,
Values, and Skills"
•
Box 2.4 Critical Thinking
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22
VI. Professional Tenets for Social Work Practice
A. Empower persons, individually and collectively, to
utilize their own problem-solving and coping
capabilities.
B. Support a proactive position in regard to social and
economic policy development, to prevent problems of
individuals and society from arising.
C. Uphold the integrity of the profession in all aspects of
social work practice.
D. Establish linkages between people and societal resources
to further social functioning and enhance the life quality.
E. Develop cooperative networks within the institutional
resource system.
F. Facilitate the responsiveness of the institutional resource
systems to meet health and human service needs.
G. Promote social justice and equality of all people in
regard to full participation in society.
H. Contribute to the development of knowledge for the
social work profession through research and evaluation.
I. Encourage an information exchange in those institutional
systems in which both problems and resource
opportunities are produced.
J. Enhance communication through an appreciation of
diversity in ethnically sensitive, nonsexist practice.
K. Employ educational strategies for the prevention and
resolution of problems.
L. Embrace a world view of human issues and solutions to
problems.
VII. Looking Forward
•
Application and Analysis 2.6:
"Professional Tenets for Social Work"
•
Analyze the tenets for their relationships to
the purpose of social work (see Chapter 1)
and empowerment.
•
Have students complete the “Assessing
Your Competency” rubric to assess their
level of understanding of the concepts,
values, or skills associated with each of
this chapter’s competencies.
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23
Application and Analysis 2.1
Spotlight on History
Prepare a report for class presentation on one of the following historical figures in social work. Focus on
their contribution to the profession. You will find biographical sketches in the Encyclopedia of Social Work
and Trattner's Biographical Dictionary of Social Welfare in America. Additional information is available in
other reference material in the library and on the Internet.
Edith Abbott
Grace Abbott
Jane Addams
Janie Porter Barrett
Clifford Beers
Charles Loring Brace
Sophonisba Breckinridge
Eveline Burns
Ida Cannon
Stanton Coit
Grace Coyle
Dorothy Day
Dorothea Dix
Ophelia Egypt
Sarah Fernandis
Abraham Flexner
Edward Franklin Frazier
Ernesto Galarza
Lester Granger
Elizabeth Haynes
Harry Hopkins
Mary Jarrett
Florence Kelly
Julia Lathrop
Porter Lee
Katharine Lenroot
Eduard Lindeman
Frances Perkins
Kenneth Pray
Bertha Capen Reynolds
Mary Richmond
William Schwartz
Ellen Gates Starr
Graham Taylor
Mary Eliza Church Terrell
Charlette Towle
Lillian Wald
Forrester Washington
Robert Woods
Whitney Young
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24
Application and Analysis 2.2
Charity Organization Societies
and the Settlement House Movement
1. Compare and contrast the activities of the settlement house workers to those of the charity organization
societies.
2. Compare and contrast the social justice philosophy of Jane Addams and the social work practice focus
of Mary Richmond.
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25
Application and Analysis 2.3
Professional Status of Social Work
1. What has professionalization meant for social work? Weigh both the advantages and disadvantages of
professionalization and identify dilemmas that emerge.
2. What is the purpose of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW)?
3. What is the role of the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)?
4. How do NASW and CSWE contribute to the professionalization of social work?
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26
Application and Analysis 2.4
Social Work Profile: Family Services
Answer the following questions based on your review of the social work profile in the field of family
services presented in Box 2.3 in your text.
1. Identify the issues and needs of the client population or constituency group in this field of practice.
2. What challenges do social workers face in this field of practice?
3. List the various roles and functions of the social worker and the corresponding roles of the client
group.
4. In what ways does the social worker in this profile practice from an empowerment perspective?
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27
Application and Analysis 2.5
Application of Social Work Knowledge, Values,
and Skills
Howard Brown works as a child abuse investigator with the state department of children's services. On call,
he must follow-up immediately on a report that the Smith boy has been severely beaten by his father.
Lee Schwartz is a social work with a background in employee assistance programs. A large industrial firm
has asked Lee to complete a needs assessment and develop a plan for comprehensive services for employees
who are chemically dependent.
Juanita Corderez works with youths in a juvenile court services deferment program. She supervises
community service activities, facilitates groups for offenders and their families, and provides general
community education and crime prevention programming.
Social workers from several local family service, job service, and economic development agencies have
formed a task force to plan a series of meetings on family empowerment and economic development.
Discussion Questions:
1. List the particular knowledge, values, and skills you think each social worker needs to address the
problems, issues, and needs presented in each situation.
2. Compare the lists you generate for the common patterns can you detect in the knowledge, values,
and skills required in each situation?
3. How is the social worker's understanding of the problems, issues, and needs affected by considering
the impact on the individual client as well as the community or societal implications?
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28
Application and Analysis 2.6
Professional Tenets for Social Work
1. Define the word "tenet."
2. In your own words, explain what each of the following tenets for professional social work practice
means.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Empower persons, individually and collectively, to utilize their own problem solving and coping
capabilities more effectively.
Support a proactive position in regard to social and economic policy development, to prevent
problems of individuals and society from arising.
Uphold the integrity of the profession in all aspects of social work practice.
Establish linkages between people and societal resources to further social functioning and
enhance the quality of life.
Develop cooperative networks within the institutional resource system.
Facilitate the responsiveness of the institutional resource systems to meet health and human
service needs.
Promote social justice and equality of all persons in regard to full participation in society.
Contribute to the development of knowledge for the social work profession through research and
evaluation.
Encourage an information exchange in those institutional systems in which both problems and
resource opportunities are produced.
Enhance communication through an appreciation of diversity and in ethnically sensitive,
nonsexist social work practice.
Employ educational strategies for the prevention and resolution of problems.
Embrace a world view of human issues and solutions to problems.
3. Analyze the relationship between the tenets and the characteristics of empowerment-based social work.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
29
Assessing Your Competency
Use the scale below to rate your current level of understanding of the concepts, values, or skills associated
with each competency presented in the chapter:
1
I can accurately describe
the concept, value or
skill
2
3
4
I can consistently
identify the concept,
value, or skill in case
examples
5
I can critically evaluate
the use of the concept,
value, or skill in practice
examples
• The emergence of social work as a profession
_____
Early social welfare organizations
_____
Charity organization societies
_____
Settlement house movement
_____
Notable early social workers
_____
Historical roots of social work: case work, group work, and community organization; psychoanalytic
movement; public welfare movement; social reform movement; ecosystems approach
_____ The dual perspective of social work
• Quest for professional status, the rise of professional organizations, and social work education
_____
Flexner’s assessment
_____
Greenwood’s reevaluation
_____
Professional organizations - NASW and others
_____
Professional education - CSWE
• Common base of social work practice
_____
Value base of social work - values about people, society, and professional behavior
_____
Knowledge base of social work
_____
Skill base of social work
• Professional tenets that guide generalist practitioners
_____ Empower people, individually and collectively, to utilize their own problem-solving and coping capabilities
more effectively.
_____ Support a proactive position in regard to social and economic policy development, to prevent problems for
individuals and society from occurring.
_____ Uphold the integrity of the profession in all aspects of social work practice.
_____ Establish linkages between people and societal resources to further social functioning and enhance the quality
of life.
_____ Develop cooperative networks within the institutional resource system
_____ Facilitate the responsiveness institutional resource systems to meet health and human needs
_____ Promote social justice and equality of all people in regard to full participation in society.
_____ Contribute to the knowledge base of the social work profession through research and evaluation
_____ Encourage an information exchange in those institutional systems in which both problems and resource
opportunities are produced.
_____ Enhance communication through an appreciation of diversity and through ethnically sensitive, nonsexist
social work practice
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30
TEST QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 2
Difficulty: 1 = Easy, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Challenging
Multiple Choice
2-1.
The organization founded by S. Humphreys Gurteen to deal with the chaos and indiscriminate charity of relief practices
in Buffalo New York was the ___.
a) first U.S. Charity Organization Society
b) the Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor
c) the National Conference of Charities and Correction
d) the New York Society for the Prevention of Pauperism
Answer: A
Page Ref.: 29
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-2.
If you were a "friendly visitor" in a charity organization society, you would most likely ___.
a) access public funds for families in distress
b) act as a model of moral character
c) believe that charity represented respectful support for families
d) not be concerned about investigations and scientific procedures
Answer: B
Page Ref.: 29
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-3.
Which prominent Charity Organization Society leader wrote what is Social Casework?
a) Jane Addams
b) Mary Richmond
c) Grace Abbott
d) Sophinisba Breckinridge
Answer: B
Page Ref.: 29
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-4.
Many social work historians point to the activities of the Charity Organization Society as the origin of ___.
a) group work
b) community organization
c) casework
d) generalist social work
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 30
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
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31
2-5.
The settlement house movement began in London when Barnett established ___.
a) Hull House
b) The Neighborhood Guild
c) Toynbee Hall
d) Andover House
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 30
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-6.
___ is an early pioneer in the Settlement House Movement.
a) Mary Richmond
b) Harriet Bartlett
c) Florence Hollis
d) Jane Addams
Answer: D
Page Ref.: 30
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-7.
Settlement House work was characterized by ___.
a) friendly visiting
b) welfare distribution
c) a combination of social services and social advocacy
d) scientific philanthropy
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 31
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-8.
The first Black settlement house in the United States was founded by ___.
a) Janie Porter Barrett
b) Lugenia Burns Hop
c) Sarah Fernandis
d) Mary Eliza Church Terrell
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 31
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-9.
Who is generally known for initiating a specialty in psychiatric social work?
a) Harry Hopkins
b) Frances Perkins
c) Lester Granger
d) Mary Jarrett
Answer: D
Page Ref.: 34
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
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32
2-10.
All of the following factors fostered a more individual focus in social work ___.
a) the American Red Cross's efforts to address psychological aftermath of Word War I through work with families
b) the popularity of Freud's psychodynamic perspective
c) the impact of unemployment and poverty resulting from the Great Depression.
d) the Mental Hygiene Movement
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 34
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-11.
___ was a policy maker who was instrumental in drafting the Social Security Act of 1935
a) Harry Hopkins
b) Whitney Young
c) Grace Coyle
d) Eduard Lindeman
Answer: A
Page Ref.: 35
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-12.
Who is well known for long-standing leadership in the Urban League?
a) Sarah Fernandis
b) Lester Granger
c) Eduard Lindeman
d) Frances Perkins
Answer: B
Page Ref. 36:
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-13.
You are writing a report on Bertha Capen Reynolds. Which of the following activities will you include in your report?
a) her work as Secretary of Labor
b) her emphasis on consumer involvement in directing social services
c) her advocacy for small group interaction as a vehicle for social change
d) her activities in the Charity Organization Society
Answer: B
Page Ref.: 37-38
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-14.
___ was an early leader in social group work.
a) Grace Coyle
b) Eduard Lindeman
c) Mary Jarrett
d) Grace Abbott
Answer: A
Page Ref.: 37
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
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33
2-15.
___ was an outspoken, radical social worker whose psychiatric social work roots led to a position at Smith College, and
later, work with the national maritime Union.
a) Ernest Greenwood
b) Whitney Young
c) Bertha Capen Reynolds
d) Grace Coyle
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 37
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-16.
The phrase "person in his situation" was coined by ___.
a) Mary Richmond
b) Florence Hollis
c) Harriet Bartlett
d) Jane Addams
Answer: B
Page Ref.: 37
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Human Behavior
2-17.
Which of the following activities would you be least likely to find in a review of Whitney Young's contributions to social
work?
a) coining the phrase "person-in-situation"
b) participating in social activism
c) providing leadership to NASW
d) receiving the Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon Johnson
Answer: A
Page Ref.: 39
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-18.
The 1960s was significant for social work because of ___.
a) the War on Poverty
b) the New Deal
c) the Charity Organization Society
d) Freudian psychoanalysis
Answer: A
Page Ref.: 39
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-19.
The ecosystems approach ___.
a) considers transactions between people and their physical and social environments
b) is a facet of Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective
c) focuses on individuals, but not their environments
d) focuses solely on the physical and social environment
Answer: A
Page Ref.: 40
Difficulty: 2:
Competency: Human Behavior
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34
2-20.
Delivered at the Baltimore Conference on Charities, Flexner's 1915 speech ___.
a) applauded the professional status of social work
b) characterized social work as having a method common numerous fields of practice
c) recognized a specific aim for social work leading to a highly specialized education
d) generated activities so social work could meet the stated criteria of a profession
Answer: D
Page Ref.: 41
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-21.
Assessment of professional status in terms of power and control involves each of the following factors except ___.
a) legitimate professional authority
b) membership solidarity
c) a sanctioned monopoly
d) a salary scale
Answer: D
Page Ref.: 42
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Ethical Practice
2-22.
NASW stands for the ___.
a) National Association of Social Welfare
b) National Association of Social Workers
c) National Academy of Social Work
d) National Assistance for Social Workers
Answer: B
Page Ref.: 43
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-23.
The largest social work organization in the world is the ___.
a) American Association of Social Work
b) American Association of Social Work Research and Practice
c) National Association of Social Workers
d) Social Welfare Association of America
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 43
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-24.
Which of the following is the standard setting and accrediting organization for social work education?
a) NASW
b) IFSW
c) CSWE
d) COS
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 45
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
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35
2-25.
The common base of practice includes all of the following except ___.
a) knowledge
b) skills
c) research
d) values
Answer: C
Page Ref.: 46
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
True or False
2-26.
Graham Taylor founded Hull House.
Answer: False
Page Ref.:30
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-27.
The activities of the Public Welfare Movement in the 1930s were a major factor in increasing social work's emphasis on
treating of individuals.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 35
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-28.
Eduard Lindeman was a community organization leader whose vision was to apply psychoanalytic thinking to
community organizing.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 37
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-29.
Current definitions of social work incorporate two simultaneous activities for social workers: counseling and therapeutic
intervention.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 40
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-30.
Social workers were gratified when Flexner proclaimed social work was a profession.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 41
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
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36
2-31.
Professional organizations are important sources of professional identity.
Answer: True
Page Ref.: 43
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-32.
Professional social work organizations began in response to the call for professionalism
Answer: True
Page Ref.: 43
Difficulty: 1
Competency: Professional Identity
2-33.
All early social work leaders agreed that social work education ought to emphasize practical training rather than
university based education.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 44
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
2-34.
Social work values focus only on values relating to professional behavior.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 46
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Ethical Practice
2-35.
Liberal arts courses, such as philosophy, have no bearing on social work education.
Answer: False
Page Ref.: 48
Difficulty: 2
Competency: Professional Identity
Essay Questions
2-36.
Compare and contrast the purposes, roles, and functions of the Charity Organization Society and the Settlement House
Movement.
Page Ref.: 29-32
Competency: Professional Identity
2-37.
Describe how the activities of the Settlement House Movement inform the empowerment orientation in social work
practice today
Page Ref.: 32
Competency: Professional Identity
2-38.
Describe the key factors that influenced social work’s quest for status as a profession
Page ref.: 41-46
Competency: Professional Identity
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37
2-39.
Describe the three general areas which lend focus to the value base of social work.
Page Ref.: 46-47
Competency: Ethical Practice
2-40.
Select two tenets for social work practice described in the text. Explain each in the context of the purpose of social
work, the social work code of ethics, and empowerment-based social work practice
Page Ref.: 52-54
Competency: Professional Identity
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38
CHAPTER 3
SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS
Chapter Overview
Chapter 3 introduces the social systems and ecological frameworks for practice. Consumers of social services are
delineated in a social systems context. The knowledge, value, and skill competencies in this chapter include:
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Summarizes the ecosystems perspective
Explores social functioning
Examines human systems as social work clients
Highlights the social work practice methods including casework, group work, community organization, and
generalist social work
Key Concepts
At-risk social functioning
Casework
Community organization
Difficulties in social functioning
Ecological perspective
Ecosystems view
Effective social functioning
Environmental press
Environmental stress
Generalist social work
Group work
Impinging environment
Macrolevel system intervention
Mezzolevel system intervention
Microlevel system intervention
Person : environment
Reciprocal interaction
Social functioning
Social systems
System level intervention
Teamwork
Transactions
Connecting Competencies
Competencies found in this chapter
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