NKS-B seminar on nuclear
forensics in Nordic countries
Stefan Isaksson - Gammadata Instrument.
Ortecs Nordic representative since 1992.
Funded in 1986
R&D&M Radon instruments and sensors
GPS-based detection system
Industrialized the CTBTO SAUNA-system (Noble Gas Analysis)
Local HPGe-detector service facility
NKS-B seminar on nuclear
forensics in Nordic countries
Technologies
TGA – Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
XRD – X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
XRF – X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
TIMS - Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
ICP - Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
GD - Glow discharge Mass Spectrometry
SIMS - Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry
SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope
Particle Analysis
Neutron Activation
Alpha Spectroscopy
Gamma Spectroscopy
Gamma Spectroscopy Instrumentation in Nuclear Forensics
Outline
• New Profile HPGe detectors
– Profile C- and S-series
– Profile SP-series
• New Coolers for HPGe detectors
– Möbius (LN2 recycler)
– ICS (Mechanical cooler)
• Integrated instruments
3
Gamma Spectroscopy Instrumentation in Nuclear Forensics
Outline
• New Profile HPGe detectors
– Profile C- and S-series
– Profile SP-series
• New Coolers for HPGe detectors
– Möbius (LN2 recycler)
– ICS (Mechanical cooler)
• Integrated instruments
4
P-type vs N-type HPGe detectors
• P-type (GEM, Profile):
- Better resolution
- Ruggedness
- Lower price
• N-type (GMX):
- Better lower energy efficiency
from sides
- Neutron/proton damage resistivity
5
New Stable Thin Front Contact (STFC)
• Released in July 2014
• STFC is a new thin contact for P-type detectors that improves low energy
(<40keV) efficiency performance.
• STFC is a stable contact, allowing warm storage of the HPGe detector for
prolonged time without losing efficiency performance from the front contact.
6
Profile Series Detectors with STFC technology
Profile C- (P-type Coaxial) “Undersquare”
shaped crystal. Advantages of conventional
coaxial P-type with crystal dimensions
optimized for maximum efficiency when using
Marinelli beakers. Excellent high energy
efficiency
Energy range: from 3keV > 10MeV (front)
from 40keV > 10MeV (sides)
Profile S- (P-type Semi-Planar) “Oversquare”
shaped crystal. Crystal dimensions optimized
for maximum efficiency when using filters,
bottle and pots. Excellent resolution across the
energy range.
Energy range: from 3keV > 3MeV (front)
from 40keV > 10MeV (sides)
7
Test 1 and Modelling Results
Observations:
•
Measured uncertainties
account only for
source and counting
uncertainties
•
•
8
GMX has higher
efficiency than
GEM due to
thinner front
contact
Profile S has
higher efficiency
than GMX due to
a greater
surface area
All curves cross
at 1332 keV
(~50% relative
efficiency).
Test 2 Modelling Results
Observations:
•
•
Filter Paper is 10
cm in diameter
•
9
GMX has higher
efficiency than
GEM due to
thinner front
contact
Profile S has
higher efficiency
than GMX due to
a greater
surface area
Dip in efficiency
at ~14 keV is
due to K-edge of
Ge material
Profile C- and S- series Models and Specifications
Model No.
S-series
GEM-
C-series
GEM-
Crystal
Energy Resolution (FWHM)
Dimension
Actual
@122
@1.33
Actual 5.9 keV 46 keV
Diameter
keV
MeV
Length Warr. Typical
(+0/–2
Warr.
Warr.
Minimum (eV)
(eV)
mm)
(eV)
(keV)
Peak Shape
FW.1M/
FWHM
Typical
Nominal
Endcap
P:C
Relative
Dia.
FW.02M/
Warr. Efficiency
(mm)
FWHM
%
Typical
S5020P4
50
20
350
450
625
1.8
1.9
2.55
35
7
70
S5825P4
58
25
400
500
650
1.8
1.9
2.65
35
15
70
S7025P4
70
25
450
575
650
1.9
1.95
2.75
40
20
83
S8530P4
85
30
500
625
700
1.9
2
2.9
55
50
108
C5060P4
50
60
725
850
1.8
1.9
2.55
60
20
70
C5970P4
59
70
750
900
1.8
1.9
2.65
62
38
70
C7080P4
70
80
830
950
1.9
2
3.1
75
66
83
C8295P4
82
95
1215
1250
2.1
2
3.1
85
115
95
C94100P4
94
100
1230
1300
2.3
2
3.1
90
175
108
10
New Low Noise Back Contact
• The Low Noise Back Contact (LNBC) uses advantages of:
– P-type HPGe material.
– Semi-Planar crystal geometry
– Minimized contact size
• LNBC improves resolution even more in low to medium energies
-
Lithium
Stable Thin Contact
GEM-S
Core hole
-
Lithium
Stable Thin Contact
Low Noise Back Contact
GEM-SP
Low noise
(Proprietary Contact)
11
Resolution Results
Fe-55 (5.9 and 6.5 keV peaks)
10000
FWHM: 410.32 eV
FWHM: 301.54 eV
9000
8000
7000
Counts
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
- FWHM measurement at 5.9
keV energy with SP8530 is
302eV (spec is 425), and with
S8530 is 410eV (spec 500).
- 25% improvement in
measured resolution
- 15% improvement in
specified guaranteed
resolution
- Better peak differentiation
between 5.9 and 6.5 keV
peaks
0
4.00
4.50
SP8530
5.00
S8530
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
Energy (keV)
12
More Resolution Results
Co-57 (122keV peak)
11000
10000
9000
FWHM: 606.31 eV
FWHM: 533.30 eV
8000
- FWHM measurement at 122
keV energy with SP8530 is
533eV (spec is 630), and with
S8530 is 606 eV (spec 700).
- 12% improvement in
measured resolution
- 10% improvement in specified
resolution
Counts
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
121.00
121.20
121.40
121.60
121.80
122.00
122.20
122.40
122.60
122.80
123.00
Energy (keV)
SP8530
Confidential and Proprietary
S8530
13
Profile SP- series Models and Specifications
Crystal
Dimension
Model No.
Energy Resolution (FWHM)
Peak Shape
Actual
Actual
FW.1M/
Diameter
5.9 keV @122 keV @1.33 MeV
Length
FWHM
(+0/–2
Warr. (eV) Warr. (eV) Warr. (keV)
Minimum
Typical
mm)
Nominal
Endcap
P:C
Relative
Dia.
FW.02M/
Warr. Efficiency
(mm)
FWHM
%
Typical
GEM-SP5020P4
50
20
300
585
1.8
1.90
2.55
35
7
70
GEM-SP5825P4
58
25
340
585
1.8
1.90
2.65
35
15
70
GEM-SP7025P4
70
25
380
585
1.8
1.95
2.75
40
20
83
GEM-SP8530P4
85
30
425
630
1.9
2.00
2.90
55
50
108
SP-series
14
Gamma Spectroscopy Instrumentation in Nuclear Forensics
• New Profile HPGe detectors
– Profile C- and S-series
– Profile SP-series
• New Coolers for HPGe detectors
– Möbius (LN2 recycler)
– ICS (Mechanical cooler)
• Integrated instruments
15
New Cryocooling Solutions
ICS™
Integrated Cryocooling
System
(released September 2014)
Möbius™
Re-condensing LN2
Cryocooler
(released July 2013)
ICS
Möbius
Eliminates LN2
Minimizes LN2 usage
Supports most detector types
Supports all detector types
No thermal cycling required upon
power loss, vacuum hardened
cryostat
Provides one week holding time
(LN2 cooling of detector) upon
power failure
Multi-orientation versatility
Fixed orientation
Space savings single unit
Field upgradable for existing
dipstick detectors.
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Möbius LN2 recycler
•
Compatible with detectors from all manufacturers (in dipstick cryostat)
•
Uses AMETEK Sunpower Stirling cooler with passive vibration
dampening
•
No degradation of detector resolution
•
LN2 recycler with integrated 28 litre LN2 Dewar
•
Operates more than 2 years without refilling with LN2
•
Detector remains cold for up to 7 days in case of power outage
•
Level monitor displays: level until Dewar empty, pressure, power
consumption, status
•
Ambient temperature range 0 to +40oC
•
Compatible with all standard detector configurations
•
Power consumption - 125W typical (250W max)
•
Smart UPS interface, switches off cooler if system switches to run on
UPS
•
Low audible noise <60 dB at 1m at room temp
Integrated Cooling System - ICS
•
Compatible with all GEM (P-type) detectors GMX (N-type) and Profile (STFC) detectors
•
AMETEK Sunpower Stirling cooler with MTTF >200,000 hours
•
No degradation of detector resolution (uses Active Noise Cancellation)
•
All-Attitude operation
•
Hardened cryostat with remote mounted preamplifier
•
No maintenance
•
Power consumption 50-70 W typical (100-240V, 50/60Hz)
•
Small footprint and low weight (18kg)
•
Low audible noise <60 dB at 1m at room temp
18
Gamma Spectroscopy Instrumentation in Nuclear Forensics
• New Profile HPGe detectors
– Profile C- and S-series
– Profile SP-series
• New Coolers for HPGe detectors
– Möbius (LN2 recycler)
– ICS (Mechanical cooler)
• Integrated instruments
19
Detective HPGe Radiation Identifier Systems
• Micro-Detective/-DX/-HX
– 13% efficiency P-type detector
– Weighs 7kg
– He-3 neutron detector (excl. DX)
• Detective-DX-100T/-EX-100T
– 45% efficiency P-type detector
– Weighs 11kg
– He-3 neutron detector (excl. DX)
• Detective-DX-200/-EX-200
– 50% efficiency P-type large area detector
– Weighs 21kg
– He-3 neutron detector (excl. DX)
What is the DETECTIVE?
Portable Radioisotope Identifier (RIID) developed with IP licensed from LLNL
•
HPGe
•
Hardened Cryostat
•
Electrical Cooling
•
Digital Signal Processing
•
Unique Identification Software
•
Ultra Robust Package
21
What is the DETECTIVE?
•
Spectral Display
•
Easy Calibration
•
SNM Search Mode
22
Libraries
Am-241
Am-241 (unshielded)
Cs-137
Ho-166m
Ho-166m (shielded)
Ir-192
Ir-192 (shielded)
W-187
Ac-227
Ag-110m
Ar-41
As-72
Au-198
Ba-133
Ba-140
Be-7
Bi-212 (Th-232/U-232
daughter)
Br-77
Ca-47
Cd-115
Ce-144
Cm-242
Cm-243
Cm-244
Co-55
Co-57
Co-57 (shielded)
Co-60
Cs-134
Hf-181
Hg-203
I-126
I-126 (shielded)
I-132
I-133
I-134
I-135
Kr-87
Kr-88
Kr-88 (shielded)
Mn-52
Mn-56
Nb-92m
Nb-94
Nb-95
Nb-96
Nb-96 (shielded)
Nd-147
Pa-231
Pb-203
Pr-144
Ra-223
Rh-105
Ru-103
Ru-97
Sb-124
Sb-124 (shielded)
Sb-125
Sb-127
Sr-85/Kr-85
Tc-96
Te-132
Th-229
Th-230
Tm-171
W-188/Re-188
F-18
I-125
Lu-177
Lu-177m
Mo-99
Pd-103
Se-75
Sm-153
Sm-153 (shielded)
Tc-99m
Xe-133
Ac-225
As-74
Ce-139
Ce-141
Co-58
Ga-67
Ga-67 (shielded)
Ge-68/Ga-68
I-123
I-123 (shielded)
I-124
I-131
I-131 (shielded)
In-111
Lu-172
Na-24
Rb-83
Rb-86
Ru-106/Rh-106
Sc-46
Sr-82/Rb-82
Sr-89
Tl-201
Tl-204
Tm-170
V-48
Xe-133m
Yb-169
Zn-62
Zn-65
Zr-95
La-138
Ra-226
Bi-214 (Ra-226 daughter)
K-40
Lu-176
Th-232
NORM
Cr-51
Cu-64
Eu-152
Gd-159
La-140
Mn-54
Neutrons on Fe
Neutrons on Hydrogen
Unknown Peak
Unknown/Beta emitter
Xe-131m
At-211
Bi-207
Br-76
Br-76 (heavily shielded)
Br-76 (shielded)
Cd-109
Co-56
Co-56 (shielded)
Eu-154
Eu-155
Eu-156
Fe-59
Ga-64
Ga-64 (shielded)
Gd-153
Ho-166
Ir-194 (shielded)
Na-22
Neutrons
Os-194/Ir-194
Po-210
Sn-113
Ta-182
Tl-200
Tl-202
Xe-135
Y-88
Beta emitter
Bremsstrahlung
Enriched Uranium
HEU
U-232
U-233
U-235
U-238
186 keV peak present
2614 keV peak present
Nuclear Uranium
Pu-239
Pu-238
375/414 peak present
Am-241 (shielded)
Nuclear Plutonium
Np-237
Nuclear Neptunium
23
THANK YOU!
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