瑞穗德武台地
奇美沈積岩
奇美沈積岩
奇美沈積岩
秀姑巒溪熱帶雨林
林下陰性植物
秀姑巒溪口
荊棘林
小毛氈苔
靈芝
How did plants invade and
flourish on land?
• Plant body increased in complexity as
plants made the evolutionary transition from
water to dry land
• The invasion of land required protection
and a means of dispersal for sex cells and
developing plants
• The liverworts and mosses (Bryophyta) are
only partially adapted to dry land
How did plants invade and
flourish on land?
• The vascular plants, or Tracheophytes, have
conducting vessels that also provide support
• The seedless vascular plants include the
club mosses, horsetails, and the ferns
• The seed plants dominate the land, aided by
two important adaptations: pollen and seeds
植物和藻類有何不同？
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
營養來源：土壤、空氣和水
系統分化：根莖葉和固著器
支持方式：土、空氣、木質和水
光合作用：特定部位和全部
營養輸送：輸導組織
繁殖方式：無性!世代交替!有性繁殖
保護方式：蠟質、莖、細胞壁
What are the key features of
plants?
• Plants have both a sporophyte and a
gametophyte generation
植物和藻類有何不同？
世代交替的模式
植物演化上的重要事件
始祖植物世代交替的假想機制
適應陸地生活的繁殖方式
植物的分類統計
和植物界關係最密切的輪藻
Reasons:
• Homologous chloroplasts
• Biochemical similarity
• Similarity on the mechanisms of mitosis
and cytokinesis
• Similarity in sperm ultrastructure
• Genetic relationship
苔類的生活史
土馬鬃
頂囊蕨：
分枝、直立生長、光合作用的莖、
胞子囊群、無葉、化石415mya
同型胞子與異型胞子
蕨的生活史
Home work
• 哪些是植物對於陸域環境主要演化上的
適應？
• 如果植物的演化是由水域中逐漸進入陸
地，那麼有哪些種類是再次的由陸地回
到水域中的呢？有哪些植物是回到了海
洋中呢？
Main adaptations of fungi
• Fungal bodies generally consist of
filamentous hyphae, which are either
multicellular or multinucleate and form
large, intertwined networks called mycelia.
Fungal nuclei are generally haploid. A cell
wall of chitin surrounds fungal cells.
Main adaptations of fungi
• All fungi are heterotrophic, either parastic
or saprobic. They secrete digestive enzymes
outside their bodies and absorb the liberated
nutrients.
Main adaptations of fungi
• Fungal reproduction is varied and complex.
Asexual reproduction can occur either
through fragmentation of the mycelium or
through asexual spore formation. Sexual
spores form after compatible haploid nuclei
fuse to form a diploid zygote, which
undergoes meiosis to form haploid sexual
spores. These spores produce haploid
mycelia through mitosis.
How Do Fungi Affect Humans?
• Fungi are extremely important decomposers in
ecosystems. Their filamentous bodies penetrate
rich soil and decaying organic material, liberating
nutrients through extracellular digestion.
• The majority of plant diseases are caused by
parasitic fungi. Some parasitic fungi can help
control insect crop pets. Other s can cause human
diseases, including ringworm, athlete’s foot, and
common vaginal infections.
How Are Fungi Classified?
• The major divisions of fungi are zygote, sac, club,
imperfect fungi.
• A lichen is a symbiotic association between a
fungus and unicellular algae or cyanobacteria.
This self-sufficient combination can colonize bare
rock. Mycorrhizae are associations between fungi
and the roots of most vascular plants.
• The fungus derives photosynthetic nutrients into
the root from the surrounding soil.
What are the main adaptations of
Fungi?
• Most Fungi have filamentous bodies
• Fungi obtain their nutrients from other
organisms
• Most fungi can reproduce both sexually and
asexually
How are Fungi classified?
• The zygote fungi (Zygomycota) can
reproduce by forming diploid zygospores
• The sac fungi (Ascomycota form spores in a
saclike case called an ascus
• The club fungi (Basidiomycota) produce
club-shaped reproductive structures called
basidia
• The imperfect fungi (Deuteromycota) seem
to reproduce only by asexual means
裸子植物代表性種類
松的生活史