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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! Worksheet 2.7
Test your knowledge! (Chapter 2)
Note: The activities on this worksheet correspond to the questions in the Test your knowledge! boxes
in your textbook.
PART 1 The colonization of New France in the early 17th century
Textbook, pp. 62–67
1 What roles did France assign to its colonies in order to achieve the economic goals of mercantilism?
On the one hand, the colonies had to supply raw materials used to make products. On the other,
they were a destination for the sale of goods manufactured in the mother country.
2 How did the fur trade serve to meet the goals of mercantilism?
France’s colony in North America supplied furs to the mother country, which used the furs to make
felt hats. France then sold the hats manufactured within its borders to other European countries,
which brought in coins, an important source of precious metals.
3 What were Champlain’s reasons for choosing the site of the city of Québec for a permanent
settlement?
•The narrowness of the river at this spot made it easier to monitor the comings and goings of ships.
•The territory was frequented by Native allies, which encouraged the fur trade.
•The Rivière Saint-Charles, located close by, served as a waterway for Native people to transport furs.
4 Why were trading posts usually situated near a waterway?
Because these strategic locations were the site of trade between Native peoples and the French
5 What situation led to the alliance of the French with the Innu, the Algonquin, the Maliseet
and the Huron–Wendat Confederacy?
The French were few in number and not very familiar with the territory.
6 What means did the Church use to evangelize Native people?
•It sent religious communities to settle in New France, including the Jesuits and the Récollets.
•Some missionaries learned Native languages and lived among the Native peoples.
•Religious communities founded missions.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
PART 2 New France from 1627 to 1663
Textbook, pp. 68–83
1 Why were there so few colonists in New France in 1627?
The companies and merchants that had been granted a fur trade monopoly neglected their
obligation to populate New France. Instead, they focused primarily on their trade interests.
2 Why did holders of a fur trade monopoly have so little interest in populating the colony?
•They had no need for French labour since they obtained their furs from Native people.
•They had nothing to gain from populating the colony and it was costly for them.
•They worried that the colonists would establish their own trade relations with Native people.
They could end up playing an intermediary role in the fur trade and cut into the companies’
and merchants’ profits.
3 What distinguished the Company of One Hundred Associates from the chartered companies that
previously held a fur trade monopoly in New France?
The Company of One Hundred Associates was controlled by the state.
4 Why did Champlain send Sieur de Laviolette to found a permanent settlement in Trois-Rivières?
To organize and profit from the trade that was gradually developing between the French and Native
people at the mouth of the Rivière Saint-Maurice
5 What measure did the Company of One Hundred Associates take in order to pay its debts?
Starting in 1630, it authorized merchants to participate in the colony’s fur trade in return for
a portion of their profits. In 1645, it leased its monopoly and the administration of the colony
to the Communauté des Habitants in exchange for an annual rent in furs.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
6 What is the seigneurial system?
It consists of a model of social organization in which a seigneur distributes land to peasants
in exchange for dues.
7 Who was usually granted a seigneury?
In New France, many were nobles, members of the bourgeoisie, administrators or military officials.
They were usually wealthy or influential. Religious communities also held several seigneuries.
8 Why were seigneuries situated perpendicular to the Fleuve Saint-Laurent or other main waterways?
To ensure waterfront access to the greatest possible number of seigneuries since waterways were
the main communication channels in the colony
9 What was the Société de Notre-Dame de Montréal’s objective in founding Ville-Marie?
It wanted to populate the Île de Montréal with the goal of converting Native people to Catholicism.
10 How did the Catholic Church provide religious support and guidance to the colonists?
•It established parishes where numbers permitted.
•The priest conveyed the bishop’s instructions and read out pastoral letters to his parishioners,
particularly during Sunday mass.
11 In what areas did religious communities provide social support and guidance to the colonists?
In education and health care
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
12 What economic issue led to rivalries between European nations?
Control of the fur trade
13 In the first half of the 17th century, what was France’s greatest concern with respect to the Iroquois
Confederacy?
France sought peace accords with the Iroquois Confederacy in order to ensure the colony’s security.
14 Give two characteristics of the population of French origin around 1663.
•It was very small, especially when compared with that of the English colonies on the east coast.
•There was a demographic imbalance between the male population and the female population.
15 What is the main explanation for the drop in the Native population of eastern North America
in the first half of the 17th century?
This situation was due primarily to the devastating impact of disease. Cohabitation with Europeans
exposed Native people to diseases to which they had no immunity.
16 How did the phenomenon of acculturation manifest itself among Native populations?
Native populations increasingly adopted French clothing, tools and weapons because they found
them more practical or effective. Many Native people also decided to convert to Catholicism.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
PART 3 New France from 1663 to 1701
Textbook, pp. 86–101
1 What government did the king institute in New France in 1663?
The royal government
2 What is the divine right of kings?
The ideology according to which a sovereign holds absolute power bestowed on him or her by God
3 What were the duties of the minister of the marine?
Under the authority of the king, he was responsible for supervising the colonies.
4 In 1665, what measure did the king take to defend and ensure the security of the colony?
He sent the first major military contingent to New France: the Carignan-Salières regiment.
5 What structures were designed to protect the colonists?
Fortifications around the cities of the colony, including Québec and Montréal, and forts built
in strategic locations
6 What did the French state do to establish a demographic balance in New France?
It sent the Filles du Roy at the state’s expense.
7 What measures did the French state take to promote marriages and births in New France?
•Fathers were fined for not having their sons married by the age of 20 and their daughters by the age
of 16.
•On their wedding day, the king gave a sum of money to men 20 or under and to women 16 or under.
•A yearly sum was paid to parents who had 10 living children or more.
•The king gave a dowry to poor women and Native Catholic women who married a French colonist.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
8 What was the impact of the measures taken to promote population growth?
Thanks to the Filles du Roy, the gap between the numbers of men and women was reduced, and
by the 18th century a balance had been struck.
9 What key factor contributed to population growth in the colony?
The rate of natural increase was exceptional for the time.
10 Despite diversification measures, why was the economy of New France still based primarily on fur?
Because agricultural surpluses for export were practically non-existent and the transportation
of certain goods, such as timber, was expensive. Moreover, the economic sectors that Talon sought
to develop were profitable only if they were subsidized by the state.
11 In 1681, what did the minister of the marine do to protect the fur trade from overproduction?
The minister of the marine instituted a system of congés de traite, which introduced trade licences
to regulate the fur trade. The governor general granted 25 licences each year.
12 What motivated the territorial expansion of New France in the second half of the 17th century?
•the desire to expand the trade network and make greater profits
•the necessity to take control of certain territories before the English did so
•the desire to make contact with unknown Native nations and evangelize them
13 What asset did the French authorities have to ensure the success of their commercial, military
and diplomatic objectives?
Their network of alliances with Native peoples
14 What did the French hope for with regard to the allied Native nations from the Pays d’en Haut?
The French wanted their allies to establish peace with each other and mobilize their military efforts
against the Iroquois Confederacy.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
PART 4 New France in the first half of the 18th century
Textbook, pp. 102–110
1 Toward 1752, what was the most populated region of New France? How many colonists of French
origin lived there?
Canada was the most populated region, with approximately 60 000 colonists of French origin
living there.
2 What were the three social classes in New France?
The nobility, the clergy and the Third Estate
3 Indicate two elements that show an adaptation by the Canadiens to the climate of the Vallée du
Saint-Laurent.
Their way of dressing and means of transportation as well as their house-building techniques
4 What attitude did European observers attribute to the Canadien farmers? What contributed to
the emergence of this attitude?
According to several European observers, Canadien farmers, or habitants, had a more independent
spirit and were less obedient than their French counterparts. They believed that the vastness of the
territory and the influence of Native culture contributed to the emergence of this attitude.
5 Provide one important measure that Intendant Gilles Hocquart implemented to diversify
the economy of New France.
The establishment of naval shipyards in the city of Québec
OR The establishment of forges in Saint-Maurice
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
6 What were the obstacles to economic diversification in New France?
•Specialized labour was rare and costly.
•Certain resources were located in sparsely populated or uninhabited areas, making their exploitation
difficult and requiring considerable investment.
•The Fleuve Saint-Laurent was frozen for almost five months of the year.
•In the early 18th century, France returned to a stricter mercantilist policy: it forbade certain
manufacturing activities in New France, in particular the manufacture of beaver hats.
7 What was the objective of triangular trade?
The objective of triangular trade was to allow France to increase its wealth through its colonies’
resources and to sell products manufactured in France to its colonies.
8 What economic activity was practised by the majority of colonists in New France?
Agriculture
9 What economic activity, practised by companies in the mother country, started to develop in the
colony in the early 18th century?
Starting in the early 18th century, merchants from the colony established fishing operations at posts
along the shores of Gaspésie, such as Pabos.
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE! (cont.) Worksheet 2.7
PART 5 War between France and Great Britain
Textbook, pp. 111–119
1 Provide two reasons for the rivalries in North America between France and Great Britain.
They both wanted to control the fur trade and expand their territory.
2 What is the key event of the War of Austrian Succession in North America?
The British capture of Louisbourg in 1745
3 How did the Seven Years’ War start in North America?
It began in 1754 with confrontations between the French and the British in the Ohio Valley, and
then in the region of Lac Champlain and Acadia.
4 Give two reasons why the British decided to deport the Acadians.
•The British worried that the Acadians would participate in military operations on the side
of the French.
•They wanted to promote British immigration to the colony of Nova Scotia by offering the fertile
lands belonging to the Acadians.
5 Why did British prime minister William Pitt invest major resources in the conquest of New France?
Because he believed that gaining territories in North America would increase Great Britain’s power
6 What event in 1758 allowed the British to ensure control over access to the Fleuve Saint-Laurent?
The capture of Louisbourg
7 What is the name given to the battle that resulted in the capitulation of the city of Québec to the
British?
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
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