Sensi&vi&es of extant animal taxa to ocean acidifica&on Methods & Hypotheses guiding a Meta Analysis H.O. Pörtner, A. WiCmann and L. Menzel Func%onal background hypothesis: Oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance explaining thermal reac%on norms in animals, their biogeography and their interac%on with addi%onal drivers Selection criteria.....
Assumptions
•  rating performance changes as positive or negative
(mostly: increase=positive, decrease=negative)
•  highest sensitivity levels found and most sensitive life stage assumed to
be representative for species sensitivity
•  robustness of result: limited if <16, medium 16-20, high >20 species
studied
Filling gaps by extrapolations....
Suitable Parameters in animals
Growth
calcification,
calcium content,
cuticle thickness,
dissolution,
growth rate,
magnesium content,
morphology,
mortality,
necrosis
Behaviour
behavioural integrity,
olfactory choice
Reproduction
abundance
developmental time,
egg production rate,
egg weight,
fertilization,
gene expression,
hatching success,
larval behaviour,
larval settlement,
larval survival,
moulting frequency,
otholith development,
recruitment,
settling size,
skeletogenesis,
sperm motility
Metabolism
aerobic scope,
bleaching,
blood/hemolymph parameters,
burrowing activity,
elemental composition (and C:N:P
ratios),
feeding rate,
heart rate,
immune response,
maintenance of acid-base balance,
standard metabolic rate,
respiration,
thermal tolerance
ventilation
Results I
Sensi%vi%es of animal taxa to ocean acidifica%on. Frac&ons (%) of (...) species exhibi&ng (...) effects on performance indicators reflec&ng individual fitness (...) in response to the respec%ve pCO2 ranges (µatm). Note that it was not possible to determine the response of each species for each CO2 range, such that variable species numbers (on top of columns) result (...) Bars above columns denote count ra&os significantly associated with pCO2 (...) WiCmann & Pörtner 2013 Results I
Sensi%vi%es of animal taxa to ocean acidifica%on. Frac&ons (%) of (...) species exhibi&ng (...) effects on performance indicators reflec&ng individual fitness (...) in response to the respec%ve pCO2 ranges (µatm). Note that it was not possible to determine the response of each species for each CO2 range, such that variable species numbers (on top of columns) result (...) Bars above columns denote count ra&os significantly associated with pCO2 (...) -­‐  sensi&vity distribu&on resembles palaeo-­‐records (except fishes) -­‐  longer-­‐term evolu&onary changes may occur (e.g. fishes) WiCmann & Pörtner 2013 Results II Sensi%vi%es (frac&ons (%) of species) of corals, echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans and fishes nega&vely affected within each pCO2 range (...) WiCmann & Pörtner 2013 What kind of database is needed for future analyses of biological effects of ocean acidifica&on? General database for metadata of inves&gated organisms (context) (those unaffected by experimental se[ngs) Organism Group/Phylum, Order, Family, Genus, Species (according to taxonomic database, e.g. World Register of Marine Species), hemisphere, habitat, climate zone Life style / func3onal group benthic/pelagic, free/symbio&c, sessile/mobile, feeding type and mode, preferred temperature range Shell /skeleton present / absent present: degree of calcifica&on, CaCO3 polymorph, extent to which shell or skeleton is covered by organic layer Experimental parameters and data, processes, rates (affected by experimental condi&ons) .... data base should link to op%ons for specific studies / analyses (hypothesis driven metaanalyses) e.g. Hypothesis-­‐driven response analyses (à la WiCmann and Pörtner, 2013): Implica&ons for organism fitness Generalized responses process, effect size, direc&on of response (increase/no effect/decrease), expert judgement involved (link to hypotheses): e.g. weigh&ng of response whether posi&ve or nega&ve for organism Plans for Bioacid III: coverage of relevant taxa differenAaAon according to context data -­‐  lifestyle, lifestage, func&onal group -­‐  habitat characteris&cs: means and variability of environmental factors -­‐  climate zone mulAdriver effects e.g. sensi&vity distribu&on shi_ing in response to temperature? hypoxia?