Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke: A Biography
This is the first comprehensive biography in half a century of John
Locke
‘‘a man of versatile mind, fitted for whatever you shall
undertake’’, as one of his many good friends very aptly described
him. Against an exciting historical background of the English Civil
War, religious intolerance and bigotry, anti-government struggles
and plots, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Roger Woolhouse
interweaves the events of Locke’s rather varied life with detailed
expositions of his developing ideas in medicine, theory of knowledge, philosophy of science, political philosophy, philosophy of
religion, and economics. Chronologically systematic in its coverage,
this volume offers an account and explanation of Locke’s ideas
and their reception, while entering at large into the details of his
private life of intimate friendships and warm companionship, and
of the increasingly visible public life into which, despite himself,
he was drawn Oxford tutor, associate of Shaftesbury, dutiful civil
servant. Based on broad research and many years’ study of Locke’s
philosophy, this will be the authoritative biography for years to
come of this truly versatile man whose long-standing desire was
for quiet residence in his Oxford college engaged in the study and
practice of medicine and natural philosophy, yet who, after years
in political exile, finally became an overworked but influential
public servant who is now seen as one of the most significant early
modern philosophers.
Roger Woolhouse is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the
University of York. He is the author of many journal articles
and books on early modern philosophy, including The Empiricists,
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and, with R. Francks, Leibniz’s ‘‘New
System’’.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke
A Biography
ROGER WOOLHOUSE
University of York
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473,
USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521817868
ß Roger Woolhouse 2007
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2007
Printed in the United States of America
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Woolhouse, R. S.
John Locke : a biography / Roger Woolhouse.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-521-81786-8 (hardback)
ISBN-10: 0-521-81786-2 (hardback)
1. Locke, John, 1632 1704. I. Title.
B1296.W66
2006
192 dc22
[B]
2006027992
ISBN
978-0-521-81786-8 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does
not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
URLs
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
To Shirley
sine qua non
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
‘‘I believe you and your parts such that you may well be
said to be homo versatilis ingenii, and fitted for whatever you
shall undertake’’.
John Strachey to John Locke, 18 November 1663
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
page xiii
Preface
INTRODUCTION ‘‘A MAN OF VERSATILE MIND’’
1
1
UPBRINGING AND EDUCATION (1632–1658)
5
1632–1646: ‘‘I found myself in a storm’’
(Somerset childhood)
5
1646–1652: ‘‘A very severe school’’
(Westminster School)
1652–1656: ‘‘No very hard student’’
(Oxford B.A. studies)
1656–1658: ‘‘A most learned and ingenious young man’’
(Oxford M.A. studies)
2
COLLEGE OFFICES AND MEDICAL STUDIES (1659–1667)
January–December 1659: ‘‘Melancholy and discontented’’
(Away from friends)
January–December 1659: ‘‘Study in earnest’’
(Medicine; toleration)
January–October 1660: ‘‘I shall not willingly be
drawn from hence’’ (Medicine; anxieties about
political situation)
October–December 1660: ‘‘Whether the civil
magistrate may lawfully impose’’ (Law of nature;
‘‘First Tract on Government’’)
10
15
20
23
23
30
32
38
vii
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
viii
December 1660–December 1662: ‘‘Quiet and settlement’’
(Father’s death; college tutor, and lecturer in Greek;
‘‘Infallibility’’; lecturer in Rhetoric; ‘‘Second Tract on
Government’’)
January 1663–November 1665: ‘‘No law without
a law-maker’’ (Chemistry; ecclesiastical offers;
‘‘Essays on the Law of Nature’’; respiration and blood)
43
52
November 1665–February 1666: ‘‘Took coach for Germany’’
(Diplomacy in Cleves)
February–July 1666: Natural philosophy: practical and
theoretical (Iatrochemical preparations;
barometrical observations; Respirationis Usus)
3
66
EXETER HOUSE, LONDON (1666–1675): ‘‘ONE ACCIDENT
IN MY LIFE’’
70
July 1666–May 1667: ‘‘Falling into a great man’s family’’
(Ashley Cooper; dispensation from holy orders; offer
of preferment; Elinor Parry; ‘‘Morbus’’; iatrochemistry)
70
June–December 1667: ‘‘With my Lord Ashley as a man
at home’’ (Exeter House; Sydenham; ‘‘Essay concerning
Toleration’’)
January–December 1668: ‘‘Turning his thoughts another
way’’ (Ashley’s operation; ‘‘Anatomie’’; interest rates)
78
86
January 1669–December 1670: ‘‘A love of all sorts of
useful knowledge’’ (Elinor Parry; ‘‘Constitutions
of Carolina’’; match-making; De Arte Medica; ill-health)
January–September 1671: ‘‘What I think about the human
understanding’’ (Anthony Ashley Cooper the third;
De Intellectu Humano)
4
59
89
97
September–December 1671: ‘‘Profitable to the life
of man’’ (De Intellectu, a second draft; Royal Society)
105
January 1672–November 1675: ‘‘That tether which certainly
ties us’’ (Peerage for Ashley; colonial investments;
short visit to France; Secretary of Presentations;
Secretary and Treasurer of Council of Trade;
interest rates; an annuity; Bachelor of Medicine; license
to practise; medical Studentship)
110
November 1675–January 1676: Paris to Montpellier
119
119
January 1676–March 1677: Montpellier
125
FRANCE (NOVEMBER 1675–MAY 1679)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
5
ix
March 1677–July 1678: Paris
134
July–October 1678: An extended ‘‘little Tour’’ of France
November 1678–May 1679: Paris
142
149
THANET HOUSE AND LONDON (MAY 1679–SEPTEMBER 1683)
153
May–December 1679: ‘‘Things in such confusion’’
(Shaftesbury as Lord President; Popish Plot; standardisation
of length; correspondence with Toinard)
153
December 1679–April 1680: ‘‘A condition
as might make your friends apprehensive’’ (‘‘Observations
upon the growth and culture of vines’’)
April–November 1680: ‘‘Fortune continues to cross
all my plans’’ (Exclusion Bill; correspondence with Toinard)
159
162
November 1680–March 1681: ‘‘1641 is come again’’ (The Unreasonableness of Separation; Oxford Parliament)
166
April 1681–April 1683: ‘‘Not a word ever
drops from his mouth’’ (The King clamps down;
Shaftesbury arrested; College’s trial; Damaris Cudworth;
Edward Clarke; Shaftesbury dies)
171
Two Treatises of Government
181
April–September 1683: ‘‘The times growing now
troublesome’’ (Rye House plot; secretive movements;
hastily to Holland)
6
HOLLAND AND THE UNITED PROVINCES (1683–1688)
190
197
September 1683–October 1684: ‘‘Much in my
chamber alone’’ (Medical friends; Limborch; indexing
notes; tour of the Provinces; Labadists; educational
‘‘Directions’’)
197
November–December 1684: ‘‘Suspected to be
ill-affected’’ (Expulsion from Studentship)
207
December 1684–September 1685:
‘‘To be seized and banished’’ (Under suspicion;
Monmouth’s rebellion; in hiding)
216
September 1685: ‘‘What God has thought fit’’
(‘‘de Intellectu’’ (draft C), book one (innate ideas);
book two (origin of ideas); promise of pardon;
still suspected)
September 1685–September 1686: ‘‘That faith which
works, not by force, but by love’’ (Epistola de
Tolerantia; ‘‘Method of Commonplacing’’;
© Cambridge University Press
223
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
x
more thoughts on education; no longer listed; Yonges’ visit;
Thomas visits)
229
September–December 1686: ‘‘Changing one’s abode is
inconvenient’’ (‘‘de Intellectu’’, books three (words),
and four (knowledge))
239
December 1686–March 1688: ‘‘Busy as a hen
with one chick’’ (Continued concern for safety; Furly;
van Helmont; ill; rumours of pardon; the Essay abridged)
March 1688–January 1689: ‘‘An expected invasion’’
(Thomas visits; Stringer and a portrait; Clarke visits;
William of Orange goes over; return to England)
7
8
248
255
LONDON (FEBRUARY 1689–DECEMBER 1690)
266
February–December 1689: Annus mirabilis (Offers of
public position; Epistola; Commissioner of Appeals;
petition for Studentship; another quarrel with
Stringer; Letter concerning Toleration; Two Treatises;
Essay concerning Human Understanding; Newton)
January–September 1690: Disputes and disagreements
(Tyrrell and the Essay; anonymity and acrimony;
‘‘A call to the nation for unity’’; Proast and ‘‘A second
letter concerning toleration’’)
266
279
July–December 1690: Questions of economics (Interest
rates; clipped coins; plans to go to Holland)
290
OATES (JANUARY 1691–DECEMBER 1695)
298
January–December 1691: ‘‘The seraglio at Oates’’
(Removal to Oates; a return to natural philosophy?; Bath
and Somerset; Some Considerations of . . . Money;
‘‘multiplying gold’’; Aesop’s Fables)
298
January–December 1692: ‘‘You won’t be well if you stay
in town’’ (Overseeing Edward Clarke; Newton and
transmutation; Third Letter concerning Toleration; William
Molyneux; Boyle’s History of the Air; petition for Council
of Trade salary; a ‘‘dry club’’; disagreement with Norris;
‘‘Answer to Mr Norris’’; liberty of will)
January–December 1693: ‘‘It were better if you were dead’’
(Petition to Treasury; ‘‘Short observations on . . . coining
silver money’’; preparation for second edition of Essay;
Malebranche and ‘‘Seeing all things in God’’; personal
identity; Some Thoughts concerning Education; liberty of the
will again)
© Cambridge University Press
307
321
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
9
January–December 1694: ‘‘Discourse on matters of
importance’’ (van Helmont visits; Essay, second edition;
Thomas dies; Bank of England; a financial consultant; the
‘‘College’’)
January 1695: ‘‘Wherein the Christian faith consists’’
(The Reasonableness of Christianity; natural law
and revelation)
336
January–August 1695: ‘‘Not one word of Socinianism’’
(Licensing Act; the Essay abridged; recoinage
recommended; a water drinker; Greenwich Hospital;
Edwards and Socinianism; Reasonableness of Christianity
vindicated)
344
August–December 1695: ‘‘Of great use to your country’’
(Further currency considerations; a Latin translator for
the Essay)
355
‘‘A GENTLEMAN’S DUTY’’ (DECEMBER 1695–MARCH 1700)
361
December 1695–November 1696:
‘‘Your country calls for your help’’ (Commissioner for
Trade; recoinage; Leibniz)
361
November 1696–February 1697: ‘‘A clipped Christianity’’
(Controversy with Stillingfleet; Second Vindication of the
Reasonableness of Christianity; Samuel Bold)
February 1697–January 1698: ‘‘Told I must prepare
myself for a storm’’ (Reply to Stillingfleet’s answer
to his Letter; ‘‘Conduct of the Understanding’’;
answer to Burnet; Pierre Coste; linen manufacture;
employment of the poor; Edwards’s Brief
Vindication)
January–July 1698: ‘‘At the jaws of death’’ (Reply to
Stillingfleet’s answer to his Second Letter; Hudde and the
uniqueness of God)
July–December 1698: ‘‘Nothing ever escapes you’’
(Meeting with Molyneux; meeting with Bold; Peter King;
‘‘Elements of Natural Philosophy’’)
10
xi
333
370
384
400
412
January 1699–March 1700: ‘‘A too long stay in town’’
(‘‘Association of Ideas’’; ‘‘Enthusiasm’’)
415
‘‘LAYING DOWN HIS PLACE’’ (MARCH 1700–OCTOBER 1704)
420
March 1700–March 1701: ‘‘Nothing but what I ought
and do expect’’ (Retirement from Board of Trade;
bad legs; the question of liberty)
420
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Contents
xii
March 1701–December 1702: ‘‘The Ornament of
this Age’’ (Deafness; Catherine Trotter; ‘‘Directions
for Reading’’; ‘‘Miracles’’)
January–December 1703: ‘‘New life’’ (Anthony Collins;
Aesop’s Fables; St Paul’s Epistles)
January–August 1704: ‘‘At the end of my day
when my sun is setting’’
(Oxford book ban; a new carriage; St Paul’s Epistles)
August–October 1704: ‘‘A happy life, but nothing but
vanity’’ (A Fourth Letter for Toleration; King’s
marriage; death)
426
436
445
454
Expository Notes
Bibliographical Notes
461
471
Abbreviations and References
Index
505
517
Illustrations follow page xviii.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Preface
John Locke (1632 1704) has been the subject of various biographies,
short memoirs, and biographical sketches. Some are by people who
knew him: Pierre Coste (Coste 1705), Jean Le Clerc (Le Clerc 1705),
Damaris Cudworth Masham (D. Masham 1704), and the third Earl of
Shaftesbury (Shaftesbury 1705). Others were written at varying degrees
of distance from him: Lord King’s Life and Letters (King 1884) is a rather
random miscellany of transcripts of some original manuscripts; as
H. R. F. Bourne, Locke’s first systematic biographer, commented, King
‘‘seems to have made no effort at all to string them [the available
original materials] together in any order or to combine with them such
information as he could procure from other sources’’. Though King
had available to him a huge amount of material which had come
down to him from Locke’s cousin Peter King, to whom he left his
manuscripts, this was unfortunately not available to Bourne; otherwise
his two-volumed Life of John Locke (1876), which he rightly claims to be
‘‘orderly and comprehensive’’, would be even better than it is. In more
recent times Maurice Cranston was not subject to these restrictions,
and for his equally systematic John Locke: A Biography (1957) he had
available the original materials (and more) belonging to Lord King.
They (or most of them) had eventually been bought in 1948 from
Lord Lovelace, one of King’s descendants, by the Bodleian Library,
University of Oxford.
The raw material (whether in the Bodleian or elsewhere) which
exists for Locke’s biography is remarkably extensive. Besides the letters
and other documents which went out of Locke’s hands, the escritoire
he willed to Peter King contained an amazing variety of manuscripts.
xiii
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
xiv
Preface
Alongside drafts of his serious writings there is material of a surprising
kind, surprising not only that it ever existed, but also that Locke kept
it (kept, rather than failed to throw away or lose) to the end of his
days. Often with cross-references from one place to another, he
recorded (with notes and quotations) his extensive reading on many
topics, he collected recipes (both medical and culinary), and he noted
his daily movements and purchases; he listed his belongings, his books,
and the state of his various business affairs and investments. It may
be something to smile at, but it is no joke to say that when he died
he left behind him his laundry lists.
For general biographical purposes, perhaps the most important
parts of this material are the letters sent or drafted by Locke and
received by him. Cranston used these to very good effect, and his work
with them must have been very onerous, since many of them existed
only in manuscript. Since then, due to the absolutely invaluable and
monumental labours of E. S. de Beer, these letters (more than 3600 of
them) are readily and conveniently accessible in transcribed, translated,
and edited form in The Correspondence of John Locke (dB). (Though
I have followed de Beer’s enumeration of them I have not, for reasons
of copyright, always quoted from his presentation of these letters.)
These eight (so far) volumes are part of the definitive Clarendon
Edition of Locke’s works, which unfortunately does not yet contain
what is another of the more important elements of primary
biographical material, the journals which Locke kept from 1675,
and of which only some parts have been transcribed and published
(Aaron and Gibb, Dewhurst 1963a, Leyden, Lough).
There were two different calendars in use in Locke’s time: the newstyle Gregorian calendar in much of Europe, and, running ten days
behind this, the old-style Julian in England. With the occasional double
date (e.g. 11/21 June), I have used the former when Locke was out of
England. Sometimes the year was taken to begin in April (as the British
financial year now does), so that dates between January and April were
sometimes written with two years, e.g. ‘‘17 February 1692/93’’ (and,
very occasionally, ‘‘17 February 1692’’ has to be understood as a date in
the calendar year 1693). I have normalised all dates to the relevant
calendar year. (Incidentally, there is no question but that for Locke,
by contrast with the twentieth-century politicians who ushered in the
new millennium at the end of 1999, the eighteenth century began
in 1701, not 1700.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Preface
xv
The money of account in Locke’s time was pounds (£), shillings
(s: twenty to the pound) and pence (d: twelve pennies to the shilling).
Over his life a pound was worth almost one hundred times more than
now.
Throughout this book, where appropriate, ‘‘he’’ is to be understood
as ‘‘he/she’’, ‘‘mankind’’ as ‘‘humankind’’, and so on. In quoting from
seventeenth- and eighteenth-century texts I have often modernised
some spelling and punctuation.
The book contains two sets of notes. Those indicated with a
numerical superscript are purely bibliographical; those indicated with
an asterisk are discursive and further the exposition.
I am very grateful to the late Terry Moore of Cambridge University
Press for his initial invitation to write this book. For their help and
encouragement in the writing of it I want to thank Bruno Balducci,
Janique Balducci, John Bradley, Laura Dosanjh, Bob Gutteridge, Gloria
Gutteridge, Roland Hall, Shirley Hawksworth, Roma Hutchinson,
Patrick Murphy, Bill Sheils, Clair Souter, Clive Souter, Tim Stanton,
Jan van der Werff, Susan van der Werff, and an anonymous reader for
the Press. The inter-library loan department of the University of York
has as always been very helpful. Finally, I want particularly to thank
the Leverhulme Foundation for the financial support of an Emeritus
Fellowship (2002 2004), which enabled library visits and the purchase
of microfilms.
I am grateful for permission to quote from copyright and other
material as follows: to Blackwell’s Publishing (from Dewhurst 1963b);
to Brynmill Press (from Watson); to Calgary University Press (from
Bennett and Remnant); to Cambridge University Press (from the Farr
and Roberts transcription of Locke 1690d, Laslett’s introduction to
Locke 1689d, Lough, Abrams, and Sommerville); to the Maurice
Cranston estate (from Cranston); to Elsevier (from Dewhurst 1954b); to
Johns Hopkins University Press (from Dewhurst 1960a); to Journal of
Church and State (from Biddle); to the Newberry Library, Chicago (from
E. Masham); to Oxford University Press (from Dewhurst 1962b, Haley,
Kelly, Leyden, Nuovo, Ogg 1955, Tyacke 1997a, and Wainwright); to
Prometheus Books (from Romanell’s transcription of Locke 1666b);
and to Springer (from Montuori).
I am further grateful to Oxford University Press for permission
to quote from E. S. de Beer’s The Correspondence of John Locke (letters
L3, L4, L5, L6, L8, L17, L18, L22, L27, L29, L30, L43, L48, L54, L59,
L65, L66, L68, L69, L70, L71, L72, L74, L77, L79, L80, L81, L82, L83,
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
xvi
Preface
L84, L86, L87, L88, L89, L91, L93, L94, L95, L97, L101, L111, L112,
L113, L119, L129, L133, L154, L157, L163, L176, L178, L184, L185,
L191, L205, L208, L209, L217, L219, L220, L222, L225, L232, L251,
L279, L304, L306, L313, L314, L323, L326, L329, L358, L366, L359,
L372, L386, L390A, L396, L397, L407, L410, L415, L421, L428, L431,
L432, L473, L509, L511, L528, L546, L584, L645, L660, L666, L673,
L677, L684, L688, L693, L690, L699, L704, L706, L748, L779, L784,
L787, L794, L796, L797, L803, L805, L815, L823, L824, L825, L827,
L830, L837, L839, L851, L857, L861, L865, L873, L874, L876, L879,
L896, L905, L939, L968, L974, L978, L982, L1003, L1040, L1042, L1044,
L1085, L1099, L1100, L1107, L1110, L1117, L1120, L1122, L1127, L1131,
L1146, L1147, L1152, L1165, L1200, L1213, L1322, L1323, L1325, L1330,
L1333, L1342, L1344, L1353, L1375, L1429, L1450, L1488, L1510, L1542,
L1544, L1548, L1549, L1551, L1559, L1562, L1564, L1567, L1572, L1575,
L1590, L1606, L1627, L1635, L1678, L1679, L1750, L1760, L1788, L1790,
L1804, L1821, L1826, L1853, L1856, L1860, L1862, L1869, L1901, L1920,
L1939, L1944, L1961, L1971, L1974, L1980, L1987, L1990, L2002, L2003,
L2036, L2092, L2094, L2160, L2179, L2209, L2218, L2228, L2229, L2230,
L2232, L2233, L2239, L2278, L2281, L2312, L2314, L2315, L2318, L2323,
L2340, L2352, L2359, L2378, L2395, L2413, L2460, L2493, L2498, L2512,
L2525, L2535, L2536, L2597, L2610, L2615, L2634, L2643, L2652, L2656,
L2693, L2734, L2776, L2800, L2825, L2843, L2866, L2880, L2883, L2896,
L2945, L2979, L3014, L3074, L3108, L3142, L3144, L3147, L3153, L3164,
L3186, L3197, L3201, L3209, L3219, L3248, L3269, L3284, L3309, L3310,
L3311, L3326, L3364, L3367, L3369, L3373, L3376, L3394, L3412, L3415,
L3418, L3419, L3461, L3467, L3469, L3471, L3475, L3485, L3500, L3506,
L3513, L3522, L3524, L3539, L3541, L3553, L3555, L3556, L3558, L3566,
L3572, L3573A, L3582, L3591, L3600, L3627, L3631, L3640, L3641,
L3647).
Other quotations from Locke’s correspondence are from Abrams
(L75); Bonno (L2236); Bourne (L200, L240, L237, L238, L249, L259,
L269, L270, L295, L328, L352, L374, L426, L475, L1121, L1773, L2124,
L2301, L2327, L2426, L2603, L3275); Boyle 1772: Works, vols. 5, 6: L175,
L197, L228, L335, L397, L478, L1422; Brewster, vol. 2 (L1517);
Campbell (L3631); Christie, vol. 2 (L235, L255, L322, L620); Cranston
(L751, L752); Dewhurst 1960b (L1785, L2219, L2224, L2227, L2956),
1962b (L1096, L1292, L2055), 1963b (L1290, L1299, L3299); Forster 1830
(L991, L993, L998, L1356, L2640; Forster 1847 (L2424, L2956, L3198);
Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report, App. (L1776);
King 1884 (L110, L176, L177, L180, L182, L186, L187, L204, L219,
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Preface
xvii
L260, L297, L417, L532, L795, L828, L982, L1116, L1309, L1332, L1357,
L1405, L1499, L1519, L1619, L1659, L1663, L1664, L1843, L1846, L1964,
L1977, L2091, L2100, L2131, L2172, L2181, L2186, L2288, L2306, L2384,
L2468, L2518, L2851, L2855, L3107, L3272, L3275, L3287, L3375, L3511,
L3551, L3573, L3468); Locke 1823: vols. 9, 10 (L1515, L1530, L1538,
L1544, L1563, L1579, L1592, L1593, L1609, L1620, L1643, L1652, L1655,
L1661, L1665, L1685, L1693, L1744, L1857, L1887, L1921, L1965, L1966,
L2059, L2100, L2115, L2129, L2131, L2189, L2202, L2240, L2243, L2254,
L2288, L2310, L2340, L2376, L2395, L2407, L2414, L2490, L2514, L2846,
L3234, L3278, L3293, L3301, L3306, L3328, L3361, L3465, L3470, L3498,
L3504, L3504, L3537, L3542, L3544, L3548, L3556, L3565, L3570, L3608,
L3613, L3624, L3636); Lough (L310); Newton (L1513); Ollion (L467,
L475, L492, L508, L556, L565, L587, L626, L633, L656, L790, L1172,
L2412); Rand 1927 (L264, L782, L705, L709, L770, L771, L773, L774,
L777, L791, L799, L801, L807, L817, L822, L829, L844, L845, L886,
L929, L943, L989, L999, L1000, L1020, L1026, L1038, L1045, L1047,
L1050, L1057, L1077, L1102, L1113, L1128, L1167, L1220, L1326, L1423,
L1431, L1433, L1439, L1440, L1442, L1455, L1471, L1476, L1483, L1501,
L1502, L1538, L1544, L1565, L1571, L1576, L1586, L1625, L1644, L1799,
L1836, L1872, L1903, L1908, L1972, L1985, L1988, L1992, L2001, L2018,
L2067, L2071, L2090, L2113, L2139, L2243, L2356, L2376, L2398, L2408,
L2414, L2420, L2447, L2575, L2576, L2585, L2812, L2695, L2719, L2747,
L2763, L2768, L2787, L2812, L2817, L2859, L3058, L3138, L3223, L3400,
L3465); Tanner 1929 (L405); The Monthly Repository of Theology and
General Literature, vol. 13 (1818) (L1107, L1120, L1147, L1572, L1901,
L2209); Trotter, vol. 1 (L3234).
Others (with grateful acknowledgement) are from manuscripts
in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford: MS Locke c.19, fols.
116 (L307), 120 (L309), 141 (L389), 10v (L614), 147r (L618), 150r (L624),
112 (L653), 100r (L748), 111r (L1028), 40 (L1129), 101 102r (L1166),
107r (L1192), 159r (L1545), 161 (L1563), 96 (L1890), 185 (L2363), 178r
(L2451); MS Locke c.22, fols. 173 (L51), 177 (L85), 175 (L105), 3 (L106),
5 (L115), 7 (L118), 15 (L155), 40 (L590), 42v (L645), 50v (L775), 55v
(L889), 58v (L932), 61 (L957), 64v (L985), 69rv (L1019), 71r, 72r (L1225),
82r, 82v (L1248), 85v (L1256), 86v 87r (L1266), 88v (L1277), 90r 91r)
(L1301), 92r, 93rv (L1307), 94rv, 95rv (L1312), 81r (L1329), 115v 116r)
(L1378), 99rv (L1403), 102rv (L1420), 104 (L1424), 121r (L1589), 125r
(L1655), 20r (L1929), 144v (L2975), 152r (L3195), 159r (L3324), 161r
(L3358), 166r (L3477), 168r (L3511); MS Locke b.8, no. 168 (L772);
MS Locke f.6, pp. 34 35, 20 (L687, L696). Yet others (with grateful
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
xviii
Preface
acknowledgement) are from manuscripts in the British Library: Add
MS 6194, pp. 248 9 (L417); Add MS 22910, fol. 507 (L2808); Sloane
MS 4036, fols. 185 (L1785), 290r (L2219), 294 (L2227).
Acknowledgements are due to the Bodleian Library, University of
Oxford, the British Library, the National Archives, and the Newberry
Library, Chicago, for quotations (identified, via the References and
Bibliographical Notes) from manuscripts in their collections.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Rent record and laundry lists (1677); see pp. 138, xxviii. (Reproduced by
permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, from MS Locke f.15,
p. 80.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke’s last portrait (1704), for Anthony Collins, by Godfrey Kneller; see pp. xv,
456. (Reproduced by permission of Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond.
Bequest of Dr Bernard Samuels in memory of his mother Kathleen Boone
Samuels.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke’s birthplace, circa 1885; see p. 6. (Reproduced by permission of PFD on
behalf of the Estate of Maurice Cranston.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Example of Locke’s shorthand (trans. at Leyden: 257); see p. 57. (Reproduced
by permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, from MS Locke
f.1, p. 404.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
First page of draft B of De Intellectu; see p. 106. (Reproduced by permission of
the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, from MS Locke f.26, p. 3.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke’s Tours of France 1675–1679. (Reproduced by permission of Cambridge
University Press from John Lough, Locke’s Travels in France (1675–1679), 1953.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke’s Netherlands.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Example of Locke’s accounts; see p. 237. (Reproduced by permission of the
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, from MS Locke f.15, p. 50.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Copy for writing designed by Locke; see p. 254. (Reproduced by courtesy of the
University of Liverpool Library, from Thomas I. M. Forster, Original Letters of
Locke, etc. 1830.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
The earliest known portrait of Locke (c. 1672–76), by John Greenhill.
(Reproduced by permission of the National Portrait Gallery.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Page from Locke’s weather register at Oates; see p. 307. (Reproduced by
permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, from MS Locke d.9,
p. 486.)
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81786-8 - Locke: A Biography
Roger Woolhouse
Frontmatter
More information
Locke’s England.
© Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org