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6.5.12 Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation and Fixed Site)
6.5.12.1
Hazard Identification
Description of the Hazardous Materials Incident Hazard
A hazardous material is a biological, chemical or physical agent with the potential to cause harm to the environment or
people on its own or when combined with other factors or materials
Hazardous materials incidents are technological (meaning non-natural hazards created or influenced by humans)
events that involve large-scale accidental or intentional releases of chemical, biological, or radiological (nuclear)
materials. Hazardous materials come in the form of explosives, flammable and combustible substances, toxic
releases and waste materials. These substances are most often released as a result of transportation accidents or
because of chemical accidents in plants. Hazardous materials in various forms can cause death, serious injury, longlasting health effects, and damage to buildings, homes, and other property. Many products containing hazardous
chemicals are used and stored in homes routinely. These products are also shipped daily on the nation's highways,
railroads, waterways, and pipelines.
Hazardous materials are monitored and recorded by the US Environmental Protection Agency (ESP) through the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which is a publically accessible database that contains information on toxic chemical
releases and other hazardous materials activities. Data is reported annually by certain industry groups and various
federal agencies. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
of 1986 (EPCRA) and later expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
Each year, facilities that meet specified thresholds must report their releases and other waste management activities
for listed toxic chemicals to the EPA and to their State or tribal entity. A facility must report incidents that meet the
following criteria:
1. The facility falls within one of the following industrial categories:
a. Manufacturing,
b. Metal mining,
c. Coal mining,
d. Electric generating facilities that combust coal and/or oil,
e. Chemical wholesale distributors,
f. Petroleum terminals and bulk storage facilities,
g. RCRA Subtitle C treatment, storage and disposal (TSD) facilities, and
h. Solvent recovery services;
2. Has 10 or more full-time employees (or equivalent); and
3. Manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds or uses more than 10,000 pounds of any listed
chemical during the calendar year. Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals are subject to
different thresholds of 10 pounds, 100 pounds, or 0.1 grams, depending on the chemical.
Tier II data is a publicly available database from the Texas Department of State Health Services Tier 2 Chemical
Reporting Program. Under the community right-to-know regulations imposed at the state and federal levels, all
facilities that store significant quantities of hazardous chemicals must share this information with state and local
emergency responders and planners. Facilities in Texas share this information by filing annual hazardous chemical
inventories with the state, Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), and local fire departments. The Texas
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Tier 2 reports contain facility identification information and detailed chemical data about the hazardous materials
stored at the facility.
A facility must report chemicals to the Tier II database if it meets the following criteria:
1. Any company using chemicals that could present a physical or health hazard, or
2. If an industry has an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) deemed chemical that exceeds
the appropriate threshold at any point in time. These chemicals may be on a list of 356 Extremely Hazardous
Substances (EHS), or may be one of the 650,000 reportable hazardous substances that do not appear on the
EHS list.
Hazardous Materials pose a secondary event risk to communities when they are involved in transportation accidents.
Transport by ground, rail and water is a common occurrence in the US.
Severity of the Hazardous Materials Incident Hazard
The severity of this hazard is a range. Minor incidents would likely cause no damage and little disruption. Major
incidents could have fatal and disastrous consequences. The severity of a hazardous material release relates
primarily to its impact on human safety and welfare and on the threat to the environment.
Threat to Human Safety and Welfare
Poisoning of water or food sources and/or supply
Presence of toxic fumes or explosive conditions
Damage to personal property
Need for the evacuation of people
Interference with public or commercial transportation
Threat to the environment
Injury or loss of animals or plants or habitats that are of economic or ecological importance such as;
commercial, recreation, or subsistence fisheries (marine plants, crustaceans, shellfish, aquaculture facilities)
or livestock; seal haul outs; and marine bird rookeries
Impact to ecological reserves, forests, parks, archaeological, and cultural sites
Impact to People and Property from the Hazardous Materials Incident Hazard
Hazardous materials or toxic releases can have a substantial impact. Such events can cause multiple deaths,
completely shut down facilities for thirty days or more, and cause more than 50 percent of affected properties to be
destroyed or suffer major damage. In a hazardous materials incident, solid, liquid and/or gaseous contaminants may
be released from fixed or mobile containers, although this profile focuses on fixed sites. Weather conditions will
directly affect how the hazard develops. The micro-meteorological effects of the buildings and terrain can alter travel
and duration of agents. Shielding in the form of sheltering-in-place can protect people and property from harmful
effects. Non-compliance with fire and building codes, as well as failure to maintain existing fire and containment
features can substantially increase the damage from a hazardous materials release. The duration of a hazardous
materials incident can range from hours to days. Warning time for hazardous materials incidents is minimal to none.
In addition to the primary release, explosions and/or fires can result from a release, and contaminants can be
extended beyond the initial area by persons, vehicles, water, wind and wildlife.
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HAZMAT incidents can also occur as a result of or in tandem with natural hazard events, such as floods, hurricanes,
tornadoes and earthquakes, which in addition to causing incidents can also hinder response efforts. In the case of
Hurricane Floyd in September 1999, communities along the Eastern United States were faced with flooded
junkyards, disturbed cemeteries, deceased livestock, floating propane tanks, uncontrolled fertilizer spills and a variety
of other environmental pollutants that caused widespread concern.
Occurrences of the Hazardous Materials Incident Hazard
Approximately 6,774 HAZMAT events occur each year, 5,517 of which are highway incidents, 991 are railroad
incidents and 266 are due to other causes (FEMA, 1997).
In 1984, a deadly cloud of methyl isocyanate killed thousands of people in Bhopal, India. Shortly thereafter, there was
a serious chemical release at a sister plant in West Virginia. These incidents underscored demands by industrial
workers and communities in several states for information on hazardous materials. Public interest and environmental
organizations around the country accelerated demands for information on toxic chemicals being released "beyond
the fence line" -- outside of the facility. Against this background, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-toKnow Act (EPCRA) was enacted in 1986.
EPCRA's primary purpose is to inform communities and citizens of chemical hazards in their areas. EPCRA Section
313 requires EPA and the States to collect data annually on releases and transfers of certain toxic chemicals from
industrial facilities and make the data available to the public in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). In 1990 Congress
passed the Pollution Prevention Act which requires facilities to report additional data on waste management and
source reduction activities to EPA under TRI. The goal of TRI is to provide communities with information about toxic
chemical releases and waste management activities and to support informed decision making at all levels by
industry, government, non-governmental organizations, and the public. EPA compiles the TRI data submitted by
regulated facilities each year and makes the data available through several Web-based tools.
Table 6.5.12.1-1 lists the number of toxic release incidents in the AACOG area reported to the EPA in 2008.
Table 6.5.12.1-1
TRI Report for AACOG Area (2008)
County
Atascosa County
Bandera County
Bexar County
Comal County
Frio County
Gillespie County
Guadalupe
County
Karnes County
Kerr County
Medina County
Wilson County
Total On-Site
Disposal or
Other Releases
(in pounds)
Total Off-Site
Disposal or
Other Releases
(in pounds)
2,971,109.821
0
804,374.0147
41,243.47428
0
250
0
0
224,621.1786
534
0
0
Total On- and
Off-Site Disposal
or Other
Releases
(in pounds)
2,971,109.821
0
1,028,995.193
41,777.47428
0
250
168,664.512
1,472,777.103
1,641,441.615
126,101.64
0
0
10,481
0
0
0
516
126,101.64
0
0
10,997
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All areas in the planning area have the possibility to experience the hazardous materials incident hazard. The most
recent, significant event reported by the participants in the plan update was the AGE Refinery Fire that occurred in
the City of San Antonio (Bexar County) in May 2010. The fire began with a 7,500 gallon diesel tanker truck
explosion, and lasted for more than 5 hours. Due to the event and the possible consequences, a large evacuation
was undertaken, with a one-mile perimeter set around the incident (this was later reduced to one-half mile). The
incident resulted in two injuries and no fatalities. No lasting environmental impacts were recorded or reported by any
monitoring agency.
Probability of Future Occurrences of the Hazardous Materials Incident Hazard
Based on historic occurrences and local knowledge, the probability of a future occurrence of the hazardous materials
incident hazard is moderate. It should be noted, however, that the consequences of even a small event could be
catastrophic.
Location and Extent of the Hazardous Materials Incident Hazard
The following maps show the location of the hazardous materials incident hazard throughout the planning area.
These maps include both fixed site and transportation hazards potential locations. The first map illustrates the
regional hazard; the following maps illustrate the location of the hazard at the county-level, with transportation
hazards presented first. Unless otherwise noted, all fixed site locations are Tier II facilities.
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Map 6.5.12.1-1
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Regional
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Map 6.5.12.1-2
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Atascosa County
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Map 6.5.12.1-3
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II and TRI) Hazard Locations – Atascosa County
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Map 6.5.12.1-4
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II) Hazard Locations – Bandera County
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Map 6.5.12.1-5
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Bexar County
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Map 6.5.12.1-6
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II) Hazard Locations – Bexar County
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Map 6.5.12.1-7
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Comal County
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Map 6.5.12.1-8
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II) Hazard Locations – Comal County
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Map 6.5.12.1-9
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site - TRI) Hazard Locations – Comal County
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Map 6.5.12.1-10
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Frio County
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Map 6.5.12.1-11
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II) Hazard Locations – Frio County
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Map 6.5.12.1-12
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Gillespie County
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Map 6.5.12.1-13
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II) Hazard Locations – Gillespie County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – TRI) Hazard Locations – Gillespie County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Guadalupe County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – Tier II) Hazard Locations – Guadalupe County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Karnes County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Kerr County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site - Tier II) Hazard Locations – Kerr County
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Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation) Hazard Locations – Wilson County
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Map 6.5.12.2-27
Potential Hazardous Materials Incident (Fixed Site – TRI) Hazard Locations – Wilson County
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6.5.12.2
Risk Assessment
This subsection of the Plan Updates provides estimates of future hazardous materials incident (transportation and
fixed site) losses, i.e. risk. Each of the loss calculations is based on best available data, but they must be considered
estimates because highly detailed engineering was not performed as part of this planning process.
Methodology and Limitations
After discussion and review of the best available data regarding this hazard, and in consideration of the potential
impacts of this hazard to the planning area, the EMC determined that the risk assessment should be limited to a
qualitative analysis. At the time of this update, insufficient data exists to quantify the planning area’s risks from and
exposure to this hazard.
Qualitative
Each participating jurisdiction was asked to provide a qualitative risk assessment ranking regarding the hazardous
materials incident (transportation and fixed site) hazard. (For definitions of these rankings, please see Table 6.4-1,
earlier in this section.) The results of this assessment are presented in the table below.
6.5.12.2-1
Qualitative Risk Assessment Results – Hazardous Materials Incident (Transportation & Fixed Site)
Jurisdictions Ranking
Jurisdictions Ranking
Jurisdictions Ranking Hazard as High
Hazard as Low
Hazard as Moderate
City of Alamo Heights
Bexar County
Atascosa County
City of Pearsall
City of Balcones
City of Helotes
City of Charlotte
Guadalupe County
Heights
City of Leon Valley
City of Christine
City of New Berlin
City of St. Hedwig
City of Somerset
City of Jourdanton
City of Schertz
City of Terrell Hills
City of Windcrest
City of Lytle
City of Seguin
Comal County
Frio County
City of Pleasanton
Karnes County
City of Garden Ridge
City of Dilley
City of Poteet
City of Karnes
City of Bulverde
Gillespie County
Bandera County
City of Kenedy
City of New Braunfels
City of Fredericksburg
City of Bandera
City of Runge
City of La Vernia
Kerr County
City of Converse
City of Falls City
City of Ingram
City of Kirby
Medina County
City of Kerrville
City of Live Oak
City of Castroville
Wilson County
City of San Antonio
City of Devine
City of Stockdale
City of Universal City
City of Hondo
San Antonio River
City of Von Ormy
City of Natalia
Authority
Data to collect in order to improve this methodology prior to the Plan Update includes:
Location of critical and sensitive facilities within the buffer zones of identified hazardous materials
transportation routes and fixed site facilities
Risk Assessment Conclusions
The potential exists that a significant number of critical facilities within each jurisdiction fall within the various
hazardous materials buffer zones. Jurisdictions should consider an evaluation of these facilities to determine if
mitigation actions are needed.
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