Table of Contents
Indicators
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Letter to the Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ohio Academic Content Standards Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . 7
Investigation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 1
Earth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Lesson 1
The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
ESS.1
Lesson 2
Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ESS.2, ESS.3
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 2
Life Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lesson 3
Functions of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
LS.1, LS.3
Lesson 4
Levels of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
LS.2
Lesson 5
Asexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
LS.4, LS.5
Lesson 6
Sexual Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
LS.6
Lesson 7
Inherited versus Learned Behavior . . . . . . 48
LS.7
Lesson 8
Interaction of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
LS.8
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 3
Physical Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lesson 9
Volume, Mass, and Density . . . . . . . . . . . 64
PS.1
Lesson 10
Physical and Chemical Changes . . . . . . . 68
PS.2, PS.3, PS.4
Lesson 11
Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
PS.5, PS.6, PS.8
Lesson 12
The Production of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . 76
PS.7
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
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Ohio Achievement Test Coach, Science, Grade 6
Chapter 4
Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Lesson 13
Technology and the Quality of Life . . . . . . 86
ST.1, ST.2
Lesson 14
Effects of Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
ST.3
Lesson 15
Systems and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
ST.4
Lesson 16
Designing and Building Products . . . . . . . 98
ST.5
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter 5
Scientific Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Lesson 17
Procedures for Investigations . . . . . . . . . 108
SI.1
Lesson 18
Using Tools and Instruments . . . . . . . . . 113
SI.2
Lesson 19
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
SI.2
Lesson 20
Observations, Inferences, and Proofs . . 122
SI.3, SI.4
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Chapter 6
Scientific Ways of Knowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Lesson 21
Hypotheses and Everyday Problems . . . 132
SWK.1, SWK.3
Lesson 22
Keeping Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
SWK.2
Lesson 23
Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
SWK.4, SWK.5
Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Investigation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
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8
Interaction of Organisms
LS.8
Getting the Idea
Key Words
producer
photosynthesis
consumer
decomposer
food chain
food web
All living organisms need energy to carry out basic
functions. They get that energy by breaking down
food. Green plants use the sun’s energy to make their own
food. Animals must eat other organisms. Energy flows among
organisms in pathways called food chains and food webs.
Producers and Consumers
An organism that can make its own food is called a producer.
Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are producers. Green
plants capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make a sugar
called glucose. Glucose is stored chemical energy, or food. The
process by which green plants use energy from sunlight to make
their own food is called photosynthesis.
Most producers are plants. However, algae and some bacteria
are producers, too. Grasses, shrubs, and trees are some common
examples of producers found in land environments. Algae are
common producers in water environments.
Organisms that eat plants or other organisms to get their
energy are called consumers. All animals and many bacteria
are consumers. Animals cannot make their own food, so they
must eat plants or other animals. Consumers that eat only plants
are called herbivores. Mice, rabbits, and caterpillars are some
examples of herbivores. A carnivore is an animal that eats only
other animals. Wolves, snakes, hawks, spiders, and many other
animals are carnivores. An animal that gets energy by eating both
plants and animals is called an omnivore. What are you?
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Lesson 8: Interaction of Organisms
Decomposers
What happens to leaves that drop from trees in the fall? What
about dead branches that fall from trees? What happens to dead
organisms? A dead branch or a dead squirrel has energy and
nutrients stored in its tissues. Organisms called decomposers
break down and feed on dead organisms.
Decomposers do this to get energy for themselves. They also
recycle nutrients back into the soil and water. That helps plants
and other producers get the nutrients they need. Earthworms
are decomposers. Many decomposers are tiny bacteria. Fungi,
including mushrooms, are also decomposers.
Food Chains and Food Webs
Life on Earth depends on energy from the sun. Plants capture
the energy of sunlight during photosynthesis. They store this
energy as chemical energy, or food. The energy is passed on to
consumers that feed on plants. So producers are the first step
in any energy pathway. One way to describe how organisms
interact to get the energy they need is to draw a food chain.
A food chain shows the path of energy as it flows from one
organism to the next.
Producer
Primary
consumer
Secondary
consumer
Tertiary
consumer
Decomposer
In this food chain, grass uses the energy of sunlight to make
energy-rich glucose. The energy moves to the mouse when the
mouse eats the grass. All consumers that eat plants are called
primary consumers because they are the first consumers to get
the energy. When the snake eats the mouse, it gets the mouse’s
energy. The snake is a secondary consumer because it is the
second consumer in the food chain. Secondary consumers are
always either carnivores or omnivores because they eat an animal
that ate a plant. The energy is passed on to the hawk when it eats
the mouse. The hawk is called a tertiary consumer because it is
the third consumer in the chain.
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Ohio Achievement Test Coach, Science, Grade 6
Did You Know
Some producers
live on the ocean
floor, where
sunlight cannot
reach. These
producers are
bacteria. They
live near vents
that release
superheated
water. The
bacteria make
their own food by
using chemicals
that spew out
from the vents.
This process
is known as
chemosynthesis.
A food chain cannot describe all the ways the organisms in
an environment interact to get energy. Most organisms do not
eat just one other kind of organism. A food web is a diagram
of several connected food chains. Can you follow the paths of
energy through the food web below? How many food chains can
you find? Remember that energy cannot move backward along
these pathways. Follow the arrows.
Snake
Hawk
Frog
Fox
Grasshopper
Mouse
Grass
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Plants and animals depend on each other in another very
important way. Plants need carbon dioxide, a gas, for
photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and
give off oxygen. Animals need oxygen to live. They breathe in
the oxygen that plants give off. In return, animals breathe out the
carbon dioxide that plants need.
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Lesson 8: Interaction of Organisms
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Look at the diagram below.
A Meadow Food Web
Fox
Hawk
Snake
Rabbit
Shrew
Bird
Cricket
Caterpillar
Grasses
Find three different ways that the sun’s energy moves from the grass
through other organisms in this ecosystem.
LESSON REVIEW
1.
2.
What do a snake, a hawk, and a fox have in common?
A.
They all produce their own food.
B.
They all get their energy from eating animals.
C.
They are all decomposers.
D.
They all get their energy from eating plants.
What is photosynthesis?
A.
the process by which decomposers break down dead material
B.
a pathway of energy in a food chain or food web
C.
the process by which plants use sunlight to make their
own food
D.
the process by which animals release carbon dioxide into the air
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Ohio Achievement Test Coach, Science, Grade 6
3.
4.
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What is the original source of energy in the food web shown on
page 55?
A.
grass
B.
sunlight
C.
cricket
D.
fox
Which of these are NOT producers?
A.
earthworms
B.
grasses
C.
algae
D.
trees
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