Chapter 4
Type, Pattern, Size and Spacing of
Settlements
120
INTRODUCTION
Type and pattern terms find place in geographical literature, particularly in rural
settlement geography, conveying various meanings, some time as synonymous, at others
interchangeable and yet others as one being element or part of the other.
Finch and Trewartha refer to primary types of settlement
i.
The isolated or dispersed some, also called it as scattered.
ii.
The nucleated, some also called it as compact, clustered, or agglomerated
settlement.
Hudson says that the major patterns in rural area are either nucleated or dispersed. In
addition, the first report of commission on types of rural settlements published by the
International Geographical Union in 1928 recognized only two types of settlements, compact
and dispersed. Emrys Jones defined pattern of settlement, as the relationship between one
house or building and another. To isolate a relationship he refers to large-scale map. He
thinks that often pattern is unrelated to site and site may have little or no bearing on pattern.
However, Finch and Trewartha attribute the contrasts in the arrangement of streets and
houses i.e. patterns to the site as well as historical cause. Thus, it is clear that
1)
Type of settlements refers to relationship of number of dwelling and number
of sites.
2)
Pattern of settlements refers to geometric form and shape of the settlement,
which may be of different types.
When one can describe the type, intra-settlement analysis of inter-dwelling distance
clarifies the occupancy of village territory on one or more than one sites. This provides the
picture of nucleation or dispersion and it becomes a type. However, when one can refer to a
certain form of settlement depicting a particular shape, a distinct pattern gets a name
according to geometrical attributes i.e. L shape, linear, square etc.
121
4.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE TYPE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Settlement is cluster of houses including surrounding land where people take their
shelter and keep their possession. It is a simple and small agglomeration of people at a
favourable site and it is influenced by physical and economic factors. Source of water
supply, river, and nature of soil are the main factors affecting compactness or dispersed
nature of rural settlements. Socio-economic factors such as land use pattern, agricultural
pattern and density of population influence on compactness or dispersion of rural settlement.
4.2 TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT
According to R.L. Singh (1975) “the term village means a group of dwellings which
may be compact, semi-compact or hamleted clusters and
linear, emerging as a result of
interplay of both physical and cultural factors.” According to this definition, settlements
have different types. These types are more suitable for Kopargaon tahsil.
1)
Compact settlement.
2)
Semi-compact or hamleted-clustered settlements.
3)
Semi-sprinkled or fragmented settlements.
4)
Dispersed or sprinkled settlements.
1)
Compact rural settlements type
It is known as nucleated, clustered or compact rural settlement. In this type, the
houses are closely located and the streets are very narrow. The streets connect center of the
village with the periphery and vice versa. Tank, Temple, Baniyan tree, fort and landlord
houses are center of attraction in a village around which the houses are located. In addition,
it is define as “A settlement of one nuclei or agglomerated without any sub hamlet called as
compact settlement
2)
Semi-compact rural settlements type
It is also called hamleted clustered or quasi-compact rural settlement. In this type
besides the main human settlement, one or more satellite settlements (wadi, wasti) are found,
which linked with the footpath may be metalled or unmetlled road.
122
3)
Semi-sprinkled rural settlements type
It may be called fragmented or hamlated rural settlement. This type of settlement has
number of hamlets and therefore, no recognizable central site and is called as semi-sprinkled
settlements. In this settlement, the entire territory exhibits hamlets which spread within the
village as well as, which houses are away from each other but entire group of houses make
one village.
4)
Dispersed rural settlement type
It is also known as sprinkled rural settlement. It shows the scattered dwellings or the
houses are found quite apart from each other due to farms or fields. This type of settlement
has higher spacing and lower population size and houses are comparatively far apart.
4.3 QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR TYPE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
Quantitative methods used to find out types of rural settlements. Various geographers
have developed these methods. Some of these significant quantitative methods are used to
measuring the indices of agglomeration and dispersion.
123
1) BERNARD METHOD FOR SETTLEMENT CONCENTRATION
Table No. 4.1 Bernard Index of Concentration 1961 To 2001
Sr.
No.
1
Name of Tahsil
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Akola
1301
1531
1538
1940
2017
2
Sangamner
2489
2998
3014
3675
4599
3
Kopargaon
4055
4508
5080
6237
5887
4
Rahta
-
-
-
-
11564
5
Shrirampur
5071
6302
7004
8016
9428
6
Nevasa
1788
2084
2511
3799
5089
7
Shevgaon
1438
1656
2127
2943
3367
8
Pathardi
2633
2916
2143
2620
2820
9
Nagar
5746
5877
7018
10678
17827
10
Rahuri
3448
4027
3585
4878
6261
11
Parner
3031
3203
3543
4074
5302
12
Shrigonda
4360
4956
4471
5186
6565
13
Karjat
3743
3812
3466
3618
4214
14
Jamkhed
3824
4185
2412
2586
3224
District
3052
3457
3482
4330
5370
Source: computed by researcher
124
Figure No. 4.1 Bernard Index of Concentration
125
According to Table No. 4.1 and Figure No. 4.1 it is observed that with the increase
of decade, there is increase of concentration of settlement type except few tahsils. The
maximum concentration of settlements throughout five decade is found in Nagar and
Shrirampur tahsils. But other some tahsils show gradual increase in concentration of
settlements from 1961 to 2001 decade. These tahsils are Kopargaon, Nevasa, Shevgaon,
Parner and Shrigonda.
If one can analyses the settlement type, it is divided in four groups. They are
1)
Compact Settlement type:-
This type of settlements are found in Rahta (2001) and Nagar (1991 & 2001) tahsils
2)
Semi- compact settlement type: -
In this type Shrirampur (1961 to 2001), Kopargaon (1981 to 2001), Nagar (1961 to
1981), Shrigonda (1991 & 2001), Nevasa (2001), Rahuri (2001) and Parner (2001) tahsils
are merging.
3)
Semi- sprinkled settlement type:-
These types of settlements are found in the tahsils like Kopargaon (1961 & 1971),
Sangamner (1971 to 2001), Rahuri (1961 to 1991), Nevasa (1981 & 1991), Pathardi (1961 to
2001), Shevgaon (1991 & 2001), Parner (1961 to 1991), Shrigonda (1961 to 1981), Karjat
(1961 to 2001) and Jamkhed (1961 to 2001).
4)
Dispersed settlement type:-
It is observed that in Akola tahsil throughout five decade dispersed type of
settlements are observed, while in Sangamner (1961), Nevasa (1961 & 1971) and Shevgaon
(1961 to 1981) this type of settlements are found.
126
2) DEBOUVERIE METHOD FOR SETTLEMENT CONCENTRATION
Table No. 4.2 Debouverie Index of Concentration 1961 To 2001
Sr.
No.
Name of Tahsil
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
1
Akola
35
39
43
43
64
2
Sangamner
51
59
72
71
115
3
Kopargaon
97
110
123
119
162
4
Rahta
-
-
-
-
229
5
Shrirampur
118
145
164
150
228
6
Nevasa
44
51
70
76
122
7
Shevgaon
39
44
57
60
91
8
Pathardi
55
61
56
53
78
9
Nagar
100
105
140
156
289
10
Rahuri
68
79
89
91
145
11
Parner
48
51
58
57
90
12
Shrigonda
58
66
73
73
118
13
Karjat
52
55
59
57
85
14
Jamkhed
60
66
49
51
80
District
61
68
77
77
122
Source: computed by researcher
127
Figure No. 4.2 Debouverie Index of Concentration
128
Table No. 4.2 and Figure No. 4.2 says that high concentration of settlements found in
Shrirampur, Rahta and Nagar tahsils. Researcher divides the settlement type according to
their concentration. In it found four types of settlements they are
1)
Compact type of settlement:-
This type is found in Rahta, Shrirampur and Nagar tahsils in 2001 decade only.
2)
Semi – compact type of settlement:-
It is observed in tahsils like Shrirampur (1961 to 1991), Kopargaon (1971 to 2001),
Nagar (1971 to 1991), Sangamner (2001), Rahuri (2001), Nevasa (2001) and Shrigonda
(2001).
3)
Semi – sprinkled type of settlement:-
Such settlement type is involved in tahsils like Sangamner (1961 to 1991),
Kopargaon (1961), Rahuri (1961 to 1991), Nevasa (1971 to 1991), Shevgaon (1981 to 2001),
Pathardi (1961 to 2001), Nagar (1961), Parner (1971 to 2001), Shrigonda (1961 to 1991),
Karjat (1961 to 2001), Jamkhed (1961 to 2001) and Akola (2001).
4)
Dispersed type of settlement:-
It is merges in the tahsils like Akola in the decade of 1961 to 1991, Parner (1961),
Nevasa (1961) and Shevgaon (1961 & 1971).
129
3) DEMANGEON METHOD FOR SETTLEMENT DISPERSION
Table No. 4.3 Demangeon Index of Dispersion1961 To 2001
Sr.
No.
Name of Tahsil
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
1
Akola
153
153
170
179
191
2
Sangamner
120
116
133
140
140
3
Kopargaon
88
88
88
76
60
4
Rahta
-
-
-
-
51
5
Shrirampur
65
62
62
62
36
6
Nevasa
121
121
128
129
129
7
Shevgaon
122
121
111
111
112
8
Pathardi
92
92
122
116
121
9
Nagar
54
55
57
62
40
10
Rahuri
82
82
81
75
75
11
Parner
114
114
131
131
131
12
Shrigonda
85
85
104
104
104
13
Karjat
81
81
108
117
121
14
Jamkhed
55
55
87
87
69
District
1184
1175
1308
1308
1271
Source: computed by researcher
130
Figure No. 4.3 Demangeon Index of Dispersion
131
The degree of dispersion is opposite condition of concentration. It means that the
value of index (result) is high than it’s indicate dispersed type of settlement and as the index
of dispersion is reduced it indicates semi- sprinkled, semi- compact and compact settlement
type.
According to Table No. 4.3 and Figure No. 4.3 Akola tahsil holds high degree of
dispersion while the tahsils like Shrirampur and Nagar show low degree of dispersion. The
spatio-temporal analysis of study region is as follows
1)
Dispersed type of settlement:-
This type of settlement was found in Akola tahsil only in five decade i.e. 1961 to
2001.
2)
Semi-sprinkled type of settlement:-
The tahsils like Sangamner (1961 to 2001), Nevasa (1961 to 2001), Shevgaon (1961
to 2001), Parner (1961 to 2001), Pathardi (1981 to 2001), Shrigonda (1981 to 2001) and
Karjat (1981 to 2001).
3)
Semi-compact type of settlement:-
This type of settlement merges in tahsils like Kopargaon (1961 to 2001), Rahta
(2001), Shrirampur (1961 to 1991), Pathardi (1961 & 1971), Nagar (1961 to 1991), Rahuri
(1961 to 2001), Shrigonda (1961 & 1971), Karjat (1961 & 1971) and Jamkhed (1961 to
2001).
4)
Compact type of settlement:-
It is observed in tahsils like Shrirampur and Nagar only in last decade i.e. in 2001.
132
4) HOUSTON METHOD FOR SETTLEMENT DISPERSION
Table No. 4.4 Houston Index of Dispersion1961 To 2001
Sr.
No.
Name of Tahsil
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
1
Akola
1.9386
1.6406
1.5408
1.3909
1.1447
2
Sangamner
1.6232
1.1748
1.0518
0.8943
0.7683
3
Kopargaon
0.5783
0.4500
0.4488
0.3843
0.2670
4
Rahta
-
-
-
-
0.1691
5
Shrirampur
0.3891
0.2867
0.2611
0.2610
0.1788
6
Nevasa
1.3556
1.0634
0.7422
0.6521
0.5665
7
Shevgaon
1.4463
1.1761
0.9520
0.8265
0.6675
8
Pathardi
1.0150
0.8154
1.0595
1.0122
0.8534
9
Nagar
1.2574
0.8830
0.7079
0.5996
0.5583
10
Rahuri
0.8182
0.6041
0.4956
0.4335
0.3815
11
Parner
1.6728
1.4172
1.5602
1.2151
1.0795
12
Shrigonda
1.2632
1.0182
1.0084
0.8680
0.7347
13
Karjat
1.3166
1.0232
1.2702
0.9968
0.9292
14
Jamkhed
0.7465
0.6464
1.1256
0.7803
0.7173
District
13.3217
10.2671
9.9655
8.4746
7.4017
Source: computed by researcher
133
Figure No. 4.4 Houston Index of Dispersion
134
According to Houston’s method of dispersion, Akola tahsil shows the tendency of
high degree of dispersion while tahsils like Rahta and Shrirampur show low degree of
dispersion. (Table No. 4.4 and Figure No. 4.4) Due to fluctuation of dispersion index it
divided into four types. They are
1)
Dispersed type of settlement:This type of settlements is found in Akola tahsil in first three decade (1961 to
1981), Sangamner (1961) and Parner (1961 & 1981).
2)
Semi- sprinkled type of settlement:It is observed in Akola (1991 & 2001), Sangamner (1971 & 1981), Nevasa (1961
& 1971), Shevgaon (1961 & 1971), Nagar (1961), Parner (1971, 1991 & 2001), Shrigonda
(1961), Karjat (1961 to 1981) and Jamkhed (1981) tahsils.
3)
Semi- compact type of settlement:In the study region this type of settlements are alighted in tahsils like Sangamner
(1991 & 2001), Kopargaon (1961), Nevasa (1981 to 2001), Shevgaon (1981 to 2001),
Pathardi (1961 to 2001), Nagar (1971 to 2001), Rahuri (1961 & 1971), Shrigonda (1971 to
2001), Karjat (1971, 1991 & 2001) and Jamkhed (1961, 1971, 1991 & 2001).
4)
Compact type of settlement:The tahsils like Kopargaon (1971 to 2001), Rahta (2001), Shrirampur (1961 to
2001) and Rahuri (1981 to 2001) are hold compact type of settlement.
The above explanation of four methods are not show the proper interpretation
about the type because each shows different result it is due to change in parameters but to
understand the common type of settlement is important, so researcher considers all the
methods and sums up according to type and time, it gives 20 combination (except Rahta
because it is new tahsil which was born at the day of 26 June 1999) i.e. five decade (1961 to
2001) with four methods namely Barnard, Debouverie, Demangaon and Houston, it shows in
Table No. 4.4 and Figure No. 4.4. According to this following results are derive
135
Type of settlements in study region
Table No. 4.5 Type of settlements in study region
Sr.
No.
1
Name of
Tahsil
Akola
Compact
0
Semi compact
0
Semi - Dispersed
sprinkled
03
17
2
Sangamner
0
3
15
02
Semi – sprinkled
3
Kopargaon
4
13
03
00
Semi – compact
4
Rahta
5
-
-
-
Compact
5
Shrirampur
7
13
00
00
Semi – compact
6
Nevasa
0
05
12
03
Semi – sprinkled
7
Shevgaon
0
03
12
05
Semi – sprinkled
8
Pathardi
0
07
13
00
Semi – sprinkled
9
Nagar
5
14
01
00
Semi – compact
10
Rahuri
3
09
08
00
Semi – compact
11
Parner
0
01
16
03
Semi – sprinkled
12
Shrigonda
1
09
10
00
Semi – sprinkled
13
Karjat
0
05
15
00
Semi – sprinkled
14
Jamkhed
0
09
11
00
Semi – sprinkled
District
25
91
119
30
Semi – sprinkled
Source: computed by researcher
136
Result
Dispersed
Figure No. 4.5 Type of Settlements in Study Region
137
1)
Compact type of settlement : -
This type of settlement was found in only Rahta tahsil. In this tahsil, size of
settlement in terms of population is very high i.e. above 4000 person with compare to other
tahsils in the study region. In the Rahta tahsil also black soil is found which is highly
productive in entire study region. Slope also less than 30 and it is highly irrigated area so the
population size of settlement is large and it also affects on the type of settlement which is
compact in nature.
2)
Semi- compact type of settlement :-
The semi-compact type of settlement is found in the tahsils like Kopargaon,
Shrirampur, Nagar and Rahuri. It is the result of industrialization, urbanization, good soil
productivity, more employment opportunity, good transportation facility. So population size
of tahsils is ranges between moderate to very high (more than 2000 persons). That is why in
this tahsils semi-compact type of settlement was found.
3)
Semi- sprinkled type of settlement:-
Most of tahsils in study area are merges in semi-sprinkled type of settlement. These
tahsils are Sangamner, Nevasa, Shevgaon, Pathardi, Parner, Shrigonda, Karjat and Jamkhed.
The most of these tahsils are suffer by water scarcity in late winter and summer season, less
irrigation facility which affects on agricultural activity, an undulating land, less industrial
activity. So the size of settlement in terms of population low to moderate i.e. 1001 to 3000
persons.
4)
Dispersed type of settlement:-
In Akola tahsil dispersed type of settlement is found because this tahsil is merging in
hilly area, heavy rainfall zone, less productive soil, less employment opportunity. All this
unfavorable conditions lead to very low to low population size of settlement i.e. less than
2000 persons which lead to dispersed type of settlement.
138
NEAREST NEIGHBOUR ANALYSIS
Nearest neighbour analysis is a measurement in which the distribution computed for
settlements and their distance. It is known as the randomness in the distribution of pattern of
settlement. The ratio (Rn) of the observed mean distance and the expected mean distance
between settlements varies from 0 to 2.15, when Rn. = 0 indicating absolute clustering, Rn =
0.23 clustering along line, Rn = 1 completely random and Rn = 2.15 suggesting maximum
regular spacing, when one can observed critical value (Rn. Ideal values) which is
exceptionally occurs (i.e. critical value 0. 23, 1.00 and 2.15). So the approximate range has
been used to categories the type of settlement. In Table No. 4.6 and Figure No. 4.6 most of
Rn. values of study area is ranging in a group 0.23 to 1.00 which means tendency of
settlement is clustering along line. This is tendency found in tahsils like Akola (0.79),
Kopargaon (0.91), Rahta (0.89), Shrirampur (0.83), Nevasa (0.97), Shevgaon (0.90),
Pathardi (0.86), Nagar (0.83), Rahuri (0.68), Shrigonda (0.84), Karjat (0.91), Jamkhed (0.99)
and in whole district average Rn. value (0.89). This Rn. value is shifting from ideal Rn.
value 1 and marching towards ideal value 0.23 it is because numbers of settlements are
increase decade to decade and area remain same. It means that if number of settlement
increases with respect to time in a same area then the settlement type changes from
maximum regular spacing (dispersed) to compact type. The establishment of the new
settlement is the function of physical and economic factors, if this factor is favourable than
new settlement establish and vice versa. The result of nearest neighbour analysis is also
indirectly get influenced by these factors namely physical (soil, slope, drainage,
physiography, climate, water availability etc.) and economic factors (transportation,
agriculture, industry etc). In the study region tahsils like Sangamner (1.01) and Parner (1.02)
shows completely random settlement type. These tahsils are very close to ideal Rn value
1.00. If in future an intensity of irrigation facility and industrial activity get increase in this
tahsil than they change their type with respect to time.
139
Nearest Neighbour Analysis
Table No. 4.6 Settlement Type by Nearest Neighbour Analysis
Sr.
No.
Name of Tahsil
Index value
(Rn)
Settlement Type
1
Akola
0.79
Clustering along line
2
Sangamner
1.01
Completely random
3
Kopargaon
0.91
Clustering along line
4
Rahta
0.89
Clustering along line
5
Shrirampur
0.83
Clustering along line
6
Nevasa
0.97
Clustering along line
7
Shevgaon
0.90
Clustering along line
8
Pathardi
0.86
Clustering along line
9
Nagar
0.83
Clustering along line
10
Rahuri
0.68
Clustering along line
11
Parner
1.02
Completely random
12
Shrigonda
0.84
Clustering along line
13
Karjat
0.91
Clustering along line
14
Jamkhed
0.99
Clustering along line
District
0.89
Clustering along line
Source: computed by researcher
140
Figure No. 4.6 Nearest Neighbour Analysis
141
4.4 SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN STUDY REGION
In the studies area there are 1587 rural settlements. Study of each settlement pattern
is quite difficult, so researcher study those rural settlements which are having more than
5000 population according to 2001 census. For the study purpose researcher uses Google
Earth images. It shows proper analysis of shape of settlement than the toposheet settlements
shape. The Google Earth images are recent, so it gives proper shape than old toposheet
settlement pattern.
1)
Square Pattern
A square shaped village develops at the instruction of the road and cart tract as a
settlement occurs simultaneously in all the four quadrants. Examples of such villages are
Wadala Mahadeo, Aniatpur, Shrigonda, Mungi, Umbre, Deolali Pravara, Sawali Vihir Bk.,
Sakuri, Wakadi, Wadgaon Pan, Ashwi Bk., Rashin, Dahamori, Suregaon, Pohegaon Bk.,
Kharwandi, Shinganapur, Dhavalpuri, Takali Dhokeshwar. (Figure No. 4.7)
Figure No. 4.7 Square Pattern
142
2)
Rectangular Pattern
The aggregation of rectangular or square buildings in the plots of same shape results
into rectangular plans of the village. The advantages of rectangular shape lie in
accommodating maximum number of houses in several rows. Examples are Nipani
Wadgaon, Bhokar, Loni Vyanknath, Nimgaon Jali, Wari, Nimblak, Pimpalgaon Malvi,
Chichondi Patil, Belpimpalgaon, Kolhar Kh, Baragaon Nandur. (Figure No. 4.8)
Figure No. 4.8 Rectangular Pattern
3)
Linear Pattern
This pattern is easily
recognized with its simple arrangement of houses along a
line like on road, river, and nalas. Examples are Padhegaon, Haregaon, Shrirampur,
Ranjangaon Kh., Babaleshwar Kh., Sakur, Mukindpur, Bhanashiware and Bramhangaon.
(Figure No. 4.9)
143
Figure No. 4.9 Linear Pattern
4)
L Shape Pattern
Along the road sometimes two rectangular blocks of houses meet at right angle,
which form the L shape pattern. For example Nannaj. (Figure No. 4.10)
Figure No. 4.10 L shape Pattern
144
5) Amorphous Pattern
Most of the villages are having no definite pattern under a single nomenclature, in
such condition amorphous pattern form. For example Rajapur, Deothan, Akola, Kotul,
Jawala, Kokamthan, Walki, Ghodegaon, Bhende Bh., Wadala Bahiroba, Chanda, Jawala,
Pathardi, Rahuri kh., Aradgaon, Bramhani, Vambori, Astagaon, Kolhar Bk., Loni Bk., Loni
kh., Gunjalwadi, Shevgaon, Shirasgaon. (Figure No. 4.11)
Figure No. 4.11 Amorphous Pattern
6)
Triangular Pattern
Sometimes villages provide particular triangular shape, the main block forms the
base and other gets extension towards the apex with road, rail or river. Example villages are
Samvatsar, Mamdapur, Sangamner, Sukewadi, Dahigaon Ne, Limpangaon, Undirgaon and
Arangaon. (Figure No. 4.12)
145
Figure No. 4.12 Triangular Pattern
7)
Double Nuclei Pattern
When a natural obstacle like nala, river, and road separates the village then double
nuclei pattern immerge. Examples are Takalibhan, Khandala, Hangewadi, Bodhegaon,
Samnapue, Shridi, Takalimiya, Rahuri, Dedgaon, Sonai, Kolpewadi, Dehere, Karjat and
kukana. (Figure No. 4.13)
146
Figure No. 4.13 Double Nuclei Pattern
8)
Semi-circular Pattern
These settlements look like crescent shape due to road river curvature or agriculture
field. Example are Mirajgaon, Kopargaon, Nevasa Kh., Parner, Miri, Puntamba, Dadh Bk,
Belwandi Bk, Kolgaon, Ukkalgaon, Karegaon, Kasti, Darewadi, Digras, Pimpri Nirmal.
(Figure No. 4.14)
Figure No. 4.14 Semi-circular Pattern
147
9)
Circular Pattern
Along the curvature of river or road there is arrangement of the houses in somewhat
circular manner then circular pattern get develop. For example Mandavgaon, Bhatkudgaon,
Rajapur, Kanhoor and Jeur. (Figure No. 4.15)
Figure No. 4.15 Circular Pattern
10)
Chess Board Pattern
A rough grid plan is visible in some of the villages in the study region where main
lanes intersect each other. Other small lanes go to interior houses, parallel to the former
lanes. Its example is Belapur Bk, Bhagwatipur, Dhandarphal Bk, Nijhoj, Shingnapur and
Kharda. (Figure No. 4.16)
148
Figure No. 4.16 Chess Board Pattern
11)
Multi Nuclei Pattern
When the village gets developed in many pockets of houses and each pocket is
separated from each other due to agricultural field known as multi nuclei pattern. For
example Lohgaon, Tisgaon. (Figure No. 4.17)
Figure No. 4.17 Multi Nuclei Pattern
149
12)
Star Shape Pattern
When many roads meet at the center and along that road houses are buildup then star
shape settlement gets form .For example Talegaon, Rahta, Vadgaongupta and Jamkhed.
(Figure No. 4.18)
.
Figure No. 4.18 Star Shape Pattern
13)
Y Shape Pattern
When two main roads meet at a point and after this main road become single than Y
shape pattern gets form. For example Ahmadnagar. (Figure No. 4.19)
150
Figure No. 4.19 Y Shape Pattern
It is observed that compact and composite types of rural settlements show variety of
patterns with compared to disperse and fragmented type of rural settlement. In spite of
physical factor, the dominance of cast system, the pattern of land holding, irrigation and
transport network also play an important role in shaping village patterns in the study region.
151
4.5 SPACING OF SETTLEMENT:The spacing is the ratio and under root function of total area and number of
settlements, still it is depend upon fundamental factors such as population size, history of an
area, land occupancy, fertility of land and productivity of agriculture, cropping pattern,
distribution and availability of water etc.
RANA R. B. SINGS METHOD OF SPACING
In this method researcher use five groups of spacing. This method is more applicable
to study region because with increasing decade there is increasing settlements in study
region and it gives the result that there is decrease in spacing between settlements.
According to Table No. 4.7 and Figure No. 4.20 south part of study region i.e. tahsils
like Parner, Nagar, Shrigonda, Karjat and Jamkhed show the moderate spacing among the
settlements in the decade 1961 to 2001. But the tahsils like Nagar, Karjat and Jamkhed show
the low spacing in the decade 1981 to 2001. That means there is increase in settlement. This
increase in settlement is due to some wadi and wasti or group Grampanchayat villages
acquire the status of separate Grampanchayat because its population is increased. It happens
because in this tahsils after 1981 decade there is improvement in irrigation system, change in
cropping system, establishment of sugar industry etc. which influence the population and it
leads to increase in settlements.
On the other hand north part of study region which holds tahsils like Akola,
Sangamner, Kopargaon, Shrirampur, Rahta, Rahuri, Nevasa, Shevgaon and Pathardi shows
the low spacing which has more settlement density than the southern part. It is due to more
fertility of soil, sugar industry, flat surface, more irrigated area leads to more settlement in
small region which holds large population size. The area like Akola, Shevgaon, Nevasa,
Pathardi tahsils which is suffer from undulating topography, dry zone and due to this its
population size is small but more number of settlements are found.
152
Rana R. B. Singh method of Spacing of settlements
Table No. 4.7 Rana R. B. Singh Index of Spacing 1961 To 2001
Sr.
No.
1
Name of Tahsil
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Akola
3.26
3.35
3.20
3.23
3.01
2
Sangamner
3.74
3.81
3.48
3.46
3.39
3
Kopargaon
3.47
3.43
3.46
3.48
3.23
4
Rahta
-
-
-
-
3.82
5
Shrirampur
3.52
3.54
3.51
3.51
3.45
6
Nevasa
3.44
3.44
3.22
3.39
3.46
7
Shevgaon
3.27
3.28
3.27
3.36
3.26
8
Pathardi
3.71
3.71
3.32
3.39
3.22
9
Nagar
4.08
4.02
3.80
3.97
4.22
10
Rahuri
3.83
3.83
3.41
3.52
3.52
11
Parner
4.25
4.25
4.19
4.06
4.12
12
Shrigonda
4.66
4.66
4.22
4.06
4.01
13
Karjat
4.54
4.47
4.10
3.82
3.78
14
Jamkhed
4.27
4.27
3.76
3.42
3.41
District
3.81
3.82
3.61
3.59
3.55
Source: computed by researcher
153
Figure No. 4.20 Rana R. B. Singh method of Spacing
154
4.6 SIZE OF SETTLEMENT
Settlement size is the population settlement ratio. It is the function of nature of soil,
topography, availability of water (irrigation), socio-economic background of the cultural
group of a particular area. To understand the settlement size researcher divides the size of
settlement in five groups. They are
1)
Very low size of settlement (Below 1000 persons per settlement)
2)
Low size of settlement (Between 1001 to 2000 persons per settlement)
3)
Medium size of settlement (Between 2001 to 3000 persons per settlement)
4)
High size of settlement (Between 3001 to 4000 persons per settlement)
5)
Very high size of settlement (Above 4000 persons per settlement)
155
Table No. 4.8 Size of Settlements in study region
Sr.
No.
Name of Tahsil
1961
1971
1
Akola
770
965
2
Sangamner
1193
3
Kopargaon
4
1991
2001
1038
1241
1396
1645
1809
2190
2582
1975
2575
2777
3276
3465
Rahta
-
-
-
4805
5
Shrirampur
2376
3345
3838
4202
4663
6
Nevasa
973
1243
1650
2117
2533
7
Shevgaon
854
1065
1246
1536
1819
8
Pathardi
1206
1506
1212
1430
1592
9
Nagar
2339
2811
3268
4199
5834
10
Rahuri
1436
1943
2171
2659
3072
11
Parner
1150
1359
1355
1634
1882
12
Shrigonda
1392
1725
1744
2068
2412
13
Karjat
1226
1526
1358
1576
1700
14
Jamkhed
1330
1574
1096
1371
1543
District
1342
1718
1802
2171
2546
Source: computed by researcher
156
1981
-
Figure No. 4.21 Size of Settlement
157
According to Table No. 4.8 and Figure No. 4.21 show the following results
1)
Very low size of settlement (Below 1000 persons per settlement)
In this criteria Akola tahsil (1961 & 1971), Nevasa (1961) and Shevgaon (1961)
tahsils are merge.
2)
Low size of settlement (Between 1001 to 2000 persons per settlement)
The tahsils like Akola in the decade of 1981 to 2001, Sangamner (1961 to 1981),
Nevasa (1971 & 1981), Shevgaon (1971 to 2001), Pathardi (1961 to 2001), Rahuri (1961 &
1971), Parner (1961 to 2001), Shrigonda (1961 to 1981), Karjat (1961 to 2001) and Jamkhed
(1961 to 2001) are found.
3)
Medium size of settlement (Between 2001 to 3000 persons per settlement)
These settlements are found in Sangamner (1991 & 2001), Kopargaon (1971 &
1981), Shrirampur (1961), Nevasa (1991 & 2001), Nagar (1961 & 1971), Rahuri (1981 &
1991) and Shrigonda (1991 & 2001) tahsils.
4)
High size of settlement (Between 3001 to 4000 persons per settlement)
In this group, Kopargaon (1991 & 2001), Shrirampur (1971 & 1981), Nagar (1981)
and Rahuri (2001) tahsils are merge.
5)
Very high size of settlement (Above 4000 persons per settlement)
This type of settlement is observed in tahsils like Rahta (2001), Shrirampur (1991 &
2001) and Nagar (1991 & 2001).
Generally, it is observed that settlements of Shrirampur and Nagar tahsils show the
high to very high size of settlement since 1961. It is also observed that in Shrirampur tahsil
high soil fertility & irrigation facility is there and industries like Sugar, Paper, Agricultural
tool, Alcohol etc are establisheds; slope of land is below 30 which lead Shrirampur tahsil
high to very high size of settlements in terms of population. While in Nagar tahsil M.I.D.C.
is well established and district head quarter city namely Ahmadnagar is found in this tahsil.
So settlement size is high to very high.
158
The tahsils like Akola, Shevgaon, Pathardi, Parner, Karjat and Jamkhed show very
low to low size of settlements in terms of population. It is because this area is located in
undulating land, water scarcity in late winter and summer, less productivity of soil, seasonal
river flow etc. These factors affect on the size of settlement in terms of population in study
region. But it is also observed that there is increase in size of settlement with increasing
decade. This changes happens because human influence i.e. positive impact of social and
economic factors (improvement in medical; irrigation and transportation facility, centrifugal
force for distribution of sugar industry and other industry from north part to south part study
region, changing cropping pattern, increasing employment opportunity in agricultural sector
etc.).
159
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