Study Guide: Unit 4 Exam (Humanism & Its Influence)
Directions: Complete the study/review guide in its entirety in order to help you prepare for the Unit 4
Exam.
Here is a list of some of the key terms/concepts that you may need to know for the exam (this list is by no
means exclusive; it is only meant to provide you with a foundation for beginning to study for the exam):
1. Commercial
Revolution
/Capitalism
2. Humanism
3. Machiavellian
4. Hieratic Scale/
Linear Perspective
5. Renaissance
6. Protestant
Reformation
7. 95 Theses
8. John Calvin
9. Calvinism
10. Niccolo Machiavelli
11. Political Science
12. Martin Luther
13. Guttenberg
14. Renaissance Man
15. Humanistic
Education
16. Civic Humanism
17. Christian Humanism
18. Pope/Papal States
19. Medici
20. The Great Schism
(Regarding 2 Popes)
21. Despot
/Enlightened Despot
22. William Shakespeare
/Leonardo DaVinci
/Giotto/Jan van
Eyck/Donatello
23. Protestantism
24. Edict of Worms
/Edict of Nantes
25. Predestination
26. Huguenots
27. Theology/Theocracy
28. Anglicans
29. Counter
Reformation
30. Catholic
Reformation
31. Council of Trent
32. Jesuits
/Missionaries
33. Donation of
Constantine
34. Indulgences
35. Simony
36. Secular
37. Ecclesiastical
38. Scientific Revolution
39. Scientific Method
40. Nicolaus Copernicus
/Galileo Galilei
41. Political Ideology
42. Absolutism
43. Divine Right
44. Enlightenment
45. Human Nature
46. Natural Rights
47. Thomas
Hobbes/John Locke
48. Leviathan/Two
Treatises on
Government
49. The Glorious
Revolution
50. Constitutional
Monarchy
Basic Content Questions:
1. What was the Commercial Revolution? How did the outcomes of the Crusades combined
with the Commercial Revolution contribute to the advent/occurrence of the Renaissance?
Explain.
2. What was the Renaissance? What are the central/main contributing factors that were
believed to have led to the Renaissance? Explain.
3. Why is it believed that the Renaissance began in the Italian city-states instead of a different
location in Europe?
4. How did the concepts of humanism and secularism drive/influence the Renaissance? In
what ways did humanism alter European society in the Renaissance? Explain.
5. How was the art and literature of the Renaissance similar to the art of Ancient Greece and
Rome?
6. How did art change from the dark/middle ages to the Renaissance? Explain (hint: you need
to be specific).
7. How was art and literature influenced by the concept of Humanism during the Renaissance?
Explain (hint: you need to be specific).
8. How did the Renaissance contribute to the development of the Protestant Reformation?
Explain. (hint: the case study articles were about this)
9. What was the Protestant Reformation? How did the concept humanism drive/influence the
Protestant Reformation? Explain. (hint: the case study articles were about this)
10. How did the printing press affect/influence the Protestant Reformation (be specific)?
11. What was the Roman Catholic Church initially criticized for prior to the Protestant
Reformation (hint: Martin Luther listed these)?
12. What are some ways that Calvinism has different beliefs from Lutheranism (hint: you can
find this in your notes/readings)?
13. How were the Catholic and Counter Reformations different to one another? Explain why
both were ineffective in preventing the spread of Protestantism.
14. What were the political, economic, cultural, and religious outcomes of the Protestant
Reformation? Explain (hint: you need to be specific).
15. According to Machiavelli is it better for a leader to be feared or loved? Why? To what extent
do you agree with Machiavelli? Explain.
16. What was the Scientific Revolution? How did humanism, secularism, the Renaissance, and the
Protestant Reformation contribute to the beginning of the scientific revolution and how did the
church respond to the scientific revolution (hint: consider Galileo Galilei)?
17. How did the crusades, the concepts of humanism/secularism and the Protestant Reformation
help to facilitate the absolute rule of monarchs in Europe? Explain.
18. What was the Enlightenment? How did the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, the Scientific
Revolution, and the concepts of humanism/secularism drive/influence the Enlightenment (hint:
need to be specific)?
19. What is the purpose of government according to Thomas Hobbes? What was Thomas Hobbes’
argument for absolutism (absolute rule of kings) being the best form of government? Explain
(hint: need to be sure to address the issue of human nature).
20. What is the purpose of government according to John Locke? What was John Locke’s argument
for justifying the overthrowing of one’s government? Explain.