Privileging Gender.book Page iii Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
Privileging Gender
in
Early Modern England
Jean R. Brink, editor
Volume XXIII
Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies
Privileging Gender.book Page iv Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
This book has been brought to publication with the
generous support of
Northeast Missouri State University
Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data
Privileging gender in early modern England / Jean R. Brink, editor.
p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays & studies ; v. 23)
Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index.
ISBN 0-940474-24-7 (alk. paper)
1. English literature—Early modern, 1500–1700—History and criticism. 2.
English literature—Women authors—History and criticism. 3. Women and literature—England—History—16th century. 4. Authorship—Sex differences. 5. Sex
role in literature.
I. Brink, J.R. II. Series.
PR418.W65P75 1993
820.9'9287'09031—dc20
93-5329
CIP
Copyright© 1993 by Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, Inc., Kirksville, Missouri.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American
Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48, 1984.
Privileging Gender.book Page v Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
Contents
Acknowledgments
vi
Introduction
Jean R. Brink
1
The Books and Lives of Three Tudor Women
Mary Erler
5
“Unlock my lipps”: the Miserere mei Deus of Anne Vaughan Lok
and Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke
Margaret P. Hannay
19
Historical Difference/Sexual Difference
Phyllis Rackin
37
The Taming-School: The Taming of the Shrew
as Lesson in Renaissance Humanism
Margaret Downs-Gamble
65
An Intertextual Study of Volumnia:
From Legend to Character in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus
Catherine La Courreye Blecki
81
Domesticating the Dark Lady
Jean R. Brink
93
Forming the Commonwealth: Including, Excluding,
and Criminalizing Women in Heywood’s Edward IV
and Shakespeare’s Henry IV
Jean E. Howard
109
Private and Public: The Boundaries of Women’s Lives
in Early Stuart England
Retha M. Warnicke
123
Resurrecting the Author: Elizabeth Tanfield Cary
Donald W. Foster
141
Dictionary English and the Female Tongue
Juliet Fleming
175
Re-Gendering Individualism: Margaret Fell Fox
and Quaker Rhetoric
Judith Kegan Gardiner
205
“Marrying that Hated Object”: The Carnival
of Desire in Behn’s The Rover
Mark S. Lussier
225
Contributors
241
Index
243
v
Privileging Gender.book Page vi Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge the continued support of the College of Liberal
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, for the Arizona Center for
Medieval and Renaissance Studies during a time of budgetary constraints. The contributions of the Friends of the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies are also gratefully acknowledged; their
generosity makes projects of this kind feasible.
The staff of the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance
Studies, particularly Mr. T. Scott Clapp, Dr. William F. Gentrup, Sriram
Natarajan, and Patrick O'Callaghan, has been involved in preparing the
manuscript for publication. Ms. Melinda J. Holley deserves special thanks
for doing the final proofreading of the galleys when I was out of the
country. As usual, Dan Brink graciously served as computer consultant
for the project.
Finally, I wish to thank Robert Schnucker and Paula Presley of Sixteenth Century Studies for their cooperation and labor in bringing the
printed text to fruition.
vi
Privileging Gender.book Page 1 Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
Introduction
The essays in this volume focus on the issue of gender as it relates to texts
written by and about women in early modern England. Among the issues
considered are the boundaries between private and public life, the problems of divorcing our understanding of the life from the work of a female
author, the bibliographical procedures for charting the intellectual history
of women, and the historical difference which obtains between categories
of masculine and feminine in the sixteenth century and the late twentieth
century.
Taken together, the essays in this collection also illustrate compatibilities among feminist theory, new historicism, and the methodologies of
traditional bibliography and old historicism. The contributors engage a
variety of theoretical approaches to historical problems and literary texts,
but they avoid assuming doctrinaire positions. For this reason, the collection is arranged chronologically, rather than thematically.
Taken as a whole, these essays illustrate that the recent intersection of
historical and literary studies has been productive. All of the essays make
use of literary and documentary texts, but none of the essays engages in
literary analysis as an end in itself.
In the first essay, entitled “The Books and Lives of Three Tudor
Women,” Mary Erler offers a model for charting the intellectual history of
women as readers. Evidence of a dedication to a female patron does not
in and of itself demonstrate that a book was intended for women readers.
Erler’s bibliographical work illustrates the need for painstaking research
on the books that women owned and the connections among the women
who owned them. Margaret Hannay, in “‘Unlock my lipps’: the Misere mei
Deus of Anne Vaughan Lok and Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke,” suggests that translation of religious texts afforded women an
acceptable means of entering public discourse. Her essay also shows that
further work is needed to identify those specific biblical texts that were
reread so that they could be used to justify public discourse by women.
The study of “Historical Difference/Sexual Difference” by Phyllis
Rackin breaks new theoretical ground by refining our understanding of
distinctions between sixteenth- and late-twentieth-century conceptions of
sexual difference. Rackin’s essay, like that of Jean Howard, illustrates the
compatibility of old historicist scholarship with new historicist and feminist approaches to texts. In “The Taming-School: The Taming of the Shrew
as Lesson in Renaissance Humanism,” Margaret Downs-Gamble rereads
Shrew in the context of Renaissance rhetoric, demonstrating that Petru1
Privileging Gender.book Page 2 Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
2
•
Privileging Gender in Early Modern England
chio’s “schooling” of Kate has affinities with the documentary texts of
Renaissance humanism. Her juxtaposition of these texts invites a fresh
approach to the decoding of the difficult passages in which Kate is subjected to verbal tyranny.
Source scholarship is given a fresh twist by Catherine La Courreye
Blecki in “An Intertextual Study of Volumnia: From Legend to Character
in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.” Blecki argues that an understanding of the
intertextuality of Shakespeare’s text is essential for an appreciation of the
dynamic presentation of Volumnia. In “Domesticating the Dark Lady,”
Jean R. Brink provocatively traces relationships between patriarchal systems and female characters in three Roman plays of Shakespeare. Like
Rackin, she advocates the need for “historicity” in understanding concepts of gender. Jean E. Howard, in “Forming the Commonwealth:
Including, Excluding, and Criminalizing Women in Heywood’s Edward
IV and in Shakespeare’s Henry IV,” continues her sophisticated and
thoughtful analysis of the intersection between historical contexts and literary texts. Here, she illustrates how social marginalization can also be
reread as privileging if understood in its economic context. Comparing
Shakespeare and Heywood, figures very different in their handling of the
genre of the history plays, she shows that they use the figure of the
woman as criminal to manage threats to an ordered commonwealth.
In recent discussions of concepts of privacy, social historians have
claimed that early-modern people ignored or conflated the distinction
between public and private. Drawing upon a broad range of sources—
domestic and religious treatises, journals, correspondence, autobiography—Retha Warnicke, in “Public and Private: The Boundaries of
Women’s Lives in Early Stuart England,” proves that these distinctions
existed and offers a valuable description of how women’s lives were
bounded. This essay illustrates the need for examining a variety of
sources in order to assess social constraints. Approaching the issue of
public and private from a different perspective, in “Resurrecting the
Author: Elizabeth Tanfield Cary,” Donald W. Foster compellingly argues
that the texts of early women writers should be read in relation to their
lives. Using Cary as an exemplary instance, he demonstrates that her life
and her works should be read as fictions that recreate each other and that
neither her life nor her art was wholly determined by patriarchy.
In “Dictionary English and the Female Tongue,” Juliet Fleming calls
attention to the connections between the feminine and the vernacular at
the inception of the English dictionary. She concludes, however, that even
though early-modern anxieties concerning the materiality of discourse
were articulated through the register of gender, those concerning a will to
knowledge were expressed (and are now expressed) through the register
of class. Judith Kegan Gardiner supplies a revisionary essay on Margaret
Privileging Gender.book Page 3 Friday, April 23, 2010 1:06 PM
Introduction
•
3
Askew Fell Fox (1614-1702), author of Women’s Speaking Justified and an
important figure in the history of the Quaker movement. In “Re-Gendering Individualism: Margaret Fell Fox and Quaker Rhetoric,” Gardiner
reviews the achievements of Fox and her important influence on Quaker
rhetoric. Mark S. Lussier, in “‘Marrying that Hated Object’: The Carnival
of Desire in Behn’s The Rover,” examines the interplay of dialogic
exchange among competing discourses of sexual and economic politics.
His richly appreciative essay throws light on Behn’s accessibility to early
modern audiences as well as her appeal to twentieth-century critics.
It is highly appropriate that this particular collection should appear
under the auspices of the Sixteenth Century Studies Conference and
monograph series. Through the years, this conference and its publications
have provided a vital forum for interdisciplinary discussion. Moreover,
the organizers of the Sixteenth Century Studies Conference have
achieved this worthy objective while maintaining a strong commitment
to including in their forum scholars who are beginning their careers as
well as those who are more established. The same kind of essential ecumenism characterizes this volume.
Jean R. Brink
Introduction Page 4 Thursday, June 17, 2010 3:10 PM
4
•
Privileging Gender in Early Modern England
Saint Katharine, 1519.215X126
[Geisberg XXIV, 12]
BIOGRAPHIES Page 241 Thursday, June 17, 2010 4:45 PM
Contributors
CATHERINE LA COURREYE BLECKI, Professor of English at San Jose State
University, is currently studying promptbooks, and engravings of Carolianus, concentrating on the various interpretations of Volumnia’s role
from the eighteenth through the early twentieth centuries. Her other publications have been in Quaker women’s autobiography and in Restoration
bibliography.
JEAN R. BRINK, Professor of English at Arizona State University, also
serves as director of the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance
Studies. She is the author of Michael Drayton Revisited and articles on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century biography. She is currently working on a
documentary biography of Edmund Spenser.
MARGARET DOWNS-GAMBLE, a doctoral candidate at The University of
Texas, Austin, is currently finishing her dissertation, “John Donne’s Monstrous Body,” directed by Leah Marcus. The dissertation examines multiple seventeenth-century manuscript variants of John Donne’s poetry to
suggest that the artifacts of scribal culture are primarily argumentative
transactions, and that the study of multiple versions can be facilitated by
the alternative investigative environment of computerized hypertext.
MARY ERLER teaches in the English department at Fordham University.
She has published in Modern Philology, Studies in English Literature, The Library, and Medium Ævum, and is coeditor of Women and Power in the Middle
Ages (University of Georgia Press, 1988). She is currently working on a
book about English womens’ reading in the early modern period.
JULIET FLEMING is teaching English at the University of Southern Califor-
nia. Routledge will soon publish her book, Ladies’ Men, the Ladies’ Text and
the English Renaissance, of which the essay in this volume forms a part.
DONALD W. FOSTER is Associate Professor of English at Vassar College.
He is the author of Elegy by W. S.: A Study in Attribution. His published
work also includes essays on literary theory, biblical narrative, and Shakespeare. He is currently editing Women’s Works: An Anthology of British Literature, AD 900–1640, a collection of women’s writing that has been culled
largely from manuscript sources and little-known printed texts.
JUDITH KEGAN GARDINER is Professor of English and Women’s Studies
at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Her publications include Craftsmanship in Context: The Development of Ben Jonson’s Poetry; Rhys, Stead, Lessing, and the Politics of Empathy. She also has published numerous essays on
the English Renaissance, twentieth-century women writers, and psychoanalytic and feminist theory. Her essay on Margaret Fell contributes to her
current project, Add Women Who Stir: Rewriting Seventeenth-Century English
Literary History.
241
BIOGRAPHIES Page 242 Thursday, June 17, 2010 4:45 PM
242
•
Privileging Gender in Early Modern England
MARGARET P. HANNAY, Professor of English at Siena College, is the author of Philip’s Phoenix: Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) and editor of Silent but for the Word: Tudor
Women as Patrons, Translators and Writers of Religious Works (Kent: Kent
State University Press, 1985). She is currently editing the Collected Works of
Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke with Noel J. Kinnamon for the
Oxford English Text Series.
JEAN E. HOWARD is Professor of English at Columbia University. Her
new book, Discourses of the Theater: The Stage and Social Struggle in Early
Modern England, is forthcoming from Routledge. She is completing, with
Phyllis Rackin, a feminist study of the history play tentatively titled Engendering a Nation: Shakespeare’s Chronicles of the English Past.
MARK S. LUSSIER is currently an Assistant Professor of English at Western
Illinois University. He is the coeditor of Perspective as a Problem in the Art,
Literature, and History of Early Modern England (New York and London: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992). His essays have appeared in the following journals: 1650–1850: Ideas, Aesthetics, and Inquiries in the Early Modern Era;
Visible Language; Women’s Studies; New Orleans Review; Arts Quarterly; RE;
and Arts & Letters. Three of his essays appeared in Encyclopedia of Romanticism: Culture in Britain 1780–1830s (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1992), and he edited two special issues of New Orleans Review:
“Feminist Literary Criticism: Theory and Politics,” and “Reading Blake/
Blake Reading.” He is currently completing a book-length study of economic language in Restoration drama.
PHYLLIS RACKIN, Professor of English in General Honors at the University of Pennsylvania, is Vice-President and President-Elect of the Shakespeare Association of America. Her articles on Shakespeare and related
topics have appeared in such journals as Shakespeare Quarterly, PMLA, and
Theatre Journal, and in various anthologies. Her most recent book is Stages
of History: Shakespeare’s English Chronicles (Cornell, 1990, and Routledge,
1991). She is presently working with Jean Howard on a feminist study of
Shakespeare’s English history plays, tentatively titled Engendering a Nation: Shakespeare’s Chronicles of the English Past.
RETHA M. WARNICKE is Professor of History and History Department
chair at Arizona State University. She is the author of Women of the English
Renaissance and Reformation, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics
at the Court of Henry VIII, and many articles on women of Tudor and Stuart
England.
BRINK.ndx2 Page 243 Thursday, June 17, 2010 4:46 PM
Index
A
Abbey, Syon. 5-17
Absolutism, 110
Academy, language, 185
Adultery, 114-16
Affectivity, 223
Anatomy, 51
Androgyne, 48
Antitheatrical debates, 54-55, 62
Antony and Cleopatra, 39, 101-4, 108
Archetypes, female literary, 95-108
Aristocrats. See Social classes
Aristotle, 49, 51
Author
influence of background on writings,
142-45
as interpreter, 160
reflection of, in plays, 239
role of, in literary interpretation, 141-42
Authority
of classical texts, 51
female, 57
literary, 226
male, 50-51, 62
patriarchal, 231-32
B
Barthes, Roland, 141-42
Battle, women in, 102
Behn, Aphra, 225-39
Belsey, Catherine, 144
Berkshire, 6, 11, 14-15
Beselles, Dame Alice, 6-7
Beselles, Elizabeth, 6-7
Blount, Thomas, 200-202
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 87-88
Body, and sexual difference, 38 n. 3, 38-39,
48-49
Books, 5-17. See also Dictionaries
Brass, monumental, 11-13, 15, 12, 13
Bridgettine breviaries, 15
Bridgettine houses. 5-17
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 161,
161 n. 27, 165-66
Bullokar, John, 189, 196-97
Business, 126-27
C
Calvin, John, Commentaries and Sermons, 1920, 30, 32-33
Capitalist patriarchal structure, 226
Carnival, 230-38
Cary, Anne, 145-47, 149, 160-62, 171, 173
Cary, Elizabeth Tanfield, 145-73
biography, 146 n. 8, 208. See also Cary,
Anne
childhood, 146-47
children, 172. See also Cary, Anne
confinement, 147-50, 163-64
conquest of patriarchy, 152-54, 158,
171-73
conversion to Catholicism, 162-63
death, 173
execution in plays of, 147-50, 157-58
motives for writing, 149-50, 166-67
oppression of, 151
parallels between life and works of,
151, 153, 169-73
personality, 145, 147-48
publication of works, 160-62
spiritual life, 171
submission of, to husband, 147
works of, 147-60, 164-73
Cary, Henry, 163-71
Castration, 56, 58-61
Cawdry, Robert, 187, 189, 193-96
Chantries, 10
Charles I, King of England, 164-65
Charles II, King of England, 207, 211-15
Chastity, 6, 131-32
Cheke, John, 185-86
Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, Lord, 178-81
Childrey parish church, 11
Christ, and gender, 219
Christianity, Pauline, 67
Church, 11, 124-25
Civil service, training for, 66
Civil war, English, 217
Clapham, David, 89
Classes, social. See Social classes
Clifford, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, 137
Clothing. See Cross-dressing
Clothing customs, 46
Cockerham, Henry, 197-200
243
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244
•
Privileging Gender in Early Modern England
Codes of conduct, 94-95
Codryngton, Dorothy, 16
Commentaries, of John Calvin, 19, 30, 32-33
Common property, women as, 117-18, 157
Commoners, 112-14. See also Social classes
Commonweal, 112
Commonwealth, 111-12
Communal life, 222-23
Community, 90
Conduct codes, 94-95
Conduct literature, 186-87
Confession, 33
Coriolanus, 40-41, 104-8
classical sources, 82-86
death of, 107
interpretations of, 106-7
Cornwallis, Lady Jane, 137-38
Criminalization of women, 115-16, 118-20
Critic, role of in literature, 141-42
Criticism
feminist, 143
literary, 141-45
Marxist, 223
social, in English theater, 229, 233
Cross-dressing, 41-44, 52
Culture, influence of, 142-43
D
Dark Lady theme, 95-108
David, King, 33-34
Death, 101-2, 104, 125
Debates, antitheatrical, 54-55, 62
Declamatio, 74-76
Dedications, book, 21
Desire, sexual, 116, 230-38
Determinism, Freudian, 107
Devotions, private and religious, 128-29,
134-35
Dialect, 178 n. 7, 181
Dialogic exchange, 226, 237
Diaries of women, 135
Dictionaries
content of, 179-80
English, 184-85
An English Expositor, 189, 196-97
The English Dictionary (An Interpreter), 197-200
evolution of, 199-200
The Fop Dictionary, 192-93
Glossographica, 200-202
New English Dictionary, 202-3
A Table Alphabeticall, 187, 189, 192,
194
for men, 200-201
Samuel Johnson's, 180-81
and social class, 201-3
and social mobility, 198
used to control women, 186-87
for women, 175-204
Dis-ease, social, 227-29
Disease, and social leveling, 117
Dissolution of Syon Abbey, 14
Doll Tearsheet, 55
Donation inscription, 14
Duncon, John, 133, 138
E
Eastcheap in Henry IV, women in, 55-57
Economics, 126-27, 230-38
Education
asceticism as an aid in obtaining, 73-74
in Chantry schools, 10
complete and incomplete compared,
70-71
to eradicate idleness, 69
humanist, 65-69, 76-78
as means of female repression, 67
methods of, 71
misogynist, 78
for the state, 69-70, 74
styles compared, 72-78
and The Taming of the Shrew, 65-78
of women, 130-32
Educators, 66
Edward II, 164-73
Edward IV, 112-16
Effeminacy, 39-42, 56, 62
Egalitarianism, 224
Elaboration, linguistic, 182-83 n. 15, 192-93,
196, 199
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 57
Elyot, Sir Thomas, 6-8, 112
Emasculation, 60, 102-3, 105-6
Emotion and marriage, 230-38
Emotional recompense, versus venal, 230-38
English language. See Language, English
Entrepreneurship, female, 119
Epicoene, 43
Epilogues, 121
Exchange
dialogic, 226, 237
economic, 226, 230 n. 12, 233
Execution, 147-50, 157-58
BRINK.ndx2 Page 245 Thursday, June 17, 2010 4:46 PM
Index
F
Falkland, Elizabeth, Lady. See Cary, Elizabeth Tanfield
Falkland, Henry Cary, Lord, 163-71
Falkland, Lettice, Viscountess, 132-33, 138
Families, 117, 125-26
Quaker, 223
in Quaker writings, 218-19
in works of Shakespeare, 45, 52-53, 90
Father, invoking the name of, 230-38
Fell, George, 205, 213-14
Fell, Margaret Askew, 205-24
biography of, 208-9
denunciation of persecutors, 214-17
gender in thought of, 219-22
ideas of, 206, 211-22
imprisonment, 206, 213-14
letters to, 218-19
life of, 206-10
and pacifism, 211-12
parasitization of, 215, 217
personality of, 209, 224
public action of, 206-8, 210-15
Female. See women
Feminist criticism, 143
Feminists, 152-53
Fettyplace, Alice, 6
Fettyplace, Dorothy, 5, 15-16
Fettyplace, Eleanor, 5, 11-15, 17
Fettyplace, Sir George, brass, 11, 13, 15
Fettyplace, Susan, 12, 5, 8-11
Fettyplace, William, 10
Feudalism, 53, 110
Florio, John, 187-89
Folio Sarum missal, 14-15
Foucault, Michel, 142, 177
Fox, George, 205-24
Fox, Margaret Askew Fell. See Fell, Margaret
Askew
Foxe, John, 123, 129
Freedom, 154
Freudian determinism, 107
Friends, Society of, 205-24. See also Quakerism
G
Gender
and Christ, 219
and development of English vernacular, 181, 190-91, 195-96
and dictionary use, 201-3
•
245
differences, 37-63
and discourse, 76-78
and English dictionaries, 197, 204
hierarchy, 120
in ideas of Margaret Askew Fell, 219-22
identity. See Cross-dressing; Heteroerotic desire; Homoerotic desire
and knowledge of languages, 188-91
and lust, 43, 46-47
and Quakerism, 223
relations, 101
roles, 212
status, rearrangement of, 110
Genealogy, of Queen Elizabeth I, 57
Gesture, 90-91
Gibson, Anthony, 89
Gilbert, Sandra M., 143, 152
Girls, education of, 130-32
Gosynhill, Edward, 88
Grace, Protestant view of, 32
Gubar, Susan, 143, 152
H
Harington family, 187, 189
Henry IV, 55-63, 112, 116-21
Henry plays, Shakespeare's, 54-63
Henry VI, 42-43, 54
Henry V, 119-20
Herbert, Mary Sidney, 19-36
Hermaphrodites, 47
Heroic stature, 108
Heroines, 81, 86
Heroism, 91
Heteroerotic desire, 42, 44, 53
Heterosexuality, 39-41
Heywood, Thomas, 112
Hierarchy, social, 117
Historicism, New, 142
Historiography
feminist, 210
leftist, 210
Marxist, 223
History of the Life, Reign, and Death of Edward
II, The, 164-65
History of the Most Unfortunate Prince, The,
164-70
History plays, 52-63, 110-21
History, women outside of, 55-63
Hoby, Lady Margaret, 135-36
Holland, Philemon, 82
Homoerotic desire, 40-42
Homosexuality, 39-40
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Privileging Gender in Early Modern England
Households, women in, 134-37
Humanist
control of citizens, 74, 76-77
education, 65-78
pedagogy, 66
rhetorical training. See Rhetoric
view of women, 67, 76-78
I
Icons, 90
Idleness, as danger to the state, 69
Imitatio, 73-76
Immoral acts, 129
Independence, female, 119
Individualism, Quaker, 206, 223
Inscription, donation, 14
Irony, in Shakespeare, 91
J
Jews, Quaker proselytization of, 217
Johnson, Samuel, 178-81, 185
Jonson, Ben, 43, 118
Justice, 33, 100-101
K
Kidnapping, 172
Knox, John, 20, 22
Kunze, Bonnelyn Young, 209
Kyngeston, John, 6
Kyngeston, Susan, 12, 5, 8-11
L
Language
academy, 185
English
authority of, 62
development of, 176-84, 189, 195
male dominance of, 76-78
standard, 178 n. 7
and Quakerism, 223-24
and women, 188
Latin, 182-83, 188-90 n. 28, 194 n. 37
Laws, 83, 124
Leftist historians, 210
Letters of Margaret Askew Fell, 206, 209,
212-14, 220
Leveling, social, 116-17
Ley, John, 138-39
Linguistic elaboration, 182-83 n. 15, 192-93,
196, 199
Linguistic regulation, 182-83 n. 15, 184, 19093, 202
Literacy, 5
Literary archetypes, female, 95-108
Literary criticism, 141-45
Literary efforts, Protestant, 25
Literature, conduct, 186-87
Livy (Titus Livius), 82-83
Lloyd, Lodovick, 89
Lok, Anne Vaughn, 19-25, 34
Love, 234-36
Lust, 43, 46-47, 60, 234
M
Male(s). See also Patriarchy
authority, 50-51, 62
dominance of language, 76-78, 189-90
n. 28
effeminacy, 39-42
effeminization, 88
perspectives on sexual relations, 234
Renaissance views of, 39-41
and rhetoric, 67, 76
Manliness in females, 104
Marriage, 118, 123, 134-36
and economics, 230-38
and emotion, 230-38
in life and works of Elizabeth Tanfield
Cary, 147-50
political implications of, 53
as preferred state, 133
and property struggles, 114-16
and public identity, 115-16
rationality in, 229
social expectations for, 230-38
as women's confinement, 147-50
Martyrs, Protestant, 28
Marxist criticism, 223
Masculinity. See Male(s); Patriarchy
Matriarchal oppression, 151
Medical views of sexuality, 49-51
Men. See Male(s)
Merchant of Venice, 41
Merry Wives of Windsor, 41
Middle class, 114. See also Social classes
Mildmay, Lady Grace, 134-35
Milierum virtutes, 86
Mimesis in English theater, 238-39
Misogyny, 77-78, 103
Mistress, of royalty, 114-15
Monarchs. See also Edward II, Edward IV,
Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry plays
Charles I, King, 164-65
Charles II, King, 207, 211-15
Elizabeth I, Queen, 114
BRINK.ndx2 Page 247 Thursday, June 17, 2010 4:46 PM
Index
power of, 114
Monasticism, 5
Monumental brass, 11-13, 15, 12, 13
Morality, 226
More, Sir Thomas, 8
Motherhood, 32-33, 81-91, 98, 105-6
Music, and sexuality, 60
N
Nationalism, English, 176-77
Neological appendix, 180-81
New historicism, 142
Nuns, Dorothy Fettyplace, 15
O
Oath of Succession, 17
Of the Foundation of the City (Livy), 82-83
Office, public, 127
Officeholding, women and, 134
Oppression, 151
Orator, 65-66, 76-77
Original sin, 32
Ownership, book, 5-17
P
Pacifism, quaker, 206-7, 211-13
Passion, sexual, 46-47, 53
Patriarchy, 109, 117-18, 218
challenges to, 99
in English theater, 226-27
of language, 238
and legal proceedings, 124
and marriage arrangements, 230-38
obedience to, 130
and oppression, 151
overcoming, 152-54, 158, 171-73
and Quakerism, 206
reaction against, by women, 143
in Shakespeare, 93, 95-108, 143
Pauline Christianity, 67
Peace and war, 91
Pembroke, Anne Clifford, Countess of, 137
Pembroke, Mary Sydney, Countess of, 19-36
Penance, 32-33
Phallic power, 50-51
Phallus, 232
Pietas, 84
Pleasant Conceited History, called The Taming
of a Shrew, A, 65-78
Plutarch, 86
Politics. See also Commonwealth
and English theater, 226-28
•
247
hierarchy of, 50-51
in literature, 227
and marriage, 53
and Psalm interpretations, 33-34
restructuring of, 110-12
role of translations in, 25-26
and sexuality, 53
Tudor-Stuart, 110
Poststructuralism, 141-42
Power
promiscuity as means to, 96
public versus private, 77
of women, 89-90
Prayer, 128-29, 132-33, 136
Preaching. See Public speaking
Private lives
and business practices, 126-27
invasions of, 124
religious devotions in, 128-29, 134-35
Promiscuity, 96-97, 99, 103
Property, 6-8, 112-16
Prostitution, 111, 117-18, 237
Protestant literary efforts, 25
Prototypes, female, 95-108
Psalm 51, 19-36
content of, 29
importance of, to Protestants, 27-28
interpretations of, 24, 30-36
negative and positive aspects of, 19, 3033
Psalms, 19-36
interpretation of, by women, 34-35
in Post-Reformation world, 27
public recitation of, by Protestants, 27
use of, to teach, 25-26, 36
Psychoanalysis, 228, 232
Public
action, 206-8, 210-15
discourse, 26
expression, of women, 34-36
lives, and business practices, 126-27
service, training for, 66
speaking, 154-57, 221-22
use of Psalm interpretation, 34-35
versus private arena, 67, 77
Public weal, 112
Punishment, 115-16
Purity, sexual, 47
Pype of Perfection, 16-17
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Q
Quakerism, 205-24. See also Fell, Margaret
Askew
and communal life, 222-23
egalitarianism of, 224
and family, 218-29, 223
and gender, 223
and gender roles, 212
interpretations of, 210
and patriarchy, 206
persecutors of, 214-17, 220
proselytization for, 215
public action for, 206-8, 210-15
treatment of, by King Charles II, 214
women in, 209, 212, 221-22
R
Rakin, Phyllis, 111
Rape, 100, 114
Ratcliffe, Jane, 138-39
Rationality in marriage, 229
Readers, role in literary interpretation, 14142, 159
Reading, female, 5-17, 131
Realism, in theater, 229
Regulation, linguistic, 182-83 n. 15, 184, 19093, 202
Relationships, 125-26
Religion
of Elizabeth Tanfield Cary, 162-63
and literary criticism, 228
Pauline Christianity, 67
Roman, 98
Religious devotions, 128-29, 134-35
Religious life, of women, 5-17
Renaissance, women's, 94
Reputation of Volumnia, 81-82
Restoration, and English theater, 228-29
Revenge, women as embodying, 99
Rhetoric, 67, 73-76
Rhetor, 65-66, 71
Rome, women in, 81-91, 98
Romeo and Juliet, 39
Ross, Isabell, 208
Rover, The, 225-39
Rules, 129-30
S
Sarum missal folio, 14-15
School foundation, 5
Seclusion of women, 133
Sermons, of John Calvin, 20
Servants, 126
Sex right, and social status, 113-15
Sex, and public property, 113-16
Sexual
desire, 116, 230-38
difference, in bodies, 38 n. 3, 38-39, 4849
orientation, 44
practices, 124
promiscuity, 43
relations, 233-34
stereotypes, 136
transgressions, 115-16
union, 47-48
Sexuality, 37-63
biologically grounded, 45
difficulties in evaluating, 44
female, 102
feminine, 225-26
medical views of, 49-51
and music, 44
Renaissance views of, 39-63
Shakespeare, William
history plays. See Edward IV, Henry VI,
Henry V, Henry VI, Henry plays,
interpretation of Volumnia story, 90-91
works of, 39, 41, 45, 65-78, 101-4, 108.
See also Coriolanus
patriarchy in, 93, 95-108, 143
Renaissance views of gender in, 3943
sexuality in, 52-63
sonnets, 95-98
Sidney, Mary, Countess of Pembroke, 19-23
Sidney, Phillip, 23
Slowe, Martha, 152, 152 n. 20, 154-55, 157
Social classes
and development of vernacular, 176
and dictionary use, 203
hierarchy of, 116-17
leveling of, 116-17
mobility between, 198
relations between, 230-38
status among, 46, 50, 52, 110
stratification of, 109
Social criticism, 229, 233
Social disease (dis-ease), 227-29
Society of Friends, 205-24. See also Quakerism
Sonnets, 19-36, 95-98
Soul, 48-49
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Index
Space, public and private, 128-29
Spencer, Edmund, 170
Spiritual union, 47
Spirituality, 115-16
Stanhope, Philip, Lord Chesterfield, 178-81
Statute of Uses, 10
Submission, female, 120, 147, 163. See also Patriarchy
Suicide, 101-3
Supervision, of female children, 132
Sydney, Mary, 22-25, 29
Symbolic order, 228, 232-33 n. 16, 238-39
Syon Abbey, 5-17
T
Taming of the Shrew, The, 45, 65-78
Tamora, in Titus Andronicus, 97-101, 108
Tavern, 117
Tearsheet, Doll, 55
Theater
role of the audience in, 229
as social disease (dis-ease), 227-29
virgins in, 236, 238
and women, 54, 121
Theology, views of sexuality, 48-49
Thesaurus, early English, 198
Titus Andronicus, 97-101, 108
Tragedy of Mariam, the Fair Queen of Jewry,
The, 147-60
Translations, 19-36
Translators, 20-22
Transvestism. See cross-dressing
U
Union, spiritual and sexual, 47-48
V
Vaughn Lok, Anne, 19-36
Venal recompense, 230-38
Vernacular, English, 175-204
development of, 176-84, 189-95
and nationalism, 176-77
refinement of, 199
and women, 189-91
Veturia. See Volumnia
Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 161,
161 n. 27, 165-66
Virgins, 236, 238
Virtue, 154-55
Volumnia, 81-91
classical sources, 82-86
eloquence of, 89-91
•
249
as female prototype, 104-8
as heroine, 81, 86
as prototypical Roman patriot, 85
Renaissance interpretations of, 87-90
rhetoric of, 89
Vowess vocation, 6-7
Vowesses, 5-6
W
Wales, 55-63
War and peace, 91
Welshwomen, 58-63
Whore, 111, 115-18, 120, 236
Widowhood, 136-39
Widows, 136-37, 139
Wills, 9, 16
Wives, mistreatment of, 135
Women
as authors, 141-73
in battle, 102
as criminals, 118-20
and development of English language,
176-78, 182-83 n. 15, 192-93, 196, 199
diaries of, 135
dictionaries for, 175-204
education of, 65-78, 130-32
emasculation by, 60
gaining supremacy over males, 90
in Henry IV, 55-63
in households, 134-36
humanist view of, 67, 76-78
as literary archetypes, 95-108
in marriage, 147-50
masculine, 86
as models of civic virtue, 81-91
as nurturers of the Church, 219
place of, in society, 67, 77
and prayer, 123-33
private lives of, 129-30
as property, 113-16, 157, 226-27, 230-39
Psalm interpretation by, 34-35
in public affairs, 140
public speaking by, 221-22
in Quakerism, 209. See also Fell, Margaret Askew
reaction against patriarchy by, 143
religious life of, 5-17, 139
Renaissance for, 94, 110 n. 4
seclusion of, 133
sexuality of, 102, 225-26
stereotypes of, 218
subordination of, 76-78, 186-87
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subservience of, to men, 147
supremacy of, over males, 102, 104
as theatergoers, 121
as threats to social order, 119-21
use of nonstandard English by, 181
valor of, 82, 86, 91
as victims, 100
virtue of, 105
word lists for, 193-94
writing by, 143, 158-59
Women writers, 140
Lok, Anne Vaughn, 19-36
Fell,Margaret Askew, 205-24
Sidney, Mary Herbert, Countess of
Pembroke, 19-36
Women's Speaking Justified, 206
Woolf, D.R., 164
Word lists, for women, 193-94
Words, 192-93, 178-79, 178-79 n. 8
Writers, women. See women writers