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dw doo odjv vkrzq1 Dv iru Iljxuh 4e/ wkh lqfuhdvlqj fruuhodwlrq iurp Iljxuh 5d
grhv qrw pryh lq iurp wkh uljkw/ exw lqvwhdg ulvhv xs yhuwlfdoo|1
43
100
Figure 2c
0.4
Scale m (sec)
0.35
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0.25
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10-2
10-1
100
r 0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
20
40
60
80
lag
Phglxp vfdoh/ p @ 3 3;/ dxwrfruuhodwlrq sorw ri 43/333 elq
zlqgrz/ iurp rqh krxu Lqwhuqhw wud!f gdwd vhw1 Vkrzv vwurqj srvlwlyh
dxwrfruuhodwlrqv1
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odujhu odjv1 Wklv vxjjhvwv wkdw wkh odujhu odj vwuxfwxuh lq Iljxuh 4f zdv gulyhq
e| wkh gdwd ehlqj wrr vsduvh1
44
100
Figure 2d
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Scale m (sec)
0.5
0.4
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
r0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
lag
Iljxuh 5g= Odujh vfdoh/ p @ 3 65/ dxwrfruuhodwlrq sorw ri 4333 elq zlqgrz/
=
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olnh vwuxfwxuh lq Iljxuh 4g zdv suredeo| gxh wr zrunlqj zlwk d wrr vpdoo wlph
vhulhv1 Lqvwhdg wkhuh lv yhu| vwurqj srvlwlyh fruuhodwlrq suhvhqw iru doo odjv vkrzq
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gdvkhg olqh vkrzv wkh suhylrxv xsshu olplw ri 433 odjv1 Wkh wlph fkdqjlqj
lqwxlwlrq ri fkdqjlqj vfdohv lv dovr xvhixo wr ylhz1 Iru wklv vrph yhuwlfdo uhg
vrolg olqhv kdyh ehhq dgghg wr lqglfdwh vhyhudo wlph vfdohv +zklfk lv hvshfldoo|
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45
100
Figure 3a
0.18
Scale m (sec)
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10-2
10-1
100
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r 0.08
0.1 sec
0.06
0.04
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0
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0
500
1000
1500
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Iljxuh 6d vkrzv wkdw wkh sdwwhuq ri Iljxuh 5d h{whqgv wr d pxfk zlghu
udqjh ri odjv1 Khuh +dqg lq Iljxuhv 6e 0 6g, wkh yhuwlfdo gdvkhg eoxh olqh vkrzv
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46
2000
Figure 3b
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100
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0.08
0.06
0.04
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0
500
1000
1500
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Phglxp vfdoh/ p @ 3 34/ dxwrfruuhodwlrq sorw ri 43/333 elq
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dxwrfruuhodwlrqv idoo r iru odujhu odjv1
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Iljxuh 5e/ idoov r iru odujhu odjv1 Krzhyhu/ wkh prylh yhuvlrq vkrzv wkdw
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2000
Figure 3c
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1 sec
r 0.2 0.1 sec
0.15
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0.05
0
0
500
1000
1500
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zlqgrz/ iurp rqh krxu Lqwhuqhw wud!f gdwd vhw1 Frqwlqxhv wr vkrz vwurqj
srvlwlyh dxwrfruuhodwlrqv idoolqj r iru odujhu odjv1
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1000
1500
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53
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Figure 5a
8
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0
0
50
100
150
time (sec)
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log10(h)
1
0.5
0
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50
100
150
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55
Figure 5b
8
6
4
2
0
0
50
100
150
time (sec)
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log10(h)
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
time (sec)
150
Iljxuh 8e= Qh{w vpdoohu vfdoh lq wkh }rrplqj Vl]hu dqdo|vlv ri wkh 6 plqxwh
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56
Figure 5c
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
time (sec)
SiZer Map, scale = 0.022097
log10(h)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
1
2
3
time (sec)
4
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57
Figure 5d
8
6
4
2
log10(h)
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0
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0.1
0.15
0.2
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SiZer Map, scale = 0.0011613
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-2.5
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0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
time (sec)
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