Theories of Nationalism…
outline
1)
Conclude Migration + Urbanization
2)
Enter “the nation”
3)
Define “the nation”
4)
Consider “the national question”
5)
Visualize “the periodic table”
6)
First, “the primordialists”
7)
Second, “the constructivists”
8)
Third, “the inventors”
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Globalization + World Cities: Networks
Migration + States
*States shape migration via their powers to manage movement over borders*
1)
Terms and Conditions: “Forced” vs. “Voluntary” categories
2)
Economic Explanation I: Neoclassical Economics
3)
Economic Explanation II: New Economics of Migration
4)
Economic Explanation III: Dual Labor Market Theory
5)
Economic Explanation IV: World-Systems Theory
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Conclusions
1)
Uneven: Contrary to modernization theory, history shows that
processes of urbanization and migration are not linear.
2)
Regulation: The proper role of the state in mediating processes of
urbanization and migration continues to be debated.
3)
Equilibrium I: Central to this debate are disagreements over the
market and its power to equilibrate supply & demand.
4)
 Equilibrium II: Examples over past 160+ years show markets
cannot balance push/pull factors driving urbanization + migration.
5)
Neoliberalism: Policies that assume markets can or should do this
have dire consequences for human beings.
Nation(alism): Key Geographic Questions
1) Do nations have navels?

‘mists of time’ vs. ‘invention of tradition’
2) What is ‘proper’ role and scale of identity?

‘Nations’ vs. ‘Nationalism’
3) What is form and scale of nation/state or nation-state?

Liberal self-determination vs. Post-socialist projects
4) How are nationalisms in the periphery best understood?

Resistance vs. Modernization
5) Where are allegiances ‘when the chips are down’?

States vs. Religious/Tribal/Kinship/Diaspora/___
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Keywords, I: the “nation”
Nation (common use):
(1) “ a daily plebiscite” (Renan, 1882)
(2) self-aware community…
…seeking a defined homeland
…sharing a cultural connection
…speaking the same language
(3) should self-determine future and govern territory
Nation (academic use):
(4) A. Smith- ethnic and perennial; shared ancestry and ‘sacred center’
(5) J.Stalin- objective measures of subjective features of ‘historically constituted and
stable community of people, formed on basis of a common language, territory,
economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture’
(6) E. Gellner- modern and constructed; ‘nationalism makes nations’
(7) B. Anderson- limited, sovereign, imagined; print-capitalism + vernacular language
sustain communities
Keywords, II: “nationalism”
Nationalism: ideology that nations should have sovereign space (state)
(1) Hobsbawm- elite-led movements employing invented traditions via
education, monument, ceremony, etc; ‘two types of tradition’
(2) Gellner- modern idea that ‘nations’ + ‘states’ contingent and
‘political and national’ units should be congruent, culturally/voluntarily
(3) Breuilly- political movements seeking (state) power and justifying such
actions with nationalist arguments as ideological doctrines built on 3 ideas:
a.There exists a nation with an explicit and peculiar character
b.The interests and values of this nation dominate
c.The nation must have (at least some) political sovereignty.
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Gellner: Multi-ethnic space vs. Ethno-national territory
Young: African exceptionalism?
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Nationalism: A Periodic Table
Type
Time
Characteristic
Examples
proto
14301800
State before nation
England,
France
unification
19th C.
Nation before state
Germany, Italy
separation
18211914
Nation-state from disintegrating sovereign
Greece,
Romania,
Finland,
Bulgaria
liberation
1776;
1945
Nation-state from
colonial empire
US, Latin
America, SE
Asia, Africa
renewal
20th C.
Nation-state returns to
historic greatness
Israel, Iran,
Turkey, Japan
Academic Approaches: Ethnic or Economic?
Primordialists (Ethnic)
Authors: W. Connor; A. Smith
Origins: ethnies old, nationalism as modern form of social mobilization
Membership: Jus sanguinis; Kulturnation
Territoriality: Exclusive, ethno-national
Modernists/Constructivists (Economic)
Authors: Anderson; Gellner; Hobsbawm
Origins: ‘Creole Pioneers’; French Revolution; Industrialization + modernization
Membership: Jus soli/Jus domicili; Political or civic nation with privileges protections
Territoriality: Nested, hybrid, multi-ethnic, multi-national, local
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Anderson: Creole Pioneers + Official Nationalists
Anderson: “Print-capitalism”
N. Rockwell, ca. 1932
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