Новые идеи нового века – 2014. Том 3.
New Ideas of New Century – 2014. Vol. 3
Zhang Liancheng, Jin Hong
[email protected]; [email protected]
HIT, Harbin, China
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS REVIEW AND PROSPECTS IN THE FIELD
OF BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Abstract – Building energy efficiency is an important way to achieve environmental
civilization, and phase change energy storage technology is an important measure to achieve
energy efficiency in buildings. On the development of phase change characteristics of building
materials and the preparation of a comprehensive analysis of the technical basis for the tomb,
application status and describe the practical application phase change building materials and
proposed the development prospects of phase change materials in the field of building energy
efficiency.
Keywords: change material. building energy efficiency. research status. Typical applications.
1. Phase change material
1.1 Definition and characteristics of phase change materials
Phase Change Materials (abbreviated PCM) is the change in temperature and change
in shape to provide the latent heat of the material. The phase change material from a solid to
liquid or from liquid to solid phase transformation is called, then the phase change material
will absorb or release a large amount of latent heat. This is the phase change material absorbs
heat exothermic phenomenon, making the phase change material become the focus of attention
around the world.
1.2 type phase change material
Phase change materials can be divided into organic and inorganic phase change material. The aqueous phase can also be changed into the phase change material and a waxy material.
Organic PCM include paraffin, acetic acid and other organic matter. In recent years, emerged
composite phase change material, which can effectively overcome the single disadvantage of
inorganic or organic phase change energy storage materials exist, and can improve the effect of
the application of phase change materials, expanding its scope of application (as) [1] [2].
1.3 phase transitions theory Storage Materials
Phase change material changes from a liquid to a solid state, to undergo change in physical state. In both the phase change process, the material absorbs heat from the environment,
contrary to the environmental heat. Stored or released in the physical state variable called phase
change thermal energy, phase change temperature range is very narrow. When the physical
state changes, the temperature of the material itself is almost unchanged before the completion
of the phase transition. When a large number of phase transition heats transfer to the environment, resulting in a wide temperature platform. Phase change material appears, reflecting the
prolonged holding time, and with the sensible heat and insulation materials on thermal cycling,
sensible heat storage or release. (Fig2) illustrates the principle used: a phase change material in
the energy stored in the heat transfer process, the same as the therma energy transfer time can
be extended, so that the temperature gradient is reduced [3].
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5. Оптимизация строительных конструкций. Экологическая устойчивость, проблемы экономики, ресурсосбережения и безопасности
населенных мест. Structural optimization. Environmental sustainability, economy, resource-saving and populated localities safety problems
Fig1. Phase change materials classified
Fig.2 Disguised storage principle
2 Phase change materials research and development
2.1 Screening and development phase change material
Phase change material used in building materials research began in 1982, sponsored
by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Energy Division. 1988 stored by the Office of the
United States to promote the study of energy distribution [4] , Dow Chemical Company for 80
years can be used as phase change materials more than 2000 kinds of PCM pure substances
were screened , the results show that only 1% of the phase change material practical value [5] .
Lane thermal energy storage in his book << Sun ---- latent heat of the material in the book of the
early 1980s, phase change materials and containers previously summarized the development [6].
The early 1990s, people began to study the organic phase change material, such as Feld-man its
research collaborators fatty acids and their derivatives on extensive research, including thermal
physical properties of phase change materials testing, chemical stability and impact on the environment [7]. In 1999, the Institute of the University of Dayton, Ohio, successfully developed
a new type of building material - solid and liquid eutectic phase change materials [8], and its
solid-liquid eutectic temperature is 23.3 degrees Celsius.
2.2 Preparation phase change material
At present method of preparing a phase change material has the following three kinds:
The matrix material of the encapsulation method of the phase change material The
matrix material is encapsulated phase change material of the method in accordance with the
base material into a forming process for preparing microcapsules, or three-dimensional porous
network structure, and then the phase change material is poured into the carrier matrix, or in
which is immersed in the molten phase change material. Wherein microencapsulation techniques include interfacial polymerization, in situ polymerization:
1) The interfacial polymerization method is to two reactive monomers are present in
the emulsion of immiscible continuous phase and dispersed phase, and polymerization is carried out in the phase interface occurred. Situ polymerization technique is characterized by: All
monomers and initiators placed outside the capsule of the heart and requires a monomer soluble
polymers generated insoluble polymer deposited on the surface of the heart sac and coated to
form microcapsules.
2) Matrix and phase change material melt blending
This method is to use phase change material and the compatibility of the substrate, the
molten components are uniformly mixed together to make the storage material. This method
is suitable for the preparation of industrial and construction use low temperature phase change
material.
3) Sintering the mixed
The method first prepared micron substrate and the phase change material uniformly
mixed, and then add a certain amount of sintering additives and pressed milling after forming
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Новые идеи нового века – 2014. Том 3.
New Ideas of New Century – 2014. Vol. 3
the mix to obtain energy storage material.
3. Phase change material applied research status in the field of building energy
efficiency
3.1 Status study abroad
This since the 1930s , particularly affected 1970s energy crisis, the basic theory and
applied research on phase-change thermal storage (Latent thermal energy storage, LTES) in
developed countries such as USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, the rapid rise and get continuous
development. 1970s , U.S. researchers first phase change material in the wall cladding , made
applicable to a wider range of microencapsulated phase change material, and later the United
States will be used for building materials PCM tiles and floors made a good energy saving effect [11]. 1986 people in the United States, San Diego State Energy Research Institute to establish
a school project (Energy Engineering Institute), 1990 years began a planned storage technology
research, design and testing. In order to promote the development of storage technology, but
also established the International Commission regenerative. Building materials used in phase
change materials research began in 1982, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Solar.
Dr.Telks done a lot of work on the preparation and properties of phase change material, phase
change materials package, phase change energy storage system and other aspects of the design
and publication of the “Solar Heat Storage Latent Heat Materials”book. Japanese researchers
Kanagawa University and the Tokyo Denki University of phase change thermal storage wall
properties were studied [14]. They come to make use of phase change wallboard thermal load
more gentle, more comfortable radiation field, down electricity consumption, there is a peak
load reduction possible conclusion. 1990s to PCM processing of building materials (such as
gypsum board, wallboard and concrete structures, etc.) technology developed. Subsequently,
PCM ten researches and application in coagulation test block, gypsum wallboard and other
building materials have been being constantly promoted.
3.2 Domestic Research Status
Our research in this area has just begun, compared with developed countries, are far
away. Qin studied paraffin phase change thermal insulation mortar powder and preparation
of paraffin phase change thermal insulation mortar. In summary, our research in this area has
yielded some results, but a more systematic, more targeted research to be carried out and deepen the fish [2].
4. Practical application of phase change materials in the field of building energy
efficiency
4.1 Phase Change Wall
Variable wall is a 20th century building envelope mid-1980s the United States began to
study the wall containing the phase change material. American Neeper estimated phase change
wallboard air conditioning load can be transferred 90% of the residents in the sensible heat load
to the power trough, can reduce
30% of installed capacity [15].
The thickness of the gypsum
board are 12.5mm, the phase
change material is a mixture of
50% butyl stearate, 48% palmitic acid ester , which is the
phase transition point is 21 ℃
( Fig3 ).
Fig 3 a sectional view of a wall with experiment
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5. Оптимизация строительных конструкций. Экологическая устойчивость, проблемы экономики, ресурсосбережения и безопасности
населенных мест. Structural optimization. Environmental sustainability, economy, resource-saving and populated localities safety problems
walls.
4.2 Application of phase change materials in concrete
1) Phase change materials combined with concrete blocks for constructing building
Hadjievaa of inorganic hydrated salt Na2S2O3 .5 H2O infiltration in the concrete
situation, and to study the phase change thermal properties of concrete, thermal cycling leakage
exists, the physical and chemical stability needs to be further improved. Hawes and other studies of the thermal storage properties of a variety of different types of concrete blocks of PCM .
American Suntek Research Associates company successfully developed the bulk thermal storage wall, it is the phase change material is suspended in concrete blocks, as the thermostat heat
storage building components.
2) Reducing the temperature of concrete hydration
Hydration reaction releases heat when a large number of reactions, leading to a temperature rise of concrete, the concrete cracking, strength reduction, especially more pronounced in
concrete, and may even cause structural damage and other serious accidents projects for incorporation phase change material and non -doped phase change material concrete hydration heat
comparative analysis, shown in(Fig4) by adding the appropriate phase change material that can
absorb the heat released by
the hydration reaction, phase
change, stabilize the internal
temperature of the concrete
in within a certain range, at
the end of the reaction heat
is gradually passed out, the
internal temperature will not
cause the concrete to achieve
the objective of reducing the
temperature of concrete hydration.
Fig4. Heat of hydration of the time and temperature
4.3 Application of phase change materials in mortar. German company BASF paraffin encapsulated in microcapsules, developed a paraffin mortar and mortar has been used on
the interior surface of this two- room suites, as indoor winter heat and summer cooling materials, reduce the indoor temperature fluctuations, maintain good indoor thermal comfort,
reducing the capacity of the air conditioning
system equipment, transfer electricity load.
Mortar containing 10% to 25% paraffin microcapsules, that is, each square containing
750g~1500g wall paraffin microcapsules,
each 2cm thick heat storage capacity equivalent to such mortar 20cm thick brick structure.
4.4 Phase Change doors. In the
building envelope and heat exchange unit area
outdoor environment, the proportion of heat
Figure 5. night with a phase change ceiling heating transfer at the doors and windows is the largest, so the use of phase change materials will
system
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Новые идеи нового века – 2014. Том 3.
New Ideas of New Century – 2014. Vol. 3
be kept at room temperature stability over the doors and windows play a big role, especially
for the extensive use of glass doors and windows of buildings. Ismail and Henriquez studied
the use of transparent polypropylene glycol phase change material thermal performance double
glazing sandwich. The results showed that the phase change heat radiation through windows
by 15 % to 25 % compared to single- glazed windows, a decrease of 3 % to 6 % compared with
double-glazed windows air sandwich, sandwich and there is the best material thickness.
4.5 Phase Change roof. In the center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
research team developed a nighttime heating system (Fig5). The main parts of the system and
the reflecting sheet is a phase change blinds ceiling. Many phase change size of 61cm from the
ceiling of a square sheet × 61cm × 3.2cm constituted a plastic sheet made ​​of precast concrete,
which is filled 38% (by ​​weight ) sodium sulfate, 3% borax , sodium chloride, 8% , 3% of silica
fine powder, 48% water mixture constituted by the phase change heat storage material. The
system works is: the use of blinds during the day and a reflective sheet will reflect sunlight onto
the ceiling, the ceiling melted phase change material solar accumulator night exothermic phase
change material solidifies heating. Experiments show that the system can make the day kept
18.3℃~22.8℃ within 83.5m2 house.
5. Conclusion. Research phase change materials involves three aspects: compatibility
and economy, PCEM thermal properties of thermal properties, PCEM and matrix materials
showed the following aspects [1]:
1) Phase transition temperature is just interior design temperature or heating, air conditioning systems require controlled temperature.
2) Have a sufficiently large latent heat.
3)Large thermal conductivity , density.
4) Of the expansion or contraction of the smaller phase change.
5) A reversible phase change is better.
So how to choose environmentally friendly and compatible with the matrix materials
well in line with cheap materials Preparation phase change material into a variety of topics for
future research requirements .
For this reason, research phase change materials in the field of building energy efficiency should focus on the following aspects:
1)For different indoor and outdoor environmental conditions and different purpose ,
developed with a suitable phase transition temperature and the enthalpy and in the course of
long-term physical and chemical properties of stabilized phase change material.
After the research phase change materials, thermal storage compatibility and mixed
phase change material and the material of ordinary building materials, heat transfer characteristics of
2) Ordinary building materials incorporated.
3) In the application of phase change thermal storage device or phase change thermal
storage envelope. Heating source with a different form of hot and cold air conditioning system,
for different conditions (including weather conditions), to carry out numerical simulation of the
thermal process room experimental studies and simulation studies and corresponding.
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Чанг Лянченг, Джин Хонг
[email protected]; [email protected]
ХИТ, Харбин, Китай
ОБЗОР ПОЭТАПНО ИЗМЕНЯЮЩИХСЯ МАТЕРИАЛОВ
И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ В СФЕРЕ РАЗВИТИЯ
ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЗДАНИЙ
Абстракт – Энергоэффективность зданий – важное направление для достижения экологической среды. Технология создания поэтапно меняющихся материалов является важным моментом в достижении энергетической эффективности
сооружения. Эта статья об улучшении характеристик строительных материалов с
поэтапным изменением качества материала и подготовке комплексного анализа его
технической базы. Кроме того рассмотрены вопросы об обратимости этих процессов в конструкции стены, предложены перспективы развития новых технологий в
процессе энергоэффективного строительства.
Ключевые слова: изменение материала, строительная энергетика/строительная энергоэффетивность, состояние исследования, стандартное применение.
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