ADOLESCENT DECISION MAKING AND THE PREVENTION OF UNDERAGE
SMOKING
Laurence Steinberg, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Temple University
Philadelphia, PA
USA
November 30, 2010
1
Executive Summary
Between 80 and 90 percent of smokers begin smoking before the age of 18, with the modal age
of initiation around 15 years. Although cigarette smoking among adolescents in the EU declined
substantially during the past several decades, in many countries the rate of decline has slowed or
come to a virtual standstill, and the proportion of teenagers who report having smoked within the
last 30 days remains above 20 percent in the vast majority of EU member countries. A variety of
different strategies have been proposed to further reduce underage smoking – often without
proper consideration of what in fact leads young people to smoke. This report considers
adolescent decision making and risk taking, including recent research in this regard, and
examines the implications for discouraging and/or preventing underage smoking.
My conclusions can be summarized as follows:
1.
Experimentation with cigarettes during adolescence must be seen in the wider context of
adolescents’ greater propensity than adults for risk taking behaviors of all kinds. The high
rate of risky behavior among adolescents relative to adults has been the focus of much
theorizing and empirical research by developmental scientists for at least three decades.
2.
This research has disproved, rather than validated, several widely-held beliefs about
adolescent risk taking: for instance, that adolescents are more likely than adults to believe
they are invulnerable; that adolescents are deficient in their information-processing, or
that they think about risk in fundamentally different ways from adults; and that
adolescents do not perceive risks where adults do, or are less risk-averse than adults.
None of these assertions is correct. Indeed, most studies find few, if any, age differences
in individuals’ evaluation of the risks inherent in a wide range of potentially dangerous
behaviors (e.g., smoking, driving while drunk, having unprotected sex). Research
consistently shows that adolescents are well aware of the health risks of smoking, but that
many smoke anyway.
3.
Contemporary models of adolescent risk taking informed by neuroscience have proposed
more satisfactory explanations for heightened risk taking in adolescence. According to
these models, such risk taking behavior is a natural by-product of the asynchronous
maturation of brain systems that govern incentive processing (which is responsive to
emotion, reward, and novelty) and cognitive control (which is responsive to emotion
regulation and planned decision making). The fact that the incentive processing system
develops faster than the cognitive control system helps explain why middle adolescence
is a prime time for experimentation with smoking and other risky activities.
4.
Consistent with the above, decision making during adolescence is characterized by:
a.
a heightened sensitivity to rewards, including rewarding stimuli like social status
or admiration, versus risks;
2
b.
a tendency to focus on the immediate consequences of a decision, rather than the
longer-term consequences;
c.
a susceptibility to peer influence; and
d.
weak self-regulation, as evidenced by a greater tendency to act before thinking or
making plans.
5.
Research into the reasons for adolescents’ experimentation with smoking reflect these
views of adolescent risk taking. This research shows that the main risk factors for
smoking among adolescents are a psychological profile characterized by sensationseeking, peer and family influence (i.e. peers and family members who smoke), and the
availability of cigarettes. The latter two risk factors are interlinked because in contrast to
adults, who are legally permitted to purchase cigarettes, and whose primary source of
cigarettes are retail stores, adolescents frequently obtain cigarettes through other means:
primarily, by “bumming” or buying them from friends, some of whom may be of legal
age to purchase cigarettes, or by asking older individuals to purchase them for them (i.e.,
proxy sales).
6.
The decision making models and research that I have described above inform any
discussion of the measures that are most likely to be effective in reducing underage
smoking in the EU. In my report, I draw five main conclusions in this regard.
a.
First, since the modal age of smoking initiation is 15, and since this age also
coincides with the period of middle adolescence where, on the basis of
contemporary neuroscientific models of risk taking behavior, adolescents are most
vulnerable to risk taking, it makes sense to focus measures on middle adolescents.
(It is therefore surprising that very few studies of policies designed to reduce
smoking systematically examine the differential impact of these policies among
adolescents versus adults, and that virtually no studies compare their differential
effectiveness among adolescents of different ages, which is a severe limitation in
the literature.)
b.
Second, the very notion that adolescents’ knowledge of the risks of smoking has a
strong influence on their decision to smoke, which has motivated most efforts to
discourage underage smoking, is questionable. Decisions to engage in any
potentially dangerous activity are based not only on the perceived risks of the
activity but on its perceived benefits, and adolescents privilege the latter over the
former (particularly where the risks are long-term and the perceived rewards
immediate).
c.
Third, the proportion of adolescents who, despite regulatory efforts, continue to
experiment with cigarettes may be disproportionately composed of individuals
who are especially high in the psychological characteristics associated with
heightened risk for smoking, such as sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and
unconventionality. Efforts to convince this proportion of adolescents not to try
3
cigarettes, for example by appealing to rational decision making, are unlikely to
be effective. Equally, because adolescents focus on rewards rather than risks,
efforts to prevent adolescents from smoking by emphasizing the potential harms
of smoking (of which they already well aware) are unlikely to be effective.
d.
Fourth, many measures that are being proposed in the context of revisions to the
Tobacco Products Directive 2001/37/EC are unlikely to have any meaningful
impact on adolescent smoking. For example:
Proposals to expand health warnings or emphasize the risks of smoking to
adolescents by means of graphic warnings are unlikely to be effective,
because adolescents are already knowledgeable about the risks of smoking
and are predisposed to pay less attention to long-term risks than they do to
immediate rewards (including rewarding stimuli like social status or
admiration that have little connection with health risks).
Banning in-store displays of tobacco products on the basis that this will
discourage impulse-purchasing by adolescents is unlikely to be effective,
because it is unlikely that impulse purchasing in retail stores plays any role
in adolescents’ acquisition of cigarettes (adolescents who purchase
cigarettes in retail stores need to decide in advance where they will do their
shopping, so that they can select a vendor who will sell to underage
individuals, arm themselves with a fake ID, or prepare a response to a
salesclerk who asks for proof of age).
More generally, the impact on adolescent smoking of changes in cigarette
packaging or in the display of cigarette packages is likely to be very small at
best. There is no evidence to support the proposition that changes in
cigarette packaging affect adolescents’ experimentation with or use of
cigarettes.
e.
However, fifth, policies that limit adolescents’ ability to obtain cigarettes are
likely to have a greater impact than those that attempt to diminish adolescents’
interest in smoking. Limiting adolescents’ access to cigarettes is challenging,
because adolescents often obtain cigarettes through means other than retail store
purchases. Because many adolescents obtain cigarettes from older individuals
who have purchased them legally, criminalizing proxy purchasing should receive
serious consideration.
f.
Above all, removing cigarettes from the social networks of teenagers is crucial. A
range of policies may be effective in this regard. The two strategies most likely to
accomplish this are:
4
raising the minimum legal purchase age (MLPA1), and effectively enforcing
these laws (e.g., fining merchants who are caught violating the law, rather
than merely attempting to raise their awareness), perhaps in conjunction
with a prohibition on proxy purchases; and
increasing the price of cigarettes.
Both strategies will greatly diminish the likelihood that individuals under the age
of 18 will be in social situations with peers who have cigarettes.
1
I use the terms “minimum legal purchase age” and “MLPA” to refer to laws that restrict merchants’ ability to sell
cigarettes to minors.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
……………………………
6
Background
……………………………
8
Smoking in Adolescence
……………………………
9
Risk Taking in Adolescence
……………………………
11
Adolescent Decision Making
……………………………
14
Risk Factors for Smoking in Adolescence
……………………………
17
Adolescents’ Understanding of the Health Risks of
Smoking
……………………………
19
One Possible Strategy to Reduce Underage Smoking:
Limiting Adolescents’ Ability to Purchase Cigarettes
……………………………
22
Other Strategies to Reduce Underage Smoking
……………………………
25
ANNEX A: REFERENCES
……………………………
31
ANNEX B: CURRICULUM VITAE
……………………………
37
6
Introduction
1.
This report was commissioned by the law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, LLP,
whom I understand have been instructed by JTI, in connection with possible revisions to
the Tobacco Products Directive under consideration by the European Commission’s
Health and Consumer Directorate General (DG SANCO). The objective of the Tobacco
Products Directive 2001/37/EC, issued in June, 2001, was to “approximate the laws,
regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the maximum
tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of cigarettes and the warnings regarding health
and other information to appear on unit packets of tobacco products, together with certain
measures concerning the ingredients and the descriptions of tobacco products”. The
Directive established maximum yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide for
cigarettes; created labeling requirements; and banned the marketing of oral tobacco in the
EU. The Directive has since been accompanied by recommendations on a number of
topics, including the use of pictorial warnings on cigarette packages, consistency in
reporting formats, and cooperation among laboratories engaged in the analysis of tobacco
content and smoking byproducts.
2.
In September, 2010, DG SANCO issued a public consultation (the “Consultation
Document”) on the possible revision of the Directive in six areas: expanding the scope of
the Directive to include e-cigarettes and other products; amending the ban on some
smokeless tobacco products; changing the Directive’s rules on health warnings and
packaging, e.g., by mandating picture (graphic) warnings or introducing generic (plain)
packaging; amending provisions concerning the reporting and registration of ingredients;
regulating ingredients; and further restricting access to tobacco products, e.g., by
restricting access to vending machines to adults or banning vending machines, restricting
or banning cross-border sales of tobacco products, and restricting or banning in-store
display and promotion. The need to prevent or reduce underage smoking has often been
cited by regulators and other experts in connection with proposals concerning packaging,
display and access to tobacco products.
3.
This document focuses specifically on underage smoking, defined here as cigarette
smoking among individuals under the age of 18 in the EU (18 is the minimum legal age
for the purchase of tobacco in most EU countries, although several set this age somewhat
lower). This document does not address issues involved in the use or purchase of tobacco
products by adults; the content, manufacture, or testing of tobacco products; cigarette
smuggling or other illicit trade issues; or the underage use of products other than
cigarettes. (Cigarettes by far account for most tobacco use among minors; only 3% of
adolescents and young adults in the EU are regular or daily users of non-combustible
tobacco products, and Sweden is the sole EU member with a significant number of users
of non-combustible tobacco products.) The report draws on research on adolescent
decision making and risk taking and on the implications of this research for discouraging
and/or preventing underage smoking.
4.
I am the Distinguished University Professor and Laura H. Carnell Professor of
Psychology at Temple University, in Philadelphia. I have published extensively on
7
adolescent judgment, decision making, and risk taking. I am a former President of the
Society for Research on Adolescence (the largest professional organization of scholars
interested in this stage of development) and of the Division of Developmental
Psychology of the American Psychological Association. I am the author of more than
300 scholarly articles and numerous books on adolescent development, including a
leading college textbook on the subject. I was retained by Freshfields Bruckhaus
Deringer, LLP, but the opinions expressed in this document reflect my views as an
independent scientist.
Background
5.
The desirability of discouraging or preventing adolescents from smoking is not disputed.
This evidence has been extensively reviewed and will not be discussed here. Smoking
during adolescence significantly increases the risk of chronic smoking in adulthood.
This, in turn, is associated with the most serious and potentially fatal health consequences
of smoking: cardiovascular disease, emphysema, and various types of cancer.
6.
Although cigarette smoking among adolescents in the EU declined substantially during
the past several decades, in many countries the rate of decline has slowed or come to a
virtual standstill. According to a recent report prepared for the European Commission
Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection (RAND Europe, 2010), the
proportion of 15-year-olds who report having smoked within the last week (a frequently
used metric to track underage smoking) remains around 20 percent. The proportion of
minors who smoke weekly does not appear to have changed significantly in recent years
(SCENIHR, 2010). The overall pattern, which is surprisingly consistent across an array
of countries whose regulatory policies vary considerably, indicates that there remains a
substantial minority of young people who, for reasons that remain unknown, have not
responded to the various efforts implemented during the past two decades to discourage
underage smoking (including anti-smoking education, changes in package warnings, and
further restrictions on marketing). Accordingly, governments and regulators have
proposed additional or different steps to those taken previously, in the belief that these
may bring rates down below where they stand today.
7.
It is well understood that many individuals find it difficult to quit smoking once they
have begun. Some experts now believe that adolescence – and early to middle
adolescence in particular – is a period of heightened susceptibility to the pharmacological
effects of nicotine (Schochet et al., 2004) and other drugs, owing to the greater
“plasticity” of the brain’s reward processing regions during this time (Volkow & TingKai, 2005). As a consequence, exposure to tobacco during adolescence has more serious
implications for chronic use than does the same degree of exposure at later ages. In fact,
the proportion of individuals who try cigarettes during adolescence and who become
regular smokers as adults is strikingly high (Chassin et al., 2009) – about 40%, according
to recent data. (For instance, about 45% of U.S. adolescents try cigarettes before high
school graduation, and about 20% of adults are regular smokers, only 10% of who never
smoked during adolescence). Conversely, the chances are low that an individual who
8
abstains from smoking until age 21 or later will become a regular adult smoker (Orlando
et al., 2004).
8.
In light of the fact that smoking during adolescence substantially elevates the risk for
regular adult smoking, and, consequently, for the serious health consequences associated
with chronic smoking, many have called for policies and practices designed to reduce the
number of adolescents who experiment with tobacco and the number of those who
experiment who progress to regular smoking, as well as measures designed to encourage
regular adolescent smokers to quit. Measures designed to discourage underage
experimentation with smoking or that decrease the chances of adolescents progressing
from experimentation to regular use are of special interest, because it appears that the
most significant reductions in the prevalence of smoking are likely to come from policies
and practices that reduce the number of individuals who try cigarettes, rather than from
those that encourage cessation among those who have become regular smokers (Gilpin et
al., 2006). Many smokers find it difficult to quit, and smoking cessation interventions are
only modestly successful, with chronic smokers reporting multiple failed efforts to quit
(IOM, 2007). For this reason, the present report focuses mainly on policies that will
discourage underage experimentation with smoking and/or progression from
experimentation to regular use, rather than on smoking cessation efforts.
Smoking in Adolescence
9.
Adolescence, defined here as the second decade of life, is the primary period for the onset
of smoking. Between 80 and 90 percent of smokers begin smoking before the age of 18
(DHHS, 1994), with the modal age of initiation around 15 years (NCI, 2010). People
report finding it difficult to forego smoking relatively soon after they begin smoking, and
the earlier an individual begins smoking, the longer he or she is likely to smoke and the
more cigarettes he or she is likely to consume, elevating the risk for long-term health
problems (IOM, 2007). More than a third of all adolescents who initiate smoking at this
age become daily smokers by the time they are 18. Thus, preventing adolescents from
smoking has important long-term, as well as immediate, health consequences.
10.
Evaluating the likely effectiveness of policies or practices designed to reduce underage
smoking presents several substantial challenges. First, there are vast differences among
adolescents of different ages in emotional, social, and intellectual maturity, and measures
that are effective with one age group may not be effective with another. A subtle or
ironic anti-smoking advertisement that may appeal to a 17-year-old may pass completely
over the head of an 11-year-old. A 16-year-old may be able to comprehend a cigarette
package warning whose wording is written at an adult reading level, but a 12-year-old
may have considerable difficulty doing so. Similarly, enforcement of point of sale age
restrictions may be far more effective in limiting the cigarette purchases of younger
adolescents but can be more easily circumvented by older teenagers, many of whom have
friends who are legally permitted to purchase tobacco. Very few studies of policies
designed to reduce smoking systematically examine the differential impact of these
policies among adolescents versus adults. Virtually no studies compare their differential
9
effectiveness among adolescents of different ages, which is a severe limitation in the
literature. Many studies and sources of data group together adolescents and young adults,
two very different populations with respect to psychological and social characteristics,
and with respect to their legal right to purchase tobacco. Ironically, only a handful of
studies look specifically at the impact of various policies on younger adolescents (those
15 and younger), who constitute the age group most likely to initiate smoking and
therefore the age group against which measures to combat smoking initiation should most
effectively be targeted.
11.
Second, because adolescence is a transitional period in the development of smoking,
within the same age group are individuals at markedly different stages of smoking. For
the purposes of this report, it is useful to distinguish among at least four groups of
individuals, for whom different measures to discourage smoking may be differentially
effective: non-smokers; experimenters; occasional users, who smoke regularly, but not
daily, or who smoke only under certain circumstances, such as weekend socializing, a
pattern referred to as “chipping”; and regular users, who smoke daily or near-daily.
Most experts agree that the overarching goal of anti-smoking efforts should be to prevent
adolescents from smoking at all, because many adolescents who believe that they can be
occasional users become, in adulthood, regular users who wish, but then find it difficult,
to quit. Importantly, different approaches to discouraging underage smoking may be
differentially effective among adolescents at different stages of smoking. Consider, for
example, package warnings that stress the addictive properties of nicotine. Such
warnings may be more effective among adolescents who have never tried cigarettes than
among long-term “chippers,” who may see themselves as living proof that one can smoke
without becoming addicted, and such warnings conceivably may cause occasional users
to become skeptical about the honesty of package warnings in general.
12.
Third, in contrast to adults, who are legally permitted to purchase cigarettes, and whose
primary source of cigarettes is retail stores, adolescents who smoke tend to obtain
cigarettes through other means: primarily, “bumming” or buying them from friends and
family, some of whom may be of legal age to purchase cigarettes, or by asking older
individuals to purchase them for them (i.e., proxy sales); purchasing them from vending
machines in countries where they are not banned and where access to them is not
restricted; or shoplifting, in countries where products are displayed within the easy reach
of customers. Some adolescents circumvent age restrictions by purchasing them from
vendors whom they know are less likely to comply with laws prohibiting sales to minors.
It does not appear that adolescents’ purchase of cigarettes over the Internet is yet a
significant problem in the EU, and only small numbers of adolescents appear to obtain
cigarettes from vending machines.
13.
The fact that much adolescent smoking involves cigarettes that they themselves did not
purchase creates tremendous challenges in limiting adolescents’ access to tobacco and
therefore diminishes the reach of policies aimed at regulating what takes place in retail
outlets. For instance, even if the evidence showed that banning the display of tobacco
products in-store might discourage some adolescents from buying cigarettes (which, as I
say later, is not the case), such a measure would have no impact on adolescents who do
10
not obtain cigarettes from stores. Sales restrictions in stores (e.g., MLPA laws) are in any
event unlikely to be effective if not vigorously enforced. A recent qualitative study of UK
teenagers found that many youth obtained cigarettes by purchasing them from vendors
who are known to sell cigarettes to minors or to fail to ask for ID, or by waiting outside
stores and asking young adults to purchase cigarettes for them (Robinson & Amos,
2010).
Risk Taking in Adolescence
14.
The high rate of risky behavior among adolescents relative to adults, despite massive,
ongoing, and costly efforts to educate teenagers about its potentially harmful
consequences (including a tremendous investment in anti-smoking education), has been
the focus of much theorizing and empirical research by developmental scientists for at
least three decades (Steinberg, 2008). Much of this work is relevant to the prevention of
underage smoking, because it informs our understanding of why adolescents experiment
with cigarettes and the likely effectiveness of various strategies for reducing such
experimentation. In the absence of much systematic evaluation of many anti-smoking
policies, looking to the broader literature on adolescent risk taking is potentially useful.
Traditional Approaches to the Study of Adolescent Risk Taking
15.
The three dominant traditions in this research have come from cognitive-developmental
(e.g., “Piagetian”) theory, which has emphasized adolescents’ alleged shortcomings in
logical reasoning, which presumably leave them open to feelings of invulnerability;
information-processing theory, which has emphasized adolescents’ alleged deficiencies
in basic cognitive abilities, which presumably lead to short-circuited decision making;
and a variety of theories that emphasize individuals’ perceptions about the consequences
of their actions and their perceptions of vulnerability to those consequences, including the
Health Belief Model (Rosenstock, 1974), the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein &
Ajzen, 1975), and the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985). By and large, these
theories emphasize the rational process through which adolescents weigh the costs and
benefits of a risky decision and select a course of action that follows from the outcome of
this evaluation process. Understanding adolescents’ perceptions about the risks of
smoking, discussed later, is therefore of central importance in these models.
16.
Most of the research on adolescents’ reasoning about risk taking has been informative,
but in an unexpected way (Steinberg, 2008). In general, where investigators have looked
to find differences between adolescents and adults that would explain the more frequent
risky behavior of youth, they have not been successful. Among the widely-held beliefs
about adolescent risk taking that have not been supported empirically, for instance, are
(a) that adolescents are more likely to believe that they are invulnerable; (b) that
adolescents are deficient in their information processing, or that they reason about risk in
fundamentally different ways than adults; and (c) that adolescents do not perceive risks
where adults do, or are less risk-averse than adults. None of these assertions is correct:
Adolescents are no worse than adults at estimating their vulnerability to risk (and, like
adults, overestimate the dangerousness associated with various risky behaviors); by the
11
time they are 15 or 16, the logical reasoning and basic information-processing abilities of
adolescents are comparable to those of adults (Millstein & Halpern-Felsher, 2002; Reyna
& Farley, 2006; Steinberg & Cauffman, 1996; see also Rivers, Reyna, & Mills, 2008).
Indeed, most studies find few, if any, age differences in individuals’ evaluations of the
risks inherent in a wide range of potentially dangerous behaviors (e.g., smoking, driving
while drunk, having unprotected sex), in their judgments about the seriousness of the
consequences that might result from risky behavior, or in the ways that they evaluate the
relative costs and benefits of these activities (Beyth-Marom et al., 1993). In sum,
adolescents’ greater involvement than adults in risk taking does not stem from delusions
of invulnerability, faulty calculations, ignorance, or irrationality (Reyna & Farley, 2006).
17.
The fact that adolescents are knowledgeable, logical, reality-based, and accurate in the
ways in which they think about risky activity raises important considerations for policymakers, practitioners, and scientists. Most anti-smoking educational interventions
(including proposals in relation to on-pack health warnings) are premised on the notion
that adolescents would not smoke if they knew that smoking was harmful to their health.
But extant research on adolescent risk taking suggests that providing adolescents with
information/attempting to foster decision making skills will be of limited effectiveness in
curbing experimentation with tobacco, since it does not appear that adolescents are either
ill-informed or intellectually incapable of making rational decisions about smoking.
Contemporary Models of Adolescent Risk Taking Informed by Neuroscience
18.
The failure of most extant research to uncover or document differences between
adolescents and adults in risk assessment or logical reasoning has stimulated the
development of new perspectives on adolescent risk taking that draw on recent advances
in developmental neuroscience, the study of the ways in which the brain changes as a
result of biological maturation and experience. The dominant framework to emerge is
what has been called a “dual systems model” (Casey et al., 2008; Steinberg, 2010).
According to this model, heightened risk taking in adolescence is a natural byproduct of
the asynchronous maturation of two different brain systems, a “reward system”
(sometimes referred to as an “incentive processing system” or a “socioemotional
system”), which is responsive to emotion, reward, and novelty, and a “cognitive control
system,” which is critical for impulse control, emotion regulation, and planned decision
making. Briefly, the dual systems model posits that the incentive processing system
becomes especially aroused early in adolescence, shortly after puberty, and that this
arousal pushes the adolescent to engage in sensation-seeking in the pursuit of immediate
rewards, but that this arousal takes place before the cognitive control system has matured
enough to provide much-needed self-control. The combination of a highly responsive
incentive processing system and a still immature cognitive control system sets the stage
of risk taking. It has been suggested that, during late adolescence and early adulthood,
there is a decrease in the incentive system’s responsiveness to rewarding and emotionally
arousing stimuli and improvements in the functioning of the cognitive control system,
and, as a consequence, risk taking declines. There is growing support in the scientific
literature for the dual systems model, in the fields of both neurobiology and psychology.
12
19.
A very brief overview of adolescent brain development may be helpful in understanding
why risk taking may be a normative feature of adolescence and so difficult to discourage.
It is now well-accepted that adolescence is a critical period in brain development, second
in importance only to the first five years of life. Two of the regions of the brain that
change especially dramatically during adolescence are the limbic system and the
prefrontal cortex (Casey et al., 2010). Changes in the limbic system are especially
important for understanding the increase in reward-seeking that takes place during
adolescence. The brain’s reward system includes several components, most importantly,
a limbic system structure called the nucleus accumbens. In experiments in which
individuals are presented with rewards while undergoing brain imaging, the accumbens
shows a profound increase in activity.
20.
We now know that, during early and middle adolescence, there is substantial remodeling
of receptors for the neurotransmitter, dopamine, in the accumbens, and in its connections
to other brain regions (Casey et al., 2010). Dopamine activity in this area of the brain
increases dramatically during the first part of adolescence, and then declines – in fact,
there is more dopamine activity in this part of the brain during adolescence than at any
other point in development (Steinberg, 2008). Dopamine is an important
neurotransmitter for the experience of pleasure, and it plays a significant role in our
responses to all sorts of rewarding stimuli, including food, sex, and drugs (including
nicotine), as well as more abstract, but no less rewarding, stimuli like social status or
admiration. (Brain imaging studies indicate that the same regions activated by the
prospect of receiving a physical reward are activated by the prospect of receiving a social
reward; Guyer et al., 2009.)
21.
Current thinking is that the increase in dopaminergic activity during adolescence is a
main reason that adolescents are especially responsive to reward and especially
susceptible to drugs. Simply put, rewarding stimuli elicit a stronger response from the
brain during adolescence than during other periods of development. Moreover, recent
research on reward processing indicates that adolescents’ heightened responsiveness to
reward, relative to adults, is particularly pronounced when individuals are anticipating the
reward, and less so when they are actually being rewarded (Galvan, 2010). In view of
this, it is not surprising that young people are especially inclined to attend to the potential
rewards of a risky choice and to discount the potential costs, as I discuss later in this
report. The decline in reward-seeking that takes place after mid-adolescence is paralleled
by a concomitant decline in the brain’s responsiveness to rewarding stimuli. The
heightened sensitivity of rewards during adolescence, relative to children or adults,
applies to social as well as physical rewards, which in part explains why adolescents are
especially sensitive to the influence and opinions of their peers. Importantly, even though
individuals’ ability to systematically consider the costs and benefits of a risky decision
matures over the course of adolescence, as I note in the next paragraph, teenagers
generally place more weight on potential rewards than on potential costs when evaluating
them.
22.
Important changes take place during adolescence in the prefrontal cortex as well as in the
limbic system (Casey et al., 2010). The prefrontal cortex is the brain’s CEO. It is the part
13
of the brain that is especially active when we engage in deliberative reasoning, thinking
ahead, and self-control. In brain imaging experiments, when individuals are asked to
make decisions, activity in the prefrontal cortex increases markedly. Between
preadolescence and young adulthood, there are important structural changes in the
prefrontal cortex that make communication within the brain more efficient – faster and
more accurate. Unused, and unnecessary, connections between neurons are eliminated (a
process called “pruning”), and those that remain become more entrenched, as if a
network of a large number of unpaved roads is replaced with a smaller number of
superhighways. Moreover, these superhighways become increasing “insulated” with a
white, fatty substance called myelin, which increases the speed of transmission across
these brain circuits by a factor of 100. Not surprisingly, as the prefrontal cortex matures,
individuals become better at the specific skills that are underpinned by this brain region:
between preadolescence and young adulthood, individuals become better at planning
ahead, controlling their impulses, and weighing the costs and benefits of a decision
before acting. Maturation of the prefrontal cortex, and the cognitive control that results
from this maturation, is largely complete by young adulthood.
23.
The timetable and pattern that characterizes maturation of the prefrontal cortex differs
from that which characterizes the reward-related changes in the limbic system described
earlier. Whereas most of the changes in the limbic system follow an inverted U-shaped
curve, with a steep increase in arousal occurring during early adolescence and peaking in
middle adolescence, development of the prefrontal cortex is more gradual and protracted.
Middle adolescence is therefore a period of heightened susceptibility to risk taking
because dopamine activity in the brain’s reward regions is at its peak, but prefrontal
functioning is still relatively immature (Steinberg, 2008). It is not coincidental that
middle adolescence is also a prime time for experimentation with smoking and other
risky activities that are potentially rewarding. Accordingly, efforts to prevent smoking
should be targeted mainly toward this age group.
Adolescent Decision Making
24.
Decision making during adolescence is characterized by six key features that distinguish
it from other periods and that directly bear on questions concerning the likely
effectiveness of alternative approaches to deterring or preventing tobacco use by young
people.
25.
First, as noted in the previous section, adolescents are especially sensitive to rewards
(Galvan et al., 2006), including rewarding stimuli like social status or admiration. This
heightened sensitivity to rewards is manifested in two different ways: in what adolescents
attend to, and in what carries particular weight when they are making decisions. Thus,
when faced with a choice between two alternative courses of action (e.g., trying versus
forgoing smoking), adolescents will pay relatively greater attention to the potential
rewards of each alternative (e.g., gaining the admiration of one’s friends versus pleasing
one’s parents) than to the costs of each (e.g., potentially developing cancer versus looking
“uncool” in front of one’s friends). In contrast, adults tend to pay equal attention to both
rewards and costs (these age differences in what psychologists call the “risk-reward
14
calculus” tend to disappear after age 17; Cauffman et al., 2010). In addition, even though
they might be made aware of both the rewards and costs of a choice, adolescents will
likely be more influenced by the rewards than will an adult. There is some evidence that
differences between adolescents and adults are more consistently seen with respect to the
ways in which each age group weighs rewards than with respect to the ways that they
weigh costs. That is, differences between adolescents’ and adults’ “risk-reward calculus”
tend to be driven mainly by differences in their perceptions of rewards than by
differences in their perceptions of costs. One important implication of this is that efforts
to prevent smoking by emphasizing the potential harms of smoking are unlikely to be
effective among adolescents.
26.
Second, compared to adults, adolescents are more likely to focus on the immediate
consequences of a decision, rather than think about the longer-term ones (Steinberg et al.,
2009). This applies both to their consideration of the potential rewards of a choice and to
their consideration of the potential costs. For example, in research using what behavioral
economists call a “temporal discounting” or “delay discounting” paradigm, individuals
are asked to choose between a smaller reward received sooner and a larger one received
later (e.g., “Would you rather have $500 today or $1,000 in one year?”). Studies show
that adolescents discount the value of the future reward much more steeply than do
adults, opting to receive a smaller amount in order to receive it sooner (Steinberg et al.,
2009). This does not appear to be due to poor impulse control but instead to the generally
weaker orientation to the future evinced by young people, especially during the early
adolescent years (i.e., before 16). Thus, it is not so much that teenagers are incapable of
delaying gratification (as one might see in a small child) as it is that they just prefer not
to. This stronger preference for immediate rewards, coupled with their greater sensitivity
to rewards than costs, contributes to adolescents’ greater sensation-seeking relative to
adults.
27.
Third, the weaker future orientation seen during adolescence also affects the ways in
which adolescents evaluate the potential costs of a decision, in that they are more likely
to pay attention to and focus on the immediate and short-term drawbacks of a choice
(e.g., that smoking will cause bad breath, or that not smoking will lead to social exclusion
by peers) than on the longer-term ones (e.g., that smoking may cause lung cancer or heart
disease) – although, as I have already stated, consideration of any negatives (long or short
term) is likely to be less important than consideration of rewards (and particularly shortterm rewards). Thus, even when adolescents are made aware of the long-term harms
associated with smoking, they are less likely than adults to use this information in making
a decision about whether to smoke. This stronger orientation toward the present rather
than future and their focus on rewards rather than risks together help explain why many
adolescents, who are well aware of the potential adverse health consequences of smoking,
nevertheless try cigarettes. To a sensation-seeking 15-year-old focused on what he
experiences to be the here-and-now rewards of smoking, preventing experimentation with
cigarettes by emphasizing the possibility of developing a disease 40 years in the future is
not likely to be a deterrent. This is true, whatever the size of the package warnings and
whether or not it features graphics.
15
28.
Fourth, adolescents’ decisions about risk taking are more easily swayed than are adults’
by the influence of their peers; susceptibility to peer influence is high during early and
mid-adolescence and declines steadily until about age 18, at which point it levels off
(Steinberg & Monahan, 2007). Moreover, peer influence tends to exacerbate adolescents’
sensitivity to rewards and their preference for immediate rewards (Gardner & Steinberg,
2005). As a consequence, when making a decision in the presence of their peers,
adolescents, but not adults, are more likely to show activation of the brain’s reward
system than is the case when they are alone, and more likely, as a consequence, to make a
riskier decision. This pattern is consistent with actuarial and survey studies showing that
a relatively greater proportion of risky activity among adolescents occurs when they are
in the company of their friends. For instance, the presence of same-aged passengers
dramatically increases the risk of a crash among adolescent drivers but has no such effect
among adult drivers (Simons-Morton et al., 2005). This peer effect on risky decision
making is apparent well into late adolescence. To the extent that individuals’ early use of
cigarettes occurs in the company of their peers, adolescents’ already heightened
inclination to attend to the potential rewards of smoking will be even stronger, and their
likelihood of attending to the costs of smoking even lower.
29.
Fifth, owing to immaturity in brain regions associated with cognitive control, adolescents,
relative to adults, are less able to regulate their behavior (Galvan et al., 2007; Steinberg et
al., 2008). This is reflected in adolescents’ greater tendency to act before thinking and
their lesser inclination to make and carry out plans, as well as the greater difficulty
adolescents have in regulating their emotions, both positive (e.g., exuberance) and
negative (e.g., anger). Consistent with findings concerning maturation of the brain’s
cognitive control regions, impulse control continues to mature well into young adulthood.
Although it is unlikely that adolescents’ decisions to purchase cigarettes are impulsive,
because in order to circumvent age restrictions on the sale of tobacco, they must devise
some sort of plan (e.g., decide which retail store is least likely to ask for ID, rehearse
what they will say to the salesclerk in case ID is requested or to a stranger to ask for a
proxy purchase), their decision to try cigarettes for the first time may be made on the spur
of the moment – and particularly in circumstances where peer influence is strong and
cigarettes are readily available. One implication of this is that it is especially important to
remove cigarettes from adolescents’ social networks, so that such decisions to try
smoking are less likely to be realized.
30.
Finally, adolescents’ decision making is more easily disrupted by emotional and social
arousal than is that of adults (Albert & Steinberg, in press). In studies that compare
adolescents’ and adults’ decision making when they are alone and under conditions
where emotional arousal is minimized (e.g., when individuals come to a university office
and complete a questionnaire about risk taking), age differences in decision making are
much smaller (or even non-existent, depending on the specifics) than they are when
emotions run high or when they are with their peers (e.g., when an individual is angry or
when a group of people are at a party). An important implication of this is that
conventional research that finds few differences between adolescents and adults in the
way they think about risk may reach very different conclusions than would be the case if
the same decision making were studied when individuals were actually in the moment.
16
To be more concrete about it, asking questions about the potential risks of smoking
during a telephone survey may yield very different responses than one would get if one
asked the same questions to a group of adolescents who were drinking beer with their
friends at a party. It is very likely that surveys of adolescents’ conscious attitudes toward
smoking yield a picture of young people that presents them as more similar to adults than
is genuinely the case. Accordingly, it is wise to interpret the results of research on
adolescents’ responses to hypothetical changes in packaging or other aspects of
marketing with great caution. How adolescents respond to a hypothetical cigarette pack
when they are alone and completing a research questionnaire may bear no or little
resemblance to how they respond to a real pack when they are offered a cigarette by a
friend at a party.
31.
Taken together, these six key features that distinguish adolescence from other periods
both support the extant research concerning the risk factors for smoking in adolescence –
and, in particular, the importance of peer influence and access to cigarettes – and suggest
that measures to tackle adolescent smoking are only likely to be effective if they
acknowledge and address the very real differences between how adolescents and adults
make risk-based decisions. I discuss the risk factors for smoking in adolescence in the
next section of my report, before concluding with a discussion of the measures that offer
the greatest prospects for reducing underage smoking in the EU (and those which are
unlikely to be effective).
Risk Factors for Smoking in Adolescence
32.
Adolescents’ experimentation with, and use of, tobacco, is best viewed as a specific
instance of the more general category of risk taking. Smoking shares many
characteristics with other forms of risky behavior in which adolescents engage: like
reckless driving, the use of alcohol and illicit drugs, delinquency, or unsafe sex, smoking
is a potentially rewarding behavior that also has potentially harmful consequences that
are of uncertain likelihood for any given individual. Moreover, data on age trends in
smoking suggest a picture that is similar to that observed for other forms of risk taking.
Generally speaking, almost all types of risk taking are higher in adolescence and young
adulthood than before or after, with most forms of risky behavior increasing steadily from
preadolescence through mid-adolescence, peaking sometime in late adolescence, and
declining during early adulthood (Steinberg, 2008). As noted earlier, middle
adolescence, a period during which many forms of risk taking peak, is the time during
which most individuals who smoke first try cigarettes.
33.
Three sets of risk factors for smoking during adolescence have been studied extensively:
psychological characteristics that incline individuals to smoke, interpersonal influences
that encourage and support smoking, and a community context in which smoking is seen
as normative and in which cigarettes are readily available. Generally, the more risk
factors that are present for an individual, the more likely she or he is to smoke (Hawkins,
Catalano, & Miller, 1992; Ostaszewski & Zimmerman, 2006; Petraitis, Flay, & Miller,
1995). In addition, many of the identified risk factors have interactive effects, where the
17
impact of one factor (e.g., having friends who smoke) accentuates the impact of another
(e.g., ease of availability of cigarettes).
Psychological characteristics of adolescents who smoke
34.
It is well established that individuals with certain personality characteristics and beliefs
are more likely to smoke than their peers. These characteristics include high sensationseeking, negative affectivity (the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as
anger or anxiety), impulsivity, and inattentiveness (Chassin et al., 2009; Tapert, Baratta,
Abrantes, & Brown, 2002; Wills, Sandy, Yaeger, & Shinar, 2001; Wong et al., 2006). In
addition, individuals who have more tolerant attitudes about smoking (and about
deviance from social norms in general, a trait that is sometimes referred to as
“unconventionality”) are at greater risk for smoking (Schulenberg, Wadsworth,
O’Malley, Bachman, & Johnston, 1996; Petraitis et al., 1995).
35.
One important possibility is that those adolescents who continue to smoke, despite
concerted efforts to persuade them not to, may include a disproportionate number of
individuals who are characterized by a psychological profile that inclines them toward
risk taking behavior, including smoking. There is evidence from one study of cohort
changes in marijuana use that as the size of the marijuana-using population declined, the
relationship between deviance-proneness and use increased, suggesting that when there
are historical reductions in substance use, the residual population of users may be more
“hard-core” (Little et al., 2008). If true with respect to tobacco, this has important
implications for achieving further reductions in underage smoking, because individuals
who are impulsive, inattentive, or high in sensation-seeking may be even less responsive
to information-based interventions that appeal to rational decision making than other
adolescents (and, as I have said, information-based interventions are, at best, only
marginally effective in any event). In other words, if the remaining 20 percent of
adolescents who choose to smoke are different from those who do not in ways that render
the former less responsive to the sorts of preventive interventions that have been
implemented to date, which often have aimed at increasing adolescents’ knowledge of the
health risks of smoking, there is further reason to doubt that “more of the same” will be
effective. One important priority for future research is to better understand the
psychological characteristics of adolescents who continue to take up smoking despite the
anti-smoking measures that have now been in place in most EU countries for many years.
Interpersonal influences on adolescent smoking
36.
The role of peer and societal influences as the primary explanations for smoking uptake
by young people is widely acknowledged. Consistent with what I have said about the
especially rewarding nature of peer approval, adolescent smoking is very much
influenced by the behavior of others in the adolescent’s social network. Most directly,
adolescents are very likely to obtain cigarettes from friends and relatives. Beyond this
obvious influence, however, adolescent smokers are more likely than non-smokers to
have family members and friends who use and tolerate the use of tobacco (Chassin et al.,
2009). Consistent with this, adolescents who expect smoking to improve their social
18
relationships also are more likely to smoke (Griffin, Epstein, Botvin, & Spoth, 2001;
Smith, Goldman, Greenbaum, & Christiansen, 1995).
Community context
37.
Adolescents who become smokers are more likely to live in a context in which smoking
is perceived as normative and in which there is easy access to cigarettes (Chassin et al.,
2009). Important community factors are the price of cigarettes, the ease of availability of
tobacco, the adolescent’s perceptions of the prevalence of smoking, and the ways in
which smoking is portrayed in the mass media (Allison et al., 1999; Li, Stanton, &
Feigelman, 2000; Petraitis et al., 1995). A fair amount of research indicates that
adolescents, because of their relatively more limited discretionary income, are especially
sensitive to cigarette pricing; increases in cigarette prices have a relatively greater impact
on underage smoking than any other single factor. Smoking is also reported to be more
common among adolescents who live in neighborhoods with relatively more stores that
sell tobacco (Novak, Reardon, Raudenbush, & Buka, 2006), although cause and effect is
hard to demonstrate.
38.
Much attention has been devoted to the portrayal of smoking in the mass media, in part
because adolescents are theorized to be especially susceptible to the influence of
celebrities. Although there is no doubt that mass media include many instances of
characters who smoke, often in a way that associates smoking with traits like sexiness or
stylishness, determining whether exposure to smoking in entertainment media causes
adolescents to begin or continue smoking is nearly impossible. Observed correlations
between adolescents’ exposure to smoking in the mass media and their cigarette use may
be due to the fact that those adolescents who, for other reasons, are inclined to smoke
(e.g., they are high in sensation-seeking) are also likely to choose to watch films that
include a lot of smoking (e.g., action pictures). The scientific evidence indicating that
exposure to smoking in mass media actually leads adolescents to smoke is non-existent.
Adolescents’ Understanding of the Health Risks of Smoking
39.
Many attempts to prevent underage smoking are predicated on the assumption that
individuals who are made aware of the dangers of smoking will be less likely to begin
smoking, or more likely to stop smoking if they have started. For this reason, much of
the effort invested in preventing underage smoking has been targeted toward reducing
adolescents’ desire to smoke, generally by seeking to increase their awareness of the
adverse health consequences of smoking. It is therefore of interest to ask whether and to
what extent adolescents understand the health risks of smoking and whether improving
their understanding of these risks leads to a reduction in underage smoking. Several broad
conclusions can be drawn from the extant literature.
40.
First, it is abundantly clear that adolescents understand the risks of smoking and know
that it has harmful long-term health consequences. Some studies find that adolescents
overestimate the likelihood of these effects, other studies find that they underestimate
them, and still others find a mix of inaccuracy and inaccuracy depending on the specific
19
consequences inquired about (IOM, 2007). For example, adolescents tend to overestimate
the likelihood of smoking leading to lung cancer but underestimate the likelihood of
dying from a smoking-related cause (most probably because anti-smoking education may
emphasize cancer more than other smoking-related illnesses). Nevertheless, the vast
majority of adolescents believe that smoking is linked to serious long-term illness and
disease, although adolescents who smoke are somewhat less likely to share this belief
than are non-smokers. (About half of adolescents overall, and about two-thirds of those
who have never smoked, also believe that occasional smoking has adverse health
consequences (Statistics Canada, 2004)). It is important to note, however, that the
differences between smokers and non-smokers in their beliefs about the long-term health
consequences of smoking are small in magnitude and do not explain why some
adolescents smoke and others do not. Indeed, one study found that adolescent smokers
were actually more likely than non-smokers to report feeling vulnerable to the health
consequences of smoking, a feeling that was especially pronounced among smokers who
reported greater difficulty in quitting and who had stronger intentions to keep smoking,
suggesting that adolescents who are committed smokers are either resigned to the adverse
health consequences or unconcerned about their health (Milam et al., 2000). In any case,
these studies suggest that highlighting the long-term health risks of smoking would have
little impact on adolescent smoking, a conclusion that emerges from many studies of
adolescents’ responses to anti-smoking advertising (Zhao & Pechmann, 2007) and with
the literature on adolescent decision making reviewed earlier in this report; indeed, some
experts caution that fear-based anti-smoking ads may sometimes do more harm than good
(Pechmann & Reibling, 2006).
41.
Second, adolescents also believe that they can mitigate the health risks of smoking by
limiting their smoking, either with respect to the amount they smoke or how often they
smoke. In other words, many adolescents believe that there are steps one can take to
make smoking a less risky activity.
42.
Finally, and most importantly, studies find that adolescents do not fully appreciate the
difficulty of quitting smoking (IOM, 2007). Virtually all adolescents (smokers and nonsmokers alike) know that it can be difficult to quit smoking. Virtually all adolescents
believe that the longer one smokes, the harder it is to stop. But adolescents do not
appreciate that, for some individuals, one does not need to smoke very long before
finding it difficult to quit. As a result, adolescents frequently believe that smoking during
adolescence is not problematic because they will stop without difficulty when they no
longer wish to smoke. Thus, many adolescents distinguish between smoking during
adolescence (which they see as a casual, voluntary activity that can easily be terminated,
and that therefore has no serious long-term risks) and smoking during adulthood (which
they see as reflecting an underlying dependence that is difficult to break and that
therefore has serious harmful consequences). Adolescents who smoke are more likely to
hold these views than non-smokers. In one study, about a third of all high school seniors
who smoked at least a pack each day believed that they would not be smoking five years
later, but a longitudinal follow up found that, after 5 years, only 13 percent had quit, and
nearly three-fourths were still smoking a pack a day or more (Slovik, 1998).
20
43.
Although this evidence indicates that it is important to emphasize to adolescents that
many people find it hard to quit smoking, doing so is more challenging than it might
appear. Very little research has examined adolescents’ understanding of the concept of
“addiction.” However, in one interesting study of this issue, the researchers compared
adolescents’ and adults’ understanding of the appetitive (e.g., the enjoyable feelings one
gets from the substance) and compulsive (i.e., the loss of control one experiences once
addicted) aspects of addiction (Chassin et al., 2007). Whereas adults characterized
addiction primarily with respect to its compulsive aspects, adolescents emphasized both
appetitive and compulsive components. The authors suggest that adolescents may
therefore process messages about the addictive nature of tobacco differently than adults,
perhaps viewing the message that smoking is potentially addictive as indicating that its
use is highly pleasurable as well as potentially dangerous. As I have said, adolescents
tend to place more weight on the potential benefits of a risky decision than do adults,
which therefore raises the possibility that health warnings which emphasize that
“smoking is addictive” may have mixed, or even unintended, consequences as far as
adolescent smoking is concerned.
44.
Taken together, these findings help explain why adolescents’ beliefs about the risks of
smoking are not highly predictive of whether they actually smoke (at least one study
finds that they are not predictive at all). As many have pointed out (e.g., Slovic et al.,
2004), experimentation with cigarettes is likely driven not by planned decision making
but by emotional and social factors, such as enjoying the new experience, feeling
sophisticated and mature, or having fun with friends. If adolescents believe that the risks
of smoking are mainly the result of smoking for a long period of time, and if they also
believe that (a) they are capable of limiting their smoking to their teen years, (b) that they
can minimize the effects of smoking by limiting how much or how frequently they
smoke, and (c) that the risks of finding it hard to quit later in life may be offset by the
immediate benefits of engaging in a highly pleasurable activity, it is easy to see how an
individual can be perfectly aware that smoking causes serious and potentially fatal
illnesses but choose to smoke anyway. It is not so much that adolescents suffer from
delusions of invulnerability, as that they either value the rewards highly or simply
underestimate the risks of dependence relative to the rewards of smoking, and believe
that they can take steps to avoid it.
45.
In my view, and as I have already described, the very notion that adolescents’ knowledge
of the risks of smoking has a strong influence on their decision to smoke, which has
motivated most efforts to discourage underage smoking, is questionable. Decisions to
engage in any potentially dangerous activity are based not only on the perceived risks of
the activity but on its perceived benefits. An adolescent who believes that smoking will
help her control her weight or elevate his status in the peer group will balance these
potential rewards against the potential harms. Moreover, an adolescent’s decision to
smoke is often influenced by emotional and social factors, and not simply by the
information he or she has about the activity. As discussed in an earlier section of this
report, contemporary views of adolescent decision making have challenged the view that
adolescents’ decisions about risky activities can be understood as the result of rational or
logical reasoning.
21
46.
To the extent that this view is correct, merely telling adolescents about the health risks of
smoking, whether through package warnings, traditional school-based anti-smoking
education, or anti-smoking media campaigns, may not be a very effective strategy.
Attempting to dissuade adolescents from smoking by educating them about its potential
health risks presumes a level of planned decision making that may not adequately capture
the process through which many adolescents decide to smoke. If adolescents’ choice to
experiment with smoking is impulsive or driven mainly by non-health related concerns
(e.g., fitting in with peers, feeling adult-like), appealing to reason may have limited
success, especially with individuals who are characterized by a psychological profile
associated with greater risk for smoking.
One Possible Strategy to Reduce Underage Smoking: Limiting Adolescents’ Ability to
Purchase Cigarettes
47.
It flows from my review of the science of adolescent decision making, as described
above, that policies that limit adolescents’ ability to obtain cigarettes are likely to have a
greater impact than those that attempt to diminish adolescents’ interest in smoking
(indeed, the evidence to support measures with the latter objective is sparse, as I discuss
in the final section of my report, below). A proportion of adolescents in the EU smoke
cigarettes, in spite of their knowledge of the health risks of doing so and society’s best
efforts for the last three decades to deter them from doing so, and it is likely that they will
continue to do so for so long as cigarettes are available to them. Stopping them from
obtaining cigarettes, and combating peer influence by removing cigarettes from peer
networks, is key.
48.
Limiting adolescents’ access to cigarettes can be attempted in a number of ways, but
broadly these fall into two categories: making cigarettes harder to obtain by restricting
adolescents’ ability to buy them from stores or vending machines; and, raising the price
of cigarettes so that adolescents are less able to afford them, and adults are less likely to
be willing to share their cigarettes with adolescents. As I describe below, the two
strategies most likely to succeed in combating minors’ access to cigarettes are raising the
MLPA (combined with effective enforcement) and increasing the price of cigarettes, both
of which will greatly diminish the likelihood that individuals under the age of 18 will be
in social situations with peers who have cigarettes.
49.
Some authors have suggested that measures such as banning vending machines or
requiring vending machines to be locked (where a customer must request a salesperson to
unlock the machine) may be effective (DiFranza et al., 2006). Banning or restricting
vending machines, in those Member States that permit them, has also been proposed in
the Consultation Document. However, as I have already described, adolescents primarily
obtain cigarettes by “bumming” or buying them from friends and family, some of whom
may be of legal age to purchase cigarettes, or by asking older individuals to purchase
them for them (i.e., proxy sales). Vending machines account for only a small proportion
of the cigarettes smoked by underage smokers and, in view of the existence of alternative
22
sources of supply, prohibiting them is unlikely to have any significant effect on underage
smoking in the EU.
50.
A strategy that is more likely to be effective in reducing access is raising and/or more
effectively enforcing MLPA laws (the legal age for the sale of cigarettes to adolescents
varies across the EU, but most countries set the age at 18).
51.
Research shows that achieving the sustained compliance of merchants with state laws on
the MLPA for cigarettes has been difficult in the U.S. (IOM, 2007). The inconclusive
results obtained from studies of the impact of increasing merchant compliance on
underage smoking are likely due to a combination of factors. First, different approaches
to this practice are differentially effective; for instance, there is evidence that actual
enforcement (i.e., fining merchants who are caught violating the law) is more effective
than merely raising merchants’ awareness of the law. Second, merchant compliance may
be relatively more effective in reducing underage smoking among younger teenagers than
among older ones, because older ones can more easily pass themselves off as being of
legal age (either because merchants are less likely to ask them for identification or
because it is easier for them to use fake ID cards).
52.
An additional challenge is that increasing merchants’ compliance with the law, without in
addition adopting measures to tackle alternative sources of supply to adolescents (see
below), may not lead to significant decreases in the prevalence of underage smoking. A
recent Cochrane review (Stead & Lancaster, 2006) concluded that although attempts to
increase merchant compliance can be successful in reducing the number of merchants
who sell cigarettes to minors, these policies have no effect on underage smoking,
suggesting that even when compliance has increased, underage smokers find ways to
circumvent age restrictions, either by obtaining cigarettes from friends (Ahmad &
Billileck, 2007) or by finding merchants who are willing to break the law (Robinson &
Amos, 2010). In fact, studies find that a decline in adolescents’ retail purchase of
cigarettes is associated with a concomitant increase in their obtaining cigarettes from
social sources (IOM, 2007).
53.
Studies of the UK’s recent decision to raise the MLPA from 16 to 18 are informative.
One recent report indicated that raising this measure led to a significant drop in the
prevalence of smoking among 16-17-year-olds (Fidler & West, 2010). Another study,
admittedly one that was based on focus groups conducted with 12-15 year old
participants, concluded that the UK’s ban on selling cigarettes to those under 18 appeared
to be easily circumvented, and one important route appeared to be ‘proxy sales’ in which
young people approach strangers outside retailers and ask them to purchase cigarettes on
their behalf (Robinson & Amos, 2010).
54.
Because of findings that attempts to reduce youth access to cigarettes through the more
vigilant enforcement of age restrictions on retail sales can be undermined by adolescents’
ability to obtain cigarettes from friends or adults willing to purchase cigarettes on their
behalf, some experts have asked whether more effective enforcement of age of purchase
restrictions should be combined with laws criminalizing “proxy purchases” (purchasing
23
cigarettes for minors). At this point, only one EU nation (Estonia) prohibits supplying
cigarettes to minors (Scotland recently approved legislation to this effect, but it will not
be implemented until 2011), so the data are not yet available to permit the actual
effectiveness of this policy to be evaluated. However, it is probable that such laws, if
vigilantly enforced, would help restrict proxy sales and therefore reinforce access
measures based on ensuring compliance with legal purchase age requirements.
55.
Given the fact that adolescents frequently obtain cigarettes from friends, and because
adolescents tend to be friends with people of the same age, raising the minimum purchase
age will likely limit the availability of cigarettes in the social networks of younger
individuals. It has also been suggested that raising the minimum purchase age to 21
would be one of the most effective strategies for limiting the availability of cigarettes to
older adolescents and therefore reducing underage smoking overall. There are two
potential advantages to raising the MLPA beyond 18. First, because many 16- and 17year-olds have friends, romantic partners, and schoolmates who are 18, permitting 18year-olds to purchase cigarettes guarantees an easy flow of legally purchased cigarettes
into the social networks of many underage smokers, especially if they attend school
together. In contrast, far fewer adolescents under 18 socialize with individuals who are
significantly older, and therefore would encounter more difficulty obtaining cigarettes
socially if the MLPA were raised several years beyond age 18. Second, given research,
discussed earlier, indicating that the chances of an individual becoming a chronic smoker
are far less if the initiation of smoking is delayed until after adolescence, discouraging
more people from smoking as teenagers will have a significant long-term impact on the
health of the adult population. It would seem prudent, at a minimum, to ensure that the
MLPA throughout the EU is at least 18, and worthwhile to consider raising it beyond this
age. In order to be effective, raising the MLPA must be accompanied by vigilant
enforcement and ideally also by measures to counter adolescents’ attempts to source
cigarettes from elsewhere (e.g., bans on proxy purchase).
56.
As well as raising the MLPA as a means of combating minors’ access to cigarettes, a
second measure that is likely to be effective (either separately or in conjunction with
other access measures) would be to increase the price of cigarettes. There is strong
evidence that price increases are directly related to reductions in smoking and that
adolescents, because of their limited income, are especially sensitive to price increases
(Ahmad & Franz, 2007; IOM, 2007; Lewit et al., 1981), although there has been some
debate over the relative impact of price increases on initiation versus cessation (DeCicca
et al., 2008; Lewit & Coate, 1982).
57.
It is important to note that raising the MLPA to 18 and increasing taxes on cigarettes have
different effects on adolescents than adults. Raising taxes on cigarettes affects both
adults and adolescents, although the relative impact on adolescents is greater given their
more limited economic resources. Raising the MLPA, in contrast, has no immediate
impact on adults, but a substantial one on adolescents under the age of 18. (Raising the
MLPA beyond 18 would, of course, affect existing smokers over the age of 18, but below
the new MLPA, who would be prevented from lawfully obtaining cigarettes.)
24
Other Strategies to Reduce Underage Smoking
58.
As well as access-based measures, which I consider to offer the greatest potential to
diminish underage smoking, other strategies to do so have been proposed, studied and in
some cases implemented. These fall into three broad categories: (1) anti-smoking
education programs and media campaigns; (2) regulations on cigarette packaging; and (3)
regulations on instore display of tobacco products and/or point-of-sale advertising. For
completeness, I will consider these briefly in this final section of my report. Before I do
so, it is worth making some general observations about research on attempts to reduce
underage smoking.
59.
First, few anti-smoking interventions in these broad categories have been shown, in and
of themselves, to have sizable effects on underage smoking.
60.
Second, with the exception of studies of school-based anti-smoking programs, wellcontrolled studies of the impact of most interventions on underage individuals are few
and far between, and this is especially the case with respect to studies of individuals who
are at the prime age for smoking initiation (around age 14 or 15). Findings from studies
of adults are not generalizable to adolescents, for two reasons. First, as explained in an
earlier section of this report, there is considerable evidence that adolescents and adults
differ significantly in their decision making. Second, the primary targeted behavior in
anti-smoking interventions aimed at adults (smoking cessation) is not the same as the
primary targeted behavior in anti-smoking interventions aimed at adolescents (prevention
of smoking initiation). There have been efforts to encourage smoking cessation among
committed adolescent smokers, but by and large efforts to reduce underage smoking have
(correctly, in my view) focused on preventing experimentation or progression from
occasional to regular use. Interventions that are effective at encouraging smoking
cessation may not be effective in discouraging smoking initiation. Studies that separate
smokers from non-smokers in evaluations of anti-smoking interventions frequently find
differential effectiveness in these groups, as would be expected given the differing
relevance of messages about smoking to those groups.
61.
Third, as increasing numbers of adolescents eschew smoking, the remaining percentage
of those who become or remain smokers may become less and less representative of the
broader population, making it increasingly difficult to know whether intensifying or
modifying a strategy that appear to have worked in the broader population will result in
any additional impact. Given the deceleration in the decline of underage smoking that
has occurred in most countries in recent years, and the fact that few countries have
successfully lowered the prevalence below 20 percent – an observation that holds across
countries that have varied considerably in the extent and nature of their anti-smoking
policies – there is some danger that “more of the same” will have diminishing returns.
Put concretely, it may take an entirely different strategy to reduce underage smoking
from 20 percent to 10 percent than it did to reduce it from 30 percent to 20 percent, and
evaluations of strategies that contributed to the latter may not be generalizable to those
that attempt the former.
25
62.
Finally, without knowing whether there are unique characteristics of contemporary
adolescents who decide to smoke that make these individuals less responsive to extant
anti-smoking policies and practices, it is hard to predict the outcome of any policy that
has been evaluated when the proportion of individuals who were smokers was larger. All
in all, these factors, considered together, make it difficult to predict whether and to what
extent changes in the regulation of the marketing of cigarettes – as compared to measures
restricting adolescents’ access to cigarettes – will be effective in further lowering the
prevalence of underage smoking.
63.
There are those who no doubt respond to this conclusion by suggesting that there is no
downside risk of implementing policies of unproven or unknown effectiveness that on the
face of it least seem likely to work, because even if they turn out to be ineffective, they
are unlikely to have adverse consequences. There are three counterarguments to this line
of reasoning. First and foremost, as a matter of general principle, it seems to me that
changes in regulations should be based on solid, scientific evidence. Second, all
interventions have some associated cost, if only because resources that are devoted to an
intervention of uncertain effectiveness cannot be used for another that may have a better
track record. Finally, an unevaluated policy – even one that seems on the face of it to be
potentially effective – may have iatrogenic effects, actually increasing rather than
decreasing the problem it is hoped to diminish. For example, some evaluations of media
campaigns encouraging parents to talk to their teenagers about the dangers of smoking or
drug use have found that these lead to increases in adolescent substance use, perhaps by
appealing to teenagers’ desire to appear autonomous from parental control (see
Wakefield et al., 2006a). Similarly, as I have said, there is some danger that efforts to
emphasize to adolescents that many people find it hard to quit smoking may make
smoking more, not less, attractive, because this message may appeal to adolescents’
already heightened tendency to pay attention to the rewards of a risky decision. In other
words, in the absence of evidence that the policy change will have the intended effect, it
is imprudent to endorse a policy change simply because it seems, on its face, reasonable.
The history of regulation is full of instances of well-intentioned policies that have had
unintended effects.
Anti-Smoking Education and Media Campaigns
64.
Historically, efforts to persuade adolescents not to smoke have been based on the idea
that providing adolescents with information about the health risks of smoking will deter
them from trying and using cigarettes. The chief form that these efforts have taken is
school-based health education; later, this approach was expanded to include mass media
anti-smoking campaigns. School-based anti-smoking programs have been extensively
evaluated, and these evaluations have been subjected to many meta-analyses that have
sought to draw overarching conclusions based on the totality of the evidence, usually, by
giving relatively greater weight to more scientifically rigorous studies.
65.
The literature on school-based anti-smoking programs is inconclusive. Several
authoritative meta-analytic reviews of this literature have concluded that, by and large,
school-based health education is not very effective in reducing adolescent smoking (e.g.,
26
Thomas et al., 2009). However, a recent reanalysis of these meta-analyses questioned the
criteria by which studies were included or excluded, and concluded that school-based
programs were in fact effective, so long as they were well-implemented, included more
than information about health effects (e.g., social skills training), and lasted long enough
(Flay, 2009). These findings are consistent with my opinion that merely telling
adolescents about the risks of smoking (of which they are already well aware) is unlikely
to have a strong influence on their decision to smoke.
66.
Experts disagree about what needs to be provided along with information about health
risks, however. Some believe that the information needs to be accompanied by a strong
emotional message, with examples of individuals whose health was harmed by smoking
(Schar et al., 2006). Others insist that the information needs to be accompanied by
training in how to resist peer pressure and respond to peers who encourage smoking.
Some believe that educational efforts should be accompanied by messaging that plays on
adolescents’ needs to feel autonomous (i.e., that choosing not to smoke in the face of
industry or peer pressure to do otherwise is an assertion of one’s independence).
Virtually everyone agrees that any educational effort must be sustained over a
considerable period of time to be effective, but that the way the message is conveyed
must be “refreshed” periodically in order to maintain adolescents’ interest and attention.
67.
Mass media campaigns also have been evaluated, but these evaluations have not been
subjected to formal meta-analyses. In 2006, the United States Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention sponsored a review that summarized the results of evaluations of mass
media campaigns from multiple countries (Schar et al., 2006), but distinctions were not
drawn among evaluations of differing scientific quality.
68.
Evaluations of the effectiveness of anti-smoking mass media campaigns are extremely
difficult. As in studies that have examined the impact of pro-smoking mass media
messages in films, studies that examine the impact of anti-smoking messages are either
laboratory-based experiments that rely on adolescents’ attitudes toward smoking as the
chief outcome variable (and attitudes are not very good predictors of actual behavior) or
non-experimental field-based studies that cannot distinguish cause and effect. Further,
individuals who have certain behavioral inclinations are differentially likely to pay
attention to different sorts of messages. Someone who has decided not to smoke is more
likely to pay attention to and remember an anti-smoking commercial than is someone
who enjoys smoking, so any correlation between anti-smoking mass media exposure and
actual smoking may be due to reverse causation.
69.
As a consequence of these methodological problems, the best studies of anti-smoking
media campaigns tend to yield information about the relative appeal of different types of
messages (e.g., whether emphasizing health consequences is more or less effective than
emphasizing anti-industry sentiment) rather than the impact of media campaigns on
smoking. Although there are points of consensus among the different summaries of
media campaign research, there are still many areas of disagreement, and the conclusions
presented in some reports often contradict those contained in others. For example, one
review of the mass media literature concludes that focusing on the social disapproval that
27
results from smoking is a more effective strategy than focusing on the adverse health
effects (Pechmann, 2003) while another (Schar et al., 2006) reached the opposite
conclusion. One evaluation concluded that fostering anti-tobacco industry sentiment (e.g.,
that the tobacco industry is deliberately deceptive) is not effective (Pechmann, 2003),
while other evaluators have reached positive conclusions about the effectiveness of the
“Truth” campaign, an anti-smoking media effort that was based on persuading
adolescents that the tobacco industry has not told the truth about the potential effects of
smoking (Davis et al., 2007). The CDC review (Schar et al., 2006) also concluded that
focusing on the cosmetic consequences of smoking (e.g., bad breath, yellow teeth) is
ineffective (because adolescents saw that the consequences were easily remedied), as is
the use of celebrities to convey anti-smoking messages.
70.
If there is any consensus in evaluations of anti-smoking education and campaigns, it is
around the observation that simply providing adolescents with information about the
health risks of tobacco in and of itself is unlikely to dissuade them from smoking.
Information of this type alone has sometimes been shown to change adolescents’
attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs, but it seldom changes their behavior, especially when
the behavior has its own significant rewards.
Regulations on Packaging
71.
For some time, cigarette packages have carried warnings about the potential health risks
of smoking. In recent years, there have been calls to add pictorial images to the text
warnings, increase the size of the warnings, or to require plain packaging, so as to make
the warning stand out more. However, there is no evidence to support the proposition that
changes in cigarette packaging affect adolescents’ experimentation with or use of
cigarettes. This is true both with respect to the addition of pictorial warnings and with
respect to the substitution of plain or generic packaging.
72.
First, studies of packaging variations frequently confuse respondents’ knowledge or
opinions with their actual behavior – despite the fact that the connection between the two
is often tenuous. Demonstrating that, when presented with a particular pack design by a
researcher, a person will say that he or she would be more likely to quit smoking, or
never to take it up, is not the same as demonstrating that the packaging actually leads to a
drop in smoking. Asking respondents their opinion of the likely impact of a change in
packaging on other people’s behavior is even less reliable than asking respondents about
own behavior. There are, in fact, few systematic studies documenting the impact of
changes in warnings on actual smoking behavior.
73.
Second, virtually all research on cigarette packaging has been conducted with adults, and
most of it with adult smokers, so it is difficult to say whether changes in package
warnings have a comparable impact on adolescents or on nonsmokers. Thus, it is not
clear if adolescent non-smokers (i.e., those considering experimenting with cigarettes) or
smokers who are not thinking about quitting will pay as much attention to package
warnings as do adult smokers who are interested in quitting and whose attention will
therefore be drawn to information associated with this desire.
28
74.
Third, many studies of packaging that include teenagers rely upon asking young people
whether they believe that the warnings have an impact, an outcome measure of unknown,
but likely questionable, validity or reliability. However, people often believe that their
behavior is influenced by something when it is not, and without actual behavioral
evidence, one must be cautious about interpreting these sorts of findings. In fact, many
studies that purport to show that certain types of packaging will reduce smoking base
their conclusions on survey respondents’ uneducated guesses about the likely impact of
the policy. Indeed, one widely-cited Canadian study based its conclusions about the likely
impact of packaging alternatives on adolescent smoking in part on the mere opinions of
12- to 14-year-olds (Rootman & Flay, 1995). Particular caution is needed when
interpreting the results of survey research on adolescents’ responses to hypothetical
changes in packaging or other aspects of marketing, in view of the susceptibility of
adolescent decision making to be disrupted by emotional and social arousal (supra.).
Surveys of adolescent opinion are generally administered under conditions of low
emotional and social arousal.
75.
In sum, there is no evidence that changes in cigarette packaging affect adolescents’
experimentation with or use of cigarettes. Indeed, it would be surprising if warningrelated pack changes did have a significant impact on adolescents’ decisions to smoke.
As noted earlier, adolescents are well aware of the risks of smoking, but many of them
smoke anyway, and there is no evidence that those who do are ignorant of the health
consequences of smoking. Thus, the impact of changes in cigarette packaging on
adolescent smoking is is, at best, likely to be very small.
Regulations on Point of Sale Display and In-store Advertising
76.
It has been argued by those who support a ban on the in-store display of tobacco products
(i.e., who believe that tobacco products should move “under the counter”) that the display
of tobacco products increases impulse purchasing of cigarettes (Wakefield et al., 2008).
However, it is unlikely that impulse purchasing in retail stores plays any role in
adolescents’ acquisition of cigarettes: whereas adolescents’ decisions to try smoking may
be impulsive, their decisions to purchase cigarettes are likely to be far less so.
Adolescents who purchase cigarettes in retail stores need to decide in advance where they
will do their shopping, so that they can select a vendor who will sell to underage
individuals, arm themselves with a fake ID, or prepare a response to a salesclerk who
asks for proof of age (Fidler & West, 2010). Cigarettes are also relatively costly for many
adolescents, particularly in countries where tobacco taxes are high. It is therefore not
likely that an adolescent will enter a store for some other purpose and decide on the spur
of the moment to add cigarettes to his shopping list. Consistent with this, a recent
analysis of the implementation of a display ban on smoking among teenagers and young
adults in Iceland found no impact of the change in regulation (Padilla, 2009).
77.
It also has been asserted that in-store marketing creates a more favorable view of
smoking, by conveying the notion that smoking is normative and cigarettes are widely
available and popular, such that it becomes easier for adolescents to rationalize smoking
29
(Slater et al., 2007). The research that is commonly cited to support these assertions is
mainly cross-sectional, in which adolescents’ reports of having seen an in-store display or
advertisement are correlated with their reported smoking behavior, attitudes, beliefs, or
intentions, or where aggregate (i.e., community-level) measures of in-store display or
advertising and adolescent smoking are correlated (see e.g., Paynter, et al., 2009; Slater et
al., 2007; Wakefield et al., 2006b; Paynter & Edwards, 2009). However, the crosssectional nature of these studies makes it impossible to draw causal inferences (Feighery,
et al., 2006; Paynter & Edwards, 2009), because it is likely that individuals who smoke,
intend to smoke, or are curious about smoking will be more likely to attend to cigarette
advertisements and displays.
78.
In sum, my analysis of the scientific literature on adolescent decision making, as well as
of the few studies that have examined means of reducing adolescent smoking, lead me to
conclude that the access-based solutions which I have described are likely to be far more
effective at combating smoking among adolescents than any other measure.
30
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36
ANNEX B: CURRICULUM VITAE
Curriculum Vitae
Laurence Steinberg
Department of Psychology
Temple University
Philadelphia, PA 19122
PRESENT POSITIONS
Distinguished University Professor, Temple University (1999-)
Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology, Temple University (1998-)
Professor of Psychology, Temple University (1988-)
EDUCATION
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1970-71)
Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York (1971-74)
A.B. in Psychology
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1974-77)
Ph.D. in Human Development and Family Studies
PREVIOUS POSITIONS
Director, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent
Development and Juvenile Justice (1997-2008)
Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Psychology, Temple University (1994-1999, 20012007)
Director, Division of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Temple University
(1991- 94)
Professor of Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin--Madison (1983-89)
Faculty Associate, National Center on Effective Secondary Schools, School of Education,
University of Wisconsin--Madison (1985-89)
Associate Professor of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine (1982-83)
Faculty Associate, Public Policy Research Organization, University of California, Irvine (197983)
Associate Director for Undergraduate Studies, Program in Social Ecology, University of
California, Irvine (1981-82)
37
Assistant Professor of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine (1977-82)
Lecturer in Human Development and Family Studies, Cornell University (1976-77)
PROFESSIONAL LICENSURE AND CERTIFICATION
Licensed Clinical Psychologist, California (1982-83)
Licensed Psychologist, Pennsylvania (1993-)
National Security Clearance (Secret) (2008-)
PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS
Society for Research in Child Development
Society for Research on Adolescence (President, 1998-2000)
American Psychological Association (Fellow) (President, Division 7 (Developmental), 20072008)
Association for Psychological Science (Fellow)
EDITORIAL BOARDS
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (2009-)
Developmental Psychology (1984-95)
Journal of Youth and Adolescence (1985-92)
Child Development (1987-91; 1993-95; Associate Editor, 1995-98)
Journal of Research on Adolescence (1990-93)
Psychological Bulletin (1992-93)
Parenting (2006-2009)
Psychological Science in the Public Interest (2008-)
HONORS AND AWARDS
Phi Beta Kappa and Graduation with Honors and Distinction in Psychology, Vassar College
(1974)
National Science Foundation Graduate Award, Honorable Mention (1975)
Cornell University Fellowship (1976-1977)
38
Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, Participant, Forum on the First Twenty Years of Life
(1982)
Command Performance (Student Initiated Teaching Award), University of California, Irvine
(1983)
Faculty Scholar, William T. Grant Foundation, Program in the Mental Health of Children (19831988)
Fellow, American Psychological Association, Division 7 (Developmental Psychology) (elected
1987)
Faculty Excellence Award, University of Wisconsin School of Family Resources and Consumer
Sciences Alumni Association (1988)
Highest Impact Authors in Psychology, 1986-1990, Institute for Scientific Information (1992)
Great Teacher Award, Temple University (1994)
Scientific Core Group Member, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research
Network on Psychopathology and Development (1994-2000)
Anathan Family Foundation Visiting Professorship, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (November, 1995)
Top Developmental Psychology Authors in Productivity and Impact, Developmental Review
(1995)
Matthew Vassar Lecture, Vassar College (1996)
Editor’s Choice for non-fiction, Booklist (for Beyond the Classroom) (1996)
President, Society for Research on Adolescence (1998-2000)
Visiting Scholar, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota (April, 1998)
Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology, Temple University (1998-)
Gallagher Lecturer, Society for Adolescent Medicine (1999)
Distinguished University Professor, Temple University (1999-)
Visiting Professor of Adolescent Medicine, Morristown Memorial Hospital (December, 1999)
22nd Annual Konopka Lecturer, University of Minnesota (2000)
John P. Hill Memorial Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Study of Adolescence,
Society for Research on Adolescence (2000)
39
Paul W. Eberman Faculty Research Award, Temple University (2003)
Invited Master Lecture, Society for Research in Child Development (2003)
Urie Bronfenbrenner Award for Lifetime Contribution to Developmental Psychology in the
Service of Science and Society, American Psychological Association (2003)
Invited Master Lecture, Italian Conference on Developmental Psychology, Associazione Italiana
di Psicologia (Italian Association of Psychology) (2004)
Highly Cited Researcher, Institute for Scientific Information (2004-)
Distinguished Scientist Lecturer, American Psychological Association (2005)
Invited address, American Psychological Society (2005)
Barbara Lemann Memorial Lecture on Emerging Trends in Mental Health, Tulane University
Health Sciences Center (2005)
5th Annual Russell Barkley Lecture, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts
Medical School (2006)
President, Division of Developmental Psychology, American Psychological Association (20072008) Fellow, World Innovation Foundation (elected 2007)
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Plenary Address, Joint Meeting on Adolescent Treatment
Effectiveness (2007)
Invited Plenary Address, Jean Piaget Society (2008)
Presidential Citation, American Psychological Association (2008)
Fellow, Association for Psychological Science (elected 2008)
Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy, American Psychological
Association (2009) (citation and biosketch in American Psychologist, 2009, November, 737739).
Inaugural Laureate, Klaus J. Jacobs Research Prize for Productive Youth Development (2009)
Stauffer Award for Outstanding Faculty Service, Temple University Alumni Association (2010)
Social Policy Book Award, Society for Research on Adolescence (for Rethinking Juvenile
Justice) (2010)
40
SELECTED RECENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
NIMH Research Network on Affect Regulation and Adolescent Brain Maturation (2002-2007)
Board of Directors, Juvenile Law Center, Philadelphia (2003-2010)
Lead scientific consultant, Amicus curiae brief filed by the American Psychological Association
in U.S. Supreme Court case, Roper v. Simmons (2004)
Committee on the Science of Adolescent Health and Development, The National Academies
(2005-2006)
Board on Children, Youth, and Families, The National Academies (2005-2008)
Advisory Board, Allstate Foundation Teen Safe Driving Program (2005-)
Technical Review Panel, Moving to Opportunity Demonstration (2007-)
Invited briefing, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee (2007)
Research Advisory Panel, The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unintended Pregnancy
(2007- 2009)
Chair, Committee on the Science of Adolescence, The National Academies (2008-)
Scientific Steering Committee, Life Science Gallery, Marian Koshland Science Museum,
National Academy of Sciences (2009-)
National External Advisory Board, University of Virginia Tobacco Research Program (2009-)
Invited briefing, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Education and Labor (2009)
Lead scientific consultant, Amicus curiae brief filed by the American Psychological Association
in U.S.
Supreme Court cases, Sullivan v. State of Florida and Graham v. State of Florida (2009)
National Advisory Commission on Substance Use among America’s High School Students,
National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (2009-)
Advisory Board, The U. Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development (2011-)
RESEARCH GRANTS, AWARDS, AND CONTRACTS
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
41
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Models for Change Research Initiative, Phase V”
(2010-2013) (Role: Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Elizabeth Cauffman (PI), “Crossroads: Formal versus Informal Processing in the Juvenile Justice
System” (2010-2013) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Models for Change Research Initiative, Phase IV”
(2009-2010) (Role: Principal Investigator)
Jacobs Foundation
Klaus J. Jacobs Research Prize in Productive Youth Development (2009) (Role: Inaugural Prize
Recipient)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Models for Change Research Initiative, Phase III” (2008-2010) (Role:
Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “Pathways to Desistance: A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent
Offenders, Renewal Proposal” (2008-2009) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Models for Change Research Initiative, Phase II” (2007-2009) (Role:
Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Models for Change Research Initiative” (2007-2008) (Role: Principal
Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “Pathways to Desistance: A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent
Offenders” (2007-2009) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Pennsylvania Council on Crime and Delinquency
Edward Mulvey (PI), “Pathways to Desistance: A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent
Offenders” (2007-2008) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Institute of Drug Abuse
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Peer Effects on Neural and Behavioral Markers of Risk-Taking”
(2006-2010) (Role: Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Continuation of the Pathways to Desistance Study: Renewal Proposal”
(2006-2009) (Role: Principal Investigator)
42
Pennsylvania Council on Crime and Delinquency
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders in Philadelphia”
(2006-2007) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2006-2007) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Institute of Drug Abuse
Edward Mulvey (PI), “Pathways to Desistance from Substance Use Problems and Crime” (20052010) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, Phase
IV” (2005-2009) (Role: Principal Investigator)
Pennsylvania Council on Crime and Delinquency
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders in Philadelphia”
(2005-2006) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2005-2006) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Pennsylvania Council on Crime and Delinquency
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders in Philadelphia”
(2004-2005) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Institute of Mental Health
Nathan Fox (PI), “The Effects of Early Temperament on Social Behavior in Adolescence”
(2004-2007) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2004) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Pennsylvania Council on Crime and Delinquency
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders in Philadelphia”
(2003-2004) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2003) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
43
Pennsylvania Council on Crime and Delinquency
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders in Philadelphia”
(2002-2003) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Institute of Mental Health
Ronald Dahl (PI), “Affect Regulation and Adolescent Brain Maturation” (2002-2006) (Role: CoInvestigator)
William T. Grant Foundation
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders” (2002-2005)
(Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice”
(2002-2007) (Role: Principal Investigator)
William Penn Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Juvenile Offenders in Philadelphia”
(2002-2005) (Role: Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2001-2002) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders” (2001-2004)
(Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
William T. Grant Foundation
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders” (2001-2004) Role:
Co-Principal Investigator)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2000-2001) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator
National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice
Edward Mulvey (PI), “A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, Renewal Proposal”
(2000) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Open Society Institute, The Soros Foundations
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “The Competence of Adolescents as Trial Defendants” (1999-2002)
(Role: Principal Investigator)
44
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice”
(1999-2001) (Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Development of Assessment Modules for Middle Childhood,
Extension and Supplement,” (1999-2000) (Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Assessment of Life Stress in Children and Adolescents: Development
of the PACE/LEDS” (1999) (Role: Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice,
Supplement” (1998) (Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Assessment of Life Stress in Children and Adolescents: Development
of the PACE/LEDS” (1998) (Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Development of a Context Module for Middle Childhood,
Supplement” (1998) (Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Assessment of Life Stress in Children and Adolescents” (1997-1998)
(Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Development of a Context Module for Middle Childhood”
(1997-1998) (Role: Principal Investigator)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Research Program on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice”
(1997-1998) (Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI) “Child and Adolescent Life Events Development” (1996-1997)
Principal Investigator)
(Role:
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Development of a Context Module” (1996-1997) (Role: Principal
Investigator)
45
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice: Planning Grant” (1996)
(Role: Principal Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Adolescent LEDS Collaborative Project” (1995-1996) (Role: Principal
Investigator)
MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Pathways Through Middle Childhood
and on Psychopathology and Development
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Establishment of a Joint Task Force on Family Processes (1995-1996)
(Role: Principal Investigator)
William T. Grant Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Family, Peer, and Community Influences on Psychological
Adjustment in Late Adolescence” (1991-1995) (Role: Principal Investigator)
Temple University Biomedical Research Fund
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Parenting Practices Related to Aggressive and Nonaggressive RuleBreaking Behavior in Adolescence” (1990) (Role: Principal Investigator)
The Lilly Endowment
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Family, Peer, and Community Influences on Adolescent
Achievement” (1990-1993) (Role: Principal Investigator)
Temple University Research Incentive Fund
Robert Fauber (PI), “Adolescent Autonomy and Parenting Style” (1989-1990)(Role: CoPrincipal Investigator)
Graduate School Research Committee, University of Wisconsin--Madison B. Bradford Brown
(PI), “Ethnographic Study of Three High Schools” (1988-1990) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Center on Effective Secondary Schools, U.S. Department of Education
B. Bradford Brown (PI), “Noninstructional Influences on Academic Achievement”
(1988-1990) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
William T. Grant Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI) “Adolescent Autonomy and Family Relations” (1987-1988) (Role:
Principal Investigator)
National Center on Effective Secondary Schools, U.S. Department of Education
B. Bradford Brown (PI), “Noninstructional Influences on Academic Achievement”
(1987-1988) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
46
Graduate School Research Committee, University of Wisconsin
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Family Transitions During Adolescence,” (1986-1987) (Role:
Principal Investigator)
National Center on Effective Secondary Schools, U.S. Department of Education Laurence
Steinberg (PI), “Student Achievement and Responsibility” (1985-1986) (Role: Principal
Investigator)
Graduate School Research Committee, University of Wisconsin
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Changes in Family Relations During Adolescence” (1984-1985)
(Role: Principal Investigator)
William T. Grant Foundation
Laurence Steinberg (PI) “Faculty Scholars Award” (1983-1988) (Role: Principal Investigator)
University of California Focused Research Program
Ellen Greenberger (PI) “Early Work Experience and Adolescent Stress” (1979-1982) (Role: CoPrincipal Investigator)
The Ford Foundation
Ellen Greenberger (PI), “Early Adolescents at Work: Dissemination of Findings to National and
International Policy-Makers” (1979-1982) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
The Spencer Foundation
Ellen Greenberger (PI), “Early Adolescents at Work: Effects of Part-Time Employment on
Family Relations, Peer Relations, and Psychosocial Development” (1979-1982) (Role: CoPrincipal Investigator)
National Institute of Education
Ellen Greenberger (PI), “Early Adolescents at Work: Costs and Benefits to Learning and Social
Development” (1979-1981) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
National Institute of Education
Ellen Greenberger (PI), “Early Adolescents at Work: Effects of Part-Time Employment on
Literacy and Maturity” (1978-1979) (Role: Co-Principal Investigator)
Committee on Instructional Development, University of California
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “Development of Instructional Materials for ‘Human Development over
the Life Cycle’.” (1978) (Role: Principal Investigator)
College of Human Ecology, Cornell University
Laurence Steinberg (PI), “A Longitudinal Study of Physical Growth, Intellectual Growth, and
Family Interaction in Early Adolescence” (1977) (Role: Principal Investigator)
47
BOOKS AND EDITED VOLUMES
Steinberg, L. (2011). You and your adolescent: The essential guide for ages 10 to 25. New York:
Simon & Schuster.
Steinberg, L. (2011). Adolescence (9th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L., Bornstein, M., Vandell, D., & Rook, K. (2011). Lifespan development. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth.
Steinberg, L., Vandell, D., & Bornstein, M. (2011). Development: Infancy through adolescence.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (Eds.) (2009). Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd edition).
New York: Wiley.
Steinberg, L. (Ed.) (2008). The future of children: Juvenile justice, 18(2).
Scott, E., & Steinberg, L. (2008). Rethinking juvenile justice. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press. Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence (8th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L. (2005). Adolescence (7th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. (Chinese (simplified)
edition, Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education, 2007). (Turkish edition, Istanbul: Haziran, 2007).
Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (Eds.) (2004). Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd edition).
New York: Wiley.
Steinberg, L. (2004). The ten basic principles of good parenting. New York: Simon & Schuster.
(Paperback edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005) (German edition, Düsseldorf: Patmos
Verlagshaus, 2005; Brazilian edition, Rio de Janeiro: GMT Editores, 2005; Indonesian edition:
Bandung: Kaifa, 2005; Chinese (complex) edition, Taipei: CommonWealth Magazine Co., 2005;
Chinese (simplified) edition, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2006; Korean edition, Seoul:
Sigma Press, 2006; Portuguese edition, Lisbon: Publicacoes Europa America, 2006; Spanish
edition, Barcelona: Ediciones Medici, 2006; Greek edition, Athens: Dioptra Publishing, 2006;
Hebrew edition, Israel: Trivaks–Matar Publishing, 2007; German trade paperback edition,
Düsseldorf: Patmos, 2008).
Steinberg, L. (2002). Adolescence (6th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L. (1999). Adolescence (5th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Protecting youth at
work: Health, safety, and development of working children and adolescents in the United States
(Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998), with members of the Committee on the
Health and Safety Implications of Child Labor of the National Academy of Sciences-National
Research Council.
48
McLoyd, V., & Steinberg, L. (Eds.) (1998). Studying minority adolescents: Conceptual,
methodological, and theoretical issues. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Steinberg, L., & Levine, A. (1997). You and your adolescent: A parent’s guide for ages 10 to 20.
(Revised edition). New York: HarperPerennial.
Steinberg, L. (1996). Adolescence (4th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L. (in collaboration with B. Brown & S. Dornbusch) (1996). Beyond the classroom:
Why school reform has failed and what parents need to do. New York: Simon & Schuster.
(Paperback edition, New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster, 1997).
Steinberg, L., & Meyer, R. (1995). Childhood. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L. (with W. Steinberg). (1994). Crossing paths: How your child’s adolescence
triggers your own crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster. (Paperback edition, New York:
Fireside/Simon & Schuster, 1995).
Steinberg, L. (1993). Adolescence. (3rd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L., & Belsky, J. (1991). Infancy, childhood, and adolescence: Development in context.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L., & Levine, A. (1990). You and your adolescent: A parent’s guide for ages 10 to 20.
New York: Harper & Row. (Paperback edition, New York: HarperPerennial, 1991; U.K. edition,
London: Ebury Press, 1992).
Steinberg, L. (1989). Adolescence (2nd edition). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Steinberg, L. (Ed.). (1987). Sex differences in the family at adolescence. Special issue of the
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(3).
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1986). When teenagers work: The psychological and social
costs of adolescent employment. New York: Basic Books. (Paperback edition, New York: Basic
Books, 1988).
Steinberg, L. (1985). Adolescence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Steinberg, L. (Ed.) (1981). The life cycle: Readings in human development. New York: Columbia
University Press.
49
RESEARCH ARTICLES
in press
Albert, D., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Age differences in strategic planning as indexed by the
Tower of London. Child Development.
Albert, D., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Judgment and decision making in adolescence. Journal of
Research on Adolescence.
Albert, D., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Peer influences on adolescent risk behavior. In M. Bardo,
D. Fishbein, & R. Milich (Eds.), Inhibitory control and drug abuse prevention: From
research to translation. New York: Springer.
Burchinal, M., McCartney, K., Steinberg, L., Crosnoe, R., Friedman, S., & McLoyd, V. (in
press). Examining the black-white achievement gap using the NICHD study of early
child care and youth development. Child Development.
Chein, J., Albert, D., O’Brien, L., Uckert, K., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Peers increase
adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry.
Developmental Science.
Drabick, D., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Developmental psychopathology. In B. Brown & M.
Prinstein (Eds.). Encyclopedia of adolescence. New York: Academic Press.
Goldweber, A., Cauffman, E., Dmitrieva, J., Piquero, A., & Steinberg, L. (in press). The
development of criminal style in adolescence and young adulthood: Separating the
lemmings from the loners. Journal of Youth and Adolescence.
Lee, J., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. (in press). Ethnic identity and attitudes toward the police
among African American juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice.
Lee, J., Steinberg, L., Piquero, A., & Knight, G. (in press). Identity-linked perceptions of the
police among African American juvenile offenders: A developmental perspective.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence.
Lerner, R., Boyd, M., Kiely, M., Napolitano, C., Schmid, K., & Steinberg, L. (in press). The
history of the study of adolescence. In Brown, B., & Prinstein, M. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of
adolescence. New York: Academic Press.
Loughran, T., Mulvey, E., Schubert, C., Chassin, L., Steinberg, L., Piquero, A., Fagan, J., CotaRobles, S., Cauffman, E., & Losoya, S. (in press). Differential effects of adult court
transfer on juvenile offender recidivism. Law and Human Behavior.
Monahan, K., Lee, J., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Revisiting the negative impact of part-time
work on adolescent adjustment: Distinguishing between selection and socialization using
propensity score matching. Child Development.
Morris, A., Silk, J., Morris, M., Steinberg, L., Aucoin, K., & Keyes, A. Maternal influences on
children’s emotion regulation and emotionality. Developmental Psychology.
O’Brien, L., Albert, D., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Adolescents prefer more immediate
rewards when in the presence of their peers. Journal of Research on Adolescence.
Scott, E., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Social welfare and fairness in juvenile crime regulation.
Louisiana Law Review.
Schubert, C., Mulvey, E., Loughran, T., Fagan, J., Chassin, L., Piquero, A., Losoya, S.,
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (in press). Predicting outcomes for transferred youth:
Findings and policy implications. Law and Human Behavior.
Steinberg, L. (in press). Parenting the adolescent. In M. Fisher, E. Alderman, R. Kreipe, & W.
Rosenfeld (Eds.). Textbook of adolescent health care. Elk Grove, IL: American Academy
of Pediatrics.
50
Steinberg, L. (in press). Adolescent risk-taking: A social neuroscience perspective. In E. Amsel
& J. Smetana (Eds.), Adolescent vulnerabilities and opportunities: Constructivist
developmental perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Steinberg, L., & Collins, W.A. (in press). Psychosocial development and behavior. In M. Fisher,
E. Alderman, R. Kreipe, & W. Rosenfeld (Eds.). Textbook of adolescent health care. Elk
Grove, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. (in press). Adolescents’ exposure to sexy media does not hasten
the initiation of sexual intercourse. Developmental Psychology.
Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. (in press). Response to Brown and to Collins et al. Developmental
Psychology.
Williams, L., & Steinberg, L. (in press). Reciprocal relations between parenting and adjustment
in a sample of juvenile offenders. Child Development.
2010
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., Houts, R., & Halpern-Flsher, B. (2010). The development of
reproductive strategy in females: Maternal harshness→earlier menarche→increased
sexual risk taking. Developmental Psychology, 46, 120-128.
Cauffman, E., Shulman, E., Steinberg, L., Claus, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J.
(2010). Age differences in affective decision making as indexed by performance on the
Iowa Gambling Task. Developmental Psychology, 46, 193-207.
Chassin, L., Dmietrieva, J., Modecki, K., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A., Knight, G., &
Losoya, S. (2010). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use predict suppressed growth
in psychosocial maturity? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 48-60.
Monahan, K., & Steinberg, L. (2010). Accentuation of individual differences in social
competence from early childhood to mid-adolescence. Journal of Research on
Adolescence.
Morris, A., Silk, J., Steinberg, L., Terranova, A., & Kithakye, M. (2010). Concurrent and
longitudinal links between children’s externalizing behavior in school and observed anger
regulation in the parent-child dyad. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral
Assessment, 32, 48-56.
Mulvey, E., Steinberg, L., Piquero, A., Besana, M., Fagan, J., Schubert, C., & Cauffman, E.
(2010). Trajectories of desistance and continuity in antisocial behavior following court
adjudication among serious adolescent offenders. Development and Psychopathology, 22,
453-475.
Piquero, A., & Steinberg, L. (2010). Public preferences for rehabilitation versus incarceration of
juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 1-6.
Roisman, G., Monahan, K., Campbell, S., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., & The National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (2010). Is
adolescence-onset antisocial behavior developmentally normative? Development and
Psychopathology, 22, 295-311.
Steinberg, L. (2010). A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development.
Brain and Cognition, 72, 160-164.
Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental
Psychobiology, 52, 216-224.
51
Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. (2010). Manipulating public opinion about trying juveniles as
adults: An experimental study. Crime & Delinquency, 50, 487-506.
Susman, E., Houts, R., Halpern-Felsher, B., Steinberg, L., Belsky, J., Cauffman, E., DeHart, G.,
Friedman, S., Roisman, G., & the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2010).
Trajectories of the characteristics of pubertal development: Timing, rate and synchrony.
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164, 166-173.
Testa, C., & Steinberg, L. (2010). Depressive symptoms and health-related risk taking. Suicide
and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40, 298-305.
Vandell, D., Belsky, J., Burchinal, M., Steinberg, L., Vandergrift, N., & The National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (2010). Do
effects of early child care extend to age 15 years? Child Development, 81, 737-756.
Williams, L., Fox, N., Lejuez, C., Reynolds, E., Henderson, H., Perez-Edgar, K., Steinberg, L.,
& Pine, D. (2010). Early temperament, propensity for risk-taking and adolescent
substance-related problems: A prospective multi-method investigation. Addictive
Behaviors, 35, 1148-1151.
2009
Avenevoli, S., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Continuity of depression across development. In R.
Ingram (Ed.), International encyclopedia of depression. Pp. 186-188. New York:
Springer.
Blatt-Eisengart, I., Drabick, D., Monahan, K., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Sex differences in the
longitudinal relations among family risk factors and childhood externalizing symptoms.
Developmental Psychology, 45, 491-502.
Bornstein, M. H., & Steinberg, L. (2009). The practice of child development research. In R.
Shweder, T. Bidell, A. Dailey, S. Dixon, P. Miller, & J. Modell (Eds). The child: An
encyclopedic companion. Pp. 833-836. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Preface. In R. Lerner and L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of
adolescent psychology (3rd edition). Vol. 1., pp. xiii-xv. New York: Wiley.
Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (2009). The scientific study of adolescence: Past, present, and future.
In R. Lerner and L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd edition).
Vol. 1., pp. 3- 14. New York: Wiley.
Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2009). Affiliation with antisocial peers,
susceptibility to peer influence, and desistance from antisocial behavior during the
transition to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1520-1530.
Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., & Mulvey, E. (2009). Trajectories of antisocial
behavior and psychosocial maturity from adolescence to young adulthood.
Developmental Psychology, 45, 1654-1668.
Roisman, G., Susman, E., Barnett-Walker, K., Booth-LaForce, C., Owen, M., Belsky, J.,
Bradley, R., Houts, R., Steinberg, L., & The National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development Early Child Care Research Network. (2009). Early family and child
care antecedents of awakening cortisol levels in adolescence. Child Development, 80,
907-920.
Silk, J., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Adolescence and emotion. In D. Sander & K. Scherer (Eds.).
The Oxford companion to the affective sciences. New York: Oxford University Press.
Steinberg, L. (2009). Adolescent development and juvenile justice. Annual Review of Clinical
Psychology, 5, 47-73.
52
Steinberg, L. (2009). Juvenile justice: Adolescent development. In A. Jamieson & A. Moenssens
(Eds.). Wiley encyclopedia of forensic science. Pp. 1608-1612. New York: Wiley.
Steinberg, L. (2009). Should the science of adolescent brain development inform public policy?
American Psychologist, 64, 739-750.
Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., Woolard, J., Graham, S., & Banich, M. (2009). Are adolescents less
mature than adults? Minors’ access to abortion, the juvenile death penalty, and the
alleged APA “flip-flop”. American Psychologist, 64, 583-594.
Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., Woolard, J., Graham, S., & Banich, M. (2009). Reconciling the
complexity of human development with the reality of legal policy. American
Psychologist, 64, 601-604.
Steinberg, L., Graham, S., O’Brien, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., & Banich, M. (2009). Age
differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Development, 80, 28-44.
Steinberg, L., & Scott, E. (2009). Legal perspectives on adolescent decision-making. In R.
Shweder, T. Bidell, A. Dailey, S. Dixon, P. Miller, & J. Modell (Eds). The child: An
encyclopedic companion. Pp. 21-23. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sumter, S., Bokhorst, C., Steinberg, L., & Westenberg, P. (2009). The developmental pattern of
resistance to peer influence in adolescence: Will the teenager ever be able to resist?
Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1009-1021.
Williams, L., Degnan, K., Perez-Edgar, K., Henderson, H., Rubin, K., Pine, D., Steinberg, L., &
Fox, N. (2009). Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and
externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal
Child Psychology, 37, 1063-1075
2008
Brown, B., Von Bank, H., & Steinberg. L. (2008). Smoke in the looking glass: Effects of
discordance between self- and peer rated crowd affiliation on adolescent anxiety,
depression and self-feelings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 1163–1177.
Chassin, L., Dmitrieva, J., Knight, G., Modecki, K., Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L., & Losoya, S.
(2008). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use suppress the development of
psychosocial maturity? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 6, 333A
(abstract only).
Collins, W.A., & Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In W.
Damon & R. Lerner (Eds.) Developmental Psychology: An advanced course. Pp. 551-592.
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Paus, T., Toro, R., Leonard, G., Lerner, J., Lerner, R., Perron, M., Pike, G., Richer, L., Steinberg,
L., Veillette, S., & Pausova, Z. (2008). Morphological properties of the actionobservation cortical network in adolescents with low and high resistance to peer
influence. Social Neuroscience, 3, 303-316.
Scott, E., & Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence and the regulation of youth crime. In L. Steinberg
(Ed.). The Future of Children, 18, 15-34.
Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking.
Developmental Review, 28, 78-106. (Reprinted in K. Beaver & A. Walsh (Eds.) (2010).
Biosocial theories of crime. Surrey, UK: Ashgate).
Steinberg, L. (2008). Introducing the issue. In L. Steinberg (Ed.). The Future of Children, 18, 314.
53
Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age
differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report:
Evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1764-1778.
2007
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., Houts, R., Friedman, S., DeHart, G., Cauffman, E., Roisman, G.,
Halpern-Felsher, B., Susman, E., & The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network.
(2007). Family rearing antecedents of pubertal timing. Child Development, 78, 13021321.
Cauffman, E., Piquero, A., Kimonis, E., Steinberg, L., & Chassin, L. (2007). Legal, individual,
and contextual predictors of court disposition. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 519-535.
Dmitrieva, J., Steinberg, L., & Belsky, J. (2007). Child-care history, classroom composition and
children’s functioning in kindergarten. Psychological Science, 18, 1032-1039.
Grosbras, M., Jansen, M., Leonard, G., McIntosh, A., Osswald, K., Poulsen, C., Steinberg, L.,
Toro, R., & Paus, T. (2007). Neural mechanisms of resistance to peer influence in early
adolescence. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8040-8045.
Morris, A., Silk, J., Steinberg, L., Myers, S., & Robinson, L. (2007). The role of the family
context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16, 361-388.
Steinberg, L. (2007). Commentary on Kagan, Snidman, Kahn, & Towsley. Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development, 72(2), 76-80.
Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk-taking in adolescence: New perspectives from brain and behavioral
science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 55-59. (Reprinted in K. Cauley
& G. Pannozzo (Eds.) (2009). Annual Editions: Educational Psychology. New York:
McGraw-Hill).
Steinberg, L., & Monahan, K. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence.
Developmental Psychology, 43, 1531-1543.
2006
Chung, H., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Neighborhood, parenting, and peer influences on antisocial
behavior among serious juvenile offenders. Developmental Psychology, 42, 319-331
Collins, W.A., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In N.
Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.) Social, emotional, and personality development. Handbook of
Child Psychology. (W. Damon and R. Lerner, Eds.). Pp. 1003-1067. New York: Wiley.
Little, M., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Psychosocial predictors of adolescent drug dealing in the
inner-city: Potential roles of opportunity, conventional commitments, and maturity.
Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 4, 1-30.
Nagin, D., Piquero, A., Scott, E., and Steinberg, L. (2006). Public preferences for rehabilitation
versus incarceration of juvenile offenders: Evidence from a contingent valuation survey.
Crime and Public Policy, 5, 301-326.
Piquero, A., Fagan, J., Mulvey, E., Steinberg, L., & Odgers, C. (2006). Developmental
trajectories of legal socialization among serious adolescent offenders. Journal of
Criminal Law and Criminology, 96, 101-133.
Poythress, N., Lexcen, F., Grisso, T., & Steinberg, L. (2006). The competence-related abilities of
youths charged in criminal court. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 75-92.
54
Steinberg, L., Blatt-Eisengart, I., & Cauffman, E. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment
among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes:
Replication in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Research on
Adolescence, 16, 47-58.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2006). Juvenile justice. In L. Sherrod, C. Flanagan, R. Kassimir,
& A. Syvertsen (Eds.). Youth activism: An international encyclopedia (Vol 1.) Pp. 369374. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Steinberg, L., Dahl, R., Keating, D., Kupfer, D., Masten, A., & Pine, D. (2006). Psychopathology
in adolescence: Integrating affective neuroscience with the study of context. In D.
Cicchetti and D. Cohen (Eds.). Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Developmental
neuroscience. Pp. 710- 741. New York: Wiley.
2005
Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. (2005). Psychological, neuropsychological, and
psycho physiological correlates of serious antisocial behavior in adolescence: The role of
self-control. Criminology, 43, 133-176.
Chung, H., Little, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). The transition to adulthood for adolescents in the
juvenile justice system: A developmental perspective. In W. Osgood, M. Foster, C.
Flanagan, & G. Ruth (Eds.). On your own without a net: The transition to adulthood for
vulnerable populations. Pp. 68-91. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk-taking, risk preference, and risky
decision-making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental
Psychology, 41, 625-635. (Reprinted as Gardner, M., & Steinberg, L. (2007). Peer
pressure is a risk for adolescents. In J. Carroll (Ed.), America’s youth. Pp. 146-152.
Detroit: Greenhaven Press.)
Grisso, T., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Between a rock and a soft place: Developmental research and
the child advocacy process. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34,
619-627. (Reprinted in Child and Family Policy and Practice Review, 2006, 3-7.)
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive
Sciences, 9, 69-74. (Reprinted in (Reprinted in B. Maugham & M. Little (Eds.) (2010).
The library of essays in child welfare and development. Surrey, UK: Ashgate).
Steinberg, L. (2005). Psychological control: Style or substance? In J. Smetana (Ed.), Changes in
parental authority during adolescence. New Directions for Child Development. (No. 108),
pp. 71-78. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2004
Brame, R., Fagan, J., Piquero, A., Schubert, C., & Steinberg, L. (2004). Criminal careers of
serious delinquents in two cities. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2, 256-272.
Fletcher, A., Steinberg, L., & Williams, M. (2004). Parental influences on adolescent problem
behavior: Revisiting Stattin and Kerr. Child Development, 75, 781-796.
Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (2004). Preface. In R. Lerner and L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of
adolescent psychology (2nd edition). Pp. xi-xiii. New York: Wiley.
55
Lerner, R., & Steinberg, L. (2004). The scientific study of adolescence: Past, present, and future.
In R. Lerner and L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (2nd edition).
pp. 1-12. New York: Wiley.
Lexcen, F., Grisso, T., & Steinberg, L. (2004). Children’s competence to stand trial. Children’s
Legal Rights Journal, 24, 1-15.
Mulvey, E., Steinberg, L., Fagan, J., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A., Chassin, L., Knight, G., Brame,
R., Schubert, C., Hecker, T., & Losoya, S. (2004). Theory and research on desistance
from antisocial activity among serious adolescent offenders. Youth Violence and Juvenile
Justice, 2, 213-236.
Schubert, C., Mulvey, E., Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L., Losoya, S., Hecker, T., Chassin, L., &
Knight, G. (2004). Operational lessons from the Pathways to Desistance Study. Youth
Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2, 237-255.
Silk, J., Sessa, F., Morris, A., Steinberg, L., & Avenevoli, S. (2004). The protective effect of
neighborhood cohesion: A multi-informant perspective. Journal of Family Psychology,
18, 135- 146.
Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk-taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 51-58.
Steinberg, L., & Lerner, R. (2004). A brief history of research on adolescence. Journal of Early
Adolescence, 24, 45-54.
Steinberg, L., Chung, H., & Little, M. (2004). Reentry of young offenders from the justice
system: A developmental perspective. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 1, 21-38.
2003
Grisso, T., & Steinberg, L. (2003). Juvenile competence: Can immaturity alone make an
adolescent incompetent to stand trial? Juvenile Justice Update, 9, p. 1 and ff.
Grisso, T., Steinberg, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., Scott, E., Graham, S., Lexcen, F., Reppucci,
N., & Schwartz, R. (2003). Juveniles’ competence to stand trial: A comparison of
adolescents’ and adults’ capacities as trial defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 27,
333-363.
Scott, E., & Steinberg, L. (2003). Blaming youth. Texas Law Review, 81, 799-840.
Silk, J., Morris, A., Kanaya, T., & Steinberg L. (2003). Psychological control and autonomy
granting: Opposite ends of a continuum or distinct constructs? Journal of Research on
Adolescence, 13, 113-128.
Silk, J., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. (2003). Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links
to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74, 1869-1880.
Steinberg, L. (2003). Is decision-making the right framework for the study of adolescent risktaking? In D. Romer (Ed.), Reducing adolescent risk: Toward an integrated approach.
Pp. 18-24. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Steinberg, L., Grisso, T., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., Scott, E., Graham, S., Lexcen, F., Reppucci,
N., & Schwartz, R. (2003). Juveniles’ competence to stand trial as adults. SRCD Policy
Report, 17 (4).
Steinberg, L., & Scott, E. (2003). Less guilty by reason of adolescence: Developmental
immaturity, diminished responsibility, and the juvenile death penalty. American
Psychologist, 58, 1009-1018. (Reprinted in Gale Group (2004). At Issue: Should
Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?; M. Gardner & A. Dupre (Eds.) (2006). Children and the
56
Law: Cases and Materials (2nd ed.). LexisNexis Publishing; T.Bernard (Ed.). (2006).
Serious delinquency: An anthology. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing; and M. Drysdale
& B. Rye, (Eds.). (2006). Taking sides: Clashing views in adolescence. New York:
Dushkin.)
2002
Hecker, T., and Steinberg, L. (2002). Psychological evaluation at juvenile court disposition.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 300-306.
Morris, A., Silk, J., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. (2002). Temperamental
vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal
of Marriage and the Family, 64, 461-471.
Steinberg, L. (2002). Clinical adolescent psychology: What it is, and what it needs to be. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 124-128.
Steinberg, L. (2002). Parenting: Overview. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (2nd
ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference.
Steinberg, L. (2002). The juvenile psychopath: Fads, fictions, and facts. National Institute of
Justice Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 2001 Lecture Series, vol. V., 35-64.
Steinberg, L., & Duncan, P. (2002). Increasing the capacity of parents, families, and adults living
with adolescents to improve adolescent health outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health,
31, 261-263.
Steinberg, L., & Silk, J. (2002). Parenting adolescents. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of
parenting: Volume 1. Children and parenting (2nd ed., pp. 103-133). Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum.
2001
Avenevoli, S., & Steinberg, L. (2001). The continuity of depression across the adolescent
transition. In H. Reese and R. Kail, (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior,
Volume 28. Pp. 139- 173. New York: Academic Press.
Collins, W.A., Maccoby, E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E.M., & Bornstein, M. (2001). Toward
nature with nurture. American Psychologist, 56, 171-173.
Morris, A., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F., Avenevoli, S., Silk, J., & Essex, M. (2001). Measuring
children’s perceptions of psychological control: Developmental and conceptual
considerations. In B. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects
children and adolescents. Pp. 125- 159. Washington: American Psychological A
Association Press.
Sessa, F., Avenevoli, S., Morris, A., & Steinberg, L. (2001). Correspondence among informants
on parenting: preschool children, mothers, and observers. Journal of Family Psychology,
15, 53-68.
Steinberg, L. (2001). Adolescence. In J. Kagan (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of psychology.
Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
Steinberg, L. (2001). Adolescent development, theories of. In N. Smelser, & P. Baltes, (Eds.),
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. New York: Pergamon.
Steinberg, L. (2001). Contextual studies, methodology. In N. Smelser, & P. Baltes, (Eds.),
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. New York: Pergamon.
57
Steinberg, L. (2001). Parent-child relationships. In J. Kagan (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of
psychology. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
Steinberg, L. (2001). Socialization in adolescence. In N. Smelser, & P. Baltes, (Eds.),
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. New York: Pergamon.
Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Adolescent-parent relationships in retrospect and
prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 1-20.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2001). Adolescents as adults in court: A developmental
perspective on the transfer of juveniles to criminal court. SRCD Social Policy Report,
15(4).
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52,
83-110.
2000
Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (2000). Researching adolescents’ judgment and culpability. In T.
Grisso and R. Schwartz (Eds.), Youth on trial: A developmental perspective on juvenile
justice. Pp. 325- 344. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (2000). (Im)maturity of judgment in adolescence: Why
adolescents may be less culpable than adults. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 18, 741760.
Collins, W.A., Maccoby, E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E.M., & Bornstein, M. (2000).
Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American
Psychologist, 55, 218-232. (Reprinted in E. N. Junn & C. J. Boyatzis (Eds.). (2001).
Annual Editions: Child Growth and Development (8e, pp. 102-115). Guilford, CT:
McGraw Hill/Dushkin; and in M. Hertzig & Farber, E. (Eds). (2003). Annual progress in
child psychiatry and child development: 2000- 2001. New York: Brunner-Routledge. pp.
125-153.)
Steinberg, L. (2000). Punishment: Developmental perspectives. In A. Kazdin (Ed.), The
encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 6. Pp. 484-487. New York: Oxford University Press.
Steinberg, L. (2000). The family at adolescence: Transition and transformation. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 26, 170-178.
Steinberg, L. (2000). Youth violence: Do parents and families make a difference? National
Institute of Justice Journal, April, 30-38.
Steinberg, L., & Avenevoli, S. (2000). The role of context in the development of
psychopathology: A conceptual framework and some speculative propositions. Child
Development, 71, 66-74.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (2000). Developmental perspectives on jurisdictional boundary. In
J. Fagan and F. Zimring (Eds.), The changing borders of juvenile justice: Transfer of
adolescents to the criminal court. Pp. 379-406. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Steinberg, L., & Schwartz, R. (2000). Developmental psychology goes to court. In T. Grisso and
R. Schwartz (Eds.), Youth on trial: A developmental perspective on juvenile justice. Pp.
9-31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1999
Avenevoli, S., Sessa, F., and Steinberg, L. (1999). Family structure, parenting practices, and
adolescent adjustment: An ecological examination. In E.M. Hetherington (Ed.). Coping
with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage. Pp. 65-90. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
58
Fletcher, A., Steinberg, L., & Sellers, E. (1999). Adolescents’ well-being as a function of
perceived inter-parental consistency. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 599-610.
Gray, M., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Adolescent romance and the parent-child relationship: Bidirectional links across settings. In W. Furman, B. Brown, and C. Feiring (Eds.),
Contemporary perspectives on adolescent romantic relationships. Pp. 235-265. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Gray, M., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a
multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 574-587.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1999). The elephant in the courtroom: Developmental
perspectives on the adjudication of youthful offenders. Virginia Journal of Social Policy
& the Law, 6, 389-417.
1998
Boyce, T., Frank, E., Jensen, P., Kessler, R., Nelson, C., & Steinberg, L. (1998). The role of
context in the development of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 10,
143-164 .
Jensen, P., Mrazek, D., Knapp, P., Steinberg, L., Pfeffer, C., Schowalter, J., & Shapiro, T.
(1998). Evolution, adaptation, and ADHD: Response to Hecht. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Jensen, P., Mrazek, D., Knapp, P., Steinberg, L., Pfeffer, C., Schowalter, J., & Shapiro, T.
(1998). A revolution in progress: Response to Carey and Carrey. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Steinberg, L. (1998). Adolescent. In The World Book Encyclopedia. Pp. 60-65. Chicago: World
Book Publishing.
Steinberg, L. (1998). Standards outside the classroom. In D. Ravitch (Ed.). The State of student
performance in American schools: Brookings papers on education policy, Volume 1. Pp.
319-357 Washington: Brookings Institution.
Steinberg, L. & Avenevoli, S. (1998). Disengagement from school and problem behavior in
adolescence: A developmental-contextual analysis of the influences of family and parttime work. In R. Jessor & M. Chase (Eds.), New perspectives on adolescent risk
behavior. Pp. 392-424. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Steinberg, L., & Fletcher, A. (1998). Data analytic strategies in research on ethnic minority
youth. In V. McLoyd and L. Steinberg (Eds.) Studying minority adolescents: Conceptual,
methodological, and theoretical issues. pp. 279-294. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
1997
Darling, N., and Steinberg, L. (1997). Community influences on adolescent achievement and
deviance. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. Duncan, & L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty:
Context and consequences for children. Volume 2: Conceptual, methodological, and
policy approaches to studying neighborhoods. Pp 120-131. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Glasgow, K., Dornbusch, S., Ritter, P., Troyer, L., & Steinberg, L. (1997). Parenting styles,
dysfunctional attributions, and adolescent outcomes in diverse groups. Child
Development, 67, 507-529.
59
Jensen, P., Mrazek, D., Knapp, P., Steinberg, L., Schowalter, J., & Shapiro, T. (1997). Evolution
and revolution in child psychiatry: ADHD and child psychopathology as disorders of
adaptation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36,
1672-1679. (Reprinted in: P. Jensen, P. Knapp, & D. Mrazek (Eds.) (2006). Toward a
new diagnostic system for child psychopathology: Moving beyond the DSM. Pp. 96-110.
New York: Guilford Press.)
1996
Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (1996). The cognitive and affective influences on adolescent
decision-making. Temple Law Review, 68, 1763-1789.
Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Interactive effects of menarche, dating, and heterosocial
involvement on dieting behavior in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 32,
631-635. (Reprinted in: R. Muuss (Ed.), (1998). Adolescent behavior and society: A book
of readings [5th edition]. New York: McGraw-Hill.)
Lamborn, S., Dornbusch, S., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Ethnicity and community context as
moderators of the relation between family decision-making and adolescent adjustment.
Child Development, 66, 283-301.
Siqueland, L., Kendall, P., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: Perceived family
environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25,
225-237.
Steinberg, L. (1996). The impact of employment on adolescent development. In M. Merrens and
G. Brannigan (Eds.), The developmental psychologists. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L., & Belsky, J. (1996). A sociobiological perspective on psychopathology in
adolescence. In D. Cicchetti and S. Toth (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental
Psychopathology (Volume 7). Pp. 93-124. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1996). Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors
in adolescent decision-making. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 249-272.
1995
Fletcher, A., Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1995). Parenting practices as moderators of peer
influence on adolescent deviance. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in longterm perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fletcher, A., Darling, N., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. (1995). The company they keep:
Relation of adolescents’ adjustment and behavior to their friends’ perceptions of
authoritative parenting in the social network. Developmental Psychology, 31, 300-310.
Hogue, A., & Steinberg, L. (1995). Homophily of internalized distress in adolescent peer groups.
Developmental Psychology, 31, 897-906.
Mounts, N., & Steinberg, L. (1995). An ecological analysis of peer influence on adolescent grade
point average and drug use. Developmental Psychology, 31, 915-922.
Steinberg, L. (1995). Commentary: On developmental trajectories and social contexts in
adolescence. In L. Crockett and N. Crouter (Eds.), Pathways Through Adolescence:
Individual Development in Relation to Social Contexts. Pp. 245-253. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1995). The impact of school-year employment on adolescent
development. Annals of Child Development, 11, 131-166.
60
Steinberg, L., Darling, N., Fletcher, A., Brown, B., & Dornbusch, S. (1995). Authoritative
parenting and adolescent adjustment: An ecological journey. In P. Moen, G. Elder, Jr.,
and K. Luscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human
development. Pp. 223-266. Washington: American Psychological Association.
1994
Bogenschneider, K., & Steinberg, L. (1994). Maternal employment and adolescent academic a
achievement: A developmental analysis. Sociology of Education, 67, 60-77.
Steinberg, L. (1994). The uses of out of school time. In H. Walberg and L. Anderson (Eds.),
Timepiece: Extending and Enhancing Learning Time. Pp. 35-40. Washington: National
Association of Secondary School Principals.
Steinberg, L., & Darling, N. (1994). The broader context of adolescent development. In R.
Silbereisen and E. Todt (Eds.), Adolescence in context: The interplay of family, school,
peers, and work in adjustment. Pp. 25-45. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Steinberg, L., Fletcher, A., and Darling, N. (1994). Parental monitoring and peer influences on
adolescent substance use. Pediatrics, 93(6), 1060-1064.
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S., Darling, N., Mounts, N., & Dornbusch, S. (1994). Over-time changes
in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian,
indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
1993
Brown, B., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting practices and peer group
affiliation in adolescence. Child Development, 64, 467-482.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496. (CITATION CLASSIC)
Durbin, D., Darling, N., Steinberg, L., & Brown, B. (1993). Parenting style and peer group
membership among European-American adolescents. Journal of Research on
Adolescence, 3, 87-100. Lamborn, S., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Emotional autonomy redux:
Revisiting Ryan and Lynch. Child Development, 64, 483-499.
Steinberg, L., Fegley, S., & Dornbusch, S. (1993). Negative impact of part-time work on
adolescent adjustment: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology,
29, 171-180.
1992
Lamborn, S., Mounts, N., Brown, B., & Steinberg, L. (1992). Putting school in perspective: The
influence of family, peers, extracurricular participation, and part-time work on academic
engagement. In F. Newmann (Ed.), Student engagement and achievement in American
secondary schools. Pp. 153- 181. New York: Teachers College Press.
Steinberg, L. (1992). Adolescent transitions and other drug use prevention. In E. Goplerud (Ed.),
Preventing adolescent drug use: From theory to practice. Pp. 13-51. Washington: Office
of Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (OSAP
Prevention Monograph-8).
Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S., & Brown, B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement:
An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47, 723-729. (Reprinted in M. Hertzig
61
and E. Farber (Eds.) (1993). Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry; in H. Clarizio, W.
Mehrens, & W Hapkiewicz, (Eds.) (1993). Contemporary Issues in Educational
Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill; and in R. Lerner (Ed.) (1999). Adolescence:
Development, diversity, and context. Hamden, CT: Garland.)
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S., Dornbusch, S., & Darling, N. (1992). Impact of parenting practices
on adolescent achievement: Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and
encouragement to succeed. Child Development, 63, 1266-1281.
1991
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development,
and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development,
62, 647-670. (Reprinted in W. Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. Rubin (Eds.) (2009). Social
and Emotional Development. London: Routledge.)
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Further reflections on an evolutionary theory of
socialization. Child Development, 62, 682-685.
Dornbusch, S., Mont-Reynaud, R., Ritter, P., Chen, Z., & Steinberg, L. (1991). Stressful events
and their correlates among adolescents of diverse backgrounds. In M. Colten and S. Gore
(Eds.), Adolescent stress: Causes and consequences. Pp. 111-130. Hawthorne, NY:
Aldine de Gruyter.
Dornbusch, S., Ritter, P., & Steinberg, L. (1991). Community influences on the relation of
family statuses to adolescent school performance: Differences between African
Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. American Journal of Education, 99, 543-567.
Lamborn, S., Mounts, N., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. (1991). Patterns of competence and
adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful
homes. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065. (CITATION CLASSIC)
Sessa, F., & Steinberg, L. (1991). Family structure and the development of autonomy in
adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 38-55.
Steinberg, L. (1991). Developmental considerations in youth advocacy. In J. Westman (Ed.),
Who speaks for the children? The handbook of individual and class advocacy. Pp. 23-37.
Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
Steinberg, L. (1991). Parent-adolescent relations. In R. Lerner, A. Petersen, and J. Brooks-Gunn
(Eds.), The encyclopedia of adolescence. Pp. 724-728. New York: Garland.
Steinberg, L. (1991). The logic of adolescence. In P. Edelman and J. Ladner (Eds.), Adolescence
and poverty: Challenge for the 1990s. Pp. 19-36. Washington: National Policy Press.
Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. (1991). Negative correlates of part-time work in adolescence:
Replication and elaboration. Developmental Psychology, 27, 304-313.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S., & Dornbusch, S. (1991). Authoritative parenting and
adolescent adjustment across various ecological niches. Journal of Research on
Adolescence, 1, 19-36. (Reprinted in R. Lerner (Ed.) (1999). Adolescence: Development,
diversity, and context. Hamden, CT: Garland.)
1990
Brown, B., & Steinberg, L. (March, 1990). Academic achievement and social acceptance. The
Education Digest, pp. 57-60.
62
Koski, K., & Steinberg, L. (1990). Parenting satisfaction of mothers during midlife. Journal of
Youth and Adolescence, 19, 465-474.
Silverberg, S., & Steinberg, L. (1990). Psychological well-being of parents at midlife: The
impact of early adolescent children. Developmental Psychology, 26, 658-666.
Steinberg, L. (1990). Autonomy, conflict, and harmony in the family relationship. In S. Feldman
and G. Elliot (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Pp. 255-276.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1989
Steinberg, L. (1989). Communities of families and education. In W. Weston (Ed.), Education
and the American family: A research synthesis. Pp. 138-168. New York: New York
University Press. Steinberg, L. (1989). Pubertal maturation and parent-adolescent
distance: An evolutionary perspective. In G. Adams, R. Montemayor, and T. Gulotta
(Eds.), Advances in adolescent development (Volume 1) Pp. 71-97. Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage.
Steinberg, L., Elmen, J., & Mounts, N. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity,
and academic success among adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1424-1436.
1988
Steinberg, L. (1988). Reciprocal relation between parent-child distance and pubertal maturation.
Developmental Psychology, 24, 122-128.
Steinberg, L. (1988). Simple solutions to a complex problem: A response to Rodman, Pratto, and
Nelson. Developmental Psychology, 24, 295-296.
1987
Silverberg, S., & Steinberg, L. (1987). Adolescent autonomy, parent-adolescent conflict, and
parental well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 293-312.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Familial factors in delinquency: A developmental perspective. Journal of
Adolescent Research, 2, 255-268.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Family processes at adolescence: A developmental perspective. Family
Therapy, 14, 77-86.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Recent research on the family at adolescence: The extent and nature of sex
differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 191-198.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Single parents, stepparents, and the susceptibility of adolescents to
antisocial peer pressure. Child Development, 58, 269-275.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Stability of Type A behavior from early childhood to young adulthood. In
P. Baltes, D. Featherman, and R. Lerner (Eds.), Lifespan development and behavior
(Volume 8) Pp. 129- 161. Hillsdsale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Steinberg, L. (1987). The ABCs of transformations in family relations at adolescence: Changes
in affect, behavior, and cognition. In E.M. Hetherington and R.D. Parke (Eds.),
Contemporary readings in child psychology (3rd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Steinberg, L. (1987). The impact of puberty on family relations: Effects of pubertal status and
pubertal timing. Developmental Psychology, 23, 451-460. (Reprinted in: G. Muugi and
63
A. Meehan (Eds.), (1994). Adolescence. Acton, MA: Copley; and in R. Lerner (Ed.)
(1999), Adolescence: Development, diversity, and context. Hamden, CT: Garland.)
Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. (1987). Influences on marital satisfaction during the middle stages
of the family life cycle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 751-760.
1986
Steinberg, L. (1986). Latchkey children and susceptibility to peer pressure: An ecological
analysis. Developmental Psychology, 22, 433-439.
Steinberg, L. (1986). Parents, neglectful and neglected. Today’s Delinquent, 5, 7-50.
Steinberg, L. (1986). Stability (and instability) of overt Type A behaviors from childhood to
young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 22, 393-402. (Reprinted in: S. Chess and
A. Thomas (Eds.). (1987). Annual progress in child psychology and child development.
New York: Brunner/Mazel.) (Reprinted in: R. Muuss (Ed.), (1989). Adolescent behavior
and society: A book of readings (4th edition). New York: Random House; and in W.
Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. Rubin (Eds.) (2009). Social and Emotional Development. London:
Routledge.)
Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child
Development, 57, 841-851. (Reprinted in: R. Muuss (Ed.), (1989). Adolescent behavior
and society: A book of readings (4th edition). New York: Random House; and in W.
Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. Rubin (Eds.) (2009). Social and Emotional Development.
London: Routledge.)
1985
Steinberg, L. (1985). Early temperamental antecedents of Type A behavior. Developmental
Psychology, 22, 1171-1180.
1984
Brennan, P., & Steinberg, L. (1984). Is reminiscence adaptive? Relations among social activity
level, reminiscence, and morale. International Journal of Aging and Human
Development, 18, 99-110.
Steinberg, L. (1984). The varieties and effects of work experience during adolescence. In M.
Lamb, A. Brown, and B. Rogoff (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Volume
3). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Steinberg, L., Blinde, P., & Chan, K. (1984). Dropping out among language-minority youth.
Review of Educational Research, 54, 113-132.
1983
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1983). Sex differences in early work experience: A harbinger
of things to come. Social Forces, 62, 467-486.
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1983). Statement on proposed changes in child labor
regulations. Hearings of the House Subcommittee on Labor Standards, July 28, 1982.
Reprinted in: In E. Greenberger, “A researcher in the policy arena.” American
Psychologist, 38, 104-111.
64
1982
Greenberger, E., Steinberg, L., & Ruggiero, M. (1982). A job is a job is a job...Or is it?
Behavioral observations in the adolescent workplace. Work and Occupations, 9, 79-96.
Greenberger, E., Steinberg, L., & Vaux, A. (1982). Person-environment congruence as a
predictor of adolescent health and behavioral disorder. American Journal of Community
Psychology, 10, 511- 526.
Ruggiero, M., Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1982). Occupational deviance among first-time
workers. Youth and Society, 13, 423-448.
Steinberg, L. (1982). Jumping off the work experience bandwagon. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 11, 183-205.
Steinberg, L., Greenberger, E., Garduque, L., & McAuliffe, S. (1982). High school students in
the labor force: Some costs and benefits to schooling and learning. Educational
Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 4, 363-372.
Steinberg, L., Greenberger, E., Garduque, L., Ruggiero, M., & Vaux, A. (1982). Effects of
working on adolescent development. Developmental Psychology, 18, 385-395.
Steinberg, L., Greenberger, E., & Ruggiero, M. (1982). Assessing job characteristics: When
“perceived” and “objective” measures don’t converge. Psychological Reports, 50, 771780.
1981
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Walker, A. (1981). The ecology of day care. In M. Lamb (Ed.), Child
rearing in nontraditional families. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1981). The workplace as a context for the socialization of
youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 10, 185-210.
Greenberger, E., Steinberg, L., & Vaux, A. (1981). Adolescents who work: Health and
behavioral consequences of job stress. Developmental Psychology, 17, 691-703.
Ruggiero, M., & Steinberg, L. (1981). The empirical study of teenage work: A behavioral code
for the assessment of adolescent job environments. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 19,
163-174.
Steinberg, L. (1981). Family relations at puberty. In L. Steinberg (Ed.), The life cycle: Readings
in human development. New York: Columbia University Press.
Steinberg, L. (1981). Transformations in family relations at puberty. Developmental Psychology,
17, 833- 840.
Steinberg, L., Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (1981). Economic antecedents of child abuse and
neglect. Child Development, 52, 975-985.
Steinberg, L., Greenberger, E., Vaux, A., & Ruggiero, M. (1981). Early work experience: A
partial antidote for adolescent egocentrism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 10, 141157.
1980
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1980). Part-time employment of in-school youths: A
preliminary assessment of costs and benefits. In B. Linder and R. Taggart (Eds.), A
review of youth employment problems, programs, and policies. Volume 1. Washington:
The Vice-President’s Task Force on Youth Employment, U.S. Dept. of Labor.
65
Greenberger, E., Steinberg, L., Vaux, A., & McAuliffe, S. (1980). Adolescents who work:
Effects of part-time employment on family and peer relations. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 9, 189-202. Steinberg, L. (1980). Understanding Families with Young
Adolescents. Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Early Adolescence, University of North
Carolina.
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (1980). The part-time employment of high school students: A
research agenda. Children and Youth Services Review, 2, 161-185. (Reprinted in: R. Rist
(Ed.). (1980). Confronting youth employment in the 1980s: Rhetoric versus reality. New
York: Pergamon.)
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (1980). The transition from adolescence to adulthood: The
contribution of part-time work. In F. Monks and P. Heymans (Eds.), Bidragen tot de
Ontwikkelingpsychologie (Contributions to developmental psychology). Nijmegen, The
Netherlands: Deker & van de Vegt.
1979
Belsky, J., & Steinberg, L. (1979). What does research tell us about day care? A Follow-up
report. Children Today, 8, 21-26. (Reprinted in: E.M. Hetherington and R. Parke (Eds.).
(1980). Contemporary readings in child psychology, (2nd edition). New York: McGrawHill.)
Steinberg, L., & Hill, J. (1979). Family interaction patterns during early adolescence. In Rolf E.
Muuss (Ed.), Adolescent behavior and society: A book of readings (3rd edition). New
York: Random House.
1978
Belsky, J., & Steinberg, L. (1978). The effects of day care: A critical review. Child Development,
49, 929- 949. (Reprinted in: S. Chess and A. Thomas (Eds.). (1979). Annual progress in
child psychology and child development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.)
Steinberg, L., & Hill, J. (1978). Patterns of family interaction as a function of age, the onset of
puberty, and formal thinking. Developmental Psychology, 14, 683-684.
1976
Hill, J., & Steinberg, L. (1976). The development of autonomy during adolescence. In Jornadas
sobre problematica juventil. Madrid: Fundacion Faustino Orbegozo Eizaguirre.
ESSAYS, EDITORIALS, AND BOOK REVIEWS
Steinberg, L., & Scott, E. (2010). Should juvenile offenders ever be sentenced to life without the
possibility of parole? Human Development, 53, 53-54.
Scott, E., & Steinberg, L. (2009, November 14). The young and the reckless. The New York
Times, p. A21.
Steinberg, L., & Haskins, R. (Fall, 2008). Keeping adolescents out of prison. Future of Children
Policy Brief. Washington: Brookings. (Reprinted in P. Kumar (Ed.), Doctrine of
66
proportionality: Applications and implications. Pp. 66-76. Hyderabad, India: Amicus
Books).
Steinberg, L. (2007, October 11). Letter to the editor (Re: The “I’m Just Finding Myself”
Decade). The New York Times.
Steinberg, L. (2007). Learning from experience: The adolescence researcher and his adolescent.
NCFR Report, June, p. F2 and ff.
Steinberg, L. (November, 2007). Youth facts vs. a writer’s fiction. Youth Today.
Steinberg, L. (2006). Develop good parenting habits. In S. Ettus (Ed.). The Experts’ Guides to
the Baby Years. Pp. 120-122. New York: Clarkson Potter.
Steinberg, L. (2005). The most unpretentious scholar. (In appreciation of Urie Bronfenbrenner).
APS Observer, 18, 31.
Steinberg, L. (July/August, 2005). Parents’ roles in children’s school success. ASCA School
Counselor, pp. 36-42.
Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. (2005, November 15). When tough luck makes tender fans.
Philadelphia Daily News, p. 17.
Steinberg, L. (May, 2004). A brief guide to parenting teens. Time, p. 65.
Steinberg, L. (May, 2004). The most effective discipline ever. Parents Magazine, pp. 73-74.
Steinberg, L. (2003). Juvenile competence to stand trial. Joint Center for Policy Research Policy
Briefs, 5(1).
Steinberg, L. (2003). Juveniles on trial: MacArthur Foundation study calls competency into
question. Criminal Justice, 18, 20-25.
Steinberg, L. (2003, February 5). Does high-states testing harm students? Education Week, p. 48
and ff.
Steinberg, L., & Schwartz, R. (2003). Developmental psychology supports individualized
decisions of transfer. Juvenile Justice Update, 9, p.1 and ff.
Steinberg, L. (2002, November 10). Judging a juvenile killer. The Washington Post, p. B7.
Steinberg, L. (2001). A Fresh Perspective on Nature and Nurture. Review of D. Reiss, J.
Neiderhiser, E.M. Hetherington, and R. Plomin, The relationship code: Deciphering
genetic and social influences on adolescent development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press. Reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, 46, 333-335.
Steinberg, L. (2001). The importance of serendipity. Marriage and Family Review, 31, 31-47.
Steinberg, L. (2001, January). Should juvenile offenders be tried as adults? USA Today
Magazine, 34-35.
Steinberg, L. (2001, February 11). Turning poor judgment into a felony. The San Diego UnionTribune, p. G3.
Steinberg, L. (2001, March 11). “Experts” miss the point on youth violence. The Atlanta
Journal-Constitution.
Steinberg, L. (2000). Should juvenile offenders be tried as adults? Poverty Research, 4, 3-4.
(Reprinted in M. Shelley, J. Swift, & S. Schmidt, (Eds.) (2003). Readings in American
Government (4th ed.). Wadsworth, and in B. Blouse (Ed.) (2003). Patterns for a
Purpose: A Rhetorical Reader (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.)
Steinberg, L. (2000, March 9). Too young to incarcerate. ABCNEWS.COM
(http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/TakingSides/takingsides6.html#pro)
Steinberg, L. (2000, April 22) Software can’t make school safe. The New York Times, p. A15.
Steinberg, L. (1999, May 16). Teen angst, violence not a matter of location. The Atlanta JournalConstitution, p. B1.
67
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1999). Juvenile offenders: Judging their competence to stand
trial. Criminal Justice Journal, Winter, 24-29.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1999). A developmental perspective on serious juvenile crime:
When should juveniles be treated as adults? Federal Probation, December, 52-57.
Steinberg, L. (1998). “Do Sex and Money Make You Crazy?” Review of P. Cohen and J. Cohen,
Life values and adolescent mental health. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum,
1996. Reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, 43, 122-123.
Steinberg, L. (1998). Review of C. Lightfoot, The culture of adolescent risk-taking. New York:
The Guilford Press, 1996. Reviewed in American Sociological Review, March, 14851487. Steinberg, L. (1998, Spring). SRA at the Crossroads. Newsletter of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, p. 1 and ff.
Steinberg, L. (1997). “Whose Rational Choices?” Review of J. Owen, Why Our Kids Don’t
Study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Reviewed in Teachers College
Record, 1997, 1, 1-4.
Steinberg, L. (1997, January). Parental guidance suggested. Delta Airlines Sky Magazine, p.82
and ff. Steinberg, L. (1997, Spring). Beyond the classroom: Why school reform has
failed. Vassar Quarterly, 8-13.
Steinberg, L. (1996, Summer). Ethnicity and student achievement. American Educator, p. 28 and
ff.
Steinberg, L. (1996, July 11). Failure outside the classroom. The Wall Street Journal, p. A14.
(Reprinted in W. Evers, L. Izumi, & P. Riley (Eds.). School reform: The critical issues.
Pp. 117-120. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press.
Steinberg, L. (1996, August 6). School reform won’t work if students don’t value education.
School Board News, p. 2 and ff.
Steinberg, L. (1996, September 13). Do Mom and Dad deserve an F in education? The Forward,
p. 21. Steinberg, L. (1996, September). Checked out parents. The American Enterprise, p.
45.
Steinberg, L. (1996, October 7). Q: Is the crisis in American education created by conservatives?
No: The drop in achievement is genuine across ethnic, socioeconomic and age groups.
Insight Magazine, p. 23 and ff.
Steinberg, L., & Sessa, F. (1996). “At Long Last, A Scholarly Compendium of Parenting
Research.” Review of M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting. Mahwah, NJ:
Erlbaum, 1996. Reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, 41, 875-877.
Steinberg, L. (1995). “The End of the Life-span?” Review of D. Featherman, R. Lerner, and M.
Perlmutter (Eds.), Lifespan Development and Behavior (Volume 12). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. Reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, 40, 1081-1082.
Steinberg, L. (1995, Winter). Problems and promises of community research. SRA Newsletter, p.
1 and ff.
Steinberg, L. (1994). Review of Early adolescence: Perspectives on research, policy, and
intervention. R. Lerner (Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1993. Reviewed in American
Scientist, May/June.
Steinberg, L. & Steinberg, W. (September, 1994). Crossing paths. Ladies Home Journal’s
Parent’s Digest, pp. 44-47.
Steinberg, L. (1993). Review of Parent-child relations throughout life. K. Pillemer and K.
McCartney (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. Reviewed in Child
Development Abstracts and Bibliography, 67, 99-100.
68
Steinberg, L. (February, 1993). Home alone: Practical tips for working parents of young
adolescents. Ladies Home Journal.
Steinberg, L., & Levine, A. (April, 1992). Surviving adolescence. Ladies Home Journal’s
Parent’s Digest, p.45 and ff.
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (1990, July 8). Lousy jobs, worse futures. The Washington
Post, p.C5. (Reprinted in: J. Marting, (ed.). (1993). Making a living: A real world reader,
pp. 159-161). New York: HarperCollins.)
Steinberg, L., & Levine, A. (Fall, 1990). Enjoying your child’s teenage years. Temple Review,
20-23.
Brown, B., & Steinberg, L. (Fall, 1989). Skirting the “Brain-Nerd” connection: How bright
students save face among peers. Newsletter of the National Center on Effective
Secondary Schools, 4, pp. 2-4.
Steinberg, L. (1989). “Surprise Endings, at Least for Some.” Review of F. Furstenberg, Jr., J.
Brooks-Gunn, and S. Morgan. (1987). Adolescent mothers in later life. New York:
Cambridge University Press. Reviewed in Contemporary Psychology, 34, 229-232.
Steinberg, L. (1987, April 25). Why Japan’s students outdo ours. The New York Times, p.A15.
Steinberg, L. (September, 1987). Bound to bicker: Pubescent primates leave home for good
reasons. Our teens stay with us and squabble. Psychology Today, pp. 36-39. (Reprinted in
J. Olson-Fallon, (ed.). (1992). Growing up, growing old. New York: HarperCollins, pp.
48-54; and in D. McQuade and R. Atwan, (Eds.). (1998). Thinking in writing: Rhetorical
patterns and critical response (4th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 374-379.
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1986, December 10). The debit side of adolescent
employment. Education Week, p. 24.
Steinberg, L. (1984). “What Makes a Lifespan Development Text Good?” Review of J. Turner
and D. Helms. (1983). Lifespan development (2nd edition). New York: Holt, Rinehart,
and Winston; J. Gibson. (1983). Living: Human development through the lifespan.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; and R. Lerner and D. Hultsch. (1983). Human
development: A life-span perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill. Reviewed in
Contemporary Psychology, 1984, 29.
Steinberg, L. (1984). Review of The serious business of growing up. E. Medrich, J. Roizen, V.
Rubin, and S. Buckley. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1982. Reviewed in
Children and Youth Services Review.
Steinberg, L. (1982). Review of Developmental perspectives on child maltreatment. R. Rizley
and D. Cicchetti (Eds.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1981. Reviewed in Child
Development Abstracts and Bibliography.
Steinberg, L. (1982). Review of The adolescent: A psychological self-portrait. D. Offer, E.
Ostrov, and K. Howard. New York: Basic Books, 1981. Reviewed in Social Casework.
Steinberg, L. (1980). Review of Child influences on marital and family interaction: A life-span
perspective. R.M. Lerner and G.B. Spanier (Eds.). New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Reviewed in Contemporary Sociology, 9, 545-546.
Steinberg, L., & Green, C. (1979). What parents seek in day care. Human Ecology Forum, 10, p.
14 and ff.
69
COLLOQUIA, CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS, AND INVITED ADDRESSES
Gubman, E., & Steinberg, L. (March, 1976). Regarding research: Ask any grandmother. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Groves Conference on Marriage and the Family,
Kansas City, Missouri.
Steinberg, L., & Hill, J. (April, 1977). Family interaction in early adolescence. Paper presented at
the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
Steinberg, L. (August, 1977). Research in the ecology of adolescent development: A longitudinal
study of the impact of physical maturation on changes in the family system in early
adolescence. Paper presented at the Foundation for Child Development conference on
Research Perspectives in the Ecology of Human Development, Ithaca, New York.
Steinberg, L. (March, 1978). Changes in family relationships at adolescence: A developmental
perspective. Paper presented at the Arizona Symposium on Families and Adolescents:
Toward a Practical Understanding, Tucson, Arizona.
Invited participant, Foundation for Child Development Conference on Work as a Context
for Human Development, Palo Alto, California, November, 1978.
Steinberg, L., & Green, C. (April, 1979). How parents may mediate the effects of day care. Paper
presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, San
Francisco.
Steinberg, L. (April, 1979). Changes in family relations at puberty. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “Psychological Correlates of Pubertal Changes” at the Biennial
Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, San Francisco.
Invited speaker, National Institute of Education, Washington, March, 1979.
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (April, 1979). Part-time employment during high school: Some
costs and benefits to schooling and learning. Paper presented as a part of a symposium
entitled “Youth: Transition to Adulthood Reconsidered: The Place of Work in the
Education of Adolescents” at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research
Association, Boston.
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (June, 1979). Continuities and discontinuities in occupational
development: The nature and effects of early adolescent work. Paper presented at the
Biennial Conference of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural
Development, Lund, Sweden.
Greenberger, E., Steinberg, L., & Vaux, A. (April, 1980). Adolescents in the workplace: Effects
of part-time employment on family and peer relations. Paper presented at the meeting of
the Western Psychological Association, Honolulu.
Steinberg, L., Greenberger, E., & Garduque, L. (April, 1980). Part-time employment during
adolescence: Costs and benefits to schooling and learning. Paper presented at the meeting
of the Western Psychological Association, Honolulu.
Invited discussant, Symposium on Maternal Stress, Western Psychological Association,
Honolulu, April, 1980.
Invited speaker, National Center for Vocational Education, Ohio State University, May, 1980.
Steinberg, L., Greenberger, E., & Garduque, L. (August, 1980). Adolescent learning and
intellectual development: The contribution of work. Paper presented at the annual
meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (April, 1981). Is work experience valuable? Some unanswered
questions. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Evaluating School-to-Work
70
Transition Models” at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research
Association, Los Angeles.
Steinberg, L. (April, 1981). (Chair). Working: Effects of early work experience on adolescent
development. Symposium presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research
in Child Development, Boston.
Steinberg, L., Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (April, 1981). Economic antecedents of child
maltreatment. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in
Child Development, Boston.
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (August, 1981). Part-time employment of youth during high
school. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Youth and Work in CrossCultural Perspective” at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological
Association, Los Angeles.
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (August, 1981). The workplace as a context for the
socialization of youth. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
Psychological Association, Los Angeles.
Invited speaker, Bush Foundation Program in Child Development and Social Policy, UCLA,
September, 1981.
Invited speaker, College of Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, November,
1981.
Invited participant, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, Forum on the First Twenty Years of
Life, Aspen, Colorado, July, 1982.
Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1982). Invited testimony on proposed changes in child labor
regulations. Hearings of the House Subcommittee on Labor Standards, United States
House of Representatives, Washington (co-authored testimony presented by E.
Greenberger).
Invited participant, Social Science Research Council, Committee on Child Development in LifeSpan Perspective, Conference on “Winning and Losing,” Santa Barbara, California,
December, 1983.
Steinberg, L. (March, 1985). The ABCs of transformations in family relations at adolescence:
Changes in affect, behavior, and cognition. Invited paper presented at the Third Biennial
Conference on Adolescence Research, Tucson.
Steinberg, L. (April, 1985). Emotional autonomy in early adolescence. Paper presented as a part
of a symposium entitled “Parent-Child Relations in the Transition to Adolescence:
Family Adaptations to Developmental Change,” at the biennial meetings of the Society
for Research in Child Development, Toronto.
Steinberg, L., & Greenberger, E. (July, 1985). The changing ecology of adolescent development.
Invited presentation as a part of a symposium entitled “Adolescent Development in Context” at
the annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural
Development, Tours, France, July, 1985.
Co-organizer, Symposium on “Youth Employment and Unemployment” at the annual meeting of
the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development, Tours, France, July,
1985.
Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. (August, 1985). Emotional autonomy during early adolescence.
Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Family Factors in Adolescent
Development: Recent Research” at the annual meeting of the American Psychological
Association, Los Angeles.
71
Invited colloquium, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cornell University,
December, 1985.
Steinberg, L. (March, 1986). Recent research in adolescent development. Invited workshop at the
annual meeting of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, Boston.
Silverberg, S., & Steinberg, L. (March, 1986). Adolescent individuation and adult identity. Paper
presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Madison,
Wisconsin.
Invited participant, National Invitational Conference on the Health Futures of Adolescents.
Daytona Beach, Florida, April, 1986.
Steinberg, L. (October, 1986). Parents, neglectful and neglected. Invited address presented at the
Pennsylvania Juvenile Court Judges Seminar, National Center for Juvenile Justice,
Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Steinberg, L. (November, 1986). An evolutionary perspective on parent-adolescent conflict.
Invited paper presented at a symposium entitled “In Search of Man,” Temple University Medical
School.
Steinberg, L. (April, 1987). Pubertal status, hormonal levels, and family relations: The distancing
hypothesis. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Hormone Status at
Puberty: Consequences for Adolescents and Their Families” at the biennial meeting of
the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore.
Steinberg, L. (April, 1987). Emotional autonomy, parental permissiveness, and adolescents’
susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure. Paper presented as a part of a symposium
entitled “Family and Peer Influences on Adolescent Problem Behavior” at the biennial
meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore.
Invited keynote address, Empire State Organization of Youth Employment Services 9th Annual
Conference, “Tipping the Balance for Youth at Risk: Employment Blueprints for the 21st
Century,” Syracuse, New York, June, 1987.
Invited speaker, Joint Faculty Development Day, Puget Sound Community Colleges, Seattle,
September, 1987.
Steinberg, L. (November, 1987). New and old knowledge about old and new families. Invited
keynote address, Grantmakers for Children and Youth Conference, San Francisco,
November, 1987.
Steinberg, L. (November, 1987). Reciprocal relation between marital happiness and child
development among midlife parents of teenagers. Paper presented as a part of an invited
symposium entitled “Marriage, Parenting, and Child Development: Reciprocal
Relationships” at the annual meeting of the National Council on Family Relations,
Atlanta.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, January, 1988.
Invited colloquium, Stanford Center for the Study of Families, Children, and Youth, January,
1988.
Invited speaker, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville,
January, 1988.
Discussant, “Hormone Contributions to Adolescent Behavior.” Symposium presented at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Alexandria, Virginia,
March, 1988.
Steinberg, L., & Elmen, J. (March, 1988). Authoritative parenting and school success. Paper
presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Noninstructional Influences on Adolescents’
72
School Achievement: An Ecological Approach,” at the biennial meetings of the Society
for Research on Adolescence, Alexandria, Virginia.
Elmen, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 1988). Achievement orientation in early adolescence: Social
correlates and developmental patterns. Paper presented at the biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Alexandria, Virginia.
Invited lecture, Laboratory for the Study of Adolescence, Department of Psychiatry, Michael
Reese Hospital and the Committee on Human Development, University of Chicago, May,
1988.
Invited speaker, Workshop on Supporting Families with Adolescents. Carnegie Council on
Adolescent Development, Washington, September, 1988.
Invited symposium, Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood
Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, October, 1988.
Invited speaker, National Council for Families and Television. Studio City, California,
December, 1988.
Steinberg, L. (March, 1989). Parenting adolescent achievers: When families make a difference
(and when they don’t). Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “The Ecology
of Student Achievement in High Schools: Non-instructional Influences” at the annual
meetings of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Steinberg, L., & Brown, B. (March, 1989). Beyond the classroom: Family and peer influences on
high school achievement. Invited paper presented to the Families as Educators special
interest group at the annual meetings of the American Educational Research Association,
San Francisco.
Lamborn, S., Brown, B., & Steinberg, L. (March, 1989). The social contexts of adolescence:
Influences on student engagement. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled
“Student Engagement in High Schools” at the annual meetings of the American
Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
Speaker, John P. Hill Memorial Symposium. Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in
Child Development, Kansas City, April, 1989.
Mounts, N., Lamborn, S., & Steinberg, L. (April, 1989). Relations between family process and
school achievement in different ethnic contexts. Paper presented as a part of a symposium
entitled “Ethnic Comparisons of Parent and Peer Influences on Adolescent
Development,” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Kansas City.
Invited speaker, 40th Annual Conference of the Council on Foundations, Toronto, April, 1989.
Invited colloquium, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, June, 1989.
Bogenschneider, K., & Steinberg, L. (August, 1989). Maternal employment and adolescent
achievement: A process model. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled
“Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: New Perspectives on ‘Process’ Issues,” at
the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans.
Chair and organizer, Symposium entitled “Social Influences on Maturational Timing,” presented
at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Atlanta, March,
1990.
Belsky, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 1990). Toward a biosocial theory of pubertal timing. Paper
presented as part of a symposium entitled “Social Influences on Maturational Timing” at
the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Atlanta.
73
Dornbusch, S., Steinberg, L., & Ritter, P. (March, 1990). Ethnic differences in beliefs about the
value of school success: An empirical assessment of Ogbu’s hypothesis. Paper presented
as part of a symposium entitled “Ethnic Variations in Adolescent Experience” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Atlanta.
Brown, B., Steinberg, L., Mounts, N., & Philipp, M. (March, 1990). The comparative influence
of peers and parents on high school achievement: Ethnic differences. Paper presented as
part of a symposium entitled “Ethnic Variations in Adolescent Experience” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Atlanta.
Steinberg, L. (August, 1990). Adolescent development in ecological perspective. Invited address,
Division 7 (Developmental Psychology), American Psychological Association, Boston,
August, 1990.
Invited colloquium, Department of Individual and Family Studies, University of Delaware,
October, 1990.
Invited testimony, National Commission on Children, St. Paul, Minnesota, October, 1990.
Invited keynote address, Delaware Association of School Administrators, Conference on Work
and Family, Dover, January, 1991.
Steinberg, L., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S., & Brown, B. (April, 1991). Authoritative parenting and
adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “Authoritative Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment” at the biennial
meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle.
Mounts, N., Brown, B., Lamborn, S., & Steinberg, L. (April, 1991). Parenting style and crowd
membership: Contributions to adolescent development. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “From Family to Peer: Family Influences on Peer Relations from
Early Childhood through Adolescence” at the biennial meetings of the Society for
Research in Child Development, Seattle.
Steinberg, L., & Darling, N. (May, 1991). The broader context of social influence in
adolescence. Paper presented at an international conference on “The Development of
Motivational Systems in Adolescence: Inter individual Differences and Contextual
Factors in Interaction,” German Research Foundation and the University of Geissen,
Schloss Rauischholzhausen, Germany.
Steinberg, L., & Weinmann, L. (July, 1991). Adolescent adjustment as a function of timing of
parental divorce and remarriage. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled
“Adolescents and Divorce: International Perspectives from Longitudinal Research” at the
biennial meetings of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development,
Minneapolis.
Invited symposium, Institute of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood
Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, December, 1991.
Invited speaker, Department of Child and Family Development, University of North Carolina at
Greensboro, February, 1992.
Discussant, “Psychosocial Antecedents of the Timing of Puberty.” Symposium presented at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Washington, March,
1992.
Steinberg, L., & Lamborn, S. (March, 1992). Autonomy redux: Adolescent adjustment as a joint
function of emotional autonomy and relationship security. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “Adolescent Autonomy: Is It All It’s Cracked Up To Be?” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Washington.
74
Invited colloquium, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Penn State
University, April, 1992.
Invited presentation, Pennsylvania Family Policy Seminar on “Enhancing Development in Early
Adolescence through Creative Partnerships,” Harrisburg, April 30, 1992.
Fletcher, A., Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (May, 1992). Parenting practices as moderators of peer
influence on adolescent deviance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society
for Life History Research, Philadelphia.
Invited participant, Social Science Research Council working group meeting on Community and
Neighborhood Influences, New York, May 14, 1992.
Invited discussant, PRIDE Conference on the Impact of Social Context on Early Adolescent
Trajectories, Pennsylvania State University, October 2-3, 1992.
Steinberg, L., Fletcher, A., & Darling, N. (March, 1993). Influence of parental authoritativeness
in the adolescent’s peer network on adolescent misconduct. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “Interactive Influences of Parents and Peers on Adolescent
Misbehavior” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development,
New Orleans.
Darling, N., Steinberg, L., & Gringlas, M. (March, 1993). Community integration and value
consensus as forces for adolescent socialization: A Test of the Coleman and Hoffer
hypothesis. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Community and
Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Behavior” at the biennial meetings of the
Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans.
Lamborn, S., Steinberg, L., Darling, N., Mounts, N., & Dornbusch, S. (April, 1993).
Adolescents’ perceptions of parenting styles: Short-term longitudinal implications for
adjustment. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Educational
Research Association, Atlanta.
Co-organizer, Society for Research on Adolescence study group on Research on Ethnic Minority
Adolescents and Families, University of Michigan, May 21-23, 1993.
Invited presentation, Urie Bronfenbrenner Symposium, Cornell University, Ithaca, September
24, 1993.
Steinberg, L., & Belsky, J. (October, 1993). A sociobiological perspective on psychopathology
in adolescence. Invited paper presented at the Rochester Symposium on Developmental
Psychology, University of Rochester.
Steinberg, L. (October, 1993). Coming of age in the ‘90s: Challenges to Parents and Teachers.
Invited speech, Josselyn Center for Mental Health, Northfield, IL.
Steinberg, L. (October, 1993). Coming of age in a climate of violence and fear. Invited
presentation, New Jersey Public Health Association, statewide symposium entitled
“Violence: A Society in Crisis,” Jamesburg, New Jersey.
Invited speaker, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Conference on Adolescent Drug
Trafficking, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, November 18,
1993.
Invited colloquium, Department of Sociology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland, December, 1993.
Invited colloquium, Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,
January, 1994.
Invited speaker, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia,
February, 1994.
75
Fletcher, A., & Steinberg, L. (February, 1994). Generational status and country of origin as
influences on the psychological adjustment of Asian-American adolescents. Paper
presented as part of a symposium entitled “Psychosocial Adjustment of Asian-American
Adolescents” at the meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego.
Participant, roundtable discussion on parent-peer linkages in adolescence at the meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, February, 1994.
Participant, roundtable discussion on adolescent sexuality at the meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, San Diego, February, 1994.
Invited keynote address, 17th Goucher College Educational Conference, Towson, Maryland,
March 24, 1994.
Invited presentation, Penn State University Conference on “Excellence in Education: Asian and
American Approaches,” Delaware County Campus, Media, Pennsylvania, April 16, 1994.
Invited colloquium, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, April, 1994.
Pediatric Grand Rounds, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, May 26, 1994.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York,
September, 1994.
Discussant, “Developmental Processes: Similar or Different Across Ethnic and Racial Groups?”
Symposium held at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Indianapolis, March, 1995.
Cauffman, E., and Steinberg, L. (March, 1995). Moderating effects of neighborhood parenting
on family socialization processes. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled
“Community Effects on Adolescent Development: New Approaches to the Study of
Neighborhoods and Their Impact” at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in
Child Development, Indianapolis.
Chair and organizer, “Community Effects on Adolescent Development: New Approaches to the
Study of Neighborhoods and Their Impact.” Symposium presented at the Biennial
Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, March 1995.
Steinberg, L., and Cauffman, E. (September, 1995). Adolescent development and adolescent
decision-making. Paper presented at the Temple University Law School conference on
Children’s Rights.
Invited speaker, Undergraduate Research Summer Institute and Psychology Forum, Vassar
College, Poughkeepsie, New York, September 30, 1995.
Invited workshop, Central New York State Psychological Association, October 27, 1995.
Steinberg, L. (November, 1995). The family at adolescence: Transition and
transformation. Sixth Annual Anathan Foundation Lecture, Western Psychiatric Institute
and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
Invited keynote address, Vermont Association for Middle Level Education, Burlington,
Vermont, November 21, 1995.
Invited colloquium, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, December, 1995.
Steinberg, L., and Greene, M. (March, 1996). Is ‘Americanization’ bad for adolescents’
achievement and mental health? Paper presented as a part of a symposium on “The
Development of Immigrant Adolescents,” at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, Boston.
76
Invited participant, Symposium on Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Research on
Parenting, presented at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Boston, March, 1996.
Invited keynote address, European Association for Research on Adolescence, Liège, Belgium,
May, 1996. Steinberg, L. & Avenevoli, S. (June, 1996). Disengagement from school and
problem behavior in adolescence: A developmental-contextual analysis of the influences
of family and part-time work. Invited paper, Conference on New Perspectives on
Adolescent Risk Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles.
Matthew Vassar Lecture, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, September, 1996.
Invited presentation, National Academy of Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social
Sciences and Education, Division on Education, Labor, and Human Performance, September,
1996.
Invited keynote address, Golden Apple Foundation Annual Dutch Koldyke Forum, Chicago,
October, 1996.
Invited presentation, Pennsylvania State Board of Education, Philadelphia, November, 1996.
Invited presentation, Center for School Study Councils, Annual School Directors’ Dinner,
University of Pennsylvania, December 4, 1996.
Invited presentation, Alliance for Education, Worcester, Massachusetts, December 10, 1996.
Invited presentation, Chester County Intermediate Unit, Exton, Pennsylvania, December 12,
1996.
Invited lecture, Florida Atlantic University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, January, 1997.
Invited presentation, National Urban League, Urban Policy Forum, National Press Club,
Washington, February 14, 1997.
Invited keynote address, Colorado Principals’ Center Winter Institute, Denver, February 26,
1997.
Invited lecture, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, March 3, 1997.
Discussant, Symposium on “Adolescence and the Law: Developmental Perspectives.” Presented
at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Child Development, Washington,
April, 1997.
Discussant, Symposium on “Children’s Perspectives on the Family System.” Presented at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Child Development, Washington, April,
1997.
Invited address, Fourth Annual Invitational Public Schools Conference, “Beyond School
Reform: A Framework for the 21st Century,” Temple University, May 3, 1997.
Invited presentation, Brookings Institution Conference on Education Policy, Washington, May
29, 1997. Invited presentation, Conference on Character Building, The Communitarian
Network, Washington, June 14, 1997.
Invited presentation, Center for Research on Young Children and Families, Teachers College,
Columbia University, June 18, 1997.
Invited workshop leader, Vice President and Mrs. Gore’s “Family Re-Union” conference on
Families and Learning, Nashville, June 24-25, 1997.
Invited address, Superintendents Work Conference, Teachers College, Columbia University, July
17, 1997.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Bryn Mawr College,
Bryn Mawr, PA, November 7, 1997.
77
Invited participant, Drug Abuse Multidisciplinary Integration Meeting, National Institute of Drug
Abuse, Rockville, MD, November, 1997.
Chair and organizer, Invited Symposium, “Should Violent Juvenile Offenders Be Tried as
Adults?” Presented at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence,
San Diego, February, 1998.
Steinberg, L., Avenevoli, S., & Hecker, T. (March, 1998). Developmental perspectives on waiver
of adolescents to adult court. Paper presented as part of an invited symposium entitled,
“Should Violent Juvenile Offenders Be Tried as Adults?”, at the Biennial Meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego.
Invited participant, Symposium on Healthy Sexuality in Adolescence. Biennial Meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, February, 1998.
Invited colloquium, Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, April, 1998.
Invited presentation, National Workshop on Violent Youths Tried as Adults, Corrections
Program Office, U.S. Department of Justice, Houston, May 13-15, 1998.
Invited testimony, Senate of Pennsylvania Committee on Education, Hearing on School
Violence, June 30, 1998.
Invited seminar, Arkansas Public Defenders Commission, Little Rock, August 18, 1998.
Invited testimony, Arkansas Governor’s Working Group on Juvenile Violence, August 19, 1998.
Invited speech, Family Resource Network of the School District of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
September 29, 1998.
Invited presentation, American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards Task Force on
Juveniles in the Adult Criminal System, Washington, October 9, 1998.
Steinberg, L. (November, 1998). The elephant in the room: Developmental perspectives on the
adjudication of youthful offenders. Invited presentation, Interdisciplinary Conference on
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice Reform, Center for Children, Families, and the Law,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Invited participant, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation National Planning Meeting on Juvenile
Justice and Substance Abuse, Annapolis, November 3-6, 1998.
Invited testimony, Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of
Representatives, March 11, 1999.
Steinberg, L. (March, 1999). The family at adolescence: Transition and transformation.
Gallagher Lecture, Society for Adolescent Medicine, Los Angeles.
Invited presentation, National Conference on Juvenile Justice, Minneapolis, March 22, 1999.
Invited presentation, 22nd Annual EdSource Conference on Public Schools, Irvine and San
Ramon California, March 25-26, 1999.
Discussant, “Methodological Challenges in Research with Racial and Ethnic Minority
Populations – The Unspoken Issues,” symposium presented at the biennial meetings of
the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, April, 1999.
Steinberg, L. (April, 1999). Should juvenile offenders be tried as adults? A developmental
perspective on changing legal policies. Paper presented as a part of an invited symposium
entitled “The Changing Landscape for Children: Important Issues as We Enter the
Millennium,” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development,
Albuquerque.
Invited presentation, National Research Council, Committee on Law and Justice, Panel on
Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control, May 3, 1999.
78
Steinberg, L. (July, 1999). A developmental perspective on the transfer of adolescents to adult
court. Paper presented as a part of an invited symposium entitled “Separating the Men
from the Boys: Thresholds for Criminal Punishment of Adolescent Offenders,” at the
joint meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society and the European
Psychology and Law Society, Dublin.
Invited presentation, U.S. House of Representatives Bi-Partisan Working Group on Youth
Violence, September 15, 1999.
Invited participant, the High School of Tomorrow Forum, National Association of Secondary
School Principals, Hershey, PA, October 13-14, 1999.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, October 20, 1999.
Invited presentation, Rochester Child Health Congress, University of Rochester Medical Center,
October, 1999.
Organizer and chair, Invited symposium entitled “Lethal Violence in American Schools:
Rhetoric, Reality, and Rational Responses,” at the annual meeting of the American Society of
Criminology, Toronto, November, 1999.
Steinberg, L., and Cauffman, E. (November, 1999). A developmental perspective on school
violence. Paper presented as a part of an invited symposium entitled “Lethal Violence in
American Schools: Rhetoric, Reality, and Rational Responses,” at the annual meeting of
the American Society of Criminology, Toronto.
Steinberg, L. (December, 1999). Adolescent Violence: The Roles of Parents, Peers, and
Communities. Cummins Endowment for Adolescent Medicine Lecture, Morristown
Memorial Hospital, Morristown, NJ.
Invited participant, Transforming Secondary Education: A Strategy Building Workshop,
sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Daniel J. Evans Graduate
School of Public Affairs of the University of Washington. December 5-6, 1999, Kirkland,
Washington.
Steinberg, L. (January, 2000). Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? Invited
Congressional Research Briefing, Joint Center for Poverty Research, Washington.
Steinberg, L. (February, 2000). Adolescent Violence: The Roles of Parents, Peers, and
Communities. 22nd Annual Konopka Lecture, University of Minnesota.
Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (March, 2000). A developmental perspective on the commission,
investigation, and judgment of adolescent crime. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled, “Justice for Juveniles: Factors Relating to the Commission, the
Investigation, and the Judgment of Adolescent Crime” at the annual meetings of the
American Psychology and Law Society, New Orleans.
Steinberg, L. (April, 2000). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relations in retrospect and
prospect. Presidential address, Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Chicago.
Discussant, “Autonomy during Adolescence: Developmental Processes in Diverse Contexts,”
Symposium presented at the Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Chicago, March, 2000.
Invited presentation, White House Conference on Teenagers, May 2, 2000.
Invited colloquium, Center for Mental Health Services Research and Department of Law and
Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, May 4, 2000.
Invited discussant, Brookings Institution Educational Policy Conference on National Standards,
Washington, May 15, 2000.
79
Invited presentation, Casey Journalism Conference, College Park, Maryland, June 13, 2000.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Assessment of psychopathy among adolescents and
adults: Developmental and legal implications,” at the annual meetings of the American
Criminological Society, San Francisco, November 15, 2000.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2001). The juvenile psychopath: Fads, fictions, and facts.” Invited lecture,
National Institute of Justice, Perspectives on Crime and Justice, Washington.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2001). The role of the family in adolescent development: Preventing risk,
promoting resilience.” Invited keynote address, Children, Youth and Families at Risk
Program Initiative, Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, San
Diego.
Chair, invited symposium entitled “A New Framework for Studying Adolescent Development
and Psychopathology,” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Minneapolis, April, 2001.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Pathways to Parental Knowledge: Monitoring Research in the
21st Century,” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development,
Minneapolis, April, 2001.
Discussant, symposium entitled “The Impact Of Exposure To Community Violence On Children
And Youth: Fact Or Fluke,” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Minneapolis, April, 2001.
Invited colloquium, Irving B. Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, June, 2001.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2001). Parent-adolescent relations: What we know, what we need to know.”
Invited keynote presentation, Parent Education Institute IV, University of Minnesota, St .
Paul.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2001). Crossing paths: When adolescence meets midlife.” Invited lecture,
Young President’s Organization Venice University, Venice, Italy.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2001). You and your adolescent. Invited workshop, Young President’s
Organization Venice University, Venice, Italy.
Steinberg, L. (July, 2001). The family at adolescence. Invited lecture, European Association for
Research on Adolescence Summer School, Puidoux-Chexbres, Switzerland.
Steinberg, L. (October, 2001). Adolescent development and juvenile justice. Invited campuswide lecture sponsored by the departments of Psychology, Education, and Urban Studies,
Vassar College.
Invited colloquium, The Bush Center in Child Development and Social Policy, Yale University,
October, 2001.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Gender, Mental Disorder, and Juvenile Justice,” annual meeting
of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, November, 2001.
Invited participant, Annie E. Casey Foundation Roundtable on Family Strengthening Youth
Development, Baltimore, December, 2002.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2002). Age differences in capacities underlying competence to stand trial.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial,”
at the annual meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, Austin, Texas.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2002). The juvenile psychopath: Fads, fictions, and facts. Paper presented
as part of a symposium entitled “Recent Research and Legal Developments on Juvenile
Psychopathy,” at the annual meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society,
Austin, Texas.
80
Steinberg, L. (March, 2002). Adolescent development and legal decisional capacity: A new legal
horizon. Invited keynote address, University of Virginia Institute of Law, Psychiatry and
Public Policy annual conference on juvenile forensic practice, Richmond, March 22,
2002.
Invited colloquium, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, April 1, 2002.
Chair, symposium entitled “Adolescents’ Competence to Stand Trial as Adults: The MacArthur
Juvenile Competence Study.” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, New Orleans, April, 2002.
Steinberg, L. (April, 2002). Age differences in capacities underlying competence to stand trial.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial,”
at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, New Orleans.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Emotion Regulation in Adolescence,” biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, New Orleans, April, 2002.
Invited presenter, symposium entitled “What is the Meaning of Good Science in the Field of
Adolescent Development?” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, New Orleans, April, 2002.
Invited keynote address, National Family & Parenting Institute International Conference on
Adolescence, London, April, 2002.
Invited speaker, Practical Parenting Partnerships annual meeting, Lake Osage, Missouri, April,
2002.
Invited speaker, Brookings Institution Educational Policy Conference, Washington, May 14,
2002.
Invited participant, National Consortium on Violence Research (NCOVR) Summer Workshop,
St. Augustine, Florida, June, 2002.
Invited participant, White House Conference on Character and Community, June 19, 2002.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2002). Is decision-making the right framework for the study of
adolescent risk-taking? Invited paper presented at the Adolescent Risk Conference,
Institute for Adolescent Risk Communication, University of Pennsylvania, June, 2002.
Invited keynote speaker, Adolescent Health Institute, University of New Hampshire Cooperative
Extension, Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, June, 2002.
Chair, invited symposium entitled “Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial: The MacArthur
Study.” Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, August,
2002.
Steinberg, L. (August, 2002). Age differences in capacities underlying competence to stand trial.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial:
The MacArthur Study,” at the annual meeting of the American Psychological
Association, Chicago.
Invited speaker, Satellite Series on “Healthy Teen Development,” University Extension, Iowa
State University, October, 2002.
Steinberg, L. (October, 2002). Are juveniles competent to stand trial in criminal court? Campuswide lecture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Steinberg, L. (October, 2002). Crossing paths: When adolescence meets midlife.” Invited lecture,
Young Presidents’ Organization Prague University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Steinberg, L. (October, 2002). You and your adolescent. Invited workshop, Young Presidents’
Organization Prague University, Prague, Czech Republic.
81
Steinberg, L. (November, 2002). Familial and neighborhood correlates of serious juvenile
offending. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Serious Juvenile
Offending,” at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
Steinberg, L. (December, 2002). Juveniles’ competence to stand trial. Invited presentation,
Florida Conference of Circuit Judges, Amelia Island, Florida.
Steinberg, L. (January, 2003). Juveniles’ competence to stand trial. Grand rounds lecture, Child
Study Center, New York University School of Medicine.
Invited presentation, Council of Juvenile Corrections Administrators, New Directors Seminar,
Charlotte, January, 2003.
Invited colloquium, Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The
Johns Hopkins University, March, 2003.
Invited address, annual meeting of the National Conference of Juvenile and Family Court
Judges, Philadelphia, March, 2003.
Invited testimony, Hearing on Access to Mental Health and Drug & Alcohol Treatment,
Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Committees on Health and Human Services and
Children and Youth, April, 2003.
Steinberg, L. (April, 2003). Less guilty by reason of adolescence. Invited Master Lecture,
Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, Florida.
Steinberg, L., & Chung, H. (April, 2003). Variations in patterns of offending: The impact of
family and neighborhood. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “The
Psychological Development of Serious Juvenile Offenders: The MacArthur Study of
Pathways to Desistance,” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Tampa, Florida.
Discussant, Invited symposium entitled “Adolescent Decision Making and Drug Abuse,”
Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, Florida,
April, 2003.
Invited presentation, Young Presidents’ Organization Philadelphia Forum, April 28, 2003.
Invited participant, Reentry Roundtable on “The Youth Dimensions of Prisoner Reentry: Youth
Development and the Impact of Incarceration and Reentry,” Urban Institute, San
Francisco, May, 2003.
Invited participant, National Consortium on Violence Research (NCOVR) Summer Workshop,
San Juan, Puerto Rico, June, 2003.
Steinberg, L. (September, 2003). Risk-taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Invited
presentation, New York Academy of Sciences conference on Adolescent Brain
Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities, New York City.
Invited campus-wide lecture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, November, 2003.
Steinberg, L. (January, 2004). You and your adolescent. Invited lecture, Young Presidents’
Organization South America University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Steinberg, L. (January, 2004). The ten basic principles of good parenting. Invited lecture, Young
Presidents’ Organization South America University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Steinberg, L. (January, 2004). My parents are driving me crazy. Invited lecture, Young
Presidents’ Organization South America University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Invited lecture, Villanova University School of Law, February, 2004.
Cauffman, E., Schubert, C., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2004). Romantic relationships among
serious adolescent offenders: Gender similarities and differences. Paper presented as a
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part of a symposium entitled “Improving Our Understanding of Female Offending,” at
the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Cauffman, E., Piquero, A., Mulvey, E., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2004). Predicting disposition
among serious juvenile offenders: Who gets locked up? Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “Sanctions and Services for Serious Juvenile Offenders: Findings
from the Pathways to Desistance Study,” at the annual meeting of the American
Psychology-Law Society, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Participant, invited conversation hour, “Human Subjects Issues in Research with Adolescents,”
biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Baltimore, March, 2004.
Chair and organizer, “Predictors of Re-Offending in a Sample of Serious Juvenile
Offenders,” symposium presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Baltimore, March, 2004.
Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2004). Psychosocial maturity and recidivism among
adolescent offenders. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Predictors of
Re-Offending in a Sample of Serious Juvenile Offenders,” biennial meeting of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Baltimore.
Invited presentation, Young Presidents’ Organization Philadelphia Forum, March 17, 2004.
Gardner, M., Steinberg, L., & Garrett, R. (April, 2004). “Risk-Taking Across Three Age
Groups: The Role of Susceptibility to Peer Influence.” Poster presentation at the
Conference on Human Development, Washington, D.C.
Steinberg, L. (April, 2004). Juveniles’ competence to stand trial. Invited address, Ohio Juvenile
Defenders’ Summit, Dayton, Ohio.
Invited presentation, Young Presidents’ Organization Philadelphia Forum, May 20, 2004.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2004). A developmental perspective on risk-taking in adolescence. Paper
presented as part of an invited plenary symposium sponsored by the National
Institute of Drug Abuse at the meeting of International Society for Addiction Medicine,
Helsinki.
Steinberg, L. (September, 2004). Adolescent development in the family context. Invited Master
Lecture, XVIII Congresso di Psicologia dello Sviluppo, Sciacca, Italy.
Invited panelist, Fred Friendly Seminar on Juvenile Justice (produced for PBS). Filmed in
Berkeley, California, October, 2004.
Invited presentation, Fall Mental Health Forum, Riverbend Foundation, Florence, Alabama,
October, 2004.
Invited testimony, Illinois State Legislature Taskforce on Trying Juveniles as Adults, Chicago,
October, 2004.
Invited presentation, Panel on the Juvenile Death Penalty, University of Virginia School of Law,
November, 2004.
Invited presentation, Department of Psychology, Ursinus College, November, 2004.
Chung, H., Little, M., & Steinberg, L. (November, 2004). The transition to adulthood for
juvenile offenders: A developmental perspective. Paper presented as part of symposium
entitled “On Your Own Without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Youth Involved
in the Justice System”, at the annual meeting of the American Criminological Society,
Nashville.
Piquero, A., Cauffman, E., Mulvey, E., & Steinberg, L. (November, 2004). Predicting
disposition among serious juvenile offenders: Who gets locked up? Paper presented as
83
part of symposium entitled “New Findings from the Pathways to Desistance Study,” at
the annual meeting of the American Criminological Society, Nashville.
Invited presentation, Panel on Juvenile Justice and Adult Corrections, Chapin Hall Conference
on Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood, University of Chicago, November,
2004.
Invited colloquium, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, December, 2004.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2005). Less guilty by reason of adolescence. Barbara Lemann Memorial
Lecture, Tulane University Health Science Center, March, 2005.
Grand rounds, Department of Child Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New
Orleans, March 11, 2005.
Discussant, symposium entitled “The Unintended Consequences of Social Policy on Youth
Development.” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development,
Atlanta, April, 2005.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Environmental Chaos and Children’s Development: Expanding
the Boundaries of Chaos.” Biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Atlanta, April, 2005.
APA Distinguished Scientist Lecture, Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Phoenix,
April, 2005.
Invited lecture, Rock Island/Milan School District, Rock Island, Illinois, April 25, 2005.
Invited colloquium, School of Education, Western Illinois University, Moline Illinois, April 26,
2005.
Invited address, American Psychological Society, Los Angeles, May, 2005.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2005). You and your adolescent. Invited lecture, Young Presidents’
Organization Southern 7 Chapter, Greenbrier, West Virginia.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2005). The ten basic principles of good parenting. Invited lecture, Young
Presidents’ Organization Southern 7 Chapter, Greenbrier, West Virginia.
Invited presentation, Bloomburg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, July 11, 2005.
Invited testimony, Subcommittee on Select Education, U.S. House of Representatives Committee
on Education and the Workforce, Washington, July 12, 2005.
Invited presentation, National Institute of Justice Annual Conference on Research and
Evaluation, Washington, July 19, 2005.
Steinberg, L. (August, 2005). Between and rock and a soft place: Developmental research and
the child advocacy process. Paper presented as a part of a cross-divisional symposium
entitled “Psychology and Children: Translating Research into Better Policy and
Services,” at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, Washington.
Invited presentation, Annual meeting of Grantmakers for Children and Youth, Denver,
September, 2005.
Piquero, A., Fagan, J., Mulvey, E., Steinberg, L., & Odgers, C. (November, 2005).
Developmental Trajectories of legal socialization among serious adolescent offenders.
Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and
Compliance,” at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto.
Invited testimony, Governor’s Commission on College and Career Success, Harrisburg,
November 4, 2005.
84
Invited lecture, Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research, Bryn Mawr College,
November 29, 2005.
Invited participant, NIH conference on Reward Neurocircuitry in Adolescent Development and
Decision Making, Bethesda, January 20, 2006.
Chair, symposium entitled “The MacArthur Juvenile Capacity Study: A New Approach to the
Study of Adolescent Cognitive Development.” Biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, San Francisco, March, 2006.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2006). A new approach to the study of adolescent cognitive development.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “The MacArthur Juvenile Capacity
Study: A New Approach to the Study of Adolescent Cognitive Development,” at the
Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Francisco.
Graham, S., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2006). Age differences in future orientation. Paper
presented as part of a symposium entitled “The MacArthur Juvenile Capacity Study: A
New Approach to the Study of Adolescent Cognitive Development,” at the Biennial
meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Francisco.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Transactional Relations between Adolescents and Parents: Who
Influences Whom?” at the Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence,
San Francisco, March, 2006.
Discussant, symposium entitled “Parent-Adolescent Relations and Adolescent Internalizing and
Externalizing Behaviors” at the Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, San Francisco, March, 2006.
Von Bank, H., Brown, B., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2006). Does awareness of peer crowd
affiliation affect self-concept and well-being? a longitudinal, symbolic interactionist
study. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Peer Groups, Crowds, and the
Social Network: The Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Peer Relationships” at the
Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Francisco.
Testa, C., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2006). Overweight adolescents’ struggle to lose: outcomes of
dieting and exercise. Poster presented at the Biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, San Francisco.
Wilson, K., Lee, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2006). Adolescent sexual activity: links between
relational context and depression. Poster presented at the Biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, San Francisco, March, 2006.
Wilson, K., Steinberg, L., & Alloy, L. (March, 2006). A test of the hopelessness theory of
depression in adolescence. Poster presented at the Biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, San Francisco.
Blatt-Eisengart, I., Drabick, D., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2006). Sex differences in the
longitudinal relations among family risk factors and preadolescent externalizing
symptoms. Poster presented at the Biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, San Francisco.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, May 30, 2006.
Steinberg, L. (August, 2006). How developmental science informs decisions about juvenile
justice policy and practice. Paper presented as a part of an invited symposium entitled
“Developmental Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding
Development,” at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New
Orleans.
85
Testa, C., & Steinberg, L. (August, 2006). Depression and health risk-taking during adolescence.
Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New
Orleans.
Keyser, J., & Steinberg, L. (August, 2006). Impact of ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexual
attraction, and family structure on dieting among adolescent girls. Poster presented at the
annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans.
Invited address, Annual meeting of Grantmakers for Children, Youth, and Families, Los
Angeles, September 25, 2006.
Blatt-Eisengart, I. & Steinberg, L. (November, 2006). Sex differences in the longitudinal
relations among risk and protective factors and adolescent antisocial behavior. Poster
presented at the Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy, Chicago.
5th Annual Russell Barkley Lecture, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts
Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, November 2, 2006.
Invited colloquium, Child and Family Research Section, NICHD, November 17, 2006.
Invited speaker, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Center for
Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University, December 6, 2006.
Invited presentation, City and Juvenile Judges Association Meeting, New Orleans, January 12,
2007.
Invited colloquium, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School
of Public Health, January 31, 2007.
Invited presentation, Carrier Clinic, Bridgewater, New Jersey, March 9, 2007.
Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (March, 2007). Peer groups and deviant behavior:
the role of friendship quality and resistance to peer influence. Paper presented as part of a
symposium entitled “Peer Relations of Aggressive and Delinquent Youth” at the Biennial
Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Goldweber, A., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2007). Peer relationships and
offending: what distinguishes group from solo offenders? Paper presented as part of a
symposium entitled “Peer Relations of Aggressive and Delinquent Youth” at the Biennial
Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Bubier, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2007). Psychological adjustment among adolescents: does
having friends outside of school make things better or worse? Poster presented at the
Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Lee, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2007). Ethnic identity and attitudes towards the police among
African American juvenile offenders. Poster presented at the Biennial Meetings of the
Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Monahan, K., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2007). Gainful activity and adolescent offending: The role
of employment and school attendance. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled
“An Evaluation of Biological and Environmental Influences on Trajectories of
Externalizing Behaviors Across the Lifespan” at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for
Research in Child Development, Boston.
Hodgdon, H., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2007). The impact of childhood maltreatment on
adolescent psychological functioning and the effects of peer support. Poster presented at
the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., Houts, R., Friedman, S., DeHart, G., Cauffman, E., et al., (March,
2007). Rearing antecedents of pubertal timing. Paper presented as a part of a symposium
entitled “Gene X Environment Interaction and Differential Susceptibility: Promising
86
Avenues for the Study of Child Development” at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for
Research in Child Development, Boston.
Invited speaker, Panel discussion on “Adjudicating Juveniles as Adults,” Philadelphia Prison
Society and the Institute for Violence Research and Prevention, Saint Joseph’s
University, Philadelphia, April 18, 2007.
Invited speaker, National Conference of State Legislatures Spring Forum, Washington, April 19,
2007.
Invited speaker, 2007 Annual Justin Wise Polier Colloquium, Citizen’s Committee for Children,
New York, April 20, 2007.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Plenary Address, Joint Meeting on Adolescent Treatment
Effectiveness, Washington, April 25, 2007.
Monahan, K., O’Brien, L., Steinberg, L., & Dmitrieva, J. (May, 2007). Impulsivity, anxiety, and
offending: the role of context. Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled
“Interaction Effects of Personality Traits and Context on Problem Behaviors: Early
Childhood Through Adolescence” at the annual meeting of the American Psychological
Society, Washington.
Invited speaker, Expert Meeting on Risks And Opportunities In Adolescent Brain Development,
Leiden University, The Netherlands, May 29, 2007.
Invited speaker, Coalition for Juvenile Justice Annual Conference, Washington, June 11, 2007.
Invited briefing, United States Senate Judiciary Committee, Washington, June 11, 2007.
Invited speaker, National Governors’ Association Service Policy Advisors’ Retreat, New
Orleans, June 28, 2007.
Sood, E., & Steinberg, L. (August, 2007). The role of potential protective factors for substance
use among early- and non-early-maturing girls. Poster presented at the annual meeting of
the American Psychological Association, San Francisco.
Invited presentation, CAB Health and Recovery Services, Salem State College, Salem,
Massachusetts, October 16, 2007.
Invited presentation, Wisconsin Family Impact Seminar, Madison, Wisconsin, October 24, 2007.
Invited participant, 2007 APA Grand Challenges Summit, Baltimore, October 29-30, 2007.
Invited presentation, Norfolk Academy, Norfolk, Virginia, November 5, 2007.
Invited colloquium, Colloquium Series on Health, Law, Ethics, and Society, Columbia Law
School, November 7, 2007.
Invited presentation, Adolescent Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drug Product Use: A Public
Workshop, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, December 6-7, 2007.
Invited speaker, 30th Annual National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology (NITOP), St. Pete
Beach, Florida, January, 2008.
Dmitrieva, J., Farruggia, S., Cauffman, E., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2008). A VIP in need is a
VIP indeed: The role of very important caring adults in adjustment of juvenile offenders.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Important Non-Parental Adults in the
Lives of High-Risk Youth” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Chicago.
Panelist, “SRA from Birth to Maturity: A Roundtable on the First 22 Years.” Invited roundtable
discussion at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago,
March, 2008.
Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., Mulvey, E., & Cauffman, E. (March, 2008). Trajectories of
offending among serious adolescent offenders. Paper presented as part of a symposium
87
entitled “Trajectories of Problem Behavior From Adolescence Through Adulthood:
Evidence From the U.S., New Zealand, and Puerto Rico” at the biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Monahan, K., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2008). The impact of residential transition on antisocial
behavior during adolescence. Poster presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Dmitrieva, J., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (March, 2008). Arrested development: The effects
of incarceration experiences on adolescents’ development of psychosocial maturity.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Contact With the Juvenile Justice
System and Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment” at the biennial meetings of the Society
for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Chair, Organizer, and Discussant. “Neural Underpinnings of Psychosocial Maturity: CrossNational Findings From Three Studies.” Symposium presented at the biennial meetings
of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago, March, 2008.
Cauffman, E., Shulman, E., Claus, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., Woolard, J., & Steinberg, L.
(March, 2008). Responding to reward versus punishment: How adolescents differ from
adults in performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. Paper presented as part of a
symposium entitled “Neural Underpinnings of Psychosocial Maturity: Cross-National
Findings From Three Studies” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Chicago.
Rankin, L., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2008). Does parenting have enduring effects on patterns of
competency and adjustment among serious juvenile offenders? Poster presented at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Dmitrieva, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2008). Adolescent offenders’ sense of self-worth:
Exaggerated for leaders but low for followers. Poster presented at the biennial meetings
of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Discussant, “The Brain Bases of Executive Control and Reward Processing in Adolescence,”
Symposium presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Chicago, March, 2008.
Albert, D., Woolard, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2008). The development of strategic planning:
Age differences on the Tower of London. Poster presented at the biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Maslowsky, J., Keating, D., Banich, M., Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L., & Woolard, J. (March,
2008). Reasoned versus reactive risk taking: Unique contributions of impulsivity and risk
assessment to adolescent risk behavior. Poster presented at biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.
Invited keynote address, Minnesota Association For Children’s Mental Health, Duluth,
Minnesota, April 28, 2008.
Invited workshop, Minnesota Association For Children’s Mental Health, Duluth, Minnesota,
April 28, 2008.
Invited lecture, Newkirk Center for Science and Society and the Center for Psychology and Law,
University of California, Irvine, May 28, 2008.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology, UCLA, May 29, 2008.
Steinberg, L. (June, 2008). Adolescent brain development: Its psychology and its relations to
physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education. Invited plenary
address, Jean Piaget Society, Quebec City.
88
Steinberg, L. (July, 2008). A social neuroscience perspective on risk-taking in adolescence.
Invited presentation, Jacobs Foundation Forum on Youth, Berlin.
Chassin, L., Dmitrieva, J., Knight, G., Modecki, K., Cauffman, E., Steinberg, L., & Losoya, S.
(July, 2008). Does adolescent alcohol and marijuana use suppress the development of
psychosocial maturity? Paper presented as a part of a workshop entitled “Alcohol Use
and Problems over Time: Latent Growth Curve Models in Alcohol Research,” at the
annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Washington.
Steinberg, L. (August, 2008). Adolescent development, social policy, and the law: Lessons from
a decade in the trenches. Presidential address, Division of Developmental Psychology,
American Psychological Association annual meeting, Boston.
Invited testimony, Pennsylvania Senate Judiciary Committee, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
September 22, 2008.
Invited presentation, The World Bank, Washington, November 4, 2008.
Invited presentation, Vulnerable Populations in the Juvenile Justice System: A Research &
Policy Conference, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs,
Princeton University, November 14, 2008.
DiSorbo, A., Albert, D., O’Brien, L., Steinberg, L., & Chein, J. (November, 2008). Adolescent
risk-taking: Socio-emotional neural system vulnerability to peer influence. Poster
presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington.
Invited keynote presentation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Models for
Change Annual Meeting, Washington, December 9, 2008.
Invited presentation, Conference on Translating Biobehavioral Models of Adolescent Risk to
Prevention Science: From Development to Implementation, University of North Carolina
at Greensboro, January 29, 2009.
Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (March, 2009). Age differences in peer selection,
peer socialization, and offending: The role of resistance to peer influence. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, San Antonio.
Invited colloquium, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College
of Cornell University, March 26, 2009.
Hodgdon, H., & Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). The impact of child maltreatment and emotional
regulation on mental health in a sample of juvenile offenders. Paper presented as part of a
symposium entitled “Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior: Gender Differences and
Similarities” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development,
Denver.
Chein, J., DiSorbo, A., Albert, D., O’Brien, L., Eagan, D., & Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). Neural
markers of peer influence on adolescent risk taking. Paper presented as part of a
symposium entitled “Neuroimaging Peer Relations in Adolescence: fMRI Studies of Peer
Influence, Peer Evaluation, and Social Exclusion” at the biennial meetings of the Society
for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Chair, organizer, and discussant, “Neuroimaging Peer Relations in Adolescence: fMRI Studies of
Peer Influence, Peer Evaluation, and Social Exclusion.” Symposium presented at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, April,
2009.
Dmitrieva, J., & Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). Services that work: In search of juvenile justice
programs that reduce recidivism. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled
“Improving Functioning of Incarcerated Adolescents: Effectiveness of Formal and
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Informal Interventions” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Denver.
Steinberg, L., & Burchinal, M. (April, 2009). What matters most? Differential impact of early
child care versus early parenting on adolescent functioning. Paper presented as part of a
symposium entitled “Effects of Early Childcare and Parenting in Adolescence: New
Results of The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Vandell, D., Belsky, J., Burchinal, M., & Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). The NICHD Early Child
Care Research Network Do Effects of Early Child Care Extend to Age 15 Years? Results
from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Paper presented as part of a symposium
entitled “Effects of Early Childcare and Parenting in Adolescence: New Results of The
NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development” at the biennial meetings of
the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Booth-LaForce, C., Roisman, G., Susman, E., Barnett-Walker, K., Owen, M., Belsky, J.,
Bradley, R., Houts, R., Steinberg, L., & The NICHD Early Child Care Research
Network. Early parenting and child-care antecedents of awakening cortisol levels in
adolescence. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Effects of Early Childcare
and Parenting in Adolescence: New Results of The NICHD Study of Early Child Care
and Youth Development” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child
Development, Denver.
Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., Houts, R., & Halpern-Felsher, B. (April, 2009). The development of
reproductive strategy in females: Harsh maternal control, early menarche, increased
sexual risk taking. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “The Belsky,
Steinberg, and Draper Evolutionary Theory of Socialization: Prospects and Pitfalls” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Albert, D., O’Brien, L., DiSorbo, A., Uckert, K., Eagan, D., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (April,
2009). Peer influences on risk taking in young adulthood. Poster presented at the biennial
meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver.
O’Brien, L., & Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). Predicting externalizing behavior across middle
childhood: The role of planning. Poster presented at the biennial meetings of the Society
for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Paper
presented as part of a symposium entitled “Current Theories of Adolescent Risk Taking”
at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Burchinal, M., McCartney, K., & Steinberg, L. (April, 2009). Examining the black-white
achievement gap among low-income children in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care.
Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled “Early Achievement Disparities by
Race/Ethnicity and Social Class: Strengthening our Understanding of Process” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology and Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation,
University of Kentucky, April 16, 2009.
Invited speaker, U.S. House of Representatives Education and Labor Committee Briefing on
Juvenile Justice Reauthorization, Washington, April 24, 2009.
Invited speaker, Conference on Learning and the Brain, Learning and the Brain Society,
Washington, May 9, 2009.
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Invited panelist, New York City Bar Association panel on “How Old is Too Young: Should New
York Raise Its Age of Criminal Liability?” New York, May 14, 2009.
Steinberg, L. (August, 2009). Should the science of adolescent brain development inform public
policy? Invited award address for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public
Policy, American Psychological Association annual meeting, Toronto.
Invited lecture, Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, September 25, 2009.
Invited presentation, inaugural meeting, Neuroscience and Public Health Initiative, Bloomberg
School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, October 2, 2009.
Invited colloquium, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, October 16,
2009.
Cherlin memorial lecture, Department of Psychology, Yale University, October 21, 2009.
Boessen, A., Hipp, J., Cauffman, E., Fagan, J., & Steinberg, L. Youth transition and
neighborhood effects: Residential instability among serious adolescent offenders.
(November, 2009). Paper presented as a part of a symposium entitled “Linking the Micro
to the Macro for Understanding Patterns of Crime,” at the annual meeting of the
American Society for Criminology, Philadelphia.
Invited lecture, Harris School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago, February 25,
2010.
Maslowsky, J., Buvinger, E., Keating, D., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2010). Cost/benefit analysis
mediation of the relationship between sensation seeking and risk behavior. Paper
presented as part of a symposium titled “Why Do Risk Behaviors Increase During
Adolescence? New Studies on Individual and Developmental Mechanisms” at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia.
Keating, D., Houts, E., Steinberg, L., & Morrison, F. (March, 2010). Executive function and
adolescent risk behavior in a national sample. Paper presented as part of a symposium
titled “Why Do Risk Behaviors Increase During Adolescence? New Studies on Individual
and Developmental Mechanisms” at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on
Adolescence, Philadelphia.
Discussant, “Why Do Risk Behaviors Increase During Adolescence? New Studies on Individual
and Developmental Mechanisms.” Symposium presented at the biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, March, 2010.
Chair, “Using Propensity Score Matching to Control for Selection Effects in Research on
Extracurriculars, Employment, and Media Exposure.” Symposium presented at the
biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, March,
2010.
Steinberg, L. (March, 2010). Does Exposure to Sexy Media Lead Adolescents to Have Sex? A
Reanalysis and a New Conclusion. Paper presented as part of a symposium titled “Using
Propensity Score Matching to Control for Selection Effects in Research on
Extracurriculars, Employment, and Media Exposure” at the biennial meetings of the
Society for Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, March, 2010.
Hodgdon, H., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2010). The impact of emotional maltreatment on
aggression in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Poster presented at the biennial
meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia.
O’Brien, L., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2010). Peer influence on delay discounting. Poster
presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence,
Philadelphia.
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Discussant, “Family and Peer Relations in Adolescence: Insights from Developmental Social
Neuroscience.” Symposium presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, March, 2010.
Chung, H., Mulvey, E., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2010). Neighborhood context and depressive
symptoms: A focus on serious juvenile offenders. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium titled “Neighborhood Influences on Adolescent Mental Health and Behavior:
A Dynamic, Process-Oriented Perspective” at the biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, March, 2010.
Cauffman, E., Boessen, A., Hipp, J., Fagan, J., & Steinberg, L. (March, 2010). The Impact of
Residential Instability on Juvenile Offending. Paper presented as a part of a symposium
titled “Neighborhood Influences On Adolescent Mental Health And Behavior: A
Dynamic, Process-Oriented Perspective” at the biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia, March, 2010.
Albert, D., Steinberg, L., & Banich, M. (March, 2010). Age differences in strategic planning as
indexed by the Tower of London. Paper presented as part of a symposium titled
“Immature, Impetuous, and Imprisoned: Examining the Relation Between Psychosocial
Capacities and Antisocial Tendencies” at the biennial meetings of the Society for
Research on Adolescence, Philadelphia.
Grand rounds, Department of Psychiatry, Temple University, March 17, 2010.
Invited colloquium, Carolina Consortium on Human Development, Center for Developmental
Science, Chapel Hill, March 22, 2010.
Invited colloquium, Institute for the Study of Child Development, Robert Wood Johnson
Medical School, New Brunswick, April 15, 2010.
Invited speaker, conference on “Creating Capabilities: Sources and Consequences for Law and
Social Policy,” University of Chicago School of Law, April 23-24, 2010.
Steinberg, L. Why adolescents make risky decisions. Invited keynote address, 36th Annual
School on Addictions and Behavioral Health, Alaska Addictions Professional
Association, Anchorage, May 4, 2010.
Steinberg, L. Understanding adolescent brain development. Invited workshop, 36th Annual
School on Addictions and Behavioral Health, Alaska Addictions Professional
Association, Anchorage, May 4, 2010.
Invited presentation, State of Alaska Division of Juvenile Justice, McLaughlin Youth Center,
Anchorage, May 4, 2010.
Albert, D., & Steinberg, L. (May, 2010). Resistance to peer influence moderates pathways from
parental monitoring to early adolescent risk behavior. Paper presented as a part of a
symposium entitled “Adolescents at Risk: Examining Variables that Predict Sex, Drug
Use, and Self-Injury” at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science,
Boston.
Steinberg, L. (May, 2010). Peer influences on adolescent risk-taking: A social neuroscience
perspective. Invited presentation, Association for Psychological Science, Boston.
Invited presentation, “Workshop on Development as Action in Context,” German Psychological
Association, Dornburg, Germany, June 16-18, 2010
Invited presentation, Corporate Alliance for Drug Education (CADE), Philadelphia, June 3,
2010.
Invited lecture, “Workshop on Development as Action in Context,” German Psychological
Association, Dornburg, Germany, June 16-18, 2010.
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Invited participant, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development conference on
Cognition, Brain Function, and Learning in Incarcerated Youth. Rockville, MD, July 2223, 2010.
Distinguished faculty lecture, Center for the Humanities at Temple (CHAT), Temple University,
September 23, 2010.
Invited lecture, Center for Neuroscience and Society and Department of Psychology, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, October 7, 2010.
Invited campus-wide lecture, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA, October 19, 2010.
Invited keynote address, Mercyhurst Criminal Justice Conference: Minor Problems, Major
Impact: Juveniles in the Adult System, Erie, PA, October 20, 2010.
Invited plenary, Third Annual El Paso County Mental Health Law Conference: Understanding
Developmental and Mental Health Issues in Adolescents and Young Adults Who are in
the System, El Paso, TX, October 29, 2010.
Invited presentation, Parents of Students of Phillips Academy, Andover, MA, November 9, 2010.
Invited keynote presentation, Wellness Week, Phillips Andover Academy, Andover, MA,
November 10, 2010.
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TEACHING
Undergraduate and Graduate Courses Taught
Cornell University (1976-77)
Adolescence and Adulthood
Adolescence in Modern Society
University of California, Irvine (1977-83)
Introduction to Human Behavior
Human Development Over the Life-Cycle Abnormal Behavior
Adolescent Development
Perspectives on Child Rearing
Seminar in Human Development (Graduate)
University of Wisconsin--Madison (1983-88)
Development from Middle Childhood to Late Adulthood
Adolescent Development in Social Context
Adolescence, Family, and Work (Graduate)
Adolescence and the Family (Graduate)
The Family at Mid-Life (Graduate)
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Adolescent Development (Graduate)
Temple University (1988-)
Introduction to Psychology (Developmental Psychology Unit) Developmental Research Methods
Adolescent Development
Capstone Course in Psychology
Core Course in Developmental Psychology (Graduate) Developmental Research Methods
(Graduate)
Seminar in Socioemotional Development (Graduate) Seminar in Adolescent Development
(Graduate)
Seminar in Developmental Psychopathology (Graduate)
Supervision of Master’s Students (Committee Chair/Thesis Advisor)
Raymond Aguilar (1980). “Value Systems, Attitudes, and the Effects of Job Experiences: A
Comparison Between Mexican-American and Anglo-American Youngsters.” Program in
Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine.
Deborah Ogawa (1980). “Environmental Correlates of Classroom Aggression.” Program in
Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine.
Pamela Adelmann (1982). “Achievement Attributions and Sex-Role Stereotypes.” Program in
Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine.
Christine Jackson (1984). “Measurement of Coronary Prone Behavior in Children.” Program in
Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine.
Ronald Saletsky (1986). “Adolescent Decision-Making Autonomy and Parent-Adolescent
Conflict.” Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin--Madison.
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Dorian Schattell (1986). “Child Development Knowledge and Punitiveness in College Students.”
Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin--Madison.
Layli Phillips (1990). “Ethnic Identity and Adjustment in Adolescence.” Department of
Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University.
He Len Chung (2000). “Investigating Violent and Nonviolent Criminal Offending Across
Gender: Pre-/Perinatal Disturbances and Familial Factors as Predictors.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Lori Siegel (2000). “The Utility of a Checklist Versus the PACE/LEDS Interview in the
Prediction of Children’s Behavioral and Emotional Problems.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Jennifer Silk (2000). “The Interaction Between Parenting And Temperament In The Prediction
Of Child Psychopathology: A Replication Using The Child’s Perspective.” Department
of Psychology, Temple University.
Jessica Keyser (2006). “The Impact of Ethnicity, Socioconomic Status, Sexual Attraction, and
Family Structure on Dieting Among Adolescent Girls in the Add Health Study.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Hilary Hodgdon (2006). “The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, and Neglect
on Adolescent Psychological Functioning and the Effects of Supportive Peer
Relationships. Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Cheryl Testa (2006). “Depression And Health Risk-Taking During Adolescence.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Supervision of Doctoral Students (Committee Chair/Dissertation Advisor)
Susan (Silverberg) Koerner (1986). “Psychological Well-Being of Parents with Early Adolescent
Children.” Dept. of Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison.
Marguerite Clark (1987). “Patterns of Friendship among Middle-Aged Adults.” School of Social
Sciences, University of California, Irvine.
David Norton (1988). “Adolescent Autonomy and Family Cohesion During Early Adolescence.”
Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison.
Julie Elmen (1988). “Achievement Orientation in Early Adolescence: Social Correlates and
Developmental Patterns.” Department of Child and Family Studies, University of
Wisconsin—Madison.
Karen Bogenschneider (1990). “Maternal Employment and High School Achievement:
Mediators, Moderators, and Developmental Effects.” Department of Child and Family
Studies, University of Wisconsin — Madison.
Nina Mounts (1990). “Peer Influence in Adolescence: An Ecological Approach.” Department of
Child and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison.
Lance Weinmann (1991). “Patterns of Change in Middle Adolescent Adjustment: The Role of
Relationships with Parents and Peers.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
(Winner of the 1991 Georgoudi Dissertation Prize given by the Temple University
Department of Psychology.)
Frances Sessa (1991). “Family Structure, Parenting, and Adolescent Adjustment.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Marcy Gringlas (1994). “Parent-Adolescent Interaction in Homes of Depressed Mothers.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
95
Aaron Hogue (1994). “Peer Influences on Adolescent Depression.” Department of Psychology,
Temple University.
Layli Phillips (1994). “Psychological Adjustment and Identity Development Among Biethnic
Adolescents.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Anne Fletcher (1994). “Psychosocial Influences on Academic Success of African-American
Adolescents.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Doris Sasse (1995). “Personality Features, Familial Characteristics, Heterosocial Relations, and
Body Fat as Risk Factors for Eating Disorder Symptoms in Early Adolescence: A Causal
Modeling Analysis.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Audrey Gennes (1996). “Homophily of Disordered Eating in Middle School Peer Groups.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Elizabeth Cauffman (1996). “Maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Psychosocial Factors in
Adolescent Decision-Making.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Mitchell Greene (1997). “Psychological Adjustment of Hispanic-American Adolescents.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Suzanne Fegley (1997). “False Self Presentation in Early Adolescence.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Michele Reimer (1997). “The Development of Shame in Early Adolescence.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University. (Winner of the 1997 Page Award for Research on
Personality and Psychopathology and the 1997 Georgoudi Dissertation Prize, both given
by the Temple University Department of Psychology.)
Victoria Green (1997). “Maternal Employment and Adolescent Adjustment.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Jennifer Shukat Rosenau (1998). “Familial Antecedents of Academic Difficulties Among
Disadvantaged High School Youth.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Shelli Avenevoli (1998). “The Continuity of Depression from Childhood to Adolescence.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Thomas Hecker (1998). “Uses of Mental Heath Evaluations in the Juvenile Justice System.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University. (Winner of the 1998 Georgoudi
Dissertation Prize given by the Temple University Department of Psychology.)
Amanda Sheffield Morris (2000). “Familial Influences on Emotion Regulation in Early
Childhood.” Department of Psychology, Temple University. (Winner of the 2000
Georgoudi Dissertation Prize given by the Temple University Department of
Psychology.)
Marjory Roberts Gray (2001). “Development of Romantic Relationships in Adolescence.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Michael Fraser (2001). “An Examination of the Specificity of the Link Between Stress and
Disorder Using the Adolescent Life Events and Difficulties Schedule.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Amy Sugarman (2001). “Peer Influences on Adolescent Girls’ Eating Behavior and Attitudes: A
Grounded Theory Approach.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Jennifer Silk (2002). “Emotion Regulation in the Daily Lives of Adolescents: Links to
Adolescent Adjustment.” Department of Psychology, Temple University. (Winner of the
2002 Georgoudi Dissertation Prize given by the Temple University Department of
Psychology and runner-up for the 2004 Hershel Thornburg Dissertation Award given by
the Society for Research on Adolescence.)
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He Len Chung (2004). “Family, Peer, and Neighborhood Influences on Desistance Among
Serious Juvenile Offenders.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Lori Siegel (2004). “Peer Relationships and Depression in Adolescence.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Margo Noel Gardner (2005). “A Typology of Serious Juvenile Offenders.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University. (Winner of the 2006 Hershel Thornburg Dissertation
Award given by the Society for Research on Adolescence.)
Michelle Little (2005). “Formal Legal Sanctions and Adolescent Social Development: Social
Disruption and Iatrogenic Influence within Secure Juvenile Settings.” Department of
Psychology, Temple University.
Joanna Lee (2008). “Black Youth And The Boys In Blue: Associations Between Police
Treatment, Mental Health And Ethnic Identity In African American Juvenile Offenders.”
Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Kathryn Monahan (2008). “The Development Of Social Competence From Early Childhood
Through Middle Adolescence: Continuity And Accentuation Of Individual Differences
Over Time.” Department of Psychology, Temple University. (Winner of the 2010
Dissertation Award from Division 7 of the American Psychological Association.)
Hilary Hodgdon (2009). “Child Maltreatment and Aggression: The Mediating Role of Moral
Disengagement, Emotion Regulation, and Emotional Callousness among Juvenile
Offenders.” Department of Psychology, Temple University.
Supervision of Postdoctoral Fellows
Susie Lamborn, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin, 1986-1989)
Nancy Darling, Ph.D. (Temple University, 1990-1993)
Frances Sessa, Ph.D. (Temple University, 1995-1998)
Joanna Lapkin, Ph.D. (Temple University, 1996-1998)
Thomas Hecker, Ph.D. (Temple University, 1999-2003)
Lela Rankin, Ph.D. (Temple University, 2006-2008)
Julia Dmitrevia, Ph.D. (Temple University 2006-2008)
97
UNIVERSITY-LEVEL SERVICE
University of California, Irvine
Committee on Courses (1982-83)
University of Wisconsin--Madison (1983-88)
Executive Committee, Institute on Aging (1983-86)
University Senate (1984-86)
Chancellor’s Search Committee for Dean of the School of Family Resources and Consumer
Sciences (1984-85)
Vice-Chancellor’s Committee to Review Child and Family Studies Doctoral Program (1985-86)
Graduate School Research Committee (1986-88)
Temple University (1988-)
Invited Participant, Faculty Senate Forum on the Future of Temple University (1991)
College of Arts and Sciences Committee on Interdisciplinary Activities (1991-92)
Director, Division of Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology (1991-94) Chair,
Personnel Committee, Department of Psychology (1992-93, 1995-96, 2005-06) Awards
Committee, College of Arts and Sciences (1993-96) (Chair, 1994-95)
Provost’s Committee on Strategic Planning for Girard College (1994)
Executive Committee, College of Arts and Sciences (1994-96)
Chair, Graduate Board, Department of Psychology (1994-99, 2001-07)
Great Teachers Award Committee (1995-97)
Graduate Committee, College of Arts and Sciences (1996-97)
Provost’s Academic Planning Priorities Committee (1996-97)
University Affirmative Action Committee (1997-99)
Presentation of Camille Cosby for honorary degree at commencement (1997)
Commencement Address, President’s Scholars Commencement (1998)
Exceptional Salary Adjustment Award Committee (1999-)
Commencement Marshal (1999-2002)
Research Policies Advisory Committee, College of Liberal Arts (2001)
Symposium Planning Committee, Center for Public Policy (2001)
Search Committee for Vice-President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School
(2001-02)
Internal Research Advisory Committee of the Vice-Provost for Research (2001-04) Co-Chair,
Million Dollar Club (2004-05)
Graduate Committee, College of Liberal Arts (2005-06)
Search Committee for Vice President for Research and Strategic Planning (2007-08)
Budget Priorities Committee, College of Liberal Arts (2008-)
Chair, Provost’s Research Review Committee (2009-)
Search Committee for Senior Vice-Provost for Research Administration and Graduate Education
(2009-10)
98