SYMBIOSIS
Plover Bird
Learning Objectives
• What is symbiosis?
• What are the different kinds
of symbiosis?
• Examples
What is symbiosis?
Literal definition:
the act of living together
What it means:
•Two organisms that live together
•Temporarily or for a longer time
•At least one of the organisms
benefits from the relationship
What are the different kinds
of symbiosis?
Mutualism
both
organisms
benefit
Commensalism Parasitism
one
organism
benefits
one
organism is
unaffected
one
organism
benefits
one
organism is
harmed
Mutualistic Relationship Examples
• Bees and Flowers the bees get to eat,
and the flowering
plants get to
reproduce.
• the oxpecker (a kind of
bird) and the rhinoceros or
zebra.
• Oxpeckers land on rhinos
or zebras and eat ticks and
other parasites that live on
their skin.
• The oxpeckers get food
and the beasts get pest
control
Commensalism Examples
Whale and Barnacle
• The whale reaps no rewards
from a barnacle attaching to
its body
• The barnacles gain an
abundant food source by
attaching itself to a whale
Remora sharks
• Remora sharks have an adhesive disk on
the dorsal surface of their heads.
•
They use this adhesive disk to “hitch a
ride” on larger animals, usually whales
•
When food floats away from the whale’s
mouth, the remora can unhitch itself and
collect the scraps of food floating by.
Parasitism Relationship Examples
• Fleas harm their hosts, such
as dogs, by biting their skin,
sucking their blood, and
causing them to itch.
• The fleas, in turn, get food
and a warm home
• A parasitic fungus causes wheat
rust and the downy mildew fungus
attacks fruit and vegetables.
• mosquito and humans
Example 1:
Acacia plant with ant galls
Ants lay
eggs on
acacia tree
Acacia
covers the
infected
area with
brown flesh
Parasitism: one
(gall)
benefits, one is harmed
Example 2:
Moray Eel with
Cleaner Fish
Moray Eel gets a
clean mouth
Cleaner Fish gets
a meal
Mutualism: both
benefit
Example 3:
Cattle with cattle egrets
Cattle stir
up insects
as they eat
grass
Egrets
hang
around and
eat insects
Commensalism: one benefits,
one is unaffected
Example 4:
Clown fish with anemone
Clown fish
gets
protection
Anemone is
unaffected
Commensalism: one benefits,
Example 5:
Antelope with Oxbird
Antelope
gets rid
of
parasites
Oxbird
gets a
meal
Mutualism: both benefit
Example 6:
Taenia worm in human eye
Worm
infects
human
blood
stream
Human
may go
blind Parasitism: one benefits,
one is harmed
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