Porifera
Kingdom Animalia
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Cladistics - Useful terms
● Apomorphies
• Derived characters within a group
● Plesiomorphies
• Primitive characters within a group
● Synapomorphies
• Derived characters shared between groups
● Symplesiomorphies
• Shared primitive characters that are shared between groups
● Autoapomorphies
• Shared derived characters that define a taxon
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AB
A
AC
ACE
C= Synapomorphy
ACD
A= Symplesiomorphy
Cladistics –
Useful terms
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C= Apomorphy
A= Plesiomorphy E= Autapomorphy
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Porifera
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Tracheata
Mandibles
(Symplesiomorphy)
Jointed appendages
(Symplesiomorphy)
Chelicerata
Mandibulata
Jointed appendages
(Symplesiomorphie)
Chelicera
(Autoapomorphy)
Mandibles
(Autoapomorphy)
Arthropoda
Jointed appendages
(Autoapomorphy)
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Monophyletic
D
E
G
C
H
J
F
K
I
B
A
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Polyphyletic
D
E
G
C
H
F
J
K
I
B
A
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Porifera
Paraphyletic
D
E
G
C
H
F
J
K
I
B
A
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Animalia
(Autapomorphies)
• Multicellular, eukaryotes,
Ingestive heterotrophs
• Cells with different functions
• Choanocytes
• Collagen
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Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Nematomorpha
Nematoda
Priapulida
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Collagen
● Tropochollagen subunit
● High glycine/proline – gly-X-pro
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Porifera
Cellular organization
● Unicellular: single cells
● Parazoans: without true tissues
● Metazoans: with tissues or organs
Unicellular
Parazoan
Eumetazoan
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Basic animal body symmetries
● Asymmetric
● Radial
● Bilateral
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Assymetric
Radial
Bilateral
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Assymetric
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Porifera
Radial symmetry
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Bilateral symmetry
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Body symmetry
• Asymmetric
• Radial symmetry
• Biradial symmetry
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Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Nematomorpha
Nematoda
Priapulida
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
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Porifera
Phylum Porifera
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Extant Animalia
~1,300,000 species
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Parazoa (1.2%)
Radiata (0.9%)
Protostomia (3.9%)
Platyzoa (2.2%)
Platyhelminthes (1.9%)
Others (0.3%)
Lophotrochozoa (9.8%)
Mollusca (8.5%)
Annelida (0.9%)
Others (0.5%)
Ecdysozoa (82.0%)
Crustecea (3.1%)
Chelicerata (7.6%)
Atelocerata (70.3%)
Others (1.1%)
Deuterostomia (4.0%)
Chordata (3.5%)
Others (0.4%)
Poriferan diversity - tube sponges
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Porifera
Poriferan diversity - tube sponges
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Poriferan diversity - barrel sponge
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Poriferan diversity
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Porifera
Poriferan diversity – glass sponge
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Porifera
(Autapomorphies)
• Asymmetric body plan
• Cells but no tissues
• Use of choanocytes in an
aquiferous system
• Totipotent cells
Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
Onychophora
Nematomorpha
Nematoda
Priapulida
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Cell layers NOT tissues
Pinacoderm
Mesohyl
Choanoderm
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Porifera
Cellular body wall
● Pinocoderm
– Pinococytes
– Porocytes
● Mesohyl
– Archeocytes
– Sclerocytes
– Spongocytes
● Choanoderm
– Choanocytes
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Pinacocyte
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Porocyte
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Porifera
Other cells
Archeocytes
(Amebocytes)
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Sclerocytes
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Sponge spicules Skeleton
● Calcium carbonate
● Silica
● Spongin
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Porifera
Choanocyte function
● Food capture
● Ventilation
● Reproduction
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Choanoderm - Feeding and
Digestion
Choanocyte
flagellum
Microvillar
collar
Food vacuole
Amebocyte in
the mesohyl
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Identifying sponge architectures
(Aquiferous system)
● Location of
choanocytes
● How water reaches
and leaves
choanocytes
● Number of oscula
● Presence of porocytes
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Porifera
Asconoid sponges
Aquiferous system
Osculum
Spongocoel
Ostium
Porocyte
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Syconoid sponges
Aquiferous system
Osculum
Spongocoel
Choanocyte
Radial canal
Incurrent pore
Mesohyl
Incurrent canal
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Leuconoid sponges
Aquiferous system
Osculum
Excurrent canal
Incurrent pore
Incurrent canal
Choanocyte
chamber
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Porifera
Sponge sex –
an example of totipotency
● Choanoctyes
become sperm
● Archeocytes
form egg
http://www.waterexplorer.com/il_cool102.htm
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Poriferan reproduction
Micropyle
Sexual
Asexual
Spicule
Budding
Fragmentation
Gemmule formation
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