Final Study Guide: United States History 11R
Regents Exam: Wednesday June 15 12:00 AM (Report by 11:45)
Bring: blue or black ballpoint pens
Format: 50 multiple choice, Documents, Thematic essay, DBQ essay
How to use these sheets:
Identify and describe the terms in context. Be able to explain how each of the terms relates to US History.
Simple definitions are not enough!
The Constitution and its Foundations
Greece and Rome
Direct democracy
Indirect democracy
Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights
Colonial Experiences
Virginia House of Burgesses, colonial legislatures, Connecticut Fundamental Orders
Salutory Neglect, Colonial Mercantilism, Taxation without representation
Proclamation of 1763 ----------Revolution
Petition, protest, boycott, Boston Massacre, Tea Party, Revolution
Declaration of Independence
The Enlightenment
Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu
Natural rights, social contract
Consent of the governed
Declaration of war
 Why was it written?
 What impact did it have on the revolution? What impact has it had in US history and on the
world?
 What philosophy/ideals were put forth in the Declaration of Independence?
 Why did the colonists include a list of grievances
American Revolution
Causes
Loyalists, Patriots
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
Critical period
Articles of Confederation
Strengths and weaknesses
Shays’ Rebellion - causes/effects
To what extent was 1763 a turning point in colonial America?
Were the colonists justified in declaring and fighting for their independence?
The Declaration of Independence was a revolutionary document. Agree/disagree.
Has the United States fulfilled the ideals of the Declaration of Independence?
To what extent did the Articles of Confederation provide an effective system of government for the new nation?
Why was Shays's Rebellion significant?
Timeline of early American history - sequence of events (Declaration, Articles, Constitution, Bill of Rts.) and
the connection between the events.
Constitutional Convention - goals and compromises
Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise, Presidency, Tariff
Preamble to the Constitution - what are the goals of the government does our government today still fulfill these
goals? Use specific examples!!
Federalism
Delegated powers – Article 1, Section 8
Reserved powers – 10th amendment
Implied powers – elastic clause
Concurrent powers
Separation of power – what are the branches? what do they do?
Checks and balances – examples of how each branch checks up on the others
Ratification of the Constitution
Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (arguments of each!!)
Roles of the president
Indirect election – Electoral College – how can it be reformed?
2000 election
Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison
The Unwritten Constitution
Cabinet
Political parties
Ratification of Constitution
Strict construction v. Loose construction
Bill of Rights
Why was it added to the Constitution?
Federalist v. Anti-Federalist
What rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights? (especially 1,2,4,5,6,8)
Bill of Rights Issues Raised in Court Cases:
Speech – unpopular, symbolic, wartime, clear and present danger, students’ rights
Free Exercise / Establishment Clause – separation of church and state, school prayer, freedom of religion
Search and Seizure – probable cause, warrants, students’ rights, reasonable cause
Rights of the Accused – double jeopardy, self-incrimination, right to counsel, public defender, trial by jury
Cruel and Unusual punishment – death penalty
Precedent
Judicial activism
Judicial restraint
Judicial interpretation
Majority opinion
Dissenting opinion
Supreme Court cases –
Schenck v. US
Tinker v. DesMoines
Board of Education, Island Trees School District v. Pico
Texas v. Johnson
Hazelwood Schools v. Kuhlmeier
West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
Lee v. Weissman
Mapp v. Ohio
Veronia School District v. Acton
Pottawatomie v. Earls
Gideon v. Wainright
Miranda v. Arizona
Escobedo v. Illinois
Morse v. Frederick
 What issues needed to be compromised at the Constitutional Convention? How did the issues reflect early
sectionalism in the United States?
 How did the Founders attempt to form a more perfect union? Analyze how the Constitution stregnthened and
limited the power of the federal government.
 To what extent is the Constitution relevant today?
Evaluate the arguments made for and against the ratification of the Constitution.
 Analyze the impact of the Marshall Court in US History.
 Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution? How are the fundamental rights that are listed in the Bill of
Rights be applied in everyday situations?
 What are civil liberties? Why have people's rights periodically expanded and restricted?
 How does the government balance the rights of individuals with the common good? When should freedom be
sacrificed for the common good?
 How does government both reflects society and shape society?
 Analyze the impact of the Supreme Court decisions throughout U.S. history.
George Washington
Proclamation of Neutrality – background, description, results
Farwell Address -- warnings
Precedents - Unwritten Constitution – custom and tradition – two term presidency (until the 22nd
amendment), political parties (Federalists and Republicans), judicial review
Early Financial Issues
The assumption plan
The National Bank – Alexander Hamilton
Protective Tariffs
Whiskey Rebellion
Alien and Sedition Acts
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
National Bank
McCulloch v. Maryland
Jefferson -- Louisiana Purchase
Background, Description, Results
Did it promote US interests?
Strict construction v. Loose construction
Lewis and Clark
Monroe Doctrine
 Analyze George Washington's legacy in American history.
 Was the emergence of political parties in America inevitable? Have political parties been good for America?
Evaluate George Washington's foreign policy of neutrality.
 Hamilton's financial Plan set the new nation on the road to economic stability. Agree/Disagree.
 How did the competition for power between the federal government and state goverments manifest itself in the
new nation?
War of 1812 – US role in the world?
James Monroe -- Monroe Doctrine
Background, Description, Results
Market Revolution
Technological changes (and the effects of those changes – keep in mind the effect on women and
slavery)
Transportation developments (and the effects of those developments)
How did the US government encourage expansion?
End of Property requirement for voting (expands democracy)
The Election of 1828 -- Jackson – impact on politics – president of the common people?
Jacksonian Democracy
Spoils system (ultimately leads to civil service reform)
Tariff issue – South Carolina – Nulllification Theory and Crisis
Veto of the Bank Charter – why?
Pet banks
Cherokee – assimilation
Indian Removal Act
Worcester v. Georgia
Trail of Tears
Settling the West – frontier --Manifest Destiny
Indian policies
How did the government promote westward expansion? (Homestead Act, land grants to railroads)
Reform Movements
Women
Cult of Domesticity – changing roles in the early 19th century
Life at the Lowell Mills
(Class Issues)
Inequality – property, children, marriage, suffrage
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Lucy Stone
Seneca Falls 1848
Declaration of Sentiments
Mentally Ill – Dorothea Dix
African Americans -- abolition
Missouri Compromise
Conditions of Slavery
Spirituals
Underground RR
Douglass, Garrison, Tubman, Jacobs (Incidents In the Life of a Slave Girl)
Emancipation
Suffrage
Women’s Movement and Abolition – split – why
Civil War and Reconstruction
Sectionalism
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Kansas Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
The Dred Scott case
Abolitionists
Tactics – Garrison, Brown, Tubman, Douglass, etc.
The election of Lincoln
Lincoln during the war
Suspension of Habeus Corpus
Ex Parte Milligan
Military funds
Emancipation Proclamation
Role of African Americans during the war
Reconstruction
The President’s plan
Radical Republicans (Congressional Plan)
13th Amendment
Black Codes
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Southern governments during Reconstruction – who has power, why?
The end of Reconstruction
Election 1876
“Solid South”
White control in the south
Black Codes
KKK
Poll Taxes
Literacy Test
Grandfather clause
sharecropping
Jim Crow Laws
Plessy v. Fergusson (1896) – don’t forget Brown v. Board of Ed. (1954)
Constitutional Issues during the Civil War and Reconstruction:
Federalism
Separation of Power/Checks and Balance
Constitutional Change and Flexibility
The Judiciary – interpreter and shaper of public policy
The Constitution Tested
Louisiana Purchase
Dred Scott
Emancipation Proclamation
Secession
Ex Parte Milligan
Plessy v Fergusson
Industrialization/Gilded Age
What is needed to industrialize?
Why is the time right in the late 1800’s for rapid industrial growth?
Capitalism
Laissez faire (+’s and –‘s)
Business organizations
Sole proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
Monopoly (+ and -)
Standard Oil, Sugar, Copper
Robber Baron v. Captain of Industry
Rockefeller, Morgan, Carnegie
Government regulation? (Arguments for and against)
Gilded Age - politics
Interstate Commerce Commission
Sherman Anti-trust Act
Immigrants – where do they come from? Why do they come? Where do they go? What
contributions do they make?
Colonial immigrants
Old immigrants
New immigrants
New, new immigrants
Reaction toward immigrants – policies and groups
Know Nothing Party
Chinese Exclusion
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Literacy Tests
Emergency Quotas
National Origins
Immigration Act of 1965
Immigration Act of 1986
Debate today
Melting Pot v. Salad Bowl
Assimilation
Pluralism
Xenophobia
Nativism
Generational experiences
Contributions
Experiences of specific groups
Urbanization (+s and –s)
Working conditions
Organized labor – unions
Knights, AFL
Union tactics
Management tactics
Key strikes –
Railway 1877
Homestead
Pullman
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Attitude of gov’t towards labor in late 1800s
Attitude of gov’t towards labor in the early 1900s
Links between industrialization, westward expansion and the start of imperialism?
Spanish American War
Causes
Results
Yellow journalism
Philippines – pro v. anti-imperialist debate – know the arguments
US foreign policy
Populism and Progressivism
The Grange
Farmers problems
Railroads
Interstate commerce commission
The Populists (and their platform)
Free silver
William Jennings Bryan – Cross of Gold
Third political parties and their significance
What happened to the Populists? Were they successful?
The Progressives – Early 1900s
Who are they?
What are their goals? (problems they tried to solve)
Muckrakers
Reformers (what were their goals and tactics? Were they successful?)
Upton Sinclair
Ida Tarbell
Jacob Riis
Jane Addams – Hull House
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
Women’s rights
(1848 – earlier – Declaration of Sentiments – Stanton and Anthony)
Alice Paul
Margaret Sanger
19th amendment
African American’s rights
Booker T. Washington
WEB DuBois
Marcus Garvey
NAACP
Government problems and reform
City, state, local
Secret ballot
Initiative, referendum, recall
th
17 amendment
Teddy Roosevelt
Role of federal government
Trustbuster
Conservation
Square Deal
William Howard Taft
Election of 1912 – role of third political parties
Bull Moose
Woodrow Wilson
New Freedom
Federal Trade Commission
Clayton Anti-trust Act
16th amendment
 What ends the Progressive Era?
WWI
Causes in Europe (MAIN) or (MANIA)
American Neutrality – why?
Involvement in 1917 – Why?
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Schenck v. US
Clear and present danger principle
Bolshevik Revolution
Peace 1919
Treaty of Versailles - Provisions
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
League of Nations – to join or not to join?
Isolation
 Should the start of WWII be linked to the peace of WWI?
Kellogg-Briand Pact
 How was democracy expanded in the period from 1900-1920?
 How did the role of the Federal Government change?
 Why did we try to revert back to our earlier foreign policy after WWI
America Between the Wars
Isolation
Harding
Return to Normalcy
Teapot Dome Scandal
Calvin Coolidge
Laissez faire – why? Effects?
Farm prices
Roaring Twenties
Consumerism
Installment plans
Ford – cars (impact on society)
Leisure time – Sports, Movies, Music, Literature
The Great Migration
Reasons -- Experiences
Harlem Renaissance – Jazz, Langston Hughes, Jacob Lawrence
KKK lynching
Red Scare
Palmer Raids
Sacco and Vanzetti
KKK
Immigrant restrictions
Scopes Trial
Prohibition (18th Amendment – effects?) -- repeal
Flappers – changing role of women
19th Amendment
Great Depression
Causes?
Hoover’s Response
Tickle down
Rugged individualism
Life during the depression
Dust Bowl – Oakies
Grapes of Wrath -- Steinbeck
New Deal
FDR
Philosophy (compare to Hoover)
Relief
Recovery
Reform
First Hundred Days
Role of the federal government
Pump priming
Agencies and actions
Banking Act, WPA, CCC, AAA, SEC, Social Security, Wagner Act, FDIC
Deficit spending
Unions
Supreme Court and the New Deal
The NRA Schecter Poultry v. US (1935)
The AAA US v. Butler (1936)
The Court Packing Plan
Assessing the New Deal
For the New Deal / against the New Deal
22nd Amendment
Good Neighbor Policy
WWII and the Cold War
Causes of WWII in Europe
US policy – neutrality, Destroyer for Military Bases, Lend-Lease, involvement -- why?
Why did the US drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Wartime diplomacy – Yalta, Potsdam
Holocaust - Nuremberg Trials
At home during the war (and after in the 1950s – propaganda)
Women
African Americans
Japanese Americans
Internment
Korematsu v. US
Post WWII -- Cold War
Containment
Iron Curtain
Collective Security
US as world police
UN
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade/Airlift
NATO
Warsaw Pact
1949 – China
USSR
Korea – containment
Truman v MacArthur
UN Role
Cold War at Home – McCarthyism – 1950s
Civil rights, censure
Other 1950s info
Suburbs
Culture
Conformity
Role of women
Eisenhower
U2 incident
Brinkmanship
Peaceful Coexistence
Domino Theory
Vietnam – Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon
Containment v. civil war
Gulf of Tonkin
Pentagon Papers
Guns v. Butter
Kent State
LBJ’s Great Society
War Powers Act
Vietnamization (Nixon)
Protests
Lessons of Vietnam
Support – from public and Congress, objectives, role of US, checks and balances
War Powers Act (1973)
Cuba 1959 – Castro
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Alliance for Progress
Détente
Civil Rights 1950s 1960s 1970s
Civil Rights Movement – goals, actions success?
Plessy v. Fergusson (1896)
Segregation – impact?
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Emmit Till
Little Rock -- desegregation – role of the state and fed gov’ts
NAACP
Rosa Parks -- Montgomery Bus Boycott
MLK
Civil disobedience
Non-violent direct action
Medgar Evers
Sitins
Birmingham Alabama
March on Washington
Role of Music in Civil Rights movement
Experiences of Musicians (in the 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s – Billie Holliday, Louis Armstrong)
Malcolm X
SCLS, SNCC
Black Panthers
Civil Rights act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Defacto segregation vs. Dejure segregation
Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique
NOW
ERA
Title IX
Affirmative action - Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Cesar Chavez – UFW
Environmental Issues – Rachel Carson
The Great Society
Head Start
Medicare
The Warren Court – Rights of the Accused
Gideon v. Wainright
Escobedo v Illinois
Miranda v. Arizona
Tinker v. DesMoines
Immigration Act of 1965
1970s, 1980s, 1990s
Nixon
Watergate
The imperial president
US v Nixon
Resignation
Ford - Pardon
SALT
New Federalism
Carter
Camp David Accords
OPEC
Panama Canal Treaty
Reagan
Supply side economics (Reaganomics)
Immigration Act of 1986
Intervention in Central America – El Salvado, Nicaragua
Star Wars
Iran Contra
George Bush
End of the Cold War – New World Order
Invasion of Panama
Gulf War
Role of the UN
Clinton
Health Care Reform
Scandal
NAFTA
Former Yugoslavia
2000 Election – Gore v. Bush
Electoral college issues – popular vote v. electoral college
Supreme Court orders recount to end (first time for SC to intervene in a Pres. Election)
Campaign financing
George W. Bush
Tax cuts
Sept. 11, 2001
War in Iraq
Terrorism
2008 – Obama Election
Hillary Clinton
Sarah Palin
Obama care