PS Midterm Review
Name ____________________________
Review all notes and tests!
1. Describe how scientific knowledge is different from other
ways of knowing. Identify the factors that define science.
2. Describe what the scientific method is:
Define and give an example of a:
3. Qualitative Observation:
Are the following qualitative observations,
quantitative observations or inferences?
8.
Buffy’s shirt is red
____________________
9.
Girls are smarter than boys
____________________
10. It was -5ºC yesterday
____________________
11. The gold fish is orange
____________________
12. Cats purr when they are happy
____________________
13. The dog is tall
____________________
14. The sun moves 15º per hour
____________________
Suzy is curious about the speed of a falling ball.
She drops the same ball from different heights from 0.5 m to 10 m in
0.5 m increments and uses a computer to measure the speed of the ball
just before it hits the ground.
She starts out dropping the ball from 1.5 m because
that is the height of her outstretched arm.
15. In this experiment Define and identify the:
1
4. Quantitative Observation:
Independent variable:
5. Hypothesis:
Dependent variable:
6. Theory:
Control group:
7. Law:
Experimental group:
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16.
What should be some of Suzy’s controls? (control variables)
21. The most common metric prefixes that are used
in class are listed below, what do they mean?
milli: _________
17.
centi: ___________
How would she determine if her hypothesis was supported?
18. What does mass measure
about an object?
20.
kilo: __________
19. What does volume measure
about an object
What would you use to measure? What units would you use?
Item
mass of a penny
volume of water
amount of matter
in a rock
Apparatus to measure
SI (metric) units
22.
The above tool is called a __________________________,
and it measures the __________________ of an object.
23.
What is the reading on this tool to
the correct degree of precision?
24. The tool at right is called a
________________________;
and it measures the
______________ of an object.
25. What is the reading on this
tool to the correct degree of
precision?
amount of water in
a glass
average kinetic
energy of soup
2
26. What does density measure about an object?
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27.
Calculate the following densities (show all work: formula,
substitution, box in your final answer with units):
A cube with a mass of 35 g and
a volume of 150 ml.
32. Describe five things that the kinetic
molecular theory of matter explains.

A liquid with a mass of 3 g
and takes up 7 ml of space



28. A metal sample is placed on a triple beam balance, and the scale
reads 124.28 g. When placed in a graduated cylinder that
originally has 47.2 ml of water, the level rises to 73.8 ml.
Calculate the density of the unknown metal.

33. What is an atom? Describe it!
29. Define matter and energy.
34. Fill in the chart with the 3 particles in an atom:
Particle
Location of the
particle
mass of the
particle (AMU)
charge on the
particle
30. List three things that are matter, and three things that are not.
Matter
Not matter
35.
31. The kinetic molecular theory of matter states that:
3
What does the atomic
number identify about an
atom?
36.
What does the mass
number identify about
an atom?
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37. U – 235 has ______ protons.
43. If a proton was added to an average boron nucleus, what atom
would result? (Use the symbol to id it as an average, isotope, or ion.)
38. Fe – 58 has ______ neutrons.
39. Ca+2 has ______ electrons
44. If a proton was removed from an average boron nucleus, what
atom would result? (Use the symbol to id it as an average, isotope, or ion.)
40. Rn – 226 has______ nucleons.
41. If an atom has p+ = 9, no = 8, e- = 10,
The atomic number would be _________.
The mass number would be _________.
The atomic charge would be _________.
45.
Complete the following chart
Symbol
atomic
number
mass
number
The number of nucleons would be _________.
Is the atom an ion?
(Why or why not?)
19
13
28
Type of atom
18
14
4
9
72
244
2
10
10
37
94
16
4
# of
electrons
29
Is the atom an isotope?
(Why or why not?)
42. If a neutron was added to an average helium nucleus, what atom
would result? (Use the symbol to id it as an average, isotope, or ion.)
# of
neutrons
Li+1
The nuclear charge would be _________.
The number of valence electrons would be _________.
# of
protons
ion
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48.
Why do some atoms emit nuclear ionizing radiation?
49.
Describe and give a few sources of background radiation:
50.
What are three things that contribute to the higher than average
background radiation exposure that you experience in Colorado?
46. What forces act in the nucleus of an atom? What do they do?
Name of force
What they do in the nucleus
47. List and describe the three forms of nuclear ionizing radiation
studied this year
Describe the particle, and the change the parent nucleus undergoes
Form of N.R.
Describe particle, nuclear change
How would a nucleus of Pu – 240 be affected if it underwent the
decay below, show the change and give the element (with mass
number) that would exist in each case?
(Know the mass, and charge of each particle)
Alpha decay?
51.
Beta decay?
Gamma Decay?
52.
5
Of the above forms of ionizing radiation – list
them from least to most penetrating.
_________________ < _________________ < _________________
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53. What is true of the number of radioactive atoms
in a sample after 2 half lives have passed?
54.
58.
How long would it take a sample of Ra – 226
to decay to 1 of its original amount?
16
(Use your reference table)
What daughter product is produced when Fr – 220 decays?
(Use your reference table)
59.
55.
What daughter product is produced when P – 32 decays?
(Use your reference table)
56. How many grams of an 80 gram sample
of P – 32 would remain after 71.5 days?
(Use your reference table)
57. What is the age of a sample of C – 14 that
has ⅛ as much C – 14 as it began with?
(Use your reference table)
6
How many grams of a 20 gram sample of
Sr – 90 would remain after 84.3 years?
(Use your reference table)
Define each class of matter and give two examples of each:
60.
Element:
61.
Mixture:
62.
Compound:
63. Which of the two classes of matter are pure substances? Why?
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64.
Identify the number of each element that
make up the following compounds.
H2O2
66. Write a C in the blanks below if a statement identifies a
compound, M for a mixture, and E for an element.
____ Its components can be separated by physical means
4Mg(OH)2
____ Uranium, copper, or radon
____ It has properties that differ from those of its separate elements
12C6H12O6
5Al2(SO4)3
____ H2O or NaCl.
____ It is composed of a single type of atom.
____ salt water or cookie dough
65. Classify the following as element, mixtures (type), or compounds.
____ It is composed of a single type of molecule.
Why are they this class of matter?
Material
coca cola
soil
Classification
____ Its components keep their own properties.
Material
Classification
Are the following mixtures heterogeneous or homogenous?
an iron
barbell
snow
a silver
earring
concrete
granite
baking soda
74.
blood
7
coffee
67.
lemonade
______________________
68.
relish
______________________
69.
Dr Pepper
______________________
70.
A tuna fish casserole
______________________
71.
air
______________________
72.
hot chocolate
______________________
73.
milk
______________________
List 4 physical properties of your pencil:
(know any chemical properties???)
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75. What are the four (most common) states of matter, and how do
the molecules behave in each of the states?
Phase
Spacing
Motion
What phase change is represented by the following?
80. Ice turns to a puddle.
_________________
Behavior, IM Forces
81. Water is put in a freezer and forms ice cubes. _________________
82. Drops form on the outside of a glass of lemonade during a warm
summer day.
_________________
83. Snow changes directly to a vapor on a warm spring day.
_________________
84. The level of water in a glass decreases over time.
_________________
85. You pour magic shell chocolate on an ice cream cone.
_________________
86. Water is heated to “100 C” on the stovetop. _________________
87. Are the following chemical or physical changes of matter?
76.
Name a substance that is not a true solid.
What is a word that describes this type of substance?
77.
What phase change(s) can a solid undergo?
Iron rusting: ______________ because:
Grinding up chalk: ______________ because:
Boiling saltwater and separating out the salt
and water: ______________ because:
78.
What phase change(s) can a liquid undergo?
Washing clothes: ______________ because:
79.
8
What phase change(s) can a gas undergo?
Using Drano on a hair clog: ______________ because:
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94. On the “Periodic Table” below use different colors to identify the
metals, the metalloids, and the nonmetals are. Label the families,
energy levels, and transition metals.
88. Using your periodic table, draw Bohr models of the atoms listed.
Boron
Argon
Chlorine
Are the following chemical or physical changes? Explain why.
89. Burning gasoline in a moped:______________ change because:
95. How many valance electrons are found in the following?
90. Toasting a marshmallow:______________ change because:
a. Ne: ____
b. Ba: ____
c. Cl: ____
d. C: ____
96. List the properties of metals, and nonmetals
91. Smashing up an avocado to make guacamole :______________
change because:
Metals
Nonmetals
92. Making a salad:______________ change because:
93. Cooking pasta:______________ change because:
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97. To what families do the following elements belong?
silicon _______________
strontium _______________
krypton _______________
hydrogen _______________
iodine _______________
copper _______________
potassium _______________
tellurium _______________
99.
Circle each of the following atoms that would
have a larger atomic radius. Explain why.
Ca or Mg
98. How and why do the following properties change as you go
Across a period
O or F
F or Cl
Na or Na+1
Down a family
F or F-1
# of valance
electrons
100.
Predict the ion that each atom will form. (charge and sign)
a. Na
b. F
c. Mg
d. Al
# of energy
levels
101.
Which element is the most metallic? Why? (NOT where
is it on the periodic table, but why is it placed there?)
Atomic
radius
102.
Which element is the least metallic (most nonmetallic) Why?
103.
Which halogen has valence electrons in the 4th energy level?
Atomic mass
____________________
104. Which metalloid has 3 valence electrons?
Metallic
character
10
____________________
105. Which transition element is the least massive?
____________________
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113. What is true of the amounts of products and reactants
before and after a chemical reaction occurs?
106. Why do chemical reactions occur?
114. What are 5 signs that can help you identify that a chemical
reaction is occurring? Circle the critical one
107. When balancing equations you are allowed to change
the ________________. Explain why.



108. When balancing equations you not allowed to change
the __________________. Explain why not.


115. Balance each equation (use 1 for 1), in the large blank identify
the reaction type.
109. In a reaction like the ones in # 115, the “substances” on the left
side are called the __________________, and the “substances”
on the right side are called the __________________.
___Sb + ___O2  ___Sb4O6
___________________
___Al2(SO4)3 + ___Ca(OH)2  ___ Al(OH)3 + ___Ca(SO4)
___________________
110.
A chemical reaction in which energy is released
___C3H8 + ___O2 
is known as a _________________ reaction.
111.
A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed
___CO2 + ___H2O
___________________
___Fe2(SO4)3 + ___K(OH) 
___K2(SO4) + ___Fe(OH)3
is known as a _________________ reaction.
112. Where is the energy that is released when wood (or food,
coal, gas, propane.) stored before it is released during burning?
11
___________________
___N2O5 +
___H2O 
___ HNO3
___KClO3 ___KClO4 + ___KCl
___________________
___________________
___Al + ___FeO  ___Al2O3 + ___ Fe ___________________
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Go back proofread your notes
Look at your old tests
If you cover up the answers do you get the question correct?
Do you need additional help on questions you originally got wrong?
Have you ever gone to after school tutoring?
Mr. G is also available lunch, 5th and 6th period.
Time put into reviewing and studying will pay off.
If it will be beneficial to you, I will count your test average as 50% of
your final grade, with the Midterm counting for the other 50%
Begin reviewing NOW, do a little each night, so you are prepared for
the final exam.
12
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of the atom? (model?, experiments?, new ideas?)
Aristotle
Nuclear reactions and half lives
Democritus
How the structure of the atom is responsible for its properties
Reading a Geiger counter
John Dalton
Calculate the molar mass of H2O. Round to the nearest tenth of a gram
6 moles of H2O is how many grams?
(must show with dimensional analysis)
JJ Thompson
Earnest Rutherford
23 g of H2O is how many moles? (must
show with dimensional analysis)
Niels Bohr
37 g H2O is how many molecules?
(must show with dimensional analysis)
116.
What is the modern idea known as?
What significant contribution did each contribute to our understanding
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Write the following formulas
117. Why do elements form chemical bonds?
118. Between what types of elements do the
following bonds occur? Know WHY!
Covalent -
Rubidium Sulfide
_____________________
Calcium oxide
_____________________
Selenium di-oxide
_____________________
Beryllium nitride
_____________________
Nitrogen tri hydride
_____________________
Tetra phosphorus deca oxide _____________________
120.
Draw an electron dot diagram of the following atoms:
Metallic -
C
Ionic -
121.
119. Identify the bond type , and Name the following compounds
NO2
________________
_____________________________
NaBr
________________
_____________________________
CaH2
________________
_____________________________
SF2
________________
_____________________________
CO2
________________
_____________________________
RaF2
________________
_____________________________
Br
Mg
What do the dots represent?
122. How do the electron dot diagrams help
you figure the structure of a compound?
123. When drawing the electron dot diagram of a
compound what is the first thing you need to determine?
124. How does the electron dot diagram of an ionic compound
look distinct from a covalently bonded compound?
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125. Identify the bond type that would form between the following
atoms, give the molecular formula and draw an electron dot diagram.
Calcium and bromine
Formula:_______
Bond type:___________
Name: ___________________
Sulfur and Bromine
Formula:_______
Bond type:___________
Name: ___________________
15
Oxygen and fluorine
Formula:_______
Bond type:___________
Name: ___________________
Magnesium and Oxygen
Formula:_______
Bond type:___________
Name: ___________________
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