CHEMISTRY 6–12 REFERENCE SHEET
Molal Freezing-Point and Boiling-Point Constants
Normal
Molal f.p.
Molal b.p.
Normal
Solvent
f.p.
Constant,
Constant,
b.p.
(oC)
Kf
Kb
(oC)
(oC/molal)
(oC/molal)
acetic acid
acetone
aniline
benzene
carbon disulfide
carbon tetrachloride
ethanol
ether
naphthalene
phenol
water
16.1
-94.8
-6.1
5.48
-111.5
-22.96
-114.5
-116.3
80.2
40.9
0.00
3.90
-5.87
5.12
3.80
--1.79
6.9
7.27
1.86
118.5
56.00
184.4
80.15
46.3
76.50
78.26
34.42
218.0
181.8
100.0
3.07
1.71
3.22
2.53
2.34
5.03
1.22
2.02
5.65
3.56
0.51
Heats of Formation (kJ/mol) at 25 C and 1 atm
o
-99.5
-127.0
-62.4
-30.6
-31.8
-1669.8
-860.1
-1218.8
-558.1
-1465.2
-795.0
-1207.0
-635.5
-986.6
-1432.7
-139.5
-74.8
-131.8
-238.6
-110.5
-393.5
AgBr(s)
AgCl(s)
AgI(s)
Ag2O(s)
Ag2S(s)
Al2O3(s)
BaCl2(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaO(s)
BaSO4(s)
CaCl2(s)
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
CaSO4(s)
CCl4 ( )
CH4(g)
CHCl3 ( )
CH3OH ( )
CO(g)
CO2(g)
Temp
0
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
C2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
C2H6(g)
C3H8(g)
n-C4H10(g)
n-C5H12 ( )
C2H5OH ( )
CoO(s)
Cr2O3(s)
CuO(s)
Cu2O(s)
CuS(s)
CuSO4(s)
Fe2O3(s)
Fe3O4(s)
HBr(g)
HCl(g)
HF(g)
HI(g)
HNO3 ( )
H2O(g)
+226.7
+52.3
-84.7
-103.8
-124.7
-173.1
-277.6
-239.3
-1128.4
-155.2
-166.7
-48.5
-769.9
-822.2
-1120.9
-36.2
-92.3
-268.6
+25.9
-173.2
-241.8
H2O ( )
H2O2 ( )
H2S(g)
H2SO4 ( )
HgO(s)
HgS(s)
KBr(s)
KCl(s)
KClO3(s)
KF(s)
MgCl2(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgO(s)
Mg(OH)2(s)
MgSO4(s)
MnO(s)
MnO2(s)
NaCl(s)
NaF(s)
NaOH(s)
NH3(g)
-285.8
-187.6
-20.1
-811.3
-90.7
-58.2
-392.2
-435.9
-391.4
-562.6
-641.8
-1113.0
-601.8
-924.7
-1278.2
-384.9
-519.7
-411.0
-569.0
-426.7
-46.2
NH4Cl(s)
NH4NO3(s)
NO(g)
NO2(g)
NiO(s)
PbBr2(s)
PbCl2(s)
PbO(s)
PbO2(s)
Pb3O4(s)
PCl3(g)
PCl5(g)
SiO2(s)
SnCl2(s)
SnCl4 ( )
SnO(s)
SnO2(s)
SO2(g)
SO3(g)
ZnO(s)
ZnS(s)
-315.4
-365.1
+90.4
+33.9
-244.3
-277.0
-359.2
-217.9
-276.6
-734.7
-306.4
-398.9
-859.4
-349.8
-545.2
-286.2
-580.7
-296.1
-395.2
-348.0
-202.9
Vapor Pressure (mmHg) of Water at Various Temperatures (oC)
Pressure
4.6
6.5
9.2
9.8
10.5
11.2
12.0
12.8
13.6
14.5
Page 1 of 2
Temp
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pressure
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.7
19.8
21.1
22.4
23.8
25.2
26.7
Temp
28
29
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Pressure
28.3
30.0
31.8
42.2
55.3
71.9
92.5
118.0
149.4
187.5
Temp
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Pressure
233.7
289.1
355.1
433.6
525.8
633.9
760.0
906.
Chemistry 6–12
CHEMISTRY 6–12 REFERENCE SHEET
Standard Reduction Potentials
in Aqueous Solutions
F2(g) + 2 e–  2 F–(aq)
S2O82–(aq) + 2 e–  2 SO42–(aq)
H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e–  2 H2O(l)
MnO4–(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e–  Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
Cl2(g) + 2 e–  2 Cl–(aq)
Cr2O72–(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e–  2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e–  2 H2O(l)
Br2(l) + 2 e–  2 Br–(aq)
NO3–(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e–  NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
2 Hg2+(aq) + 2 e–  Hg22+(aq)
ClO–(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e–  Cl–(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)
Hg2+(aq) + 2 e–  Hg(l)
Ag+(aq) + e–  Ag(s)
Hg22+(aq) + 2 e–  2 Hg(l)
Fe3+(aq) + e–  Fe2+(aq)
O2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e–  H2O2(aq)
I2(s) + 2 e–  2 I–(aq)
Cu+(aq) + e–  Cu(s)
IO–(aq) + H2O(l) + 2 e–  I–(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e–  Cu(s)
Cu2+(aq) + e–  Cu+(aq)
Sn4+(aq) + 2 e–  Sn2+(aq)
2 H+(aq) + 2 e–  H2(g)
Fe3+(aq) + 3 e–  Fe(s)
Pb2+(aq) + 2 e–  Pb(s)
Sn2+(aq) + 2 e–  Sn(s)
Ni2+(aq) + 2 e–  Ni(s)
PbSO4(s) + 2 e–  Pb(s) + SO42–(aq)
Cd2+(aq) + 2 e–  Cd(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e–  Fe(s)
Cr3+(aq) + 3 e–  Cr(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2 e–  Zn(s)
2 H2O(l) + 2 e–  H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)
Mn2+(aq) + 2 e–  Mn(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3 e–  Al(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2 e–  Mg(s)
Na+(aq) + e–  Na(s)
Li+(aq) + e–  Li(s)
Chemistry 6–12
Standard
Potential, E°(V)
2.87
2.01
1.78
1.49
1.36
1.33
1.23
1.09
0.96
0.90
0.81
0.85
0.80
0.80
0.77
0.70
0.54
0.52
0.49
0.34
0.15
0.15
0.00
–0.04
–0.13
–0.14
–0.26
–0.36
–0.40
–0.45
–0.74
–0.76
–0.83
–1.19
–1.66
–2.37
–2.71
–3.04
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