From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4,
1902 – August 26, 1974) (nicknamed "Lucky
Lindy" and "The Lone Eagle") was an American aviator, author, inventor and explorer.
On May 20–21, 1927, Lindbergh, then a
25-year old U.S. Air Mail pilot, emerged from
virtual obscurity to almost instantaneous
world fame as the result of his Orteig Prizewinning solo non-stop flight from Roosevelt
Field on Long Island to Le Bourget Field in
Paris in the single-seat, single-engine monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. Lindbergh, an Army
reserve officer, was also awarded the nation’s highest military decoration, the Medal
of Honor, for his historic exploit.[1]
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Lindbergh used his fame to relentlessly help promote the rapid development of U.S. commercial aviation. In March, 1932, however, his infant son, Charles, Jr., was kidnapped and
murdered in what was soon dubbed the
"Crime of the Century" which eventually led
to the Lindbergh family fleeing the United
States in December 1935 to live in Europe
where they remained up until the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor. Before the United
States entered WWII in December, 1941,
Lindbergh had been an outspoken advocate
of keeping the U.S. out of the world conflict
(as was his Congressman father during World
War I) and became a leader of the anti-war
America First movement. Nonetheless, he
supported the war effort after Pearl Harbor
and flew many combat missions in the Pacific
Theater as a civilian consultant, even though
President Roosevelt had refused to reinstate
his Army Air Corps colonel’s commission that
he had resigned earlier in 1939.
In his later years, Lindbergh became a
prolific prize-winning author, international
explorer, inventor, and active environmentalist.[2]
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh with the Spirit of St. Louis
1927
Born
February 4, 1902(1902-02-04)
Detroit, Michigan
Died
August 26, 1974 (aged 72)
Kipahulu, Maui, Hawaii
Occupation
Aviator, author,
inventor, explorer,
peace activist
Spouse(s)
Anne Morrow Lindbergh
Children
By Anne Morrow Lindbergh:
Charles Augustus Lindbergh Jr.
Jon Lindbergh
Land Morrow Lindbergh
Anne Spencer Lindbergh (Perrin)
Scott Lindbergh
Reeve Lindbergh (Brown)
By Brigitte Hesshaimer:
Dyrk Hesshaimer
Astrid Hesshaimer Bouteuil
David Hesshaimer
By Marietta Hesshaimer:
Vago Hesshaimer
Christoph Hesshaimer.
Parents
Early years
Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born in
Detroit, Michigan, on February 4, 1902, but
spent most of his childhood in Little Falls,
Minnesota, and Washington, D.C. He was the
only child of Swedish emigrant Charles
Charles August Lindbergh
Evangeline Lodge Land
Lindbergh
1
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Charles Lindbergh
From an early age Charles Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation including his family’s Saxon Six automobile, later his Excelsior motorbike, and by the time he enrolled as a mechanical engineering student at the University
of Wisconsin-Madison in 1920, he had also
become fascinated with flying even though
he "had never been close enough to a plane
to touch it."[7] Lindbergh dropped out of the
engineering program in February 1922, and
a month later headed to Lincoln, Nebraska,
to enroll as a student at the flying school operated by the Nebraska Aircraft Corporation.
Arriving on April 1, 1922, he flew for the first
time in his life nine days later when he took
to the air as a passenger in a two-seat
Lincoln-Standard "Tourabout" biplane piloted
by Otto Timm.[8]
Charles A. Lindbergh father and son c. 1910
August Lindbergh (birth name Carl Månsson)
(1859–1924), and Evangeline Lodge Land
Lindbergh (1876–1954), of Detroit.[3] The
elder Lindbergh was a U.S. Congressman
(R-MN 6th) from 1907 to 1917 who gained notoriety when he opposed the entry of the U.S.
into World War I.[4] Mrs. Lindbergh was a
teacher at Cass Technical High School in
Detroit and later at Little Falls (MN) High
School from which her son graduated in
1918. Lindbergh also attended over a dozen
other schools from Washington, D.C. to California during his childhood and teenage
years (none for more than one full year) including the Force School and Sidwell Friends
School while living in Washington, D.C. with
his father,[5] and Redondo Union High School
in California.[6] The Lindberghs were divorced in 1909 when their son was seven.
Lincoln Standard biplane
A few days later Lindbergh took his first
formal flying lesson in that same machine
with instructor pilot Ira O. Biffle, although
the 20-year old student pilot would never be
permitted to "solo" during his time at the
school because he could not afford to post a
bond which the president of the company,
Ray Page[9], insisted upon in the event the
novice flyer were to damage the school’s only
trainer in the process.[10] Thus in order to
both gain some needed experience and earn
money for additional instruction, Lindbergh
left Lincoln in June to spend the summer and
early fall barnstorming across Nebraska,
Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana as
a wing walker and parachutist with E.G.
Bahl, and later H.L. Lynch. During this time
he also briefly held a job as an airplane
mechanic in Billings, Montana, working at
the Billings Municipal Airport (later renamed
Billings Logan International Airport).[11][12]
When winter came, however, Lindbergh returned to his father’s home in Minnesota and
did not fly again for over six months.[13]
Lindbergh’s first solo flight did not come
until May 1923 at Souther Field in Americus,
Georgia, a former Army flight training field to
which he had come to buy a World War I-
Early aviation career
1917 Saxon Six
2
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Charles Lindbergh
which Lindbergh took off on his flight to Paris in 1927). [19] After selling the Jenny, Lindbergh returned to Lincoln by train where he
joined up with Leon Klink and continued to
barnstorm through the South for the next few
months in Klink’s Curtis JN-4C "Canuck" (the
Canadian version of the Jenny). Lindbergh
also "cracked up" this plane once when his
engine failed shortly after take off in Pensacola, FL, but again he managed to repair the
damage himself.[20]
Curtis JN-4 "Jenny"
surplus Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" biplane. Even
though Lindbergh had not had a lesson (or
even flown) in more than half a year, he had
nonetheless already secretly decided that he
was ready to take to the air by himself. And
so, after just half an hour of dual time with a
pilot who was visiting the field to pick up another surplus JN-4, Lindbergh flew on his
own for the first time in the Jenny that he had
just purchased there for $500.[14][15] After
spending another week or so at the field to
"practice" (thereby acquiring all of five hours
of "pilot in command" time), Lindbergh took
off from Americus for Montgomery, Alabama,
on his first solo cross country flight, and went
on to spend much of the rest of 1923 engaged in virtually nonstop barnstorming under the name of "Daredevil Lindbergh". Unlike the previous year, however, this time
Lindbergh did so in his "own ship"—and as a
pilot.[16][17] A few weeks after leaving Americus, the young airman achieved another key
aviation milestone when he made his first
nighttime flight near Lake Village, Arkansas.[18]
Lindbergh damaged his "Jenny" on several
occasions over the summer, usually by breaking the prop on landing. His most serious accident came when he ran into a ditch in a
farm field in Glencoe, MN, on June 3, 1923,
while flying his father (who was then running
for the U.S. Senate) to a campaign stop
which grounded him for a week until he
could repair his ship. In October Lindbergh
flew his Jenny to Iowa where he sold it to a
flying student of his. (Found stored in a barn
in Iowa almost half a century later, Lindbergh’s dismantled Jenny was carefully restored in the early 1970s and is now on display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum located in Garden City, L.I., NY, (adjacent to the
site once occupied by Roosevelt Field from
Graduation photo of 2nd Lt. Charles A. Lindbergh, USASRC, March 1925
Following a few months of barnstorming
through the South, the two pilots parted company in San Antonio, Texas, where Lindbergh
had been ordered to report to Brooks Field
on March 19, 1924, to begin a year of military flight training with the United States
Army Air Service both there and later at
nearby Kelly Field.[21] Late in his training
Lindbergh experienced his worst flying accident on March 5, 1925 when he was involved
in a midair collision eight days before graduation with another Army S.E.5 while practicing aerial combat maneuvers and was
forced to bail out.[22] Only 18 of the 104 cadets who started flight training remained
when Lindbergh graduated first overall in his
class in March 1925 thereby earning his
3
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Charles Lindbergh
Army pilot’s wings and a commission as a
2nd Lieutenant in the Air Service Reserve
Corps. With the Army not then in need of additional active duty pilots, however, Lindbergh immediately returned to civilian aviation as a barnstormer and flight instructor,
although as a reserve officer he also continued to do some part time military flying by
joining the 110th Observation Squadron,
35th Division, Missouri National Guard, in St.
Louis in November 1925 and was soon promoted to 1st Lieutenant.[23]
Lindbergh later noted in "WE", his best
selling book published in July 1927, just two
months after making his historic flight to Paris, that he considered this year of Army flight
training to be the critically important one in
his development as both a focused, goal oriented individual, as well as a skillful and resourceful aviator.
forget all other interest in life when
he enters the Texas flying schools
and he must enter with the intention
of devoting every effort and all of
the energy during the next 12
months towards a single goal. But
when he receives the wings at Kelly
a year later he has the satisfaction
of knowing that he has graduated
from one of the world’s finest flying
schools."[24]
Air Mail pioneer and
advocate
Large commercial corner cover flown by
Lindbergh from Chicago to St. Louis on the
opening day of CAM-2 (April 15, 1926)
Lindbergh’s copy of a CAM-2 "Weekly Postage Report" for the week of February 6-12,
1927
In October 1925, Lindbergh was hired by the
Robertson Aircraft Corporation (RAC) in St.
Louis (were he had been working as a flight
instructor) to first lay out, and then serve as
chief pilot for the newly designated 278-mile
(447 km) Contract Air Mail Route #2
(CAM-2) to provide service between St. Louis
and Chicago (Maywood Field) with two intermediate stops in Springfield and Peoria,
Illinois. [25] Operating from Robertson’s
"Always there was some new experience, always something interesting
going on to make the time spent at
Brooks and Kelly one of the banner
years in a pilot’s life. The training is
difficult and rigid but there is none
better. A cadet must be willing to
4
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Charles Lindbergh
home base at the Lambert-St. Louis Flying
Field in Anglum, Missouri, Lindbergh and
three other RAC pilots, Philip R. Love, Thomas P. Nelson, and Harlan A. "Bud" Gurney,
flew the mail over CAM-2 in a fleet of four
modified war surplus de Havilland DH-4 biplanes. Two days before he opened service
on the route on April 15, 1926, with its first
early morning southbound flight from Chicago to St. Louis, Lindbergh officially became
authorized to be entrusted with the "care,
custody, and conveyance" of U.S. Mails by
formally subscribing and swearing to the
Post Office Department’s 1874 Oath of Mail
Messengers.[26] It would not take long for
him to be presented with the circumstances
to prove how seriously he took this
obligation.
B.L. Rowe corner cover flown by Charles
Lindbergh in the Spirit of St. Louis from
Santo Domingo to Port-au-Prince (February
6, 1928) and Havana (February 8, 1928)
to Paris he used the immense fame that his
exploits had brought him to help promote the
use of the Air Mail service. He did this by giving many speeches on its behalf, and by carrying souvenir mail on both special promotional domestic flights as well as on a number
of international flights over routes in Latin
America and the Caribbean which he had laid
out as a consultant to Pan American Airways
to then be flown under contract to the Post
Office Department as Foreign Air Mail (FAM)
routes. At the request of Capt. Basil L. Rowe,
the owner and Chief Pilot of West Indian
Aerial Express and a fellow Air Mail pioneer
and advocate, in February 1928, Lindbergh
also carried a small amount of special
souvenir mail between Santo Domingo, R.D.,
Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and Havana, Cuba in
the Spirit of St. Louis.
Wreck of Lindbergh’s DH4 which crashed
near Covell, IL, on November 3, 1926
Twice during the 10 months that he flew
CAM-2, Lindbergh involuntarily lost custody
and control of the mail when he was forced to
bail out of his mail plane owing to bad weather, equipment problems, and/or fuel exhaustion. Both incidents came while he was approaching Chicago at night: first near Ottawa, IL, on September 16, 1926 and then
near Covell, IL, on November 3, 1926. After
landing in rural farm fields by parachute, his
first concern on both occasions was to immediately locate the wreckage of his crashed
mail planes, make sure that the bags of mail
were promptly secured and salvaged, and
then to see that they were entrained or
trucked on to Chicago with as little further
delay as possible. Lindbergh continued on as
chief pilot of CAM-2 until mid-February 1927,
when he left for San Diego, California, to
oversee the design and construction of the
Spirit of St. Louis.
Although Lindbergh never returned to service as a regular Air Mail pilot, for many
years after making his historic nonstop flight
Autographed USPOD penalty cover with C-10
flown northbound by Charles Lindbergh over
CAM-2 on February 21, 1928, and southbound on February 22.
5
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Charles Lindbergh
Those cities were the last three stops that
he and the Spirit made during their
7,800-mile "Good Will Tour" of Latin America
and the Caribbean between December 13,
1927 and February 8, 1928, during which he
flew to México, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic,
Haiti, and Cuba, spending 125 hours in the
air.[27] The final two legs of the 48-day tour
were also the only flights on which officially
sanctioned, postally franked mail was ever
carried in the Spirit of St. Louis. Exactly two
weeks later, Lindbergh also "returned" to flying CAM-2 for two days so that he could pilot
a series of special flights (northbound on
February 20; southbound on February 21) on
which many tens of thousands of self-addressed souvenir covers sent in from all over
the nation and the world were cacheted,
flown, backstamped, and then returned to
their senders as a further means to promote
awareness and the use of the Air Mail service. Souvenir covers and other artifacts associated with or carried on flights piloted by
Lindbergh are still actively collected under
the general designation of "Lindberghiana."
Charles Lindbergh (left) accepted his prize
from Raymond Orteig (right) in New York on
June 14, 1927
Pursuing the Orteig
Prize
Designated to be awarded to the pilot of the
first successful nonstop flight made in either
direction between New York City and Paris
within five years after its establishment, the
$25,000 Orteig Prize was first offered by the
French born New York hotelier (Lafayette
Hotel) Raymond Orteig on May 19, 1919. Although that initial time limit lapsed without a
serious challenger, the state of aviation technology had advanced sufficiently by 1924 to
prompt Orteig to extend his offer for another
five years, and this time it began to attract an
impressive grouping of well known, highly
experienced, and well financed contenders.
Ironically the one exception among these
competitors was the still boyish, 25-year old
relative latecomer to the race—Charles Lindbergh—who, in relation to the others, was
virtually anonymous to the public as an aviation figure, had considerably less overall flying experience, and was being primarily financed by just a $15,000 bank loan and his
own modest savings.
Charles Nungesser
6
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Charles Lindbergh
The first of the well known challengers to
actually attempt a flight was famed World
War I French fighter ace René Fonck who on
September 21, 1926, planned to fly eastbound from Roosevelt Field in New York in a
three-engine Sikorsky S-35. Fonck never got
off the ground, however, as his grossly overloaded (by 10,000 lbs) transport biplane
crashed and burned on takeoff when its landing gear collapsed. (While Fonck escaped the
flames, his two crew members, Charles N.
Clavier and Jacob Islaroff, died in the fire.)
U.S. Naval aviators LCDR Noel Davis and LT
Stanton H. Wooster were also killed in a
takeoff accident at Langley Field, VA, on
April 26, 1927, while testing the three-engine
Keystone Pathfinder biplane, American Legion, that they intended to use for the flight.
Less than two weeks later, the first contenders to actually get airborne were French
war heroes Captain Charles Nungesser and
his navigator, François Coli, who departed
from Paris - Le Bourget Airport on May 8,
1927 on a westbound flight in the Levasseur
PL 8, The White Bird (L’Oiseau Blanc). All
contact was lost with them after crossing the
coast of Ireland, however, and they were never seen or heard from again.
American air racer Clarence D. Chamberlin and Arctic explorer CDR (later RADM)
Richard E. Byrd were also in the race. Although he did not win, Chamberlin and his
passenger, Charles Levine, made the far less
well remembered second successful nonstop
flight across the Atlantic in the single engine
Wright-Bellanca WB-2 Miss Columbia (NX-237) leaving Roosevelt Field on June 4,
1927, two weeks after Lindbergh’s flight and
landing in Eisleben, Germany near Berlin 43
hours and 31 minutes later on June 6, 1927.
(Ironically, the Chamberlin monoplane was
the same one that the Lindbergh group had
originally intended to purchase for his attempt but passed on when the manufacturer
insisted on selecting the pilot.) Byrd followed
suit in the Fokker F.VII trimotor, America,
flying with three others from Roosevelt Field
on June 29, 1927. Although they reached Paris on July 1, 1927, Byrd was unable to land
there because of weather and was forced to
return to the Normandy coast where he
ditched the tri-motor high wing monoplane
near the French village of Ver-sur-Mer.[28]
Lindbergh’s flight to Paris
Part of the funding for the Spirit of St. Louis
came from Lindbergh’s own earnings as an
Air Mail pilot over the year before his nonstop flight to Paris. (January 15, 1927, RAC
paycheck to Lindbergh)
Six well known aviators had thus already lost
their lives in pursuit of the Orteig Prize when
Lindbergh took off on his successful attempt
in the early morning of May 20, 1927.
Dubbed the Spirit of St. Louis, his "partner"
was a fabric covered, single-seat, single-engine "Ryan NYP" high wing monoplane (CAB
registration: N-X-211) designed by Donald
Hall and custom built by Ryan Aeronautical
Company of San Diego, California. Although
the primary source of funding for the purchase of the Spirit and other expenses related to the overall New York to Paris effort
came from a $15,000 State National Bank of
St. Louis loan made on February 18, 1927, to
St. Louis businessmen Harry H. Knight and
Clarence Chamberlin
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Charles Lindbergh
Harold M. Bixby, the project’s two principal
trustees[29], and another $1,000 donated by
Frank Robertson of RAC on the same day,
Lindbergh himself also personally contributed $2,000 of his own money from both his
savings and his earnings from the 10 months
that he flew the Air Mail for RAC.[30][31]
and the Spirit were eventually "rescued"
from the mob by a group of French military
flyers, soldiers, and police who took them
both to safety in a nearby hangar.[34] From
that moment on, however, life would never
again be the same for the previously little
known former Air Mail pilot who, by his successful flight, had just achieved virtually instantaneous—and lifelong—world fame.
Ten Cent "Lindbergh Air Mail" U.S. Postage
Stamp (Scott C-10) issued June 11, 1927
The French Foreign Office flew the American flag, the first time it had saluted
someone not a head of state.[35] Gaston Doumergue, the President of France, bestowed
the French Légion d’honneur on the young
Capt. Lindbergh, and on his arrival back in
the United States aboard the United States
Navy cruiser USS Memphis (CL-13) on June
11, 1927, a fleet of warships and multiple
flights of military aircraft including pursuit
planes, bombers, and the rigid airship USS
Los Angeles (ZR-3), escorted him up the Potomac River to Washington, D.C. where President Calvin Coolidge awarded him the
Distinguished Flying Cross.[36][37] On that
same day the U.S. Post Office Department issued a 10-Cent Air Mail stamp (Scott C-10)
depicting the Spirit of St. Louis and a map of
the flight. On June 13, 1927, a ticker-tape
parade was held for him down 5th Avenue in
New York City.[38] The following night the
City of New York further honored Capt. Lindbergh with a grand banquet at the Hotel
Commodore attended by some 3,600 people.
After the flight, Lindbergh became an important voice on behalf of aviation activities,
including the central committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in
the United States. The massive publicity surrounding him and his flight boosted the aviation industry and made a skeptical public
take air travel seriously. Within a year of his
flight, a quarter of Americans (an estimated
thirty million) personally saw Lindbergh and
the Spirit of St. Louis. Over the remainder of
Sample of the fine linen fabric that covered
the Spirit of St. Louis
Burdened by its heavy load of 450 gallons
of gasoline (2,709 lbs) and hampered by a
muddy, rain soaked runway, Lindbergh’s
Wright
Whirlwind
powered
monoplane
gained speed very slowly as it made its 7:52
AM takeoff run from Roosevelt Field, but its
J-5C radial engine still proved powerful
enough to allow the "Spirit" to clear the telephone lines at the far end of the field "by
about twenty feet with a fair reserve of flying
speed."[32] Over the next 33.5 hours he and
the "Spirit"—which Lindbergh always jointly
referred to simply as "WE"—faced many challenges including skimming over both storm
clouds at 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and wave
tops at as low at 10 ft (3.0 m), fighting icing,
flying blind through fog for several hours,
and navigating only by the stars (when visible) and "dead reckoning" before landing at
Le Bourget at 10:22 PM on May 21.[33] A
crowd estimated at 150,000 spectators
stormed the field, dragged Lindbergh out of
the cockpit, and literally carried him around
above their heads for "nearly half an hour."
While some damage was done to the "Spirit"
(especially to the fabric covering on the fuselage) by souvenir hunters, both Lindbergh
8
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Charles Lindbergh
our heads trying to get them to notice us but
after Lindbergh, suddenly everyone wanted
to fly, and there weren’t enough planes to
carry them."[40]
Play video
Flight from Paris to Belgium: Lindbergh’s
flight to Belgium to be honored after his
trans-Atlantic flight.
Although Lindbergh was the first to fly
nonstop from New York to Paris, he was not
the first aviator to complete a transatlantic
flight. That had been done first in stages
between May 8 and May 31, 1919, by the
crew of the Navy-Curtiss NC-4 flying boat
which took 24 days to complete its journey
from Jamaica Bay at Far Rockaway, Queens,
New York, to Plymouth, England, via Halifax
(Nova
Scotia),
Trepassey
Bay
(Newfoundland), Horta (Azores) and Lisbon,
Portugal.
The world’s first non-stop transatlantic
flight (albeit over a route far shorter than
Lindbergh’s) was achieved nearly eight years
earlier on June 14–15, 1919. Two British aviators, John Alcock and Arthur Whitten
Brown, flew a modified Vickers Vimy IV
bomber from Lester’s Field near St. John’s,
Newfoundland on June 14 and arrived at Clifden, Ireland, the following day. [41]. Both
men were knighted at Buckingham Palace by
King George V, in recognition of their pioneering achievement. [42]
After his flight, Lindbergh wrote a letter
to the director of Longines, describing in detail a watch which would make navigation
easier for pilots. The watch was manufactured to his design and is still produced
today.
Program cover for the "WE" Banquet for
Charles Lindbergh given by the Mayor’s
Committee on Receptions of the City of New
York on June 14, 1927
1927 applications for pilot’s licenses in the
U.S. trebled, the number of licensed aircraft
of all types quadrupled, and U.S. Airline passengers grew between 1926 and 1929 by
3,000% from 5,782 to 173,405.[39] Lindbergh
is recognized in aviation for demonstrating
and charting polar air routes, high altitude
flying techniques, and increasing flying range
by decreasing fuel consumption. These innovations are the basis of modern intercontinental air travel.
The winner of the 1930 Best Woman Aviator of the Year Award, Elinor Smith Sullivan,
said that before Lindbergh’s flight, "people
seemed to think we [aviators] were from outer space or something. But after Charles
Lindbergh’s flight, we could do no wrong. It’s
hard to describe the impact Lindbergh had
on people. Even the first walk on the moon
doesn’t come close. The twenties was such an
innocent time, and people were still so religious – I think they felt like this man was sent
by God to do this. And it changed aviation
forever because all of a sudden the Wall
Streeters were banging on doors looking for
airplanes to invest in. We’d been standing on
Marriage and children
9
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Charles Lindbergh
"Longines" watch designed by Lindbergh
after his transatlantic flight.
Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh
1942); and Reeve Lindbergh (b. 1945), a
writer. Lindbergh also taught his wife how to
fly and did much of his exploring and charting of air routes with her.
Anne Morrow Lindbergh (1906-2001) was the
daughter of diplomat Dwight Morrow whom
he met in Mexico City in December 1927,
where her father was serving as the U.S. Ambassador. According to a Biography Channel
profile on Lindbergh, she was the only woman that he had ever asked out on a date. In
Lindbergh’s autobiography, he derides womanizing pilots he met as a "barnstormer"
and Army cadet, for their "facile" approach to
relationships. For Lindbergh, the ideal romance was stable and long term, with a woman with keen intellect, good health and
strong genes.[43] Lindbergh said his "experience in breeding animals on our farm had
taught me the importance of good heredity."[44]
The couple was married on May 27, 1929,
and eventually had six children: Charles
Augustus Lindbergh, Jr. (1930–1932); Jon
Morrow Lindbergh (b. August 16, 1932);
Land Morrow Lindbergh (b. 1937), who studied anthropology at Stanford University and
married Susan Miller in San Diego; Anne
Lindbergh (1940–1993); Scott Lindbergh (b.
"The Crime of the
Century"
In what came to be referred to sensationally
by the press of the time as "The Crime of the
Century", on the evening of March 1, 1932,
20-month old Charles Augustus Lindbergh,
Jr., was abducted by an intruder from his crib
in the second story nursery of his family’s
rural home in East Amwell, New Jersey near
the town of Hopewell.[45] While a 10-week
nationwide search for the child was being undertaken, ransom negotiations were also conducted simultaneously with a self-identified
kidnapper by a volunteer intermediary, Dr.
John F. Condon (aka "Jafsie").[46] These resulted in the payment on April 2 of $50,000 in
cash, part of which was made in soon-to-be
withdrawn (and thus more easily traceable)
Gold
certificates,
in
exchange
for
10
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Charles Lindbergh
Lindbergh testifies at the Hauptmann trial in
1935.
34-year old German immigrant carpenter,
who was arrested near his home in the
Bronx, NY, on September 19, 1934. A stash
containing $13,760 of the ransom money was
subsequently found hidden in his garage.
Charged with kidnapping, extortion, and first
degree murder, Hauptmann went on trial in a
circus-like atmosphere in Flemington, New
Jersey on January 2, 1935. Six weeks later he
was convicted on all counts when, following
just eleven hours of deliberation, the jury delivered its verdict late on the night of February 13 after which trial judge Thomas Trenchard immediately sentenced Hauptmann to
death.[48] Although he continued to adamantly maintain his innocence after his conviction, all of Hauptmann’s appeals and petitions for clemency were rejected by early
December 1935.[49] Despite a last minute attempt by New Jersey Governor Harold Hoffman (who believed Hauptmann was guilty
but also had always expressed doubts that he
could have acted alone) to convince him to
confess to the crimes in exchange for getting
his sentence commuted to life imprisonment,
the by then 36-year old Hauptmann refused
and was electrocuted at Trenton State Prison
on April 3, 1936.
The Lindberghs eventually grew tired of
the never-ending spotlight on the family and
came to fear for the safety of their then
three-year old second son, Jon. Deciding,
therefore, to seek seclusion in Europe, the
family sailed from New York under a veil of
secrecy on board the SS American Importer
in the pre-dawn hours of December 22,
1935.[50] The family rented "Long Barn" in
the village of Sevenoaks Weald, Kent,
information—which proved to be false—about
the child’s whereabouts. The search finally
ended on May 12 when the remains of an infant were serendipitously discovered by truck
driver William Allen about two miles (3 km)
from the Lindberghs’ home in woods near a
road just north of the small village of Mount
Rose, NJ. The child’s body was soon identified by Lindbergh as being that of his kidnapped son. A month later the Congress
passed the so-called "Lindbergh Law" (18
U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1)) on June 13, 1932, which
made kidnapping a federal offense if the victim is taken across state lines or "uses the
mail or any means, facility, or instrumentality
of interstate or foreign commerce in committing or in furtherance of the commission of
the offense" including as a means to demand
a ransom.[47]
Assiduous tracing of many $10 and $20
Gold certificates passed in the New York City
area over the next year-and-a-half eventually
led police to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, a
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Charles Lindbergh
England. One newspaper wrote that Lindbergh "won immediate popularity by announcing he intended to purchase his supplies
’right in the village, from local tradesmen.’
The reserve of the villagers, most of whom
had decided in advance he would be a blustering, boastful young American, is melting."[51] At the time of Hauptmann’s execution, local police almost sealed off the area
surrounding Long Barn with "orders to regard as suspects anyone except residents
who approached within a mile of the home."
Lindbergh later described his three years in
the Kent village as "among the happiest days
of my life."[51] In 1938 the family moved to
Iliec, a small (four-acre) island Lindbergh
purchased off the Brittany coast of
France.[52]
Air Force (Luftwaffe) from 1936 through
1938.
Hermann Goering presents Lindbergh with a
medal on behalf of Adolf Hitler; Anne Lindbergh is far left. Photo taken on July 28,
1936.
Pre-war activities
Lindbergh became interested in the work of
rocket pioneer Robert Goddard in 1929. By
helping Goddard secure an endowment from
Daniel Guggenheim in 1930, Lindbergh allowed Goddard to expand his research and
development. Throughout his life, Lindbergh
remained a key advocate of Goddard’s work.
In 1930, Lindbergh’s sister-in-law developed a fatal heart condition. Lindbergh
began to wonder why hearts couldn’t be repaired with surgery. When living in France,
Lindbergh studied on perfusion of organs
outside the body with Nobel Prize-winning
French surgeon Dr. Alexis Carrel. Although
perfused organs were said to have survived
surprisingly well, all showed progressive degenerative changes within a few days.[53]
Lindbergh’s invention, a glass perfusion
pump, named the "Model T" pump, is credited with making future heart surgeries possible. However, in this early stage, the pump
was far from perfected. In 1938, Lindbergh
and Carrel summarized their work in their
book, The Culture of Organs describing an
artificial heart.[54] but it was decades before
one was built. In later years, Lindbergh’s
pump was further developed by others, eventually leading to the construction of the first
heart-lung machine.
Lindbergh and Carrell discussed eugenics.[55]
At the behest of the U.S. military, Lindbergh traveled several times to Germany to
report on German aviation and the German
Lindbergh’s medal
Lindbergh toured German aviation facilities,
where the commander of the Luftwaffe Hermann Göring convinced Lindbergh the
Luftwaffe was far more powerful than it was.
With the approval of Goering and Ernst Udet,
Lindbergh was the first American permitted
to examine the Luftwaffe’s newest bomber,
the Ju 88 and Germany’s front line fighter
aircraft, the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Lindbergh
received
the
unprecedented
12
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Charles Lindbergh
opportunity to pilot the Bf 109. Lindbergh
said of the fighter that he knew "of no other
pursuit plane which combines simplicity of
construction with such excellent performance
characteristics." Colonel Lindbergh inspected
all the types of military aircraft Germany was
to use in 1939 and 1940.
Lindbergh reported to the U.S. military
that Germany was leading in metal
construction, low-wing designs, dirigibles
and diesel engines. Lindbergh also undertook
a survey of aviation in the Soviet Union in
1938. Lindbergh’s findings found their way
into air intelligence reports to Washington
long before the European war began."[56]
The American ambassador to Germany,
Hugh Wilson, invited Lindbergh to dinner
with Göring at the American embassy in Berlin in 1938. The dinner included diplomats
and three of the greatest minds of German
aviation, Ernst Heinkel, Adolf Baeumaker and
Dr. Willy Messerschmitt. For Lindbergh’s
1927 flight and services to aviation, on behalf
of Adolf Hitler, Göring presented him with
the Commander Cross of the Order of the
German Eagle (Henry Ford received the
same award earlier in July). However, Lindbergh’s acceptance of the medal caused controversy after Kristallnacht. Lindbergh declined to return the medal, later writing (according to A. Scott Berg): "It seems to me
that the returning of decorations, which were
given in times of peace and as a gesture of
friendship, can have no constructive effect. If
I were to return the German medal, it seems
to me that it would be an unnecessary insult.
Even if war develops between us, I can see
no gain in indulging in a spitting contest before that war begins."
During this period, Lindbergh was back on
temporary duty as a colonel in the Army Air
Corps assigned to the task of recruitment,
finding a site for a new air force research institute and other potential air bases.[57]
Another role that he undertook was in evaluating new aircraft types in development.
Assigned a Curtiss P-36 fighter, he toured
various facilities, reporting back to Wright
Field.[57]
Hitler’s violation of the Munich Agreement in
1938, it would be suicide. Lindbergh stated
that France’s military strength was inadequate and that Britain had an outdated military overly reliant upon naval power. He recommended they urgently strengthen their
air arsenal in order to force Hitler to turn his
ambitions eastward to a war against "Asiatic
Communism."[58]
In a controversial 1939 Reader’s Digest
article, Lindbergh said, "Our civilization depends on peace among Western nations...
and therefore on united strength, for Peace is
a virgin who dare not show her face without
Strength, her father, for protection."[59][60]
Lindbergh deplored the rivalry between Germany and Britain but favoured a war
between Germany and Russia. There is some
controversy as to how accurate his reports
concerning the Luftwaffe were, but Cole reports the consensus among British and American officials were that they were slightly exaggerated but badly needed.
"America First"
Involvement
After Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Lindbergh resigned his commission as a colonel
in the U.S. Army Air Corps on September 14,
1939 to campaign as a private citizen for the
antiwar America First Committee.[61] He
soon became its most prominent public
spokesman, speaking to overflowing crowds
in Madison Square Garden in New York City
and Soldier Field in Chicago. His speeches
were heard by millions. During this time,
Lindbergh lived in Lloyd Neck, on Long Island, New York.
Lindbergh argued that America did not
have any business attacking Germany and believed in upholding the Monroe Doctrine,
which his interventionist rivals felt was outdated. Before World War II, according to
Lindbergh historian A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh
characterized that:
“the potentially gigantic power of
America, guided by uninformed and
impractical idealism, might crusade
into Europe to destroy Hitler
without realizing that Hitler’s destruction would lay Europe open to
the rape, loot and barbarism of
Soviet Russia’s forces, causing
Munich Crisis
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador Joseph
Kennedy, Lindbergh wrote a secret memo to
the British warning that if Britain and France
responded militarily to German dictator Adolf
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Charles Lindbergh
possibly the fatal wounding of western civilization.” [62]
viewpoint as they are inadvisable
from ours, for reasons which are not
American, wish to involve us in the
war. We cannot blame them for looking out for what they believe to be
their own interests, but we also
must look out for ours. We cannot allow the natural passions and prejudices of other peoples to lead our
country to destruction."[64]
The speech was heavily criticized as being
anti-Jewish.[65] In response Lindbergh noted
again he was not anti-Semitic, but he did not
back away from his statements.
Interventionists created pamphlets pointing out his efforts were praised in Nazi Germany and included quotations such as "Racial
strength is vital; politics, a luxury". They included pictures of him and other America
Firsters using the stiff-armed Bellamy salute
(a hand gesture described by Francis Bellamy
to accompany his Pledge of Allegiance to the
flag of the United States); the photos were
taken from an angle not showing the American flag, so to observers it was indistinguishable from the Hitler salute.[66]
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt disliked Lindbergh’s outspoken opposition to intervention and Roosevelt’s policies such as
the Lend-Lease Act. FDR said to Treasury
Secretary Henry Morgenthau in May 1940,
"if I should die tomorrow, I want you to know
this, I am absolutely convinced Lindbergh is
a Nazi."[67] To satisfy FDR’s political interest
in discrediting his prominent foreign policy
critics, FBI Director Hoover, on his own authority, began to investigate Lindbergh’s personal life. Hoover had his FBI agents look for
anything that might discredit Lindbergh’s
reputation as a decent, moral man, such as
information purporting that during Prohibition Lindbergh had bootlegged whiskey in
Montana and had consorted with pimps and
prostitutes. While not ordering the FBI to
look into Lindbergh, given his predjudices
against the famous aviator, President
Roosevelt all the same did not complain
about the FBI director’s efforts.[68]
Charles Lindbergh speaking at an AFC rally.
During his January 23, 1941, testimony
before The House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Lindbergh recommended the United
States negotiate a neutrality pact with
Germany.
In a speech at an America First rally in
Des Moines on September 11, 1941, "Who
Are the War Agitators?" Lindbergh claimed
the three groups, "pressing this country toward war [are] the British, the Jewish and the
Roosevelt Administration" and said of Jewish
groups,
"Instead of agitating for war, the
Jewish groups in this country should
be opposing it in every possible way
for they will be among the first to
feel its consequences. Tolerance is a
virtue that depends upon peace and
strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastation."[63]
In the speech, he warned of the Jewish
People’s "large ownership and influence in
our motion pictures, our press, our radio and
our government", and went on to say of Germany’s antisemitism, "No person with a
sense of the dignity of mankind can condone
the persecution of the Jewish race in Germany." Lindbergh declared,
"I am not attacking either the Jewish
or the British people. Both races, I
admire. But I am saying that the
leaders of both the British and the
Jewish races, for reasons which are
as
understandable
from
their
14
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Charles Lindbergh
Political allegations
against Lindbergh
Because of his trips to Nazi Germany, combined with a belief in eugenics, Lindbergh
was suspected of being a Nazi sympathizer.
Lindbergh’s reaction to Kristallnacht was
entrusted to his diary: "I do not understand
these riots on the part of the Germans", he
wrote. "It seems so contrary to their sense of
order and intelligence. They have undoubtedly had a difficult ’Jewish problem,’
but why is it necessary to handle it so unreasonably?"[69]
In his diaries, he wrote: “We must limit to
a reasonable amount the Jewish influence...
Whenever the Jewish percentage of total population becomes too high, a reaction seems to
invariably occur. It is too bad because a few
Jews of the right type are, I believe, an asset
to any country.”
Lindbergh’s anti-Communism resonated
deeply with many Americans while eugenics
and Nordicism enjoyed social acceptance,[60]
with
enthusiasts
such
as
Theodore
Roosevelt,[70] and George S. Patton.[71]
Although Lindbergh considered Hitler a
fanatic and avowed a belief in American
democracy,[72] he clearly stated elsewhere
that he believed the survival of the white
race was more important than the survival of
democracy in Europe: "Our bond with Europe
is one of race and not of political ideology",
he declared.[73] He had, however, a relatively
positive attitude toward blacks (something
that was scheduled to be fully revealed in an
undelivered speech interrupted by the events
that followed the bombing of Pearl Harbor[74]). Critics have noticed an apparent influence of German philosopher Oswald Spengler on Lindbergh.[75] Spengler was a conservative authoritarian and during the interwar era, was widely read throughout Western
World, though by this point he had fallen out
of favor with the Nazis because he had not
wholly subscribed to their theories of racial
purity.
Lindbergh developed a long-term friendship with the automobile pioneer Henry Ford,
who was well-known for his anti-Jewish newspaper "The Dearborn Independent." In a famous comment about Lindbergh to Detroit’s
former FBI bureau chief in July 1940, Ford
said: "When Charles comes out here, we only
talk about the Jews."[76][77]
Lindbergh with Edsel Ford (left) and Henry
Ford in the Ford hangar. Photo: August 1927
Lindbergh considered Russia to be a
"semi-Asiatic" country compared to Germany,
and he found Communism to be an ideology
that would destroy the West’s "racial
strength" and replace everyone of European
descent with "a pressing sea of Yellow, Black,
and Brown." He openly stated, if he had to
choose, he would rather see America allied
with Nazi Germany than Soviet Russia. He
preferred Nordics, but he believed, after
Soviet Communism was defeated, Russia
would be a valuable ally against potential aggression from East Asia.[75][78]
Lindbergh said certain races have
"demonstrated superior ability in the design,
manufacture, and operation of machines."
[79] He further said, "the growth of our western civilization has been closely related to
this superiority."[80] Lindbergh admired, "the
German genius for science and organization,
the English genius for government and commerce, the French genius for living and the
understanding of life." He believed, "in America they can be blended to form the greatest
genius of all." His message was popular
throughout many Northern communities and
especially well-received in the Midwest,
while the American South was Anglophilic
and
supported
a
pro-British
foreign
[81]
policy.
Holocaust researcher and investigative
journalist Max Wallace, agrees with Franklin
Roosevelt’s assessment that Lindbergh was
"pro-Nazi" in his book, The American Axis.
However, Wallace finds the Roosevelt Administration’s accusations of dual loyalty or
treason as unsubstantiated. Wallace considers Lindbergh a well-intentioned but
15
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Charles Lindbergh
bigoted and misguided Nazi sympathizer
whose career as the leader of the isolationist
movement had a destructive impact on Jewish people.
Lindbergh’s Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer, A. Scott Berg, contends Lindbergh
was not so much a supporter of the Nazi regime as someone so stubborn in his convictions and relatively inexperienced in political
maneuvering that he easily allowed rivals to
portray him as one. Lindbergh’s receipt of
the German medal was approved without objection by the American embassy; the war
had not yet begun in Europe. Indeed, the
award did not cause controversy until the
war began and Lindbergh returned to the
United States in 1939 to spread his message
of non-intervention. Berg contends Lindbergh’s views were commonplace in the United States in the pre-World War II era. Lindbergh’s support for the America First Committee was representative of the sentiments
of a number of American people.
Yet Berg also notes that "As late as April
1939 – after Germany overtook Czechoslovakia – Lindbergh was willing to make excuses
for Hitler. "Much as I disapprove of many
things Hitler had done", he wrote in his diary
of April 2, 1939: "I believe she (Germany) has
pursued the only consistent policy in Europe
in recent years. I cannot support her broken
promises, but she has only moved a little
faster than other nations... in breaking promises. The question of right and wrong is one
thing by law and another thing by history."
Berg also explains that leading up to the war,
in Lindbergh’s mind, the great battle would
be between Russia and Germany, not fascism
and democracy. In this war, he believed that
a German victory was preferable because of
Stalin’s horrific acts, which, at the time, he
believed were far worse than Hitler’s.
Berg finds Lindbergh believed in a voluntary rather than compulsory eugenics
program.
In Pat Buchanan’s book entitled A Republic, Not An Empire: Reclaiming America’s
Destiny, he portrays Lindbergh and other
pre-war isolationists as American patriots
who were smeared by interventionists during
the months leading up to Pearl Harbor.
Buchanan suggests the backlash against
Lindbergh highlights "the explosiveness of
mixing ethnic politics with foreign policy."[82]
The views expressed in the book caused considerable controversy that eventually led to
Buchanan’s departure from the Republican
Party.
Lindbergh always preached military
strength and alertness.[83][84] He believed
that a strong defensive war machine, as well
as his views about race, would make America
an impenetrable fortress and defend the
Western Hemisphere from an attack by foreign powers, and that this was the U.S. military’s sole purpose.[85]
Many acknowledge Lindbergh helped
keep American public opinion isolationist until 1941 by advancing the movement to keep
America out of the war for as long as possible. At the same time, some praise Lindbergh for his prediction that an Iron Curtain
descended upon Europe; many of the predictions which Lindbergh made about the war
came before Hitler violated his non-aggression pact with Stalin and launched Operation
Barbarossa.[86] Berg reveals that, while the
attack on Pearl Harbor came as a shock to
Lindbergh, he did predict that America’s
"wavering policy in the Philippines" would invite a bloody war there, and, in one speech,
he warned that "we should either fortify
these islands adequately, or get out of them
entirely". Cole, Wallace and Buchanan all believe that Lindbergh was highly influential in
ensuring that Hitler’s war machine would advance toward the Eastern Front and inflict
the most devastation there.
World War II
VMF-222 "Flying Deuces"
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
Lindbergh proposed to reactivate his colonel’s commission within the new United States
Army Air Forces. When several of Roosevelt’s
cabinet secretaries registered objections, he
16
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Charles Lindbergh
long-range fighter aircraft to fly longer range
missions. The U.S. Marine and Army Air
Force pilots who served with Lindbergh
praised his courage and defended his patriotism.[88]
On July 28, 1944, during a P-38 bomber
escort mission with the 433rd Fighter Squadron, 475th Fighter Group, Fifth Air Force, in
the Ceram area, Lindbergh shot down a Sonia observation plane piloted by Captain
Saburo Shimada, Commanding Officer of the
73rd Independent Chutai.[88][90]
After the war, while touring the Nazi
death camps, Lindbergh wrote in his autobiography that he was disgusted and angered.
[91]
Later life
After World War II, he lived in Darien, Connecticut and served as a consultant to the
Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force and to Pan
American World Airways. With most of
Eastern Europe having fallen under Communist control, Lindbergh believed most of
his pre-war assessments were correct all
along. But Berg reports after witnessing the
defeat of Germany and the Holocaust
firsthand shortly after his service in the Pacific, "he knew the American public no longer
gave a hoot about his opinions." His 1953
book The Spirit of St. Louis, recounting his
nonstop transatlantic flight, won the Pulitzer
Prize in 1954. Dwight D. Eisenhower restored Lindbergh’s assignment with the U.S.
Army Air Corps and made him a Brigadier
General in 1954. In that year, he served on
the Congressional advisory panel set up to
establish the site of the United States Air
Force Academy. In December 1968, he visited the crew of Apollo 8 on the eve of the
first manned spaceflight to leave earth orbit.
On July 16, 1969, Lindbergh and "Spirit of St.
Louis" constructor, T. Claude Ryan were
present at Cape Canaveral to watch the
launch of Apollo 11.
433rd Fighter Squadron "Satan’s Angels"
was rejected by FDR’s administration in
December 1941.[87]
Unable to take on an active military role,
Lindbergh approached a number of aviation
companies, offering his services as a consultant. As a technical adviser with Ford in 1942,
he was heavily involved in troubleshooting
early problems encountered at the Willow
Run B-24 Liberator bomber production line.
As B-24 production smoothed out, he joined
United Aircraft in 1943 as an engineering
consultant, devoting most of his time to its
Chance-Vought Division. The following year,
he persuaded United Aircraft to designate
him a technical representative in the Pacific
War to study aircraft performances under
combat conditions. He showed Marine F4U
Corsair pilots how to take off with twice the
bomb load that the fighter-bomber was rated
for and on May 21, 1944, he flew his first
combat mission: a strafing run with VMF-222
near the Japanese garrison of Rabaul, in the
Australian Territory of New Guinea.[88]
In his six months in the Pacific in 1944,
Lindbergh took part in fighter bomber raids
on Japanese positions, flying about 50 combat missions (again as a civilian). His innovations in the use of P-38 Lightning fighters impressed a supportive Gen. Douglas MacArthur.[89] Lindbergh introduced engine-leaning techniques to P-38 pilots, greatly improving fuel usage at cruise speeds, enabling the
Children from other
relationships
From 1957 until his death in 1974, Lindbergh
had an affair with German hat maker Brigitte
Hesshaimer who lived in a small Bavarian
town called Geretsried (35 km south of Munich). On November 23, 2003, DNA tests
17
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Charles Lindbergh
proved that he fathered her three children:
Dyrk (1958), Astrid (1960) and David (1967).
The two managed to keep the affair secret;
even the children did not know the true identity of their father, whom they saw when he
came to visit once or twice per year using the
alias, "Careu Kent." Astrid later read a
magazine article about Lindbergh and found
snapshots and more than a hundred letters
written from him to her mother. She disclosed the affair after both Brigitte and Anne
Morrow Lindbergh had died. At the same
time as Lindbergh was involved with Brigitte
Hesshaimer, he also had a relationship with
her sister, Marietta, who bore him two more
sons – Vago and Christoph. Lindbergh had a
house of his own design built for Marietta in
a vineyard in Grimisuat in the Swiss canton
Valais.[92]
A 2005 book by German author Rudolf
Schroeck, Das Doppelleben des Charles A.
Lindbergh (The Double Life of Charles A.
Lindbergh), claims seven secret children existed in Germany. It says Lindbergh "came
and went as he pleased" during the last 17
years of his life, spending between three to
five days with his Munich family about four to
five times each year. "Ten days before he
died in August 1974, Lindbergh wrote three
letters from his hospital bed to his three mistresses and requested ’utmost secrecy’",
Schroeck writes, whose book includes a copy
of that letter to Brigitte Hesshaimer.
Two of the seven children were from his
relationship with the East Prussian aristocrat
Valeska, who was Lindbergh’s private secretary in Europe. They had a son in 1959 and a
daughter in 1961. She had been friends with
the Hesshaimer sisters and was the one who
introduced them to Charles Lindbergh. In the
beginning, they lived all together in his
apartment in Rome. However, the friendship
ended when Brigitte Hesshaimer became
pregnant from him as well. Valeska lives in
Baden-Baden and wants to keep her privacy,
as mentioned in many German and International Reuter’s newspaper articles, in Rudolf
Schroek’s book and a TV documentary by
Danuta
Harrich-Zandberg
and
Walter
Harrich.
In April 2008, Reeve Lindbergh, his
youngest daughter, published Forward From
Here, a book of essays that includes her discovery in 2003, of the truth about her father’s three secret European families and her
journeys to meet them and understand an expanded meaning of family. [93]
Environmental causes
From the 1960s on, Lindbergh campaigned to
protect endangered species like humpback
and blue whales, was instrumental in establishing protections for the controversial [94]
Filipino group, the Tasaday, and African
tribes, and supporting the establishment of a
national park. While studying the native flora
and fauna of the Philippines, he became involved in an effort to protect the Philippine
eagle. In his final years, Lindbergh stressed
the need to regain the balance between the
world and the natural environment, and
spoke against the introduction of supersonic
airliners.
Lindbergh’s speeches and writings later in
life emphasized his love of both technology
and nature, and a lifelong belief that "all the
achievements of mankind have value only to
the extent that they preserve and improve
the quality of life." In a 1967 Life magazine
article, he said, "The human future depends
on our ability to combine the knowledge of
science with the wisdom of wildness."
In honor of Charles and his wife Anne
Morrow Lindbergh’s vision of achieving balance between the technological advancements they helped pioneer, and the preservation of the human and natural environments,
the Lindbergh Award was established in
1978. Each year since 1978, the Lindbergh
Foundation has given the award to recipients
whose work has made a significant contribution toward the concept of "balance."
Lindbergh’s final book, Autobiography of
Values, based on an unfinished manuscript
was published posthumously. While on his
death bed, he had contacted his friend, William Jovanovich, head of Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, to edit the lengthy memoirs. [95]
Death
Lindbergh spent his final years on the
Hawaiian island of Maui, where he died of
lymphoma[96] on August 26, 1974. He was
buried on the grounds of the Palapala
Ho’omau Church in Kipahulu, Maui. His epitaph on a simple stone which quotes Psalms
139:9, reads: "Charles A. Lindbergh Born
Michigan 1902 Died Maui 1974". The inscription further reads: "...If I take the wings of
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Charles Lindbergh
Arizona has also been renamed WinslowLindbergh Regional. Lindbergh himself designed the airport in 1929 when it was built
as a refueling point for the first coast-to-coast
air service. Among the many airports and air
facilities that bear his name, the airport in
Little Falls, Minnesota, where he grew up,
has been named Little Falls/Morrison CountyLindbergh Field.
The original The Spirit of St. Louis currently resides in the National Air and Space
Museum as part of the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution.
Charles Lindbergh’s grave
the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts
of the sea... C.A.L."
Because of earthquake damage to Hawaii
State Highway 31, Lindbergh’s final resting
place is currently accessible by land only via
State Highway 360, the so-called Road to
Hana.
Honors and tributes
Statue in honor of Lindbergh, Nungesser and
Coli at Le Bourget airport.
The Spirit of St. Louis on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington,
D.C.
In 1952, Grandview High School in St.
Louis County was renamed Lindbergh High
School. The school newspaper is the Pilot,
the yearbook is the Spirit, and the students
are known as the Flyers. The school district
was also later named after Lindbergh. The
stretch of US 67 that runs through most of
the St. Louis metro area is called "Lindbergh
Blvd." Lindbergh also has a star on the St.
Louis Walk of Fame.
In Lindbergh’s hometown of Little Falls,
Minnesota, one of the district’s elementary
schools is named Charles Lindbergh Elementary. The district’s sports teams are named
the Flyers and Lindbergh Drive is a major
The Lindbergh Terminal at Minneapolis-Saint
Paul International Airport was named after
him, and a replica of The Spirit of St. Louis
hangs there. Another such replica hangs in
the great hall at the recently rebuilt Jefferson
Memorial at Forest Park in St. Louis. The
definitive oil painting of Charles Lindbergh
by St. Louisan Richard Krause entitled "The
Spirit Soars" has been displayed there.[97]
San Diego’s Lindbergh Field, which is also
known as San Diego International Airport
was named after him. The airport in Winslow,
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Charles Lindbergh
road on the west side of town, leading to
Charles A. Lindbergh State Park. The Lindberghs donated their farmstead to the state
to be used as a park in memory of Lindbergh’s father.[98] The original Lindbergh
residence is maintained as a museum, the
Charles A. Lindbergh Historic Site, and is listed as a National Historic Landmark.[99]
Lindbergh is a recipient of the Silver Buffalo Award, the highest adult award given by
the Boy Scouts of America.
While Lindbergh was the first to make a
solo nonstop transatlantic flight, his grandson, Erik Lindbergh, repeated this flight, 75
years later in 2002 in 17 hours, 17 minutes.
In February 2002 the Medical University
of South Carolina at Charleston, within the
celebrations for the Lindbergh 100th birthday established the Lindbergh-Carrel Prize,[100] given to major contributors to "development of perfusion and bioreactor technologies for organ preservation and growth".
M. E. DeBakey and 9 other scientists[101] received the prize, a bronze statuette espressly
created for the event by the Italian artist C.
Zoli and named "Elisabeth"[102] after Elisabeth Morrow, sister of Lindbergh’s wife Anne
Morrow, died due to heart disease. Lindbergh in fact was disappointed that contemporary medical technology could not provide
an artificial heart pump which would allow
for heart surgery on her and that gave the
occasion for the first contact between Carrel
and Lindbergh.
The Congressional Gold Medal authorized by
the Congress on May 4, 1928, and presented
on August 15, 1930 to Col. C.A. Lindbergh by
President Calvin Coolidge at The White
House, Washington, DC.
• Service Cross of the German Eagle
(Verdienstorden vom Deutschen Adler’)
(Germany Deutsches Reich, 1938)
• Official Royal Air Force Museum Medal
(UK)
• Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
FAI Gold Medal (1927)
• ICAO Edward Warner Award
(International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO , 1975)
Medal of Honor
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S.
Army Air Corps Reserve. Place and date:
From New York City to Paris, France, May
20–21, 1927. Entered service at: Little Falls,
Minn. Born: February 4, 1902, Detroit, Mich.
G.O. No.: 5, W.D., 1928; Act of Congress
December 14, 1927.
Citation: For displaying heroic courage
and skill as a navigator, at the risk of his life,
by his nonstop flight in his airplane, the
"Spirit of St. Louis", from New York City to
Paris, France, 20-21 May 1927, by which
Capt. Lindbergh not only achieved the
greatest individual triumph of any American
citizen but demonstrated that travel across
the ocean by aircraft was possible.[104]
Note: Until World War II, the Medal of
Honor was also authorized to be awarded for
extraordinarily heroic actions by active or reserve service members made during peacetime as well as in combat.
Awards and decorations
Lindbergh received many awards, medals
and decorations, most of which were later
donated to the Missouri Historical Society
and are on display at the Jefferson Memorial,
now part of the Missouri History Museum in
Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri:
United States Awards
• Medal of Honor (1927)
• Distinguished Flying Cross (1927)
• Congressional Gold Medal (1928)
• Hubbard Medal (1927)
• Honorary Scout (USA, 1927)[103]
• Silver Buffalo Award (USA)
• Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy (1949)
• Daniel Guggenheim Medal (1953)
• Pulitzer Prize (1954)
Non-US Awards
• Legion of Honor (France, 1927)
• Royal Air Force Cross (UK)
Legacy
The controversy surrounding his involvement
in politics (and to a lesser extent, his personal life) sometimes overshadows the fact that
he was an important pioneer in aviation from
the 1920s to the 1950s. His 1927 flight made
20
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
A wall-mounted quote by Charles Augustus
Lindbergh in The American Adventure in the
World Showcase pavilion of Walt Disney
World’s Epcot.
•
•
him the first international celebrity in the age
of mass media. One U.S. Air Force general
remembers Lindbergh’s critical view of his
own legacy. In the late 1940s, Lindbergh visited U.S. Air Force bases to evaluate American air power (of which he was a staunch supporter) in relation to the emerging Cold War.
During this trip, he remarked "I think my
flight to Paris came too soon for the civilizations of the world. They were suddenly
thrown together by air travel and they weren’t quite ready for it."[105]
•
•
Popular culture
Lindbergh’s life has spurred the imaginations
of many writers and others; the following list
provides a summary of notable popular cultural references:
• Charles Lindbergh was selected as Time
magazine’s Man of the Year in 1927, the
first holder of that title.[106]
• A song called "Lindbergh (The Eagle Of
The U.S.A.)" was released soon after the
1927 flight. A multitude of songs with
"Lucky Lindy" in the title were released in
the aftermath of the Atlantic crossing.
Tony Randall revived the song "Lucky
Lindy" in an album of jazz-age and
depression era songs that he recorded
entitled Vo Vo De Oh Doe (1967). [107]
The dance craze, the "Lindy Hop" became
popular after his flight, and was named
after him.
In 1929, Bertold Brecht wrote a musical
called Der Lindberghflug (Lindbergh’s
Flight) with music by Kurt Weill and Paul
Hindemith. In 1950 because of
Lindbergh’s apparent Nazi sympathies
Brecht removed all direct references to
Lindbergh, and renamed the piece Der
Ozeanflug (The Ocean Flight).
Woody Guthrie wrote a song called
"Lindbergh" on "The Asch Recordings Vol.
1" recorded in the 1940s. The song was
anti-Lindbergh, and included the line
"they say America First but they mean
America Next."
In the early 2000s, a full-length musical
called "Baby Case", about the Lindbergh
Baby Kidnapping and subsequent trial and
media circus, was performed at the Arden
Theater in Philadelphia to good reviews.
Books
Charles Lindbergh wrote two best selling
books about the Spirit of St. Louis and his
flight from New York to Paris. The first of
these, "WE", was published by G.P. Putnam’s
Sons[108] in July 1927—a little more than two
months after the historic flight—as both an
21
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
Dr. Alexis Carrel) (1938), Of Flight and Life
(1948), The Wartime Journals of Charles A.
Lindbergh (1970), Boyhood on the Upper
Mississippi (1972), and his final book, Autobiography Of Values, which was published
posthumously in 1978.[111]
"WE" (Putnam’s First Edition) July 1927
"instant" autobiography of the suddenly
world famous young aviator, and to provide
his detailed first person account of the Ryan
monoplane’s conception, design, construction
and transatlantic flight from New York to
Paris. (Originally ghostwritten by New York
Times reporter Carlyle MacDonald, Lindbergh
was
so
dissatisfied
with
the
manuscript’s "fawning tone" that he completely rewrote it himself in a period of three
weeks in late June and early July 1927.[109])
The book’s simple one word "flying pronoun"
title refers to Lindbergh’s view of a deep
"spiritual" partnership that had developed
"between himself and his airplane during the
dark hours of his flight."[110] Twenty-six
years after writing "WE", Lindbergh penned
a second, far more detailed account of the
project. Published in 1953 and entitled The
Spirit of St. Louis, the book won the 1954
Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction (autobiography).
In addition to aviation, Lindbergh also
wrote prolifically over the years on other topics of interest to him including science, technology, nationalism, war, materialism, and
values. Included among those writings were
five other books: The Culture of Organs (with
The first of 20 Ted Scott Flying Stories
(1927)
Lindbergh also influenced or was the model for characters in a variety of works of fiction. Shortly after he made his famous flight,
the Stratemeyer Syndicate began publishing
a series of books for juvenile readers called
the Ted Scott Flying Stories (1927–1943)
which were written by a number of authors
all using the nom de plume of "Franklin W.
Dixon" in which the pilot hero was closely
modeled after Lindbergh. (Ted Scott duplicated the solo flight to Paris in the series’ first
volume entitled Over the Ocean to Paris published in 1927.) Another fictional literary reference to Lindbergh appears in the Agatha
Christie book (1934) and movie Murder on
the Orient Express (1974) which begins with
a fictionalized depiction of the Lindbergh
baby kidnapping.
In Eric Norden’s alternate history novel
The Ultimate Solution (1973), Norden
22
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
Postage stamps
speculates that Lindbergh would have been
president of a Nazi-occupied American puppet state. The Philip Roth novel The Plot
Against America (2004) is a speculative fiction novel which explores an alternate history
where Franklin Delano Roosevelt is defeated
in the 1940 presidential election by Charles
Lindbergh, who allies the United States with
Nazi Germany.
Scott C-10 and #1710 with May 20, 1977
First Day of Issue CDS
Film
Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit have been
honored by a variety of world postage stamps
over the last eight decades including two issued by the United States. Less than three
weeks after the flight the U.S. Post Office Department issued a 10-cent "Lindbergh Air
Mail" stamp (Scott C-10) on June 11, 1927
with engraved illustrations of both the Spirit
of St. Louis and a map of its route from New
York to Paris. (This was also the first U.S.
stamp to bear the name of a living person.) A
half-century later, a 13-Cent commemorative
stamp (Scott #1710) depicting the Spirit flying low over the Atlantic Ocean was issued
on May 20, 1977, the 50th anniversary of the
flight from Roosevelt Field.
Verdensberømtheder i København (1939)[112]
was a Danish short subject produced by the
Dansk Film Co.[113] in which Charles Lindbergh as well as Hollywood actors Robert
Taylor, Myrna Loy, and Edward G. Robinson
all appeared as themselves. The 1938 Paramount film Men with Wings (Fred MacMurray, Ray Milland) featured a replica of the
Spirit of St. Louis fashioned from a Ryan B-1
"Brougham"[114] similar to one presented to
Lindbergh by the manufacturer, the Mahoney
Aircraft Corporation, shortly after the Spirit
was retired in April 1928.[115] The 1942
MGM picture Keeper of the Flame (Katharine
Hepburn, Spencer Tracy) features Hepburn
as the widow of Robert V. Forrest, a
"Lindbergh-like" national hero,[116] who was
exposed after his death as a secret fascist intending to use his influence, especially over
America’s youth, to turn the country into a
fascist state and eliminate inferior races.
Four years after its 1953 publication,
Lindbergh’s second book about his flying
"partner" served as the basis for the namesake major Hollywood Cinemascope motion
picture The Spirit of St. Louis directed by
Billy Wilder and released on April 20, 1957,
one month short of the 30th anniversary of
the flight to Paris. The Spirit was "portrayed"
in the film by three flyable replicas of the Ryan NYP, while Lindbergh was played[117] by
veteran American actor and fellow former
Army aviator[118] James Stewart.
Lindbergh has also been the subject of numerous screen, television, and other documentary films over the years including
Charles A. Lindbergh (1927), a UK documentary by De Forest Phonofilm based on Lindbergh’s milestone flight, 40,000 Miles with
Lindbergh (1928) featuring Charles A. Lindbergh, and The American Experience – Lindbergh: The Shocking, Turbulent Life of America’s Lone Eagle (1988) PBS documentary
directed by Stephen Ives.
See also
• NC-4 – The first flight across the Atlantic
in a heavier-than-air aircraft.
• Alcock and Brown – The first nonstop
flight across the Atlantic in a heavier-thanair aircraft.
• Lindy Hop – The original swing dance
named after "Lindy hopped the Atlantic".
• List of people on stamps of Ireland
• Dwight Morrow
• America First Committee
• List of Medal of Honor recipients during
Peacetime
References
[1] Lindbergh Medal of Honor
[2] Innovators: Charles Lindbergh Chasing
The Sun, PBS/KCET. Retrieved: 3 April
2008.
[3] Larson 1973, pp. 31–32.
[4] Larson 1973, pp. 208–209.
[5] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 19–22.
[6] Berg 1998, p. 22.
[7] Lindbergh 1927, p. 23.
[8] Lindbergh 1927, p. 25.
23
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
[9] Ray Page
[10] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 26–28.
[11] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 29–36.
[12] Westover, Lee Ann. "Montana Aviator:
Great Grandfather Bob Westover and
Charles Lindbergh in Montana." The Iron
Mullett, 2008.
[13] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 36–37.
[14] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 39–43.
[15] Charles Lindbergh official site: Charles
Lindbergh’s First Solo Flight & First
Plane
[16] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 44–45.
[17] "Daredevil Lindbergh and His
Barnstorming Days." American
Experience, PBS (WGBH), 1999.
[18] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 63–65.
[19] Lindbergh’s "Jenny" Exhibit Cradle of
Aviation Museum, Garden City, L.I., NY
[20] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 84–93.
[21] Berg 1998, p. 73.
[22] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 144–148.
[23] Charles Lindbergh: An American Aviator
[24] Lindbergh 1927, p. 125.
[25] Robertson Aircraft Corporation
[26] "Certificate of the Oath of Mail
Messengers" executed by Charles A.
Lindbergh, Pilot, CAM-2, April 13, 1926.
[27] Lindbergh, Charles A. "TO BOGOTÁ AND
BACK BY AIR" National Geographic
Magazine, May 1928
[28] Check-Six.com - The Ditching of the
"America"
[29] Harry H. Knight, Harold M. Bixby, Maj.
William B. Robertson, Maj. Albert B.
Lambert, Earl C. Thompson, Harry F.
Knight, E. Lansing Ray
[30] Lindbergh 1953, pp. 25, 31.
[31] Lindbergh paycheck from Robertson
Aircraft Corp.
[32] Lindbergh 1927, p. 216.
[33] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 218–222.
[34] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 224–226.
[35] Costigliola 1984, p. 180.
[36] Mosley 1976, p. 117.
[37] Lindbergh 1927, pp. 267–268.
[38] Charles Lindbergh: His 1927 Nonstop
Solo Transatlantic Flight
[39] Diamandis, Peter H. "Our Story: The X
Prize Heritage." The X-Prize Foundation,
2004. Retrieved: 26 April 2008.
[40] Jennings, Peter and Todd Brewster. The
Century. New York: Doubleday, 1998.
ISBN 0-38548-327-9.
[41] Alcock and Brown: The First Non-stop
Aerial Crossing of the Atlantic The
Aviation History Online Museum
[42] Captain Jack Alcock (1892-1919)
Collections Department, Museum of
Science & Industry, Manchester, UK
[43] Lindbergh 1977, p. 121.
[44] Lindbergh 1977, p. 118.
[45] Gill, Barbara. "Lindbergh kidnapping
rocked the world 50 years ago." The
Hunterdon County Democrat, 1981.
Retrieved: December 30, 2008.Quote: So
while the world’s attention was focused
on Hopewell, from which the first press
dispatches emanated about the
kidnapping, the Democrat made sure its
readers knew that the new home of Col.
Charles A. Lindbergh and Anne Morrow
Lindbergh was in East Amwell Township
Hunterdon County.
[46] Dr. John F. Condon
[47] 18 U.S.C. § 1201
[48] Linder, Douglas "The Trial of Richard
"Bruno" Hauptmann: An Account"
[49] State of New Jersey v. Hauptmann, 115
N. J. L. 412, 180 Atl. 809 (Ct. Err. &
App.), cert. denied, 296 U.S. 649 (1935)
[50] "Hero & Herod." Time (magazine),
January 6, 1936.
[51] ^ Ogley, Bob. "American hero who found
refuge in village." Gravesend Reporter,
January 23, 2008. Retrieved: July 27,
2008.
[52] Our visit to Ile Illiec by Geoffrey Batten
[53] The Development of Cardiopulmonary
Bypass
[54] Frazier O.H. et al. "Cardiac Surgery in
the Adult" Total Artificial Heart. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. pp. 1507–1514.
[55] Schlesinger Interview, PBS Lindbergh
documentary.
[56] Cole 1974, pp. 39–40.
[57] ^ Mosley 1976, p. 249.
[58] Cole 1974
[59] Lindbergh, Col. Charles A. "Aviation,
Geography, and Race."Reader’s Digest,
November 1939.
[60] ^ Rosen, Christine. Preaching Eugenics:
Religious Leaders and the American
Eugenics Movement. New York: Oxford
University Press (USA), 2004. ISBN
978-0-19-515679-9.
[61] Mosley 1976, p. 257.
[62] Gordon, David. America First: The AntiWar Movement, Charles Lindbergh and
the Second World War, 1940-1941.
24
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
Bronx Community College, CUNY
Graduate Center, September 26, 2003.
Retrieved: July 22, 2008.
[63] America First Speech
[64] Extract from: Des Moines Speech (PBS)
[65] "Jew Baiting". Time, September 22,
1941.
[66] Birkhead, L.M. "Is Lindbergh a Nazi?"
[67] Cole 1974, p. 131.
[68] Douglas M. Charles, J. Edgar Hoover and
the Anti-interventionists: FBI Political
Surveillance and the Rise of the
Domestic Security State, 1939-45
(Columbus: The Ohio State University
Press, 2007), pp. 43-47, 77-78.
[69] Wallace 2005, p. 193.
[70] "Eugenics – Breeding a Better Citizenry
Through Science."
[71] Patton’s Quotes
[72] Lindbergh, Charles A. "Election Promises
Should Be Kept: We Lack Leadership
That Places America First.", May 23,
1941.
[73] Two Historic Speeches October 13, 1939
& August 4, 1940
[74] Lindbergh, Charles A. "What Do We
Mean by Democracy and Freedom?"
[75] ^ "Eagle to Earth." Time, January 12,
1942.
[76] Collier and Horowitz 1987, pp. 205 and
note, p. 457. The citation is from the FBI
file of Harry Bennett.
[77] Forward: Fantasies of a Fascist America
[78] MacDonald, Kevin. "The Culture of
Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of
Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century
Intellectual and Political Movements."
[79] Cole 1974, pp. 81–82.
[80] Cole 1974, p. 82.
[81] Gordon, David. "America First: the AntiWar Movement, Charles Lindbergh and
the Second World War, 1940-1941." New
York Military Affairs Symposium,
September 26, 2003.
[82] Buchanan, Pat. "Buchanan’s Response to
Abe Foxman’s Attack." Washington Post,
October 12, 1999.
[83] Lindbergh, Charles A. "Air Defense of
America.", May 19, 1940.
[84] America First Speech
[85] Charles Lindbergh’s Noninterventionist
Efforts & America First Committee
Involvement
[86] Glazov, Jamie. "Appeasement Then and
Now." FrontPageMagazine.com, 13
December 2002.
[87] Charles Lindbergh in Combat, 1944
EyeWitness to History, 2006.
[88] ^ Mersky 1993, p. 93.
[89] Charles Augustus Lindbergh Helps the
5th Air Force During WW2
[90] Charles Lindbergh and the 475th Fighter
Group
[91] Lindbergh 1977, pp. 345–350. Note: In a
stream of consciousness manner,
Lindbergh detailed his visit immediately
after World War II to a Nazi
concentration camp, and his reactions.
[92] "The Lone Eagle’s Clandestine Nests:
Charles Lindbergh’s German secrets."
The Atlantic Times, June 2005
[93] Forward From Here.
[94] Bower, Bruce. "The strange case of the
Tasaday: were they primitive huntergatherers or rain-forest phonies?"
Science News, May 6, 1989.
[95] Goldman, Eric F. "Flyer’s Reflections."
New York Times, February 5, 1978.
[96] Choosing Life: Living Your Life While
Planning for Death: Charles Lindbergh
[97] "The Spirit Soars"
[98] Westfall, Donald A. "Charles A.
Lindbergh House." Minnesota Historical
Society.
[99] Minnesota Historic Sites: Charles A.
Lindbergh Historic Site
[100]LINDBERGH-CARREL PRIZE
[101]LAUREATES OF LINDBERGH-CARREL
PRIZE
[102]Alexis Carrel Foundation
[103]"Around the World." Time (magazine),
August 29, 1927. Retrieved: September
24, 2007.
[104]Charles Lindbergh Medal Of Honor
CharlesLindbergh.com, 1998–2007.
Retrieved: March 26, 2008.
[105]Major General Earl L. Johnson — How I
First Met Charles Lindbergh
[106]The original Time (magazine) article
[107]Tony Randall Biography
[108]Lindbergh’s publisher, George P.
Putnam, would also promote the career
(and eventually marry) another almost
equally famous flyer of the era, the illfated American aviatrix Amelia Earhart.
[109]Wohl 2005, p. 35.
[110]Lindbergh 1927, Dust jacket note, First
Edition July 1927
[111]Goldman, Eric F. "Flyer’s Reflections" (A
review of Autobiography Of Values) The
New York Times Review of Books,
February 5, 1978.
25
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
[112]Verdensberømtheder i København (1939)
IMDb
[113]Dansk Film Co. IMDb
[114]Cassagneres 2002, p. 140.
[115]"B.F. Mahoney was the ’mystery man’
behind the Ryan company that built
Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis." Joseph
D. Tekulsk
[116]Hoberman, J. "Fantasies of a Fascist
America." The Jewish Daily Forward,
October 1, 2004.
[117]James Stewart was 47-years of age when
the film was made, almost twice as old as
the then 25-year old Lindbergh that he
played.
[118]Both Lindbergh and Stewart retired from
the U.S. Air Force Reserve at the grade
of Brigadier General.
Bibliography
• Berg, A. Scott. Lindbergh. New York: G.P.
Putnam’s Sons, 1998. ISBN
0-399-14449-8.
• Charles, Douglas M. "Informing FDR: FBI
Political Surveillance and the IsolationistInterventionist Foreign Policy Debate,
1939–1945", Diplomatic History, Vol. 24,
Issue 2, Spring 2000.
• Cassagneres, Ev. The Untold Story of the
Spirit of St. Louis: From the Drawing
Board to the Smithsonian. New Brighton,
Minnesota: Flying Book International,
2002. ISBN 0-911139-32-X.
• Cole, Wayne S. Charles A. Lindbergh and
the Battle Against American Intervention
in World War II. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1974. ISBN
0-15-118168-3.
• Collier, Peter and David Horowitz. The
Fords, An American Epic. New York:
Summit Books, 1987. ISBN 1-89355-432-5.
• Costigliola, Frank. Awkward Dominion:
American Political, Economic, and
Cultural Relations With Europe,
1919-1933. Ithaca, New York: Cornell
University Press, First edition 1984. ISBN
0-80141-679-5.
• Davis, Kenneth S. The Hero Charles A.
Lindbergh: The Man and the Legend.
London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.,
1959.
• Friedman, David M. The Immortalists.
New York: Ecco, 2007. ISBN
0-06052-815-X.
• Gill, Brendan. Lindbergh Alone. New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977. ISBN
0-15-152401-7.
• Larson, Bruce L. Lindbergh of Minnesota:
A Political Biography. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. ISBN
0-15-152400-9.
• Lindbergh, Charles A. Charles A.
Lindbergh: Autobiography of Values. New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.
ISBN 0-15-110202-3.
• Lindbergh, Charles A. Spirit of St. Louis.
New York: Scribners, 1953.
• Lindbergh, Charles A. "WE" (with an
appendix entitled "A Little of what the
World thought of Lindbergh" by Fitzhugh
Green, pp. 233–318). New York & London:
G.P. Putnam’s Sons (The Knickerbocker
Press), July 1927.
• Mersky, Peter B. U.S. Marine Corps
Aviation - 1912 to the Present. Annapolis,
Maryland: Nautical and Aviation
Publishing Company of America, 1983.
ISBN 0-933852-39-8.
• Milton, Joyce. Loss of Eden: A Biography
of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh.
New York: Harper Collins, 1993. ISBN
0-06-016503-0.
• Mosley, Leonard. Lindbergh: A Biography.
New York: Doubleday and Company, 1976.
ISBN 0-395-09578-3.
• Schroeck, Rudolph. Das Doppelleben des
Charles A. Lindbergh (The Double Life of
Charles A. Lindbergh). München,
Germany/ New York: Heyne Verlag/
Random House, 2005. ISBN
3-453-12010-8.
• Smith, Larry and Eddie Adams. Beyond
Glory: Medal of Honor Heroes in Their
Own Words. New York: W.W. Norton &
Co., 2003. ISBN 0-39305-134-X.
• Winters, Kathleen. Anne Morrow
Lindbergh: First Lady of the Air.
Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 1-403-96932-9.
• Wallace, Max. The American Axis: Henry
Ford, Charles Lindbergh and the Rise of
the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan,
2005. ISBN 978-031233531-1.
• Wohl, Robert. The Spectacle of Flight:
Aviation and the Western Imagination,
1920–1950. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale
University Press, 2005. ISBN
0-30010-692-0.
External links
• "Der Amerikaner und die Hutmacherin"
(Charles Lindbergh’s secret families)
26
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles Lindbergh
• Listen to the story of Charles Lindbergh
online - The American Storyteller Radio
Journal
• Lindbergh had 7 Secret Children in
Germany
• Lindbergh’s first solo flight
• Yesterday’s News: 1927 newspaper article
on world reaction to flight
• 1927 Video of Charles Lindbergh’s
Transatlantic Flight
• Lindbergh foundation
• CharlesLindbergh.com Pat Ranfranz
• on Lindbergh Woody Guthrie
• FBI History - Famous cases: The
Lindbergh kidnapping
• PBS companion site to The American
Experience program on Charles Lindbergh
• Lindbergh’s Public Statements Were More
Troubling Than His Private Affairs
• The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles
Lindbergh and the Rise of the Third Reich
• PBS Article: Charles Lindbergh in the
1940s
• St. Louis Walk of Fame
• Charles A. Lindbergh at the Internet
Movie Database
• Charles Lindbergh: Address On US
Neutrality (listen online)
• America First: the Anti-War Movement,
Charles Lindbergh and the Second World
War, 1940-1941 presentation to The New
York Military Affairs Symposium in 2003
• "Der Amerikaner und die Hutmacherin"
Gerd Kröncke, Süddeutsche Zeitung,(in
German) August 2, 2003
• Chesler, Ellen. Better Above than Below.
New York Times, March 7, 1993
• Charles Lindbergh: September 11, 1941
speech at Des Moines, Iowa, transcript via
PBS
• Lindbergh exhibit at the Missouri
Historical Society
• Lindbergh’s Deranged Quest for
Immortality
• Charles Lindbergh at Findagrave.com
Additional Resources
• The Lindbergh Family Papers , including
some materials of the famous aviator, are
available for research use at the
Minnesota Historical Society.
Persondata
NAME
Lindbergh, Jr., Charles
Augustus
ALTERNATIVE
NAMES
Lindbergh, Charles
SHORT
DESCRIPTION
Aviator
DATE OF BIRTH
February 4, 1902
PLACE OF
BIRTH
Detroit, Michigan
DATE OF DEATH August 26,1974
PLACE OF
DEATH
Maui, Hawaii
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"
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