!
"
#
!
)
$% &'(
) )
*
+,,-# .
#
+& /
#
#
+,,-)
!
0
!
1
#
45
1
1
!
2
)
3
!
1
#
1
)
!
1
1
1
3
1
+5
1
1
)
1
#
!
6
!
8
!
7) (
4),
!
7#
1
!
1
1
!
#
#
!
#
1 7
•
•
7
!
!
1
1
4%9: 6
<
;
<
#=
1
!
=)
#
>
?
)
1
)
1
•
3
!
1
)
!
)
#
1
!
!
#
1
@A
)
45)
-1-
How do we get
from here to
there?
A
4> A
#
#
#
1
)
#
1
1
)
1
1
1
1
/
)
6
1
1
7
1
?
!
)
1
1
!
B1
@A
A
+5)
+>
)
3
!
#
#
)
#1
2
1
+), A
1
5
1
?1
1
!
)
!
3
1
!
!
#
@
)
1
1
3
1
!
1
)A
#< !
#
)C
1
)
1
!
8
1
:,
!
#
!
)
#
6
#
!
#
7
#
)@
-2-
1
!
3
?
1
5)
1
2
1
)
1
2
D1 7
6
?!
3
1
1
6
#
1
7
!
3
7
D
!
)
!
>
D
-
1
1
#
@
#
5)
1
3
;
D
!
E),
1
#
!
1
)
)
0
1
1
!
1
)
#
#
1
2
#
1
@A
3
E5
!
!
)
Geographical
knowledge
Aesthetics
Symbology
Cartographic
Design
User’s
expectations
Scale
Experience
A
E> 0 2
)
2
5)
1
! !
!
!
4%-9
?
!
>
-3-
2
F
!
!
>6
#
1
1
)
!
1
1
)
!
!
)7
2
!
2
#
#
1
1
1
1
1
!
?
#
1
1
)
)
)A
#
?
#
#
1
1
)
#
6
7
#
1
)
G
7
1
!
1
1
2
1
1
1
?
)C
1
?
)
#
1 7
#
3
1
1
!
)
1
!
1
!
)
1
H
)
!
1
)
1
@
6
! )
#
!
)
!
6
1
1
3
>
8$ 1
!
!
1
B
!I
!
8$ 1
1
!
)
5
7!
1
!
?
!
!
<$ 11
1
11
8
1
8
I
1
!
#
2
1
!
?
#
!
?
!
#1 !
1
)A
1!
)
0 !
!
1
1
)
>6
!
#1
)7
1
!
?
5#
#
1>
@
3
#
5)
6
#
7)
!
-4-
@
!
>
D
#
!
J
)
1
@
5
1
!
#
)
1
1
<
#1
@A
:5)
CAPTURE
Remote sensing
technologies
AUTOMATIC
CHANGE
DETECTION
Pattern recognition /
information science
Multiple
Representation
Data
Base
UPDATE &
VERSIONING
Database
technologies
A
:>
MAP GENERALISATION
- model
generalisation
- cartographic
generalisation
6
?
!
? ; " 0
#
1?
!
#
MAPS
(series production,
web services,
mobile
environments)
7
)
1
)
!
)
1
!
!
!
3
?
!
6
6
1
!
1
# 3
:),
7<
)
!
!
3
)
.
"
#
1
1
1
1
#B
8A
3
1
1
!
0
2
1
@1
1
•
)
A
#1
)
5
!
# 3
3
#
1
?
3
1
1
5D
-5-
1
>
D
D
3
1
1
1
•
1
#
•
#1
1
3
!
)
!
)
!
)
! 1
#
2
)
!
#
)
0
A
H 1
@
5
9>
4&%E @A
$
1
#!
!
95)
@
! 0
4&%E5)
?
1
1
#
8$ 1
)
1
1
1
8
-6-
1
1
#
#
7 1
!
1
1
1
)
?
)
K
1
1
?
1
1
)C
3
!
)
1
!
1
1
#
)
1
1
)
3!
!
1
1
)
1
?
2
#
1
2
>( !
1
)
C
!
)
!
!
A
!
#
!
1
)
1
#
)
1
1
!
1
3
? 3
!
1
!
8
!
!
3 #1
!
L
)
!
)0
;
L
!
#1
1
!
3
!
3
)
C
1
1
)
1
2
?1
!
#
!
DC
1
1
!
)
3
#
1
!
2
)@
?1 !
1
#
1
5)
1
2
1
)
2
1
)
!
#
1
87 /
1
)
1
#<
1
1
2
1
1
1 61
1
?
1
7
!
!
2
!
1
1
1
1
1
2
#
1 )
!
#
1
#
1
1 #
!
-7-
!
1
!I
!
)
!
# < +5
#
45
E5
!I
1
#
1
)
!
1
1
2
@
5) C
#
1
)
)
1
3
!
1
1
).
)
)
1
1
?
2
1
#
3
7)
1
1
G
>
1
1
1
?
!
)
)$
2
!
!
1
3
6
1
1
#
!
G
#
!
)
#
!
#
#!
)
1
!
)
!
2
#
!
!
)
(
!
)
#
1
!
1
! K
(
@
K
#1
5M)
6
1
1
?
?
)
1
!
!
)
!
!!
9), ( !!
A
!!
#1
!
!
!
)
1
!
2
7 @A
!
#
?
!
!
)
#
5# 1
!
1
>6
-5)
)
-8-
2
!
@
!
!
A
-> ( !!
!
1 I
)
!
#1
1
A
N>
1
1
1
2
1
!
!
# !
7
1
1# 1
?
@A
@1 7
7
#
1
2
)
D
B
1
#
)
!
!!
@
!
6
7
)$
-9-
?
)
1
5)
2
!!
N5)
@
!!
?
6
5
1
75# !
1
2
!
@
!!
5#
1
6
1
78
!
#
!!
#
!!
2
!
)
7 !
!! )
#
!
!!
!
!
!!
!
1
!
) @))
1
6
1
1
!!
#
1
# +5
1
!!
!
1
1
1
)
> 45
1
1
1
!!
!
!!
1
);
1
)
)
1
! 1
75)
1
1
#
1
E5
1
!
!
)
(
1
! 1
I
1
6
@
7?
L #
! 1
#
5)
1
!
!
#
>
)
)
#1 1
6
!
)
!I
!!
!
#
1
!
6
7)
!
!!
B
)7)
3
@
!!
2
5
1
6 1
3
7)
L #
2
3
@
!
1
5)
1
#
#1
!
!!
)
1
#
1
#
#
!
#
!!
1
1 1
G
!
1
#
3
!
1
!
)
!
1
!
)
!
1
)
?
)
- 10 -
-),
?
!
4%&E
11
!
)
!
)
1
1
@
1
#
!I
!
3
1
5)
!I
?
!
A
?
7) A
6
&>
&
3
2
)
)
!
!
; !
1
!
6
7#
I
6
7
#
?
1
1
?
?
! 1
)
!!
1
(
1
7
6
7)
<
)
!
)
N),
1
!
)
1
1
#1
)
!
!I
!
6
1
7
!
)
!
!
1
)A
3
1
!
6
#
7<
6
- 11 -
1
#
7
)
@
1
#
#!
3
?
?
1
!
3
#1
1
1
5)
1
!
@
!
1
5)
1
1
3
1
!
)
2
)
London
A
%>
1
1
1
A
;
3
)
%# 1
)
1
)
6
1
2
<
7
1
7 (
)
!
3
)A
#
!
!
)
3
3
1
!
1
#
1 )
!
#
!
)
6
6
7
!
)7
1
1
@A
4,5 @
!!
5)
- 12 -
#
1
1
Classification
schema
s - taxonomi
- partonomi
c
- primal
c
sketch
Structure
recognition tools
- Identify
structures via
scale space
smoothin
g
Object centred
- metri
models
- topologica
c
l
A
4,>
Generalisation
proces
s - goal of
emphasising
scale dependent
structure
s
Map services
- analog
- digita
l
)
!
!
!
)
#
!
1
#
)
!
1
)
3
?
!
I 3
)
1
1
!L
#
G
1
!
1
1
1
1
3
3
#
1
G
&),
)0
3
? !I
1
)
2
#
!
!
1
1
!
+,,:)
I
1
1
)
1
1
)
)
!
D
!
)
1
)
!
1
1
)O
1
1
1
7
1
#
1
)
!
H 1
1
3
#
P1
#!
#
1
3
#
- 13 -
!
#
?
3
3
1
1
)
1
!
#!
!
)
<
)
11
!
@
1
5# 1
1
!
)
5
1
1
1
@ 1
! 1
!
)
)
!
!
)
)
#
A
1
1
!
)
H
1
3
1
1 @
!
!
5# 1
1
3
1
!
)
)
)
%), 0
Anon (1965) Records of the discussion on the papers of Waldo, RT Bickmore DP and Boyle AR.
International Yearbook of Cartography 5:30-33
Krippendorff K (1995) On the essential contexts of artifacts or on the proposition that 'design is
making sense (of things)'. In: Margolin V, Buchanan R (eds) The Idea of Design.
(
#
!
#
49-<4&:
); !
#
#P /
@4%%:5# O
" @4%&+5 .
#
> !
) ++:?+N,)
)
>
)A
#H 1F
@4%N95
1
1
)
of computer vision, New York: McGraw Hill Inc, pp 211 - 277
>
(@
5
psychology
Monmonier M (1991) How to Lie with Maps. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Muller JC (1991) Generalisation of Spatial Databases. In: Maguire DJ, Goodchild M, Rhind
D (eds) Geographical Information Systems. Longman Scientific, London, pp 457-475
Taylor PJ (2004) Is there a Europe of cities? World cities and the limitations of
Geographical Scale Analyses. In: Sheppard E, McMaster B (eds) Scale and Geographic
Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method. Blackwell Publishing, pp 213-235
Tutuola, A. (1954) My Life in a Bush of Ghosts
- 14 -
Weibel R (1991) Amplified intelligence and rule-based systems. In: McMaster BPBaRB
(ed) Map generalization: Making rules for knowledge representation. Longman Scientific &
Technical, Essex, pp 172-186.
Witkin, A.P. and Tenenbaum, J.M. (1983) Human and Machine Vision.
- 15 -