NAMIBIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE
GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL
8330/2
PAPER 2
2 hours 45 minutes
Marks 100
2013
Additional Materials: Ruler
Protractor
1:50 000 Survey Map Extract is enclosed with this question paper.
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION TO CANDIDATES
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Write your answers and working in the separate answer book provided.
Write your Centre Number, Candidate Number and Name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use correction fluid.
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Answer four questions. One each from Section A, B and C. Section D is compulsory
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All working must be clearly shown.
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Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
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The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
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This document consists of 10 printed pages, 2 blank pages.
Republic of Namibia
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
© MoE/DNEA
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Fig. 1
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0
10
300
100
500
20
25o
o
30o
8
19
35o
400
300
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e
il
m
iles - sea
nautical m
400
16
18
15
22
10
80
15o
500
40o
13
0
10
L
422
SYNOPTIC WEATHER MAP
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11
19
16
20
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15
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4
26
110
012
17
15
8
Cape Town
7
19
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16
8
10
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Windhoek
Lüderitz
0
19
5
25
H
20
25
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8
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20
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015
032
819 18
7
7
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603
6
-2
18
20
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27
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Port Elizabeth
10
22
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8
23
262
259
252
28
628
642
4
21
7
27
143
1200 GMT. - 1400 SAST
341
TT
T T
983
25
7
297
weather:
rain
snow
arrow flies with the wind
each feather represents 10 knots
air temperature oC - T T dew point oC - T T -
KEY
Durban
7
288
28
H
975
27
4
35
drizzle
hail
thunder storm
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Station Number
16
37
548
7
27
26
7
showers
fog
2
SECTION ONE: THE PHYSICAL WORLD
Answer one question from this section.
1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows a synoptic weather map of Southern Africa.
3
(i) Using the map, identify the season and give two reasons for your answer.
[2]
(ii) Describe and explain how the atmospheric pressure cell at the east coast
of the subcontinent influences the weather conditions of that area.
[7]
(iii) Using an annotated sketch, name the type and explain the formation of
precipitation in the weather system located to the southwest of Southern
Africa.
[6]
(b) Fig. 2 shows the earth’s pressure belts.
high pressure
low pressure
high pressure
B
low pressure
high pressure
A
low pressure
high pressure
Fig. 2
(i) In which one of the planetary wind belts A or B, in Fig. 2, do temperate
cyclones (low pressure systems) develop? Explain your answer. [3]
(ii) Describe and explain the effects of large continental areas upon this pattern
of air movement in summer.
[3]
(c) Name the two main characteristics that define air masses and describe the
factors that determine the type of air mass.
[4]
[25]
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4
2 (a) Explain how the clearance of natural vegetation has a damaging effect on soils
in equatorial areas.
(b) What can be done to ensure the continued sustainability of forests?
[6]
[5]
(c) Fig. 3 shows the factors affecting the formation of soil.
Time
Human influence
Parent material
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permeability
mineral content
texture
nutrients
Climate
SOIL
• weathering
• precipitation
• temperature
Organisms (biota)
Topography (relief)
• organic matter
• nutrient cycle / recycling
• mixing and aeration
• altitude
• aspect
• slope angle
Fig. 3
With the help of the factors in the boxes, explain how climate and topography
influence the development of soil.
[8]
(d) World maps of climate and vegetation have many similarities. If climate and
vegetation were to change, soil would also change.
Describe how and why these components are interrelated. [6]
[25]
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SECTION B: ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Answer one question from this section.
3 (a) Fig. 4 shows the sector model of economic development for an MEDC.
100
secondary industries
ry
na s
r
ate trie
qu dus
in
tertiary industries
primary industries
80
60
%
employment
40
20
0
1800
1850
1900
1850
2000
2050
2100
time/economic development
Fig. 4
Compare the trends in the percentages employed in secondary and in tertiary
industries between 1800 and 2100.
[4]
(b) To what extent is it true that the environmental consequences of industrialisation
are negative? Support your answer by giving examples. [7]
(c) Suggest how industrial change in the form of growth of high technology industries
in NICs, such as Malaysia, could benefit the people and the economy.
[5]
(d) (i) For a named area you have studied, give an example of a motor vehicle
assembly industry. Explain the reasons for its growth at that location.
[6]
(ii) What factors may influence the size of the market area for the motor vehicle
assembly industry named in (d)(i)?
[3]
[25]
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6
According to the World Health Organisation, an estimated 1.7 billion people have no
access to clean water. While the demand for water is on the rise, the supply is shrinking.
(a) What causes the shrinking supply of fresh water available per person in some
areas of the world?
[7]
(b) Identify and explain the problems associated with scarcity of water and the
possible impact this can have on the people and the development of an area.
[6]
(c) For a named example, describe and explain why water control projects aimed at
the supply of water for human and economic activity can be both advantageous
and disadvantageous to people and the environment.
[8]
(d) Fig. 5 shows the total yearly water use per person for several countries
including MEDCs and LEDCs.
Total water yearly use per person
1600
1500
1400
m³/year
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
Key
Chad
Burundi
Botswana
Bangladesh
Brazil
France
Italy
Australia
100
0
Canada
300
200
United States
of America
4
MEDCs
LEDCs
Fig. 5
Outline the factors which help to explain the differences in water consumption
between more economically developed countries (MEDCs) and less
economically developed countries (LEDCs).
[4]
[25]
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SECTION C: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT STUDIES
Answer one question from this section.
5 (a) What have authorities done to discourage the further development and spread
of large urban centres in one or more of the countries you have studied?
[6]
(b) Fig. 6 shows two processes occurring within a large urban area in an MEDC.
CITY
minorities move
into city
upper income groups
move from city to suburbs
middle income groups move
to primary suburbs
middle income groups move
to secondary suburbs
upper income groups move
to secondary suburbs
upper income groups move
back into renovated old housing
Fig. 6
(i) Name the process shown in the diagram where upper income groups move
back into renovated old housing.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the movement of middle income groups into better housing
(primary suburbs), shown in Fig. 6, might occur.
[4]
(iii) Why might newly built housing be located within the existing urban area
rather than on its outer edge?
[5]
(c) (i) In many less economically developed countries (LEDCs), rapid ruralurban migration has been taking place since the 1960s. The reverse trend
of what is happening in many LEDCs takes place in more economically
developed countries (MEDCs), with people leaving cities and moving into
the countryside areas (counter-urbanisation).
Suggest reasons why people in MEDCs move from urban areas into the
countryside.
(ii) Describe the consequences for the countryside caused by counterurbanisation.
[6]
[3]
[25]
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6 (a) Fig. 7 shows world population density.
(Source: http://edu.servloci.com/stuides/698/)
Fig. 7
(i) Using Fig. 7, describe how the world’s population density differs from area
to area.
[4]
(ii) Explain how physical conditions cause some areas of Africa to be more
densely populated than others.
[4]
(iii) What are the effects of the migration of large numbers of people on the
area to which they move?
[6]
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(b) Fig. 8 shows the percentage of populations that experienced food shortage in 2009.
POPULATION DENSITY
PER KM2
Key
0-5%
15-24%
35-49%
6-14%
25-34%
50+%
no data
Fig. 8
(i) Fig. 8 shows that food shortages are more severe in Africa than other parts
of the world. Explain the factors responsible for these shortages. [7]
(ii) Aid may be one way of helping people with poverty and food shortages.
Two types of aids are listed below.
A Food aid – basic foods supplied free of charge.
B Development aid – money and equipment given for sinking wells,
buying high-yielding seeds and providing new machines.
Which type of aid, A or B, do you consider to be the best and which the
least useful for people with food shortages? Give reasons for your choice.
[4]
[25]
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10
SECTION D: INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
This section is compulsory.
7
Study the map extract provided, which is the Newcastle area of South Africa, on the
scale 1:50 000, and answer the following questions.
(a) In your opinion, what is the use of the row of trees to the northwest of the
Newcastle suburbs of Fernwood and Lennoxton?
[2]
(b) Explain how relief and water supply influence the distribution of cultivated land
in the Valse Fontein, Hope and Eagles Cliff areas to the west of the Main Road.
[6]
(c) (i) Calculate the average gradient along the Main Road at the western edge of
the map between the spot heights 1321 and 1255, both located at junctions
with other roads.
[3]
(ii) Comment on the steepness of this slope.
[1]
(d) Account for the presence of railway lines in the northeast corner of the map.
Why are there so many of them?
[4]
(e) Describe in which way the street plan of Newcastle is different from that of Arbor
Park, southeast of Newcastle. Which pattern in your opinion will ease the flow
of traffic? Give a reason for your answer.
[4]
(f) Comment on the site and location of the aerodrome east of the built-up area of
Newcastle.
[3]
(g) To what extent does the mapped area cater for tourists?
[2]
[25]
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