A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES:
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr.
General Editors
CENTERS OF THE SOUTHERN STRUGGLE
FBI Files on Montgomery, Albany,
St. Augustine, Selma, and Memphis
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»^«•r
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES:
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
August Meier and John H. Bracey, Jr.
General Editors
CENTERS OF THE SOUTHERN STRUGGLE
FBI Files on Montgomery, Albany,
St. Augustine, Selma, and Memphis
Edited by
David J. Garrow
Guide compiled by
Michael Moscato and Martin Schipper
A microfilm project of
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
44 North Market Street • Frederick, MD 21701
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Centers of the southern struggle [microform].
(Black studies research sources)
Accompanied by a printed reel guide, compiled by
Michael Moscato and Martin P. Schipper.
Includes index.
1. Afro-Americans-Civil rights-History--20th
century-Sources. 2. Civil rights movementsUnited States-History-20th century-Sources.
3. Afro-Americans-H ¡story-1877-1964~Sources.
4. United States-Race relations-Sources.
5. United States. Federal Bureau of InvestigationArchives. 6. Afro-Americans-Civil rights-Southern
States~History-20th century-Sources. 7. Southern
States-Race relations-Sources. I. Garrow, David J.,
1953- . II. Schipper, Martin Paul. III. Moscato, Michael.
IV. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
V. University Publications of America. VI. Series.
[E185.61]
975,.00496073
88-37866
ISBN 1-55655-047-2 (microfilm)
Copyright ©1988 by University Publications of America.
All rights reserved.
ISBN 1-55655-047-2.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
v
Note on Sources
,
xi
Editorial Note
xii
Use of FBI Records
Explanation of FBI Classifications
Explanation of Exemptions
How to Cite FBI Records
xiii
xiii
xv
Initialism List
xvi
Montgomery, Alabama
Chronology, 1955-1958
Reel Index (Reels 1-2)
Albany, Georgia
Chronology, 1961-1963
Reel Index (Reels 2-4)
1
4
,.,
,
St. Augustine, Florida
Chronology, 1963-1964
Reel Index (Reels4-5)
Selma, Alabama
Chronology, 1965
Reel Index (Reels 6-16)
,
,...,
,
r
15
18
21
23
,
Memphis, Tennessee
Chronology, 1968
Reel Index (Reels 17-21)
Subject Index
7
11
33
35
,
43
INTRODUCTION
Important Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files on the southern civil rights movement
essentially come in three major types•lengthy ones on major individual leaders, such as the one on
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ; extremely lengthy ones on each of the major civil rights organizations that
was active across the South (King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference [SCLC], the vibrant
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee [SNCC], and the Congress of Racial Equality [CORE]);
and valuable but so far less-heralded files on each of the cities or towns that was a major movement
"hot spot" at one time or another between the mid-1950s and the late 1960s.
Familiarity with all three types of files is important for a student or researcher who wants to fully
appreciate the range of monitoring and information-gathering the FBI directed toward the black
freedom struggle in the South. However, mastery of the locale-oriented files is a somewhat more
complicated enterprise than is the use of either individual or organizational files. This is the result of
two majorfactors. First, FBI data-gathering on important centers of movement activity, such as Selma
in 1965 or Memphis in 1968, went into more than one major file. Second, a substantial percentage of
these crucial, locale-oriented files do not bear titles that straightforwardly describe or indicate what
they contain. For example, the most important FBI headquarters file concerning the 1955-1956
Montgomery (Alabama) bus boycott contains in its title no mention of either a bus boycott or
Montgomery•a fact that initially delayed the identification and release of those important materials,
pursuant to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), for several years.
The available FBI locale-oriented files, especially locales that were not the sites of FBI field offices
(e.g., Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, and Selma), quickly reveal the extent to which FBI awareness of and interest in black activism was almost totally reactive in the South of the 1950s and 1960s.
The FBI reaction was frequently to the onset of visible public action or appeals for change in the form
of protest marches ordemonstrations against racially discriminatory municipal officials and agencies.
Hence, in town after town, newly interested FBI agents had little background knowledge of or
familiarity with local black communities and their leaders when a protest campaign or series of
demonstrations began to emerge. That lack of prior backgrou nd experience is clearly revealed by the
lack of FBI information-gathering prior to the onset of visible activism, and it is reflected as well in the
often extensive reliance upon local law enforcement commanders for information that bureau agents
manifested when daily demonstrations or other protests did start. Whether in Montgomery in late
December 1955, in Albany in December 1961, or in the months immediately preceding the formal
launching of SCLC's intensive 1965 campaign in Selma, local police commanders•Police Chief
Laurie Pritchett in Albany and Public Safety Director Wilson Baker in Selma•were almost without
exception local bureau agents' primary sources of information.
Among the results of such initial dependence is one that is frustrating to present-day users of the
FOI A-released files. One provision of the FOIA, usually spoken of as "b-7-D" after its precise statutory
citation, 5 U.S.C. 552 (b) (7) (D), allows the FBI•like otherfederal agencies•to delete the identities
of local officials who, by providing workaday police information, became bureau "sources." Hence, one
of the systematic drawbacks that readers of these files must keep very much in mind is the degree
to which the processed (i.e., deleted) state of these files masks and understates the very close, regular
contact that existed between local lawmen such as Pritchett and Baker and bureau agents assigned
to towns such as Albany and Selma. However, each set of files, especially those on Albany, St.
Augustine, and Selma, presents a greater mass of detailed, day-to-day information on developments
and happenings in each of those civil rights campaigns than is available from any other source.
Each set of files pertaining to the five different centers of southern civil rights activism has special
characteristics and individual peculiarities. While many users of these files will want to make specific
reference to the indexing of each of these files (see Reel Index for each section), some general
guidance and description of how these sets of files relate to the civil rights histories of these five
different locales is in order.
Montgomery, Alabama
The first and most valuable of the three FBI headquarters files pertaining to the 1955-1956
Montgomery bus boycott is the one numbered 100-135-61, a file titled "Racial Situation, Alabama,"
and initially created as a repository for field office reports concerning any Alabama counties or cities,
not Montgomery alone. Unlike many FBI files whose numerical designations are simply twofold•e.g.,
100-106670•this file's threefold designation results in numerical serializations for individual documents•e.g., 100-135-61 -199•that contain four groups of numbers.
After the Montgomery boycott formally got under way on December 5,1955, four days after the
arrest of Mrs. Rosa Parks for refusing to surrender her bus seat to a newly boarded white rider, the
few agents in the bureau's small Montgomery "resident agency" were somewhat slow to assign much
importance or devote much study to the boycott's prolongation. Only at the end of December and the
early days of January 1956, by which time the boycott had been in effect for over three weeks and
chances of any easily negotiated settlement seemed to be receding, did sustained attention begin to
be devoted to the Montgomery protest.
The most intense period of boycott events took place between late January, when city officials
adopted a "get-tough" policy of harassment against the black boycotters, and mid-April, when the
failure of the city's effort to squelch the protest through courtroom prosecutions left the situation in a
relatively qu iet de facto stand-off f eatu ring the black commu nity's resolute perseverance. It was those
early months of 1956, however, that catapulted the boycott and its youthful spokesman, the Reverend
Martin Luther King, Jr., into national and international prominence as, first, King's home was bombed
and, second, he was indicted, tried, and convicted of violating anobscure and questionable state antiboycott statute. By then, moral and financial support forthe protest was arriving from around theglobe,
but the wearisome daily effort of sustaining a car-pool system of transportation for thousands of black
Montgomerians came to an end only in December 1956, more than a year after the boycott's onset,
when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that municipally enforced segregated seating on public buses
violated the Constitution.
In the wake of the boycott itself, FBI interest in the protesters' organization, the Montgomery
Improvement Association (MIA), and in its leaders' efforts to help develop more widespread southern
black activism as well as northern awareness of segregation, did not appreciably slacken. A formal
case file on the MIA itself (100-429326) was established as part of a very modestly sized and
inconclusive inquiry into whether any of the MIA's óut-of-town contributions were coming from Communist or otherwise "subversive" organizations. The more substantive and politically charged bureau
interest in nascent black southern activism in Montgomery and elsewhere is reflected more fully and
richly in an important but highly variegated file, 62-101087, that ostensibly was intended to be a "catchall" repository for matters involving southern segregation. This file actually came totrack the FBI's very
active interest in the major civil rights events of 1957-1959: the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
(May 17,1957) and the two successive Youth Marches for Integrated Schools (October 25,1958, and
April 18, 1959)•all of which took place in Washington, D.C. As such, this "62" file offers crucially
important detailed information on this significant and often underexamined "interim" period between
the Montgomery boycott and the 1960 birth of the student sit-in movement in Greensboro, N.C. In
particular, the 62-101087 file reflects not only the very important role that King and his fellow southern
ministerial colleagues played in putting together these successive Washington demonstrations, but
also the degree to which the FBI's superiors in the Justice Department and in the Eisenhower White
House were actively interested in the plans, prospects, and sponsorship of this newly energized
southern black presence on the American political scene.
VI
Albany, Georgia
Two years later, at the end of 1961, the black community in Albany, Georgia, stimulated in part by
the presence of several you ng workers from the newly formed SNCC, which had grown out of the 1960
student sit-in movement, launched what became the first truly sustained, communrty-wide southern
black protest campaign since the Montgomery boycott. As in Montgomery, the local agents in the FBI's
resident agency had apparently paid almost no attention to black Albany prior to the onset of actual
demonstrations in November 1961. Once daily marches began, however, the FBI sought to get on top
of the situation and succeeded to some extent in doing so through its closely cooperative relationship
with Albany police chief Laurie Pritchett, who in turn had his own excellent sources, some paid and
some not paid, within black Albany and even within the leadership of the Albany Movement.1
The vast majority of the FBI's detailed and almost daily reports on civil rights events in Albany from
1961 through 1964, particularly during the especially intense series of protests and confrontations in
the summer of 1962, were serialized into a large, more inclusive state of Georgia "Racial Matters" file,
157-6-2, which, much like 100-135-61 with regard to Alabama and Montgomery, also received bureau
documents on Savannah, Macon, etc. In the FOIA request, processing and release of only the Albanyrelated serials (documents) were specified ; therefore, these FBI Albany materials represent a subjectspecific selection in terms of their serialization (e.g., 157-6-2-300) within that file, rather than
numerically successive documents from the 157-6-2 file. In addition, smaller numbers of Albanyrelated FBI documents were filed in a Georgia "school segregation" file (157-4-2) and in an additional
headquarters "racial matters" file, 157-492. If used in conjunction with the detailed (and generally
dependable) news coverage of Albany events that appeared in the local, white-owned Albany Herald,
the FBI materials on the Albany Movement are exceptionally rich and valuable, second in importance
only to the crucial city manager's files from that period, copies of some of which are available at the
library and archives of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta.
St. Augustine, Florida
Two years after the peak of the Albany Movement, St. Augustine, Florida, became the crucial civil
rights movement battleground. Although local white opposition to black activism was even more
energetic and violent in St. Augustine than that which had occurred in Montgomery or Albany, the role
of the FBI in St. Augustine was distinctly different, in large part because of the cool if not adversarial
relationship that existed between the bureau's agents and local law enforcement officials in St.
Augustine and St. John's County. While in Albany both black activists and most officially involved
whites viewed FBI representatives as passive allies of local white law enforcement, virtually all whites
and some blacks in St. Augustine viewed the bureau's role as distinctly hostile to the Klan-friendly,
violence-tolerant aura that was manifested by local lawmen, particularly St. John's County sheriff L.O.
Davis. Many observers saw little distinction between Davis's force of volunteer deputies and the local
Klan chapter, and only the energetic efforts of state law enforcement executives and the Florida
Highway Patrol kept events in St. Augustine from turning into a far greater bloodbath for black
demonstrators and marchers than they did.
Because of these different lines of alliance, the bureau's reporting and investigation of events in
St. Augustine reflect little of the local sympathy and overdependence that can be seen in other
southern civil rights centers, such as Albany. Instead, the virtually day-by-day, hour-by-hour bureau
accounts of 1964 events in St. Augustine reflect an investigative independence and energy that is
unusual though not totally unique in the civil rights context. These St. Augustine bureau documents,
initially requested under the FOIA by Professor David Colburn of the University of Florida,2 come from
a general Florida "racial matters" file, 157-6-63, much like the Albany main file, and again, in terms of
their serialization numbers, represent a selection of all St. Augustine-related materials from a filethat
also contained documents pertaining to other Florida cities.
For a much fuller discussion of this issue, see David J. Garrow, "FBI Political Harassment and FBI
Historiography: Analyzing Informants and Measuring the Effects," The Public Historian 10 (Fall 1988):
1-14.
Colburn's subsequent book is Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).
vii
Selma, Alabama
The most copious set of FBI materials pertaining to any one southern civil rights center of the 1960s
is the collection of headquarters main files dealing with black activism in Selma, Alabama. Many
recollections of the 1960s feature Selma's civil rights activism only between January and April 1965
when Martin Luther King, Jr., and the SCLC mounted a major voting rights campaign there that
climaxed in both the violence of "Bloody Sunday" (March 7, 1965) and the eventual governmentprotected march from Selma to the state capítol in Montgomery fifty-four miles away. Selma's civil
rights activism, however, actually began in early 1963 when SNCC staffers joined forces with local
blacks with a longtime interest in increasing black voter registration. Several series of demonstrations
aimed at winning fair, nondiscriminatory registration of black applicants took place in 1963, but white
Selma and Dallas County officials responded with arrests and other forms of resistance throughout
all of 1963 and 1964. Even in the face of repeated Justice Department voting rights suits in the federal
courts, white Selma successfully resisted civil rights change until the arrival of King and intensive
national news coverage in early 1965.
The FBI's extremely rich and detailed files on Selma offer superb information on that early period
of Selma activism, as well as detailed day-by-day accounts of the 1965 protests and the actual Selmato-Montgomery march. Four main headquarters files are devoted to Selma civil rights activism: one
fairly inclusive "racial matters" file (157-6-61), two election law/voter registration files that trace in
considerable detail the federal government's efforts to eliminate racial discrimination from Dallas
County's registration process (44-12831 and 44-25760), and one that details the actual occurrence
and logistics of the March 1965 march to Montgomery (44-28544).
The successful culmination of the Selma movement in the spring of 1965 is now generally
recognized as the peak moment of the southern civil rights movement, but even though Selma marked
the movement's high-water mark, it by no means was the end of sustained black activism in the South.
One major southern city that was in many ways the last significant metropolis to be touched by civil
rights activism in a serious way was Memphis, which many observers thought shared more of the
qualities of the state just a few miles to its south, Mississippi, than of its home state of Tennessee.
Memphis, Tennessee
Significant black activism in Memphis began not in an explicitly civil rights context but instead in.
the form of a municipal labor dispute. In February 1968, Memphis's virtually all-black sanitation work
force, angry both at working conditions and at the city's refusal to recognize their nascent union local,
went out on strike. The city officials' obstinate and ham-handed dealings with the black strikers quickly
succeeded in turning a low-visibility labor struggle into a racially charged and symbolic civil rights
matter, and black Memphis gradually rallied to the side of the striking sanitation workers. In a few
weeks' time, outside civil rights spokesmen, including the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., began
coming to Memphis to lend their voices to the sanitation workers' cause. For King in particular (who
was just beginning to fully articulate the goals of his 1968 Poor People's Campaign, which he hoped
would address issues of poverty and economic class as well as race), the admixture of economic and
racial concerns in the Memphis strike was an attractive exemplarof the problems he hoped to highlight.
After appearing once in Memphis on March 18, King returned on March 28 to lead a protest march
that ended up decomposing into a mini-riot featuring both black youths and Memphis police. Shaken
but convinced that only a successful second march could recoup from that disaster, King came back
to Memphis again on April 3. Only in the wake of King's assassination on April 4 did white Memphis
officials finally concede a willingness to recognize the sanitation workers' union and reach a vyagepact
with them.
The FBI's files on the spring 1968 events in Memphis, initially obtained under the FOI A by
assassination researcher Harold Weisberg, are among the richest on southern civil rights concerns
ever released by the FBI. In part, this is because the release included not only the main headquarters'
files, but also the significant field office files that were maintained in the Memphis FBI office itself.
Furthermore, theextremely limited extentof the FOIA-authorized deletionsthatthe FBI made in these
documents when they first were processed in the late 1970s increases their usefulness. (With few
exceptions, materials released in the middle to late 1980s under FOIA requests feature more
extensive deletions than do those released during the late 1970s or very early 1980s.)
VIM
Two distinct pairs of files make up the bureau's Memphis-related documents. First, beginning in
February 1968, both the Memphis field office and FBI headquarters developed significant files (1571092 and 157-9146, respectively) on the sanitation workers' strike itself. Second, both also developed
extremely useful and revealing files on the local, youthful, "black power" group, The Invaders, that
sought to use the strike as an opportunity to force black Memphis's mainstream civil rights leadership
to accord them a far more significant role than such youths had ever before had. Owing both to several
excellent sources among the adult activists and to an undercover city policeman who had infiltrated
The Invaders (and whose reports were shared with local bureau agents), the FBI was able to collect
first-rate information on the development of black Memphis's support of the sanitation workers' strike.3
Like the other files on Montgomery, Albany, St. Augustine, and Selma, the FBI records on the
relatively short-lived Memphis activism of 1968 offer an extremely valuable perspective on those
crucial events. When used thoroughly in conjunction with archival resources such as those at the King
Center and oral history materials such as the important collections at Howard University's MoorlandSpingarn Research Center, these FBI files on the southern civil rights struggle represent a very
valuable collection of historically significant sources.
David J. Garrow
Professor of History
The City College, CUNY
3. On this matter, see David J. Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From "Solo" to Memphis (New
York: W.W. Norton, 1981), chapter five.
IX
NOTE ON SOURCES
This collection has been filmed from David Garrow's and Harold Weisberg's own holdings of
recently released FBI files. These materials can also be found at the FBI Headquarters, Washington^
D.C.
The following FBI files have been included in this publication in the order presented:
Montgomery, Alabama
100-135-61
62-101087
100-429326
Racial Situation, Alabama
Prayer Pilgrimage, Southern Segregation
Montgomery Improvement Association
Albany, Georgia
157-6-2
157-492
157-4-2
Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany)
FBI Headquarters, Albany
FBI Headquarters, Albany
St. Augustine, Florida
157-6-63
Racial Situation, St. Auanstine, Florida
Selma, Alabama
157-6-61
44-12831
44-25760
44-28544
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama
Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama
Voter Registration, Selma, Alabama
Selma to Montgomery March, 1965
Memphis, Tennessee
157-1092
157-9146
157-6
157-1067
157-8460
FBI Memphis Field Office File,
Memphis Sanitation Strike
Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike
FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders
The Invaders, Memphis, Tennessee
An explanation of the two- or three-digit subject classification number found at the beginning of
each file number can be found on page xiii.
XI
EDITORIAL NOTE
All files have been filmed in their entirety. Records within FBI file designations are arranged in
chronological order.
Listings of the major incidents occurring at each location have been compiled by University
Publications of America (UPA). The Chronology for a location is reproduced before the Reel Index to
that portion of the microfilm. Thus, there are two listings in the user guide for each of the five cities in
this collection: one recounts the important events, while the other lists the relevant FBI files.
Within each of the five sections of the Reel Index, the four-digit frame number on the left side of
the page indicates at what frame on the microfilm a specific file volu me or section begins. I n the interest
of accessing material within files, the major issues, reports, prominent individuals, and key policy
matters are provided for the researcher under the category Subjects.
Forthe convenience of the researcher, there is also a cumulative Subject Indextothe major issues,
prominent individuals, and policy issues that appear throughout the collection.
XII
USE OF FBI RECORDS
Explanation of FBI Classifications
The present FBI subject-classified Central Records System (CRS) began in 1921 and has not
changed in any major respect since then. The classifications in CRS correspond to specific federal
crimes (e.g., bank robbery, classification 91), investigatory responsibilities (e.g., domestic security
investigations, classification 100), or subjects (e.g., fingerprint matters, classification 32). The
numerical classifications that have been included in this microfilm publication (and listed on the Note
on Sources) correspond to the following subjects:
Code
Definition
44
Civil Rights
62
Miscellaneous Subversives
100
Subversive Matters; Internal Security; Domestic Security Investigation
157
Extremist Matters; Civil Unrest
Explanation of Exemptions
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), under which these documents were requested, processed, and released, allows the FBI and other federal agencies to delete and withhold a variety of
types of information. These exemptions•listed below and on the following page•authorize the
bureau to withhold any classified information (exemption [b] [1]); any material "related solely to the
internal rules and practices of the FBI," such as informant coding symbols ([b] [2]); any records that
would invade someone's personal privacy by, for instance, discussing theirsexual habits ([b] [7] [C]);
or material that would "reveal the identity of a confidential source or reveal confidential information
furnished only by the confidential source" ([b] [7] [D]); among others. Whichever exemption or
exemptions the FBI is claiming in withholding a certain passage or document is cited as such in the
margin of a partially released document or on the top line of the "deleted page" sheets, which are
inserted when a single page or entire document is withheld. Deleted page sheets also appear in place
of referral documents, memos prepared by agencies other than the FBI and which the FBI forwarded
to the originating agency for separate (and subsequent) FOIA processing.
SUBSECTIONS OF TITLE 5, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 552
(b) (1 )
information which is currently and properly classified pursuant to Executive Order 12356
in the interest of the national defense or foreign policy, for example, information involving
intelligence sources or methods
(b) (2)
materials related solely to the internal rules and practices of the FBI
(b) (3)
information specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (see continuation page)
XIII
(b) (4)
privileged or confidential information obtained from a person, usually involving
commercial or financial matters
(b) (5)
interagency or intraagency documents which are not available through discovery
proceedings during litigation; documents, the disclosure of which would have an
inhibitive effect upon the development of policy and administrative direction; or
documents which represent the work product of an attorney-client relationship
(b) (6)
materials contained in sensitive records such as personnel or medical files, the
disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal
privacy
(b) (7)
investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes, the disclosure of which
would: (A) interfere with law enforcement proceedings; (B) deprive a person of the right
to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication, or give one party of a controversy an undue
advantage by exclusive access to such information; (C) constitute an unwarranted
invasion of the personal privacy of another person; (D) reveal the identity of a confidential
source or reveal confidential information furnished only by the confidential source;
(E) disclose investigative techniques and procedures, thereby impairing their future
effectiveness; and (F) endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel
(b) (8)
information collected by Government regulatory agencies from financial institutions
(b) (9)
geological and geophysical information, including maps, produced by private companies
and filed by them with Government agencies.
SUBSECTIONS OF TITLE 5, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 552a
(d) (5)
information compiled in reasonable anticipation of a civil action proceeding
(j) (2)
material reporting investigative efforts pertaining to the enforcement of criminal law,
including efforts to prevent, control, or reduce crime or apprehend criminals, except
records of arrest
(k) (1 )
information which is currently and properly classified pursuant to Executive Order
12356 in the interest of the national defense or foreign policy, for example, information
involving intelligence sources or methods
(k) (2)
investigatory material compiled for law enforcement purposes, other than criminal, which
would reveal the identity of an individual who has furnished information pursuant to a
promise that his identity would be held in confidence
(k) (3)
material maintained in connection with providing protective services to the President of
the United States or any other individual pursuant to the authority of Title 18, United
States Code, Section 3056
(k) (4)
required by statute to be maintained and used solely as statistical records
(k) (5)
investigatory material compiled solely for the purpose of determining suitability,
eligibility, or qualifications for Federal civilian employment or for access to classified
information, the disclosure of which would reveal the identity of the person who furnished
information pursuant to a promise that his identity would be held in confidence
(k) (6)
testing or examination material used to determine individual qualifications for appointment or promotion in Federal Government service, the release of which would compromise the testing or examination process
(k) (7)
material used to determine potential for promotion in the armed services, the disclosure
of which would reveal the identity of the person who furnished the material pursuant to
a promise that his identity would be held in confidence.
4-694a (Rev. 5-26-83)
xiv
How to Cite FBI Records
Citations of FBI records should give the reader sufficient information to access the same material
if desired. Although FBI files contain many different types of records, the following examples should
suffice for most of them. Citations should generally include document type, "sender" to "recipient,"
headquarters or field office city, date, caption/subject, and classification-file number-subfile (if
applicable)-serial number.
Example: memorandum, SAC [Special Agent in Charge], Boston to Director, FBI, 12/10/50,
WILLIAM JONES, JOHN SMITH-VICTIM, Bureau File 7-xxxx-124.
Example: letter, SAC, Atlanta to Chief of Police, Atlanta, 1976 TRAINING SCHEDULE,
l-xxxx-124.
The types of documents usually found in FBI files are as follows:
(1 ) Letters: A communication sent from FBIHQ [FBI headquarters] to a field office, from a field office
to FBIHQ, from one field office to another, or from either FBIHQ or a field office to any outside agency
or person.
(2) Memorandum: A communication (on FBI memorandum paper) to the Attorney General and
other department officials, from one official to another at FBIHQ, or from one employee to another
within a field territory. It is also applicable to the omnibus types, such as memoranda to all SACs.
(3) Letterhead Memorandum (LHM): A memorandum on letterhead stationery; it should normally
require a cover communication for transmittal.
(4) Report: A written document containing the results of an investigation. It is almost always
prepared in a field office.
(5) Cover Page: The page(s) containing administrative data, leads, and informant evaluations not
found in LHMs or reports. Cover page(s) are not disseminated outside the FBI.
(6) Teletype: A communication transmitted by machine.
(7) Airtel: An intra-FBI communication withhighestpriorityofthösesentthroughthe mail. Originally
conceived as a teletype sent via airmail, it may be in teletype phraseology.
xv
INITIALISM LIST
The following ¡nitialisms are used frequently in this guide and are listed here for the convenience of the
researcher.
AFL-CIO
AFSCME
AME
BOP
COME
CORE
FBI
FOIA
KKK
MIA
NAACP
SCEF
SCLC
SDS
SNCC
TRO
USIA
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees
African Methodist Episcopal
Black Organizing Power
Community on the Move for Equality
Congress of Racial Equality
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Freedom of Information Act
Ku Klux Klan
Montgomery Improvement Association
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Southern Conference Educational Fund
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Students for a Democratic Society
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Temporary restraining order
United States Information Agency
XVI
CHRONOLOGY
Montgomery, Alabama, 1955-1958
December 1,1955
Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to relinquish her seat on a city
bus to a white passenger.
December 5,1955
First day of Montgomery bus boycott.
Rosa Parks convicted of violating Alabama seat segregation
statute and fined $10.
Formation of the MIA, with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as its
president.
Mass rally in support of bus boycott held at Holt Street Baptist
Church.
Decembers, 1955
First meeting between representatives of MIA and Montgomery
city officials.
Second mass meeting in support of bus boycott.
December 13,1955
Car-pool system initiated to support the boycott; more than 200
drivers volunteer.
December 17,1955
Second meeting between representatives of MIA and
Montgomery city officials^
First meeting of a special citizens' committee to deal with the
boycott.
December 19,1955
Second meeting of the special citizens' committee.
December 22,1955
MIA executive board meets to discuss the boycott.
January 9,1956
Meeting between MIA leaders and Montgomery city officials.
January 12,1956
Announcement that frequency of mass meetings in support of
the boycott will be increased from two nights a week to six.
January 23,1956
Montgomery city commissioners announce the cessation of
further negotiations as long as the boycott remains in force and
institute a policy of harassment of boycott participants.
January 26,1956
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., arrested for traffic violation.
January 30,1956
Bombing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s residence.
February 1,1956
Lawsuit filed by MIA in federal court seeking injunctive relief
against segregated bus seating and a halt to the harassment of
car-pool activities.
Bombing of residence of longtime black activist E.D. Nixon.
February 18,1956
Indictment of MIA attorney Fred Gray on the charge of having
named as a plaintiff in MIA's federal court suit a woman who
allegedly had not authorized him to use her name.
February 21,1956
Mass indictments handed down by Montgomery grand jury
against numerous MIA members under the state antiboycott
law.
Arrival of Bayard Rustin in Montgomery.
February 23,1956
Mass rally sponsored by MIA.
March 19,1956
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., tried under state antiboycott law.
March 22,1956
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., convicted and fined $500.
April 23,1956
U.S. Supreme Court affirms a federal appellate court ruling
striking down segregated seating on the municipal buses of
Columbia, South Carolina.
Montgomery City Lines announces that its drivers will no
longer enforce segregation laws, effective immediately, while
Montgomery mayor Gayle announces that the city will continue
to enforce such laws.
June 1956
Three-judge federal court votes to strike down Montgomery's
laws mandating segregated seating on buses.
October 30,1956
Lawsuit filed by Montgomery requesting issuance of an
injunction to halt MIA's car-pool activities as an infringement on
Montgomery City Lines' franchise.
November 13,1956
Judge Carter enjoins MIA's car-pool activities.
U.S. Supreme Court affirms the lower court decision invalidating
Montgomery's bus segregation statutes.
December 3-9,1956
Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change convenes.
December 17,1956
U.S. Supreme Court rejects Montgomery's last appeal of the
Court's November 13,1956, decision.
December 18,1956
Montgomery bus boycott ends.
December 23,1956
Shotgun blast rips through front door of Dr. Martin Luther King,
Jr.'s home.
December 28,1956
Two buses fired upon by snipers.
January 10,1957
Bomb demolishes home of the Reverend Robert S. Graetz,
organizer of fleet of volunteer passenger cars that provided
transportation to blacks during the boycott.
January 1957
Montgomery City Commission suspends all bus service
indefinitely in wake of series of bombings.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., calls on local FBI office to ask for
federal help to prevent the violence.
January 31,1957
Seven white youths arrested in connection with the series of
bombings.
May 30,1957
First two defendants to be tried in Montgomery bombing
cases acquitted.
November 1958
Federal lawsuit filed seeking the desegregation of all
Montgomery parks and recreation facilities, to which
Montgomery responds by closing all public parks.
REEL INDEX
Montgomery, Alabama
Reel 1
Racial Situation, Alabama
0001
0133
0284
0472
0666
100-135-61-1-100-135-61-45
December 1955-March 1956.132pp.
Subjects: Montgomery bus boycott; Rosa Parks; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.;
the Reverend Robert S. Graetz; bombing of the home of Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.; bombing of the home of E.D. Nixon of the NAACP; MIA; FBI
investigation of the rumor (unfounded) that blacks in Montgomery were
purchasing firearms at a sharply accelerated rate; grand jury probe of the
bus boycott; indictment of 115 individuals for allegedly engaging in
unlawful boycotting activities.
100-135-61-46-100-135-61-85
February 1956-March 1956.151pp.
Subjects: Mass arrests of boycott leaders; Rosa Parks's conviction upheld; call by
Governor James E. Folsom for settlement of bus boycott.
100-135-61-86-100-135-61-143
March 1956-Apnl 1956.188pp.
Subjects: Bus boycott trials; Congressman Charles Diggs; conviction and
sentencing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in bus boycott case;
abandonment by Montgomery City Lines of traditional policy of
segregation of white and black passengers as a result of U.S. Supreme
Court ruling; vow by Montgomery police commissioner to arrest anyone
violating city segregation laws on buses operated by Montgomery City
Lines.
100-135-61 -144-100-135-61 -195
May 1956-Ouly 1956. 194pp.
Subjects: FBI investigation of the bombing of the residence of Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.; suit by Montgomery to enjoin Montgomery City Lines from
integrating its buses; Fellowship of Reconciliation; NAACP; MIA; arrest of
two black coeds on Tallahassee, Florida, bus for violations of segregation
laws; Tallahassee, Florida, bus boycott; ruling by federal court that
Montgomery bus segregation laws are unconstitutional.
100-135-61-196-100-135-61-254
August 1956-November 1956.179pp.
Subjects: Tallahassee, Florida, bus boycott; bombing of the residence of the
Reverend Robert S. Graetz; arrest, trial, and conviction of twenty-one
Tallahassee, Florida, car-pool drivers; MIA; temporary injunction granted
against Montgomery car-pool operators.
0845
100-135-61-255-100-135-61-325
November 1956-January 1957.239pp.
Subjects: U.S. Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation on buses in
Montgomery violates the U.S. Constitution; decision by U.S. District
Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., enjoining Montgomery officials from
enforcing any laws, statutes, or ordinances requiring blacks to submit to
segregation in the use of bus transportation facilities; statement of the
Montgomery City Commission in answer to the U.S. Supreme Court's
refusal to grant petitions for rehearing in the recent ruling outlawing
segregation on city buses; attacks on blacks attempting to ride on buses;
shotgun attack on the residence of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ; KKK
activities; firing upon Montgomery buses; series of bombings in
Montgomery; Tallahassee, Florida, boycott situation; Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.'s petition to the FBI to solve or assist in solving bombings of
black churches and residences; FBI investigation of the bombings.
Reel 2
Montgomery, Alabama, cont.
Racial Situation, Alabama, cont.
0001
100-135-61 -32&-100-135-61 -388
January 1957-March 1957.206pp.
Subjects: U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.; voter registration efforts in
Tallahassee, Florida; resumption of Montgomery bus service with police
protection; arrest of suspects in Montgomery bombing cases;
continuation of bombings in Montgomery; indictment of accused
bombers; Judge Harold Garswell.
0207
100-135-61-389-100-135-61-435
March 1957-September 1957.173pp.
Subjects: Voter registration activities in Montgomery; trial of Montgomery bombing
suspects; Tuskegee, Alabama, racial gerrymandering plan; Tuskegee,
Alabama, boycott of merchants.
0380
100-135-61 -436-100-135-61-483
September 1957-April 1958.121 pp.
Subjects: The Tuskegee Civic Association; decree enjoining Tuskegee boycott of
merchants; dismissal of all remaining criminal charges growing out of the
Montgomery bus boycott and the subsequent bombing of black churches
and homes of boycott leaders; MIA; Alabama Council on Human
Relations; Tuskegee Institute report: "Race Relations in the South•
1957."
0501
100-135-61-484-100-135-61-525
May 1958-November 1958.151 pp.
Subjects: Arrest of three Montgomery blacks at three polling places on charges of
violating statutes governing elections; Alabama's efforts to resist
integration of public schools; FBI summary of school desegregation
controversy in Alabama; FBI summaries of the racial situation in
Alabama; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and attempts to integrate all-white
Oak Park in Montgomery; MIA; Alabama governor-elect John Patterson;
NAACP;KKK.
0652
100-135-61-526-100-135-61-544
November 1958-February 1963.80pp.
Subjects: Civil Rights Commission hearings in Montgomery; closing of Montgomery
city parks; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and strategy for massive
integration of Montgomery schools; the death of Horace Bell; Tuskegee
Institute report: "Race Relations in the South•1961"; efforts to integrate
Montgomery lunch counters.
Prayer Pilgrimage, Southern Segregation; MIA
0732
62-101087 and 100-429326
December 1957-July 1967.86pp.
Subjects: Black student sit-down strikes in Montgomery; mass meetings; Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.; MIA; racial demonstrations in Montgomery; FBI report:
"Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Selma, Montgomery,
Mobile)"; alleged Communist infiltration of the MIA.
CHRONOLOGY
Albany, Georgia, 1961-1963
November 1,1961
Charles Sherrod, Cordell Reagon, and others arrive in the
Albany bus station to test local compliance with Interstate
Commerce Commission regulations banning racial segregation
in interstate travel facilities.
November 17,1961
Formation of the Albany Movement.
November 22,1961
Five high-school students arrested while testing facilities in the
Albany bus station.
November 23,1961
Meeting between representatives of SNCC and NAACP to
reconcile their differences.
November 27,1961
Trial and conviction of the five students arrested on
November 22,1961.
Mass student march protesting segregation.
December 10,1961
Integrated group of eleven volunteers arrested after testing
segregated facilities in the Albany railway station.
December 12,1961
Mass arrest of 267 black students and adults who marched
on Albany City Hall.
December 13,1961
Mass arrest of eighty marchers led by Slater King.
December 14,1961
Formation of a biracial negotiating committee.
Beating of Charles Sherrod in the Terrell County Jail.
Mass rally of over 2,000 movement supporters at Shiloh Baptist
Church.
December 15,1961
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., addresses mass rally at Shiloh
Baptist Church.
December 16,1961
Mass arrest of 250 marchers led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
December 18,1961
Tentative settlement reached between representatives of the city
and the Albany Movement, calling for (1 ) release from jail
without bond of all local citizens held in custody for civil rightsrelated violations of the law and (2) a thirty-day moratorium on
civil rights demonstrations.
December 1961
Albany Movement's boycott of city stores resumes.
January 1962
Boycott of Albany's major stores expands to include boycott of
city bus line.
January 23,1962
Albany Movement's leaders rebuffed before Albany City
Commission.
January 26,1962
Cities Transit president informs Albany City Commission
that bus boycott will force the company to suspend operations
on January 31,1962.
January 31,1962
Albany City Commission refuses to allow Cities Transit to
desegregate its bus service.
Bus service comes to an end.
February 2,1962
Movement leaders announce that boycott of city stores will be
expanded.
February 19,1962
Bus service on largely white routes resumes.
February 27,1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy stand trial for
their December 16,1961, arrest; verdict postponed for sixty days.
Marche, 1962
Bus service again terminated.
March 10,1962
Movement leaders announce that "vigilante committees" will
identify blacks shopping in boycotted stores.
April 1962
Series of sit-in protests and subsequent arrests.
April 16,1962
Albany Movement leaders present a new set of demands to
Police Chief Pritchett.
May-June 1962
No progress made on unresolved movement demands for
establishment of a biracial committee or resolution of charges
pending against protesters from the December demonstrations.
July 10,1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy convicted of
charges arising from their December 16,1961, arrests and
sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 finé; they choose
imprisonment.
July 12,1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy released from
jail against their will after their fines are paid by Police Chief
Pritchett.
July 16,1962
"Albany Manifesto" issued by the movement requesting face-toface discussions with Albany City Commission.
City commission refuses request for face-to-face meeting.
July 18,1962
Renewed sit-ins organized by SCLC and SNCC.
July 21,1962
TRO issued against movement activists barring their
participation in any mass demonstrations in Albany.
July 23,1962
Slater King's wife, Marion, beaten at the Mitchell County Jail.
July 24,1962
Judge Elbert P. Tuttle dissolves TRO of July 21,1962.
Movement files two suits challenging Albany's segregated city
facilities and its policy of arresting peaceful protesters.
Mass arrest of forty marchers leads to violent protests from
onlookers.
July 27,1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and others arrested
outside city hall and jailed.
July 29,1962
Albany Movement president William Anderson appears on "Meet
the Press.",
August 1,1962
President John Kennedy criticizes Albany for its intransigence in
negotiating with the black leadership.
Augusts, 1962
Justice Department files an amicus curiae brief opposing
Albany's renewed effort to win an injunction against the
movement and supporting the two suits filed by the movement
on July 24,1962.
August 10,1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy tried and
convicted for their July 27,1962, arrest, given a suspended
sentence, and released from jail.
August 11,1962
City library and park facilities closed to promote "public safety."
August 13,1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Dr. William Anderson announce
the movement's intention to strengthen its boycott of white
businesses.
August 16,1962
Dr. William Anderson calls a halt to further protests and
announces that the movement plans to turn its attention to voter
registration.
August 27,1962
Two groups of white ministers from Chicago and New York
arrive in Albany.
August 28,1962
Seventy-five visiting preachers arrested after conducting a
prayer vigil at city hall.
August 1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s cable to President John Kennedy
requesting that the administration mediate the conflict in Albany
goes unheeded.
September 1962
Torching of two black churches in rural Albany by white
arsonists.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., publicly criticizes President John
Kennedy.
Voter registration drive in Albany.
November 1962
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted as stating that FBI agents in
Albany sided with segregationists.
February 1963
Two movement appeals for establishment of a biracial
committee rejected by city officials.
March 1963
City commission repeals Albany's segregation ordinances.
May 1963
Renewed picketing of downtown stores.
June 1963
New wave of Albany protests results in more than 100 arrests.
August 1963
Federal jury acquits Baker County sheriff L. Warren Johnson of
shooting black prisoner Charles Ware.
August 9,1963
Justice Department announces federal criminal indictments
of nine Albany activists on charges of perjury and conspiracy to
injure a juror.
10
REEL INDEX
Albany, Georgia
Reel 2 cont.
Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany)
0818
157-6-2-212-157-6-2-230
December 1961.29pp.
Subjects: Mass arrests of blacks marching on Albany City Hall; the Albany
Movement; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the testing of segregated facilities
at Union Railway Station, Albany, by civil rights activists; arrest and
beating of Charles Sherrod, field secretary for SNCC; Freedom Riders;
Albany mayor Asa Kelly; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall;
conference between Albany Movement representatives and city
commissioners; investigation into the arrest and detention of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., in Albany; Governor Nelson Rockefeller.
0847
157-6-2-231-157-6-2-350
December 1961-April 1962.111 pp.
Subjects: FBI summary of racial events in Albany; terms of the agreement reached
between Albany officials and representatives of the Albany Movement;
dissension between SNCC and the Albany Movement; boycott of Albany
merchants; bus boycott; refusal of the Albany City Commission to allow
Cities Transit to integrate its bus operations; Albany City Commission's
reply to the Albany Movement's demands; negotiations between the
Albany Movement and the Albany City Commission; evidence heard in
the trial of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; picketing of downtown stores;
numerous arrests arising out of attempts to integrate downtown lunch
counters.
0958
157-6-2-365-157-6-2-482
April 1962-July 1962.142pp.
Subjects: Demonstration protesting the death of Walter Harris; arrests of picketers;
factionalism within the Albany Movement; conviction and incarceration of
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass meeting of the Albany Movement;
Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach; TRO enjoining the
sponsoring or encouraging of unlawful picketing and congregation;
request by Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall that the FBI
conduct an investigation relative to possible prosecutions for contempt of
the aforementioned order; criticism of the federal government by
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass demonstration in defiance of court
order.
11
Reels
Albany, Georgia, cont.
Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany) cont.
0001
157-6-2-486-157-6-2-556
July 1962.189pp.
Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass meetings; beating of Mrs. Slater King by
officials at the Mitchell County Jail; restraining order against integration
groups vacated by U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals; SNCC; James Forman;
suit in federal court requesting immediate desegregation of public
facilities in Albany; mass demonstrations and arrests; arrest of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.; violent meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church; Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.'s call for full economic boycott of Albany merchants.
0190
157-6-2-558-157-6-2-645
July 1962-August 1962.194pp.
Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Congressman William Fitts Ryan; James
Forman; SNCC; Freedom Riders; arrests of blacks on steps of Carnegie
Library; nationwide prayer vigils protesting mass jailings of blacks in
Albany; appearance of Dr. William G. Anderson, president of the Albany
Movement, on "Meet the Press"; SNCC-led sit-ins; filing by Justice
Department of amicus curiae brief on behalf of the Albany Movement;
attempt to integrate all-white churches in Albany.
0384
157-6-2-646-157-6-2-695
July 1962-August 1962.196pp.
Subjects: Arrests of blacks at the Carnegie Library and at Albany City Hall; Charles
Sherrod, field secretary for SNCC; request by officials of the Albany
Movement for meeting with the Albany City Commission; attempts to
integrate all-white churches in Albany; Justice Department investigation
into possible violation of TRO by members of the Albany Movement;
numerous depositions relating to the aforementioned investigation.
0580
157-6-2-69&-157-6-2-740
August 1962.92pp.
Subjects: Discussions of picketing, boycotts, and school integration; meeting
between the Albany City Commission and officials of the Albany
Movement; appearance of Dr. William G. Anderson of the Albany
Movement on "Meet the Press"; Wyatt Walker's criticisms of the Albany
Movement; attendance of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and approximately
100 northern ministers at meeting of the Albany Movement.
0672
157-6-2-741-157-6-2-865
August 1962-September 1962.206pp.
Subjects: FBI summary of racial situation in Albany; hearing on civil actions filed by
Albany Movement against Albany city officials; efforts to integrate Albany
high schools; refusal of petition by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to
President Kennedy to mediate the situation in Albany; scheduled arrival
of forty-two Chicago clergymen in Albany; fast conducted by ministers in
Albany county and city jails; Jackie Robinson; burning of Mount Olive
Baptist Church and Mount Mary Baptist Church in Terrell County,
Georgia; voter registration meetings.
12
0878
157-6-2-866-157-6-2-946
September 1962-December 1962.166pp.
Subjects: Mass meetings of Albany Movement; encouragement given Albany
Movement by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to step up boycott of local
merchants; arrest of seven picketers; criticisms of the FBI by Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., and others; picketing activities.
Reel 4
Albany, Georgia, cont.
Racial Matters, Georgia (Albany) cont.
0001
157-6-2-950-157-6-2-1050
January 1963-May 1963.118pp.
Subjects: FBI attempts to contact Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in order to discuss his
criticisms of the bureau; FBI memo characterizing Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr., as a "vicious liar,... amply demonstrated in the fact that he
constantly associates with and takes instruction from Stanley Levison,
who is a hidden member of the Communist Party in New York"; criticism
of the FBI by Sumter County, Georgia, grand jury; picketing activities;
attempts to integrate restaurants, courtrooms, and libraries; summaries of
meetings of the Albany Movement.
0119
157-6-2-1051-157-6-2-1207
May Í963-July 1963.154pp.
Subjects: Charles Sherrod; SNCC; meetings of the Albany Movement; sale of
public swimming pool to private purchaser in order to circumvent
integration order; picketing activities; desegregation demonstrations
leading to arrest of over twenty protesters; attempts to integrate
churches.
0273
157-6-2-1210-157-6-2-1353
July 1963-August 1963.107pp.
Subjects: Demonstrations at private swimming pool recently purchased from
Albany; arrest of Slater King; Albany Movement's demands to the Albany
City Commission.
0380
157-6-2-1355-157-6-2-1434
August 1963-November 1963.29pp.
Subjects: Meetings of the Albany Movement; criticism of the federal government by
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; summary of the Albany protests by Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.
0409
157-6-2-1435-157-6-2-1550
November 1963-February 1964.30pp.
Subject: Meetings of the Albany Movement.
0439
157-6-2-1552-157-6-2-1638
February 1964-July 1964.22pp.
Subjects: Killing of a fifteen-year-old black male by an Albany police officer;
meetings of the Albany Movement.
0461
157-6-2-1656-157-6-2-1731
July 1964-September 1964.77pp.
Subjects: Citation of satisfactory progress in racial relations between black and
- white communities in Albany; favorable compliance with provisions of the
civil rights bill; FBI summary of general racial conditions in Albany.
13
FBI Headquarters, Albany
0538
157-492-X1-157-492-13
December 1961-August 1962.46pp.
Subjects: 'Truce" between black leaders and city officials of Albany; arrests
resulting from testing of segregated facilities at Trailways bus terminal,
Albany, by civil rights activists; Trailways' policy concerning use by blacks
of restaurants in the Albany bus terminal; Assistant Attorney General
Burke Marshall.
0584
157-4-2-121-157-4-2-184
January 1962-September 1963.90pp.
Subjects: Demands of the Albany Movement submitted to the Albany City
Commission; boycott of the local bus company and downtown merchants;
attempts to integrate lunch counters in Albany; arrests during
demonstration protesting the death of Walter Harris; arrests resulting
from the testing of Trailways bus terminal, Albany, by civil rights activists;
mass arrests of blacks who were led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; trial
and conviction of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on a charge of parading
without a license; attempts to integrate Albany high schools; filing by the
Department of Justice of amicus curiae brief supporting conviction of
members of the Albany Movement; attempts to integrate Albany
churches; SNCC.
0674
157-4-2-187-157-4-2-204
September 1963-May 1964.38pp. [Frame 0709 omitted/p.1 of 157-4-2-204.]
Subjects: School desegregation order; criticism by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., of the
federal government for its prosecution of Albany Movement leaders;
Committee for Non-Violent Action.
0712
157-4-2-A
September 1962. 5pp.
Subject: Attempts to integrate Albany high schools.
14
CHRONOLOGY
St. Augustine, Florida, 1963-1964
March 1963
NAACP leaders write to Vice President Lyndon Johnson
complaining of widespread segregation in St. Augustine and
asking him to cancel his visit to the city to dedicate a historical
Spanish landmark.
May 1963
Black activists write to President John Kennedy asking that he
oppose a federal grant.of $350,000 for St. Augustine's
quadricentennial observance.
June 1963
Further attempts to block federal funding for the celebration of
St. Augustine's quadricentennial. Black leader Robert B. Hayling
states that "I and others of the NAACP have armed ourselves,
and we will shoot first and ask questions later."
June 25,1963
Demonstrations, picketing, and sit-ins commence.
July 2,1963
White teen-agers fire birdshot into a group of blacks gathered
outside Robert Hayling's home.
July 18,1963
Sit-in at a iocal pharmacy results in the arrest of sixteen young
blacks.
July 24,1963
Violent clash between police and approximately 100 blacks
protesting the continued detention of juveniles arrested on
July 18,1963.
July-September 1963
Daily demonstrations conducted against various restaurants and
public facilities.
August 16,1963
Hearings conducted in St. Augustine by the Florida Advisory
Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
September 1963
Massive voter registration drive conducted.
September 18,1963
Hayling and three associates badly beaten while trying to
observe a KKK rally on outskirts of St. Augustine.
Labor Day, 1963
NAACP leaders and supporters beaten by police during Labor
Day rally.
15
October 24,1963
Armed white nightrider shot and killed as he and several
companions drive through a black residential neighborhood.
October 1963
State highway patrolmen assigned to St. Augustine by Florida
governor C. Farris Bryant to maintain order.
November 14,1963
U.S. District Court Judge Willliam McRae dismisses NAACP suit
to enjoin St. Augustine authorities from arresting civil rights
demonstrators.
December 1963
Special grand jury impaneled to study the racial situation in
St. Augustine issues a report blaming the racial crisis on local
NAACP leaders Dr. Hayling and the Reverend Goldie Èubanks.
March 23,1964
SCLC northern supporters begin arriving in St. Augustine.
March 28-30,1964
Mass sit-ins and arrests.
March 31,1964
Mass arrests of black students who marched on the segregated
Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge.
Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, mother of Massachusetts governor, and
interracial group of seven colleagues arrested while attempting
to patronize the Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge.
Mass meeting ratifies eleven comprehensive demands put
forward by the St. Augustine SCLC chapter.
May 3,1964
Planning session between SCLC representatives and fifty black
St. Augustine citizens.
May 18,1964
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., makes his first visit to St. Augustine.
May 26,1964
Mass rally at site of historic downtown slave market.
May 28,1964
Group of 200 marchers confronted by 250 hostile whites, who
then attack newsmen covering the protest.
Rifle shots rip through cottage rented by SCLC for Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.
May 29,1964
Local law officers turn back a night march and implement a
policy against such marches.
May 30,1964
Large KKK rally held on outskirts of St. Augustine.
Junel, 1964
Federal Judge Simpson hears movement's complaints against
Sheriff Davis, city police chief Virgil Stuart, and Mayor Shelley.
June3,1964
Night marches suspended until Judge Simpson's ruling is
handed down.
June 9,1964
Judge Simpson's order upholds movement's complaint that local
officials infringed on protesters' rights by preventing their night
marches.
June 10,1964
Group of 400 marchers attacked by mob of rioting whites.
16
June 11,1964
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and nine colleagues arrested and
jailed for refusing to leave the segregated Monson Motor Lodge
after being denied service.
June 14,1964
Attempts to desegregate religious services at several white
churches result in over three dozen arrests.
June 18,1964
"Swim-in" at outdoor pool of Monson Motor Lodge.
Special grand jury report issued claiming that St. Augustine
possesses "a solid background of harmonious race relations"
and requesting that King and SCLC "remove their influences
from this community for a period of 30 days."
June 19,1964
"Wade-in" at segregated beach.
Continued night marches.
June 20,1964
Governor Bryant issues an executive order banning night
protests.
June 22,1964
Whites attack blacks attempting to use public beaches.
June 24,1964
Racist orators J.B.Stener and Connie Lynch address KKK rally
at slave market, after which white crowd attacks movement
marchers and highway patrolmen.
June 29,1964
Charges filed against Hayling, King, and others for contributing to
the delinquency of minors by recruiting them for demonstrations.
Governor Bryant announces the formation of a fictitious biracial
committee to mediate the situation.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., suspends demonstrations for two
weeks.
June 30,1964
Eighty St. Augustine businessmen meet privately and vote to
abide by the newly passed Civil Rights Act of 1964.
July 1964
White businessmen begin to desegregate their establishments.
July 9,1964
Klansmen begin picketing businesses that accept black
customers.
August 5,1964
Judge Simpson issues comprehensive order barring KKK from
discouraging desegregated service in business establishments.
17
REEL INDEX
St. Augustine, Florida
Reel 4 cont.
Racial Situation, St. Augustine, Florida
0717
157-6-63-438-157-6-63-843
June 1963-September 1963. 288pp.
Subjects: Scheduled June 20 meeting between the NAACP and the St. Augustine
City Commission; remarks by Dr. Robert B. Hayling; picketing activities;
shooting incident at residence of Dr. Robert B. Hayling; June 28 meeting
between the NAACP and the St. Augustine City Commission; arrests of
picketers and sit-in protesters; demonstrations protesting incarceration of
juveniles; meeting of the Florida Advisory Committee to the Commission
on Civil Rights.
Reels
St. Augustine, Florida, cont.
Racial Situation, St. Augustine, Florida, cont.
0001
157-6-63-844-157-6-63-1285
September 1963-April 1964.229pp.
Subjects: NAACP picketing of drugstore lunch counters; assault on blacks during a
KKK rally; shooting death of Klansman William D. Kinard; racial violence;
SCLC protest plans; arrest of Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, mother of governor
of Massachusetts; mass arrests of protesters.
0230
157-6-63-1290-157-6-63-1586
April 1964-December 1964.431pp.
Subjects: SCLC-sponsored demonstrations and picketing; KKK; night marches;
Sheriff L.O. Davis's ties to the KKK; arrival of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
in St. Augustine; submission of SCLC demands to St. Augustine; attacks
on civil rights marchers; arrest of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; attempts to
integrate churches in St. Augustine; "wade-ins"; KKK rallies; appointment
of a biracial committee for St. Augustine; announcement by SCLC of a
two-week "truce."
0661
Unserialized
April 1964^July 1964.101pp.
Subjects: Mass arrest of juveniles; "wade-ins," marches, and interracial violence;
mass meetings of segregationists; sit-ins and picketing of downtown
stores; racial violence.
18
0762
157-6-63-1748-157-6-63-2311 and Unserialized
February 1966-September 1976.237pp.
Subjects: SCLC-led picketing; FBI reports: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban
Areas (Florida)"; picketing of Jacksonville Police Department by SCLC;
H. Rap Brown.
19
CHRONOLOGY
Selma, Alabama, 1965
January 2,1965
Mass meeting in Selma initiates SCLC's Alabama voting rights
campaign.
January 18,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and John Lewis lead 400 black
citizens to county courthouse in Selma to try to register to vote.
January 19,1965
Sheriff James Clark forcibly arrests Mrs. Amelia Boynton at
county courthouse; sixty additional marchers arrested.
January 20,1965
Approximately 150 additional demonstrators arrested at
county courthouse.
January 22,1965
Over 100 black Selma teachers march to county courthouse to
protest the unfair registration system.
January 23,1965
U.S. District Judge Daniel H. Thomas issues a TRO barring
Selma and Dallas County officials from hindering voter
registration applicants.
February 1,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and 260 marchers arrested in Selma.
Seven hundred marchers arrested by Sheriff Clark outside
county courthouse.
Februarys, 1965
Third straight day of mass marches sees more than 300
protesters arrested.
February 4,1965
Judge Thomas issues a wide-ranging order mandating voter
registration reforms in Selma.
President Johnson endorses SCLC's efforts in Selma.
Februarys, 1965
Five hundred marchers arrested at county courthouse by
Sheriff Clark.
Fifteen supportive congressmen arrive in Selma.
February 9,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., meets with President Johnson to
discuss voting rights.
February 10,1965
Sheriff Clark and his men use nightsticks and cattle prods to
drive a group of 165 protesters into the countryside on a forced
march.
21
February 13,1965
Meeting held between leaders of Selma's white and black
communities.
February 16,1965
C.T. Vivian assaulted and arrested on the steps of county
courthouse.
February 18,1965
Alabama state troopers attack demonstrators and national
newsmen near Perry County Courthouse; Jimmie Lee
Jackson shot by state trooper.
March3,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., preaches at memorial service for
Jimmie Lee Jackson.
March?, 1965
"Bloody Sunday"•Alabama state troopers attack a group of civil
rights marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.
March 9,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., leads a column of 2,000 marchers
across the Edmund Pettus Bridge but turns back in the face of a
blockade of state troopers and posse members,
The Reverend James Reeb attacked by a band of whites and
suffers fatal blow to the head.
March 11,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., testifies at hearing held by Federal
Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., on SCLC's petition for an
unobstructed march to Montgomery.
March 15,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., preaches at memorial service for
the late Reverend James Reeb.
President Johnson delivers his voting rights address to a
nationally televised joint session of Congress.
March 16,1965
Montgomery sheriff's deputies brutally attack a group of SNCC
protesters near the Alabama state capítol.
March 17,1965
Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., approves SCLC's proposal for a
march from Selma to Montgomery.
March 20,1965
President Lyndon Johnson signs an executive order placing
1,800 Alabama guardsmen in federal service and names Deputy
Attorney General Ramsey Clark to coordinate the march.
March 21,1965
More than 3,000 participants set out on the march from Selma to
Montgomery.
March 25,1965
The marchers reach Montgomery and hold a mass rally at the
Alabama state capítol.
Viola Gregg Liuzzo is shot and killed by a carload of Klan
nightriders.
March 28,1965
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., announces SCLC's Alabama boycott.
22
REEL INDEX
Selma, Alabama
Reel 6
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama
0001
157-6-61-1-157-6-61-70
April 1960-November 1961.233pp.
Subjects: Negro student sit-down strikes, Montgomery, Alabama; Clifford J. Durr;
attempt by Professor Richard Nesmith and others to integrate lunch
counters; Allard Lowenstein; the Reverend Edwin King and Elroy Embry;
Ralph Abernathy and Jackie Robinson; Institute on Non-Violence and
Social Change; racial incident in Greyhound bus terminal, Montgomery;
informant coverage in pertinent areas; suit to ban segregation of various
facilities of Mobile airport; FBI reports on general racial condKions in
Alabama.
0234
157-6-61-71-157-6-61-128
December 1961-September 1962.193pp.
Subjects: Campaign to block construction of the Houston Hill federal housing
project in Montgomery; the beating of the Reverend Robert Faga, white
pastor of all-Negro Grace Lutheran Mission, by white youths in
Montgomery; sit-in at Montgomery city library; Easter weekend boycott of
clothing stores; attempts to desegregate lunch counters by means of sitdown strikes in downtown Montgomery; burning of KKK cross before
entrance of offices of Montgomery City Lines; decree enjoining
segregation of Montgomery city library; FBI reports on general racial
conditions in Alabama.
0427
157-6-61-129-157-6-61-228
September 1962-July 1963,291 pp.
Subjects: Attempts to integrate Montgomery city library; sit-ins in downtown
Montgomery; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the "People-to-People
Crusade" for voter registration and sit-in demonstrations throughout
Alabama; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall; annual meeting of
Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change; Ralph Abernathy; Wyatt
Walker; Tuskegee Institute annual report: "Race Relations in the South";
James Forman, executive secretary, SNCC; voter registration rally at
Tabernacle Baptist Church, Selma, which was surrounded by fifty to sixty
cars carrying armed white men; organization of voter registration drive in
Selma; mass Negro voter registration rally, June 17,1963, in Selma
and subsequent meetings.
23
0718
157-6-61 -229-157-6-61 -346
July 1963-September 1963. 293pp.
Subjects: Mass meetings for voter registration in Selma; efforts to organize a SNCC
chapter in Montgomery; John Lewis; Dallas County Improvement
Association; Sheriff James Clark; Negro youth rallies in Selma; mass
arrests of Negro youths in Selma; surrounding of mass meetings of
Negroes by local and state police and Dallas County posse members;
review of FBI informants in Alabama; youth sit-ins; demonstrations by
Negro youths at R.B. Hudson High School.
Reel?
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont.
0001
0137
157-6-61-347-157-6-61-397
September 1963-October 1963.136pp.
Subjects: Ruben Clark and John McKee Pratt fact-finding mission; mass arrests of
blacks in Selma; youth rallies; James Forman; SNCC; Dick and Lillian
Gregory; attempts to integrate Selma churches; attempts by blacks to
register to vote at Dallas County Courthouse; picketing of federal
buildings in Selma; Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall; James
Baldwin; police brutality in voter registration line•the Carver Gene
Neblett and Alvery Lee Williams incident.
157-6-61-398-157-6-61-430
October 1963.144pp.
Subjects: Coverage of press conference at Sixth Avenue Baptist Church,
0281
0584
Birmingham; requests for federal marshals to oversee voter registration
procedures; mass rallies; Dick Gregory; James Forman; voter registration
activities; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Carver Gene Neblett and Alvery
Lee Williams incident.
157-6-61-431-157-6-61-539
October 1963-January 1964.303pp.
Subjects: Voter registration in Selma; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; incident at habeas
corpus hearing involving SNCC leaders; daily surveillance of Dallas
County Board of Registration; incident involving the loan of a car to
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., by a Justice Department attorney; attempt to
subpoena Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall and other Justice
Department officials to appear, before a state investigatory grand jury in
Selma to be questioned regarding the department's knowledge of the
racial situation in Alabama and of any Communist activity in connection
with the racial situation; Judge James A. Hare; Selma grand jury probe
into the conduct of the Justice Department in Selma; MIA.
157-6-61-540-157-6-61-634
January 1964^June 1964.262pp.
Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s designation of Alabama as a primary target
of SCLC activity for 1964; Tuskegee Institute report: "Race Relations in
the South•1963"; SCLC, SNCC, and SCEF activities in Montgomery;
voter registration workshops and meetings in Selma; SCLC meeting at
Bethel Baptist Church, Montgomery, outlining future Birmingham
campaign; SCLC-led sit-ins at lunch counters and nonviolent street rallies
in Montgomery; cross burning at Brown's Chapel AME Church, Selma;
FBI report on general racial conditions in Alabama.
24
0846
157-6-61-635-157-6-61-665
June 1964^July 1964.164pp.
Subjects: Cross burning at Brown's Chapel AME Church, Selma; voter
registration workshops in Selma; attempts to integrate Selma movie
theaters; voter registration at Dallas County Courthouse; July 5 riot in
Selma.
Reel 8
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont.
0001
157-6-61-666-157-6-61-712
July 1964-October 1964.164pp.
Subjects: Clifford and Virginia Durr; desegregation activities in Mobile; FBI report:
"Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery,
Selma)"; FBI reports on general racial conditions in Alabama.
0165
157-6-61-713-157-6-61-776
October 1964-February 1965.143pp.
Subjects: Assault on black youths who attended a white Catholic church in Selma;
protest march on state capitol in Montgomery; MIA's efforts at voter
registration; development of FBI racial informants; selection of Selma
by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC as site of renewed civil rights
activity; NAACP; SCLC voter registration campaign, in rural "black belt"
Alabama counties; assault on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Selma;
visit of U.S. congressmen to Selma; FBI reports on general racial
conditions in Alabama.
0308
157-6-61-777-157-6-61-842
February 1965-April 1965.183pp.
Subjects: Nationwide demonstrations protesting actions by state and local
authorities in Selma; murder of the Reverend James Reeb; voter
registration activities in Selma; murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson; "Bloody
Sunday"•attack on blacks marching from Selma to Montgomery;
demonstration at Alabama state capitol protesting death of civil rights
workers; SCLC sponsorship of nationwide boycott of Alabama products;
FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile,
Montgomery, Selma)."
0491
157-6-61-843^157-6-61-892
April 1965-May 1965.149pp.
Subjects: USIA report: "World Press Reaction to Selma"; picketing of Montgomery
churches by SCLC; SNCC:led demonstrations at Alabama State College
for Negroes, Montgomery; antipicketing laws, Montgomery; FBI reports
on general racial conditions in Alabama.
0640
157-6-61-893-157-6-61-944
May 1965-July 1965.126pp.
Subjects: Picketing at Selma University campus; boycott of local merchants in
Selma; Mobile County movement rally; press tour of Selma; FBI reports
on general racial conditions in Alabama.
25
0766
157-6-61-945-157-6-61-1025
July 1965-August 1965. 211 pp.
Subjects: Assault on integrated group of Tuskegee Institute Advancement League
members testing segregated policies at the all-white First Methodist
Church, Tuskegee; demonstrations at Tuskegee Methodist Church; voter
registration protests and mass arrests in Greensboro; picketing activities
in Greensboro.
Reel 9
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont.
0001
157-6-61-1026-157-6-61-1090
0194.
0387
0633
0898
August 1965-November 1965.193pp.
Subjects: Picketing activities by SNCC at Fort Deposit; demonstration by Auburn
Freedom League at Orange Bowl Cafe, Auburn; attempts to integrate
grand and petit juries, Lowndes County; protest marches on Tuskegee
Methodist Church; protest and riot at T.U. McCoo High School, Eufaula;
desegregation of hospital facilities and state trade school, Mobile;
strategy meeting by SCLC and SNCC regarding demonstrations at Selma
and Haynesville calling for federal legislation to protect civil rights
workers; employment-related demonstrations in Mobile.
Í57-6-61-1091-157-6-61-1174
November 1965-December 1965.193pp.
Subjects: SCLC-led demonstrations in Selma, Greenville, and Haynesville calling
for federal legislation to protect civil rights workers, as well as for equal
rights and justice for blacks; demonstration at Luverne protesting firing of
black schoolteacher; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
157-6-61-1175-157-6-61-1260
December 1965-February 1966.246pp.
Subjects: Démonstrations at Luverne protesting firing of black schoolteacher;
Tuskegee demonstrations protesting murder of black civil rights worker
Samuel Younge; SNCC; demonstrations and picketing in Eufaula in
support of blacks' demands for employment and other rights; riot in
Tuskegee; Tuskegee Institute Advancement League; march on Helicon
School, Helicon, protesting the moral character of the school principal.
157-6-61-1261-157-6-61-1318
February 1966-May 1966.265pp.
Subjects: Marches on Helicon School, Helicon, protesting the moral character of
the school principal; demonstrations and picketing in Eufaula in support
of blacks' demands for employment and other rights; Conference on
Alabama Justice, held at Tuskegee Institute; picketing by blacks in
Prattville protesting discrimination in employment practices; march in
Thomasville protesting discrimination in public facilities and employment;
first annual Alabama Student Human Relations Conference; Bettina
Aptheker; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas
(Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)."
157-6-61-1319-157-6-61-1354
May 1966-August 1966.109pp.
Subjects: Pickets at V.J. Elmore 5 & 10c Store, Greensboro; march in Thomasville
protesting discrimination in public facilities and employment;
demonstrations in Greensboro protesting lack of surplus food distribution
in Hale County; attempts to integrate churches in Tuskegee.
26
Reel 10
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont.
0001
157-6-61-1355-157-6-61-1400
August 1966-November 1966.128pp.
Subjects: Protest demonstrations for equal job opportunities, Thomasville; SNCC;
Stokely Carmichael; picketing of S.H. Kress and Co., Montgomery.
0129
157-6-61-1401-157-6-61-1463
December 1966-xJune 1967.279pp.
Subjects: Protest in Tuskegee over acquittal of Marvin Lee Segrest, accused of
shooting Samuel Younge; SNCC; protest march by Autauga County
Improvement Association, Prattville, arising from the shooting of Charles
Henry Rasberry; law enforcement relationship in Macon County, resulting
from the election of Lucius D. Amberson as a black sheriff of Macon
County; meeting of Lawyers' Committee for Constitutional Defense,
Selma; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence, Major Urban Areas (Mobile,
Montgomery, Selma)"; protest demonstration in Jackson resulting from
shooting of Johnnie McKenzie.
0408
157-6-61-1464-157-6-61-1518
June 1967-August 1967.181 pp.
Subjects: Racial violence in Prattville; Stokely Carmichael; H. Rap Brown; protest
marches in Montgomery calling for open housing, equal employment, and
an end to police brutality; meeting at headquarters of the MIA,
Montgomery.
0589
157-6-61-1519-157-6-61-1573
September 1967-March 1968.155pp.
Subjects: Proposed march regarding Laura Industries labor-management dispute,
Selma; mass meeting sponsored by the MIA protesting shooting of two
blacksfmass meeting protesting discrimination in housing, employment,
and transportation; SCLC; demonstrations at Tuskegee protesting
unequal justice toward whites and blacks; protests in Tuskegee over
shooting of South Carolina State College students in Orangeburg, South
Carolina.
0744
157-6-61-1574-157-6-61-1609
February 1968-May 1968.158pp.
Subjects: H. Rap Brown; SNCC; incident at Forum on U.S. Foreign Policy,
Tuskegee Institute; mass meeting at Tuskegee Institute calling for protest
march on campus and community; memorial services and marches for
the slain Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; FBI report: "Possible Racial Violence,
Major Urban Areas (Mobile, Montgomery, Selma)"; protest march in
Mobile demanding better housing and job opportunities for blacks.
0902
157-6-61-1610-157-6-61-1658
May 1968-September 1968.180pp.
Subjects: The Poor People's Campaign; selective buying campaign in Prichard;
demonstrations at school desegregation hearing Davis v. Board of School
Commissioners, Mobile County, Alabama.
27
Reel 11
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Racial Situation, Selma, Alabama, cont.
0001
157-6-61-1659-157-6-61-1682
September 1968-December 1968.102pp.
Subjects: Fire bombing incidents, Mobile; SNCC; boycott activity of the Dallas
County Progressive Movement for Human Rights, Selma.
0103
157-6-61-A
May 196(KJuly 1968.114pp.
Subject: News clippings.
Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama
0217
44-12831-1-^4-12831-51
January 1958-April 1961.435pp.
Subjects: Discrimination against potential black voters in Dallas County; long-term
FBI investigation (1958-1961 ) into the illegal denial of the right of blacks
to register to vote because of their race by the Dallas County Board of
Registrars; affidavits from numerous Dallas County blacks detailing their
unsuccessful efforts in registering to vote; Alabama governor John
Patterson; Acting Assistant Attorney General John Doar.
0653
44-12831-52-44-12831-93
April 1961-May 1962. 414pp.
Subjects: U.S. v. Atkins et al. (Dallas County voting discrimination case)•
depositions, affidavits, investigations, and trial preparation; Assistant
Attorney General Burke Marshall.
Reel 12
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont.
0001
44-12831-94-44-12831-142
April 1962^July 1963. 306pp.
Subjects: U.S. v. Atkins et al. (Dallas County voting discrimination case)•
preparation for the trial, interviews, and reports; firing of seventeen black
teachers in the Dallas County school system because they were
witnesses in the aforementioned case; continued intimidation in
registration and voting in Dallas County; Sheriff James Clark.
0307
44-12831-143^4-12831-188
July 1963-September 1964.487pp.
Subjects: Intimidation of the black population by Dallas County officials; further
hearing in U.S. v. Atkins etal.; voter registration activities; interviews with
voter registrants.
0794,
.44-12831-189-44-12831-232
September 1964-January 1965.360pp.
Subjects: Interviews with voter registrants; further FBI investigation regarding U.S.
v. Atkins etal.; plans of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC to
stimulate voter registration activity in Selma.
28
Reel 13
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont.
0001
44-12831-233-44-12831-260
January 1965.68pp.
Subjects: SCLC-led voter registration activities; arrests of blacks on voter
registration lines; George Lincoln Rockwell; assault on Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr.
0069
44-12831-261-44-12831-276
January 1965.199pp.
Subjects: Surveillance of voter registration line, Dallas County Courthouse;
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; SNCC; march of black Dallas County teachers
to the Dallas County Courthouse.
0268
44-12831-277-44-12831-307
January 1965-February 1965.117pp.
Subjects: Voter registration workshops; voter registration activities; arrest of
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; mass arrests of black youths; Malcolm X.
0385
44-12831-308-44-12831-341
February 1965.203pp.
Subjects: Court papers regarding case entitled Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., et al. v.
Wilson Baker et al.; Assistant Attorney General John Doar; mass arrests
of marchers; threats on life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; fact-finding
delegation of sixteen congressmen; NAACP; interviews of arrested
pickets; mass demonstrations.
0588
44-12831-342-^4-12831-435
January 1965-February 1965. 288pp.
Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Dick Gregory; mass meetings regarding voter
registration; incident at county courthouse in Selma between C.T. Vivian
and Sheriff Clark; voter registration activities; mass arrests.
0876
44-12831-436-44-12831-454
February 1965-March 1965.115pp.
Subjects: Andrew Young; SCLC plans to move into northern metropolitan areas;
voter registration activities; plans for march from Selma to Montgomery;
Jimmie Lee Jackson.
Reel 14
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont.
0001
44-12831-455-44-12831-510
February 1965-March 1965.132pp.
Subjects: Memorial services for Jimmie Lee Jackson; plans for march from Selma
to Montgomery; "Bloody Sunday"•attack on marchers by Alabama state
troopers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge; voter registration activities;
SNCC; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s decision to turn back march from
Selma to Montgomery.
29
0133
0279
0529
0659
0812
0938
44-12831-511-44-12831-570
March 1965.146pp.
Subjects: Attempts by SCLC to have labor leaders join Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
in Selma; death of the Reverend James Reeb; NAACP; attempts to
integrate Selma churches.
44-12831-571-44-12831-641
March 1965.250pp.
Subjects: Demonstrations by members of the clergy; decision of Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr., to turn back march from Selma to Montgomery; memorial
services for the Reverend James Reeb; FBI investigation into the brutality
that occurred in connection with the attempted march of black
demonstrators from Selma to Montgomery on March 7.
44-12831-642-44-12831-693
March 1965.130pp.
Subjects: Civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery; Medical Committee for
Human Rights; marches and demonstrations in Selma; voter registration
activities.
44-12831-694^14-12831-750
March 1965-April 1965.153pp.
Subjects: Preparations and planning for civil rights march from Selma to
Montgomery; demonstrations protesting the murder of Mrs. Viola Gregg
Liuzzo.
44-12831-751-44-12831-770
March 1965-April 1965.126pp.
Subject: FBI investigation into the brutality that occurred in connection with the
attempted march of black demonstrators from Selma to Montgomery on
March 7.
44-12831-771^4-12831-792
April 1965. 74pp.
Subjects: Murder of Mrs. Viola Gregg Liuzzo; mass meetings and demonstrations;
summary of civil rights activities in. Dallas, Wilcox, Lowndes, and
Montgomery counties; voter registration activities.
Reel 15
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Election Laws, Selma/Dallas County, Alabama, cont.
0001
44-12831-793-44-12831-863
April 1965-June 1965.180pp.
Subjects: Mass meetings; voter registration activities; NAACP civil suit against
Sheriff James Clark; SNCC and SCLC differences.
0181
44-12831-864^4-12831-917
June 1965-August 1966.177pp.
Subjects: Boycott activities in downtown Selma; mass arrests of picketers; U.S. v.
Dallas County Board of Registrars; voter registration activities.
0358
44-12831-A
November 1959-June 1965.246pp.
Subject: News clippings and related memoranda.
30
Voter Registration, Selma, Alabama
0604
44-25760-1-44-25760-44
June 1964-iJuly 1964.124pp.
Subjects: SNCC; voter registration activities; election laws; mass meetings and
picketing.
0729
44-25760-45-44-25760-81
July 1964-May 1966.189pp.
Subjects: Voter registration activities; election laws; intimidation of prospective
voters; Andrew Young; compliance with Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Selma to Montgomery March, 1965
0918
44-28544-1 ^t4-28544-49
March 1965.83pp.
Subject: Daily reports on the march from Selma to Montgomery.
Reel 16
Selma, Alabama, cont.
Selma to Montgomery March, 1965, cont.
0001
44-28544-50-44-28544-122
March 1965.155pp.
Subjects: Daily reports on the march from Selma to Montgomery; preparations of
civil rights organizations and law enforcement agencies concerning the
march; SNCC-SCLC negotiations concerning the march; KKK; reports on
groups taking part in the march; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Governor
George Wallace.
0156
44-28544-123^4-28544-190
March 1965.157pp.
Subjects: Daily reports on the march from Selma to Montgomery; preparations of
civil rights organizations and law enforcement agencies concerning the
march; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; SNCC-SCLC tensions.
0313
44-28544-191-44-28544-289
March 1965. 206pp.
Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; Andrew Young; preparations of civil
rights organizations and law enforcement agencies concerning the
march; court order from Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., allowing the march
to proceed; FBI security measures; travel of students and other
participants to Selma to take part in civil rights demonstrations; SNCCSCLC tensions.
0519
44-28544-290-44-28544-349
March 1965.199pp.
Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; civil action brought against Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., and SCLC by Selma and the Selma Bus Lines;
preparations for the final stages of the march; court order from Judge
Frank M. Johnson, Jr., allowing the march to proceed.
0718
44-28544-350^4-28544-380
March 1965-April 1965.195pp.
Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; voter registration activities in Selma;
FBI chronology of the march; Congressman William L. Dickinson of
Alabama.
31
0913
0982 ,
44-28544-A
March 1965-April 1965. 69pp.
Subject: News clippings on the march from Selma to Montgomery.
44-28544-380-X-44-28544-385
March 1965-April 1965. 24pp.
Subjects: March from Selma to Montgomery; Congressman William L. Dickinson of
Alabama.
32
CHRONOLOGY
Memphis, Tennessee, 1968
January 30,1968
Owing to heavy rains that made work in sewers impossible,
sewer and drain workers are sent home; twenty-one black
workers receive only two hours "show-up" pay, while their white
co-workers are paid for a full day.
February 1,1968
Two black sanitation workers crushed to death on the job.
February 11,1968
Strike meeting held by members of Local 1733 of AFSCME.
February 12,1968
Memphis sanitation workers' strike begins.
February 15,1968
Memphis mayor Henry Loeb denounces strikers for "flaunting
the law" and declares that city will not negotiate until they return
to work.
February 16,1968
FBI Memphis field office alerts J. Edgar Hoover that, because of
NAACP support of striking sanitation workers, strike should be
characterized as a racial matter with potential implications for
national security.
February 23,1968
Injunction issued against the strike.
Strike support march through downtown Memphis results in
violence as police mace, club, and gas protesters.
February 24,1968
Formation of COME under the leadership of the Reverends H.
Ralph Jackson and James M. Lawson, Jr.
February-March 1968
Announcement of the economic boycott of downtown stores and
of the city's two Scripps-Howard newspapers.
Daily marches and evening rallies held.
March 14,1968
Roy Wilkins and Bayard Rustin address rally of 9,000 strike
supporters at the Mason Temple.
March 18,1968
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., addresses rally of 9,000 strike
supporters at the Mason Temple, calling for a one-day general
work stoppage.
March 26,1968
Settlement talks among union, COME, and city officials fall
through.
33
March 28,1968
Strike support protest march leads to rioting and looting.
FBI executives order that special efforts be made to develop full
information on King's involvement in the riot-torn march.
March 29,1968
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., meets with leaders of The Invaders,
whose members were rumored to have instigated the March 28
riot.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., announces a second major strike
support march in Memphis.
March 31,1968
SCLC representatives Hosea Williams, James Bevel, and Jesse
Jackson arrive in Memphis to organize the second march.
Aprils, 1968
U.S. District Judge Bailey Brown signs TRO barring any mass
protests within the next ten days.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., addresses mass meeting at the
Mason Temple.
April 4,1968
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated.
Aprils, 1968
President Johnson dispatches Undersecretary of Labor
James J. Reynolds to Memphis to mediate strike.
April 6,1968
Mayor Loeb and union representatives agree on the final terms
of a strike settlement.
Union membership votes unanimously to accept the proposed
settlement and end the sixty-five-day strike.
34
REEL INDEX
Memphis, Tennessee
Reel 17
FBI Memphis Field Office File, Memphis Sanitation Strike
0001
0206
157-1092-1-157-1092-59
February 1968-March 1968.205pp.
Subjects: History of sanitation workers' strike; NAACP's support of striking
sanitation workers; FBI decision to monitor strike for black nationalist
infiltration; AFL-CIO; NAACP plans for picketing and boycotts;
Febmary 23 protest march through downtown Memphis resulting in first
strike-related violence; Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; picketing of
downtown stores; injunction against officials of Local 1733 of AFSCME
aimed at preventing strike activity; negotiations between AFSCME and
Memphis; background report on W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America;
meetings and marches in support of the strike; John Burrell Smith's
speech at the Clayborn Temple; February 27 presentation of union
demands to city council for settlement of sanitation strike; report alleging
that members of the BOP were brought into the strike in order to keep
BOP under control; the leading roles of the Memphis Ministerial Alliance
and COME in strike support; Memphis mayor Henry Loeb's position
vis-à-vis the sanitation workers' strike; relations among the NAACP,
Memphis Ministerial Alliance, and the Unity League; March 1 policy
meeting attended by strike leaders; invitation from the Reverend
James M. Lawson, Jr., for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to come to
Memphis; arrest of 116 strikers in sit-in at the city council chamber,
March 6.
157-1092-60-157-1092-139
March 1968.270pp.
Subjects: Rally by black students in support of sanitation strike; BOP; summary of
police misconduct during the strike; COME; The Invaders; arrest of BOP
members for throwing themselves in front of Memphis sanitation trucks;
FBI report detailing an increase in racial tension in Memphis; friction
within the strike support leadership; arrival of Roy Wilkins and Bayard
Rustin in Memphis in support of striking sanitation workers; itinerary of
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., calling
for escalation of, and support for, the sanitation workers' strike; picketing
of downtown stores and rallies in support of striking sanitation workers;
mediation session regarding sanitation workers' strike; the Liberal Club at
Memphis State University; James Bevel; the Poor People's March;
planning of massive sympathy march for striking sanitation workers; FBI
background report on Islam.
35
0476
0647
0895
157-1092-140-157-1092-205
March 1968-April 1968.171pp.
Subjects: Planning of massive sympathy march for striking sanitation workers;
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Dr. Ralph Abernathy; SCLC; COME; strike
mediation talks; window-breaking and looting during strike support march
of March 28; aftermath of rioting; FBI summary of mass action in
connection with sanitation workers' strike; activities of Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr., immediately following the rioting of March 28; FBI investigation
into Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s conduct in relation to the riot of
March 28; FBI accusation that, during the riot of March 28, Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., "made no effort to quiet mob and his only concern was to
run and protect himself"; plans of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to return to
Memphis and lead mass march in early April.
157-1092-206-157-1092-290
April 1968. 248pp.
Subjects: Aftermath of March 28 riot; black community sentiment regarding the
death of Larry Payne, a youth killed by police during the riot; arrival
in Memphis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s aides in preparation of
scheduled April 8 mass march; Jesse Jackson; BOP; FBI background
report on the SCEF; arrival in Memphis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.;
TRO issued against Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and aides enjoining them
from leading or conducting scheduled Memphis mass march; strategy
meeting held by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Operation Breadbasket;
assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; discussion between Stanley
Levison and Harry Wachtel regarding what action should be taken as a
result of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; negotiations
aimed at resolving the sanitation workers' strike resumed; SCLC-BOP
relations; preparations for memorial march for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.;
Bayard Rust in; federal pressure applied to Memphis to settle sanitation
workers'strike.
157-1092-291-157-1092-326
April 1968-August 1968.107pp.
Subjects: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., memorial march; racial disturbances in
Memphis in the aftermath of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination;
Undersecretary of Labor James Reynolds; possibility of cutoff of federal
aid to Memphis if sanitation workers' strike not settled; boycott and
picketing activities; lifting of Memphis curfew; continuation of strike
negotiations; six-point agreement ending the sanitation workers' strike;
the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; Jesse Jackson and Operation
Breadbasket.
Reel 18
Memphis, Tennessee, cont.
FBI Memphis Field Office File, Memphis Sanitation Strike cont.
0001
157-1092-327-157-1092-359
April 1968-August 1968 cont. 167pp.
Subjects: Jesse Jackson and Operation Breadbasket; Ralph Abernathy; the Poor
People's Campaign; SCLC plans for stepped-up boycotts in Memphis;
The Invaders; Southern Student Organizing Committee; list of those
arrested during March 28 riot.
36
0168
157-1092-Sub2
March 1968-^uly 1968.163pp.
Subject: News clippings.
Sanitation Workers Strike, Memphis, Tennessee
0331
157-9146-X-157-9146-X16
February 1968.97pp.
Subjects: FBI summary of sanitation workers' strike; NAACP; Memphis mayor
Henry Loeb; Jerry Wurf, international president of AFSCME; recognition
of union and dues checkoff as outstanding issues in the sanitation
workers' strike; February 23 protest march through downtown Memphis
resulting in first strike-related violence; alleged power struggle between
competing black factions in Memphis; February 23 meeting between
Memphis City Council and striking sanitation workers and supporters;
the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; February 26 meeting of strike
sympathizers at Clayborn Temple.
0428
157-9146-X17-157-9146-X44
March 1968.128pp.
Subjects: Unlawful arrests of two black photographers; youth march in support of
striking sanitation workers; meeting between Mayor Loeb and the Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance of Memphis; March 5 "stand-in" at city
hall by sanitation workers resulting in mass arrests; daily FBI reports
concerning strike-related activities; arrival of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in
Memphis; speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., calling for escalation of
sanitation workers' strike; the Reverend Ezekiel Bell; BOP; March 1 policy
meeting between striking sanitation workers and supporters.
0556
157-9146-1-157-9146-4.
April 1968. 29pp.
Subjects: Press conference attended by Ralph Abernathy, Andrew Young, James
Bevel, A.D. King, and Hosea Williams hailing end of sanitation strike;
the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.'s plans to escalate black protest
movement in Memphis; Operation Breadbasket; the Poor People's
Campaign; calls for increased economic boycott in Memphis.
0585
157-9146-5-157-9146-45
March 196&-April 1968. 207pp.
Subjects: Looting, vandalism, and sniping following the assassination of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr.; memorial march for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; COMESCLC-BOP relations and strategy session; discussion between Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., and representatives of BOP in aftermath of March 28
riot; assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; resumption of
negotiations relating to sanitation workers' strike; Undersecretary of
Labor James Reynolds; Operation Breadbasket; settlement of sanitation
workers'strike; the Poor People's Campaign; SCLC strategy for
Memphis; plans for March 28 sympathy march for striking sanitation
workers; James Bevel; riot arising from March 28 sympathy march.
0792
157-9146-4&-157-9146-74
March 1968-April 1968. 208pp.
Subjects: Rioting of March 28; actions of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., during
the riot; aftermath of rioting; Jesse Jackson; COME-SCLC-BOP strategy
session.
37
1000
157-9146-75-157-9146-106
March 1968-April 1968.132pp.
Subjects: Memorial march for the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; picketing and
marching activities in support of striking sanitation workers; itinerary of
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend James M. Lawson, Jr.; speech by
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., at sanitation workers' strike support meeting.
Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike
1132
157-6-2-157-6-54
March 1968-April 1968. 25pp.
Subjects: Plans of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; participation of civil rights groups in
demonstrations.
Reel 19
Memphis, Tennessee, cont.
FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders
0001
0123
0181
0304
0359
0436
0472
0558
157-1067-1-157-1067-37
January 1968-May 1968.122pp.
Subjects: BOP support for Memphis sanitation workers' strike; Memphis State
University student groups; FBI report on BOP leadership, aims, and
dissatisfaction with nonviolent policies of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and
SCLC.
157-1067-38-157-1067-150
May 1968-June 1968. 58pp.
Subjects: Antiwar activities of BOP leadership; dissatisfaction with nonviolent
policies of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and SCLC; organization of COME;
Memphis Police Department placement of undercover officer in BOP and
meetings with The Invaders.
157-1067-151-157-1067-220
June 1968--July 1968.123pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; arrests at Carver High School; War on
Poverty projects in Memphis; COME funding, organization, and
personnel; distribution of narcotics and marijuana.
157-1067-221-157-1067-304
July 1968-August 1968. 55pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; distribution of narcotics and marijuana;
arrest of employees of War on Poverty projects in Memphis.
157-1067-305-157-1067-343
August 1968. 77pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; War on Poverty projects in Memphis.
157-1067-344-157-1067-374
August 1968.36pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; Black Knights.
157-1067-375-157-1067-471
August 1968-October 1968.86pp.
Subject: BOP organization and personnel.
157-1067-472-157-1067-568
October 1968-November 1968.90pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; distribution of narcotics and marijuana;
legal defense efforts; arrests on theft charges.
38
0648
0754
0858
157-1067-569-157-1067-633
November 1968-December 1968.106pp.
Subjects: BOP reorganization and new personnel; plans for campus
demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen College.
157-1067-634-157-1067-720
November 1968-December 1968.104pp.
Subjects: Campus demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen College; BOP organization
and personnel; arrests.
157-1067-721-157-1067-820
December 1968-January 1969.73pp.
Subjects: Arrests; BOP organization and personnel.
Reel 20
Memphis, Tennessee, cont.
FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders cont.
0001
157-1067-821-157-1067-916
January 1969-February 1969.56pp.
Subjects: Radical activities at Memphis State University; BOP organization and
personnel; legal defense efforts; arrests.
0057
157-1067-917-157-1067-979
February 1969-March 1969.154pp.
Subjects: Legal defense efforts; organization and personnel; trial for shooting of
Memphis policeman; FBI report on The Invaders.
0211
157-1067-980-157-1067-1070
March 1969.80pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; proposal for Memphis Leadership
Conference for Black and Poor People; police raid on The Invaders'
headquarters.
0291
157-1067-1071-157-1067-1134
March 1969-April 1969. 95pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; Dick Gregory; discussion of The Invaders at
a Black Panther party meeting in Berkeley, California.
0386
157-1067-1135-157-1067-1244
April 1969-June 1969.107pp.
Subjects: Legal defense efforts; organization and personnel; connections with the
Interreligipus Foundation for Community Organizations; SNCC; VISTA
activities in Memphis.
0493
157-1067-1245-157-1067-1355
June 1969-%July 1969. 86pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; violence involving personnel of The
Invaders; picketing in Forrest City, Arkansas.
0579
157-1067-1356-157-1067-1450
July 1969. 56pp.
Subject: Organization and personnel.
0635
157-1067-1451-157-1067-1534
July 1969-September 1969. 64pp.
, Subjects: Organization and personnel; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas;
arrests on armed robbery charges.
0699
157-1067-1535-157-1067-1597
September 1969-October 1969.75pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas;
VISTA; Operation Breakfast.
39
0774
0800
0842
0899
1102
157-1067-1598-157-1067-1686
October 1969-November 1969. 26pp.
Subjects: Demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; legal defense efforts;
organization and personnel; activities in Cincinnati, Ohio.
157-1067-1687-157-1067-1794
November 1969-March 1970.42pp.
Subjects: Legal challenge to constitutionality of state "nightriding" law; organization
and personnel.
157-1067-1795-157-1067-1876
March 1970-June 1970. 57pp.
Subjects: Opinion of U.S. Department of Justice regarding proposed prosecution of
The Invaders under federal laws governing internal security; organization
and personnel; legal challenge to constitutionality of state "nightriding"
law; organization and personnel.
157-1067-1877-157-1067-1945
June 1970-July 1970. 203pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; Black Panther party; potential for racial
violence in Memphis.
157-1067-1946-157-1067-2020
July 1970-September 1970.207pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; demonstration marches; People's
Revolutionary party; We, the People; People's Rally against
Genocide.
Reel 21
Memphis, Tennessee, cont.
FBI Memphis Field Office File, The Invaders cont.
0001
157-1067-2021-157-1067-2056
September 1970-July 1976.105pp.
Subjects: People's Revolutionary party; VISTA; Revolutionary People's
Constitutional Convention organized by the Black Panther party; We, the
People; FBI characterization of The Invaders as a defunct
organization; news reports regarding FBI informants and FBI
investigations of The Invaders and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
0106
157-1067-Sub1A-1-157-1067-Sub1A-26
December 1967-August 1968. 57pp.
Subjects: Publications; meeting with representatives of the Memphis Police
Department.
0163
157-1067-Sub1A-27-157-1067-Sub1A-51
August 1968-October 1968.15pp.
Subject: Publications.
0178
157-1067-Sub 1A-52-157-1067-Sub 1A-78
October 1968-February 1969.106pp.
Subjects: Publications; proposal for Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and
Poor People; notebook listing names of members and supporters.
0284
157-1067-Sub 1A-79-157-1067-Sub 1A-87
February 1969-October 1969. 22pp.
Subjects: Publications; list of long distance telephone chargesfor office of The
Invaders.
40
The Invaders, Memphis, Tennessee
0306
157-8460-1-157-8460-10
January 1968-November1968.191pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; racial disturbances following
assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; publications; James Bevel;
FBI report on BOP; War on Poverty projects in Memphis; violent activities
of BOP; distribution of marijuana and narcotics; arrests; demonstrations
at LeMoyne-Owen College.
0497
157-8460-11-157-8460-26
November 1968-May 1969.179pp.
Subjects: BOP organization and personnel; demonstrations at LeMoyne-Owen
College; SDS; FBI report on The Invaders; violent activities and arrests of
The Invaders; request for National Council of Churches funding for
proposed Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and Poor People;
connections with the Black Panther party.
0676
157-8460-27-157-8460-56
June 1969-February 1976. 245pp.
Subjects: Organization and personnel; shootings and stabbings of personnel;
Memphis police officer role as undercover agent on board of directors of
The Invaders; demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; press relations;
Operation Breakfast; splitting of The Invaders into We, the People
and the People's Revolutionary party; Black Student Association; news
reports regarding FBI informants in The Invaders and the assassination
of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
0921
157-9146-37-157-9146-55 ; 157-6-28 ; and Other Files on The I nvaders
March 1968-October 1970.128pp.
Subjects: AFSCME and Memphis sanitation workers' strike; organization and
personnel; friction with SCLC leaders at Resurrection City;
demonstrations in Forrest City, Arkansas; Poor People's Campaign;
Southern Student Organizing Committee.
41
SUBJECT INDEX
The following is a guide to the major subjects of this collection. The first Arabic number refers to the reel, and
the Arabic number after the colon refers to the frame at which an FBI file containing material on the particular
subject begins. Hence, 3:0672 directs the researcher to the subject that is found in the file that begins at Frame
0672 of Reel 3.
Abernathy, Ralph
6: 0001, 0427; 17:0746; 18: 0001,
0556
AFL-CIO
17:0001
AFSCME
17:0001; 18:0331; 21-.0921
Airports
integration•Mobile, Alabama 6:000Í
Alabama
Auburn 9:0001
Birmingham 7:0137,0584
boycott of products 8:0308
Conference on Alabama Justice 9:0633
Dallas County 14:0938
Eufaula 9:0001, 0387, 0633
Greensboro 8:0766
Haynesville 9:0001,0194
Helicon 9:0387, 0633
integration•schools 2:0501
Lowndes County 9:0001 ; 14:0938
Luverne9:0194, 0387
Mobile 2:0732; 6:0001, 0234; 8:0001, 0308,
0640; 9:0001,0633; 10:0129,0744,0902;
11:0001
Montgomery 1:0001-0845; 2:0001-0732;
6: 0001-0718;7:0281, 0584;8:00010491 ; 9:0633; 10:0001, 0129, 0408, 0744;
13:0876; 14:0001, 0279-0938; 15:0918;
16:0001-0982
racial situation 2:0501 ; 6:0001, 0234; 8:0001,
0165
racial violence•possibility of 2:0732; 8:0001
Selma 2:0732; 6: 0001-0718; 7: 0001-0846;
8:0001-0766;9:0001-0898;10:00010902; 11:0001-0653;12:0001-0794;
13:0001-0876;14:0001-0938; 15:00010918;16:0001-0982
sit-ins 6:0427
Tuskegee 2:0207,0380; 8:0766; 9:0387;
10:0129,0589,0744
voter registration 6:0427
Wilcox County 14:0938
Alabama Council on Human Relations
2:0380
Alabama State College for Negroes
8:0491
Alabama Student Human Relations Conference
9:0633
Albany, Georgia
2:0818-0958;3:0001-0878;4:0001-0712
Albany Movement
2:0818-0958; 3:0190-0878; 4:0001-0439,
0584,0674
Amberson, Lucius D.
10:0129
Amicuscuriae
briefs•Albany, Georgia 3: 0190; 4:0584
Anderson, William G.
3:0190,0580
Aptheker, Bettina
9:0633
Arkansas
Forrest City 20: 0493, 0774; 21:0676, 0921
Arrests
Albany, Georgia 2:0818-0958; 3:0001,0190,
0878; 4: 0119, 0273, 0538, 0584
Greensboro, Alabama 8:0766
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001, 0206;
18: 0001,0428; 19: 0121, 0754; 20: 0211,
0635:21:0306
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0133; 2:0001,0501
St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717; 5:0001
Selma, Alabama 6:0718; 7:0001
Tallahassee, Florida 1:0472,0666
Assassination
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 17: 0647, 0895;
18: 0585; 21: 0306, 0676
43
Atkins et al., U.S. v.
11:0653;12:0001-0794
Auburn, Alabama
demonstrations 9:0001
Baker et al.. King et al. v.
13:0385
Baldwin, James
7:0001
Beatings
Mitchell County, Georgia 3:0001
Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234
Bell, Ezeklel
18:0428
Bell, Horace
2:0652
Berkeley, California
20:0291
Bethel Baptist Church
7:0584
Bevel, James
17:0206; 18:0556
Birmingham, Alabama
press relations 7:0137
SCLC campaign 7:0584
Black Knights
19:0436
Black Panther party
20:0291, 0899;21:0001
Black Student Association
21:0676
Board of School Commissioners, Mobile
County, Alabama, Davis v.
10:0902
Bombings
general 1:0845
Mobile, Alabama 11:0001
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001,0472,0845;
2: 0001,0207
BOP
17: 0001, 0206,0647; 18:0585, 0792;
19: 0001-0858;20:0001 ; 21:0306, 0497
Boycotts
Alabama products 8:0308
bus•Albany, Georgia 4:0584
bus•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001-0284
bus•Tallahassee, Florida 1:0472-0845
Dallas County Progressive Movement for
Human Rights•Selma, Alabama 11:0001
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001 ; 18:0001,
0556
merchants•Albany, Georgia 3:0001,0580,
0878;4:0584
merchants•Selma, Alabama 6:0234
merchants•Tuskegee, Alabama 2:0207,
0380
Brown, H. Rap
5: 0762; 10: 0408, 0744
Brown's Chapel AME Church
7: 0584, 0846
Brutality
police•Albany, Georgia 4:0439
police•Selma, Alabama 7:0001,0137;
14:0001,0279,0812
Burnings
churches•Terrell County, Georgia 3:0672
cross•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234
cross•Selma, Alabama 7:0846
Buses
integration•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 4:0538,
0584
integration•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0472;
6:0001,0234
see also Boycotts
California
Berkeley 20:0291
Carmlchael, Stokely
10:0001,0408
Carswell, Harold
2:0001
•
Churches
bombings 1:0845
burnings•Terrell County, Georgias: 0672
integration•Albany, Georgia 3:0190,0384;
4:0119
integration•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230
integration•Selma, Alabama 7:0001 ; 8:0165
integration•Tuskegee, Alabama 8:0766
Cities Transit
2:0847
Civil Rights Act of 1964
compliance in Albany, Georgia 4:0461
Civil Rights Commission
Florida Advisory Committee 4:0717
hearings•Montgomery, Alabama 2:0652
Clark, James
6: 0718; 12: 0001; 15: 0001
Clark, Ruben
7:0001
COME
17:0001-0476; 18:0585,0792; 19:0123, 0181
Committee for Non-Violent Action
Albany, Georgia 4:0674
Communism
Alabama grand jury probe 7:0281
alleged infiltration of MIA 2:0732
Communist party
4:0001
Conference on Alabama Justice
9:0633
44
Convictions
Albany, Georgia 2:0958
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0133,0284
Tallahassee, Florida 1:0666
Court orders
Albany, Georgia 2: 0958; 3:0384; 4:0674
march from Selma to Montgomery 16:0313,
0519
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0647
Courtrooms
integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0001
Cross burnings
Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234
Selma, Alabama 7:0846
Dallas County, Alabama
civil rights activities 14:0938
see also Selma, Alabama
Dallas County Board of Registrars, U.S. v.
15:0181
Dallas County Board of Registration
surveillance•Selma, Alabama 7:0281
Dallas County Improvement Association
6:0718
Dallas County Progressive Movement for Human
Rights
11:0001
Davis, L.O.
5:0230
Davis v. Board of School Commissioners,
Mobile County, Alabama
10:0902
Demonstrations
Albany, Georgia 2:0958; 3:0001 ; 4:0119,
0273
Auburn, Alabama 9:0001
Euf aula, Alabama 9:0387,0633
Forrest City, Arkansas 20:0774; 21:0676,
0921
Haynesville, Alabama 9:0001
Luverne, Alabama 9: 0194,0387
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0206; 18:1132
Montgomery, Alabama 2:0732
nationwide•Selma, Alabama 8:0308
St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717; 5:0001-0762
Tuskegee, Alabama 9:0387; 10:0129,0589,
0744
Depositions
Albany, Georgia 3:0384
Desegregation
Albany, Georgia 3:0001 ; 4:0119
see also Integration
Dickinson, William L.
16:0718,0982
Dlggs, Charles
1:0284
Doar, John
11:0217; 13: 0385
Drugstore lunch counters
see Lunch counters
W.E.B. Du Bols Clubs of America
17:0001
Du rr, Clifford J.
6:0001 ; 8: 0001
Du rr, Virginia
8:0001
Embry, Elroy
6:0001
Eufaula, Alabama
demonstrations 9:0387,0633
school protest 9:0001
Factionalism
Albany Movement 2:0958
Faga, Robert
6:0234
Fasting
Albany, Georgia 3:0672
FBI
criticism of 3:0878; 4:0001
Martin Luther King, Jr., and 3: 0878; 4: 0001 ;
17:0476;21:0001
Federal courts
Albany, Georgia 3:0001
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0472
Fellowship of Reconciliation
1:0472
Firearms
purchases rumored•Montgomery, Alabama
1:0001
Florida
Jacksonville 5:0762
racial violence•possibility of 5:0762
St. Augustine 4:0717; 5:0001-0762
Tallahassee 1:0472r-0845; 2:0001
Folsom, James E.
1:0133
Forman, James
3:0001, 0190; 6: 0427; 7:0001, 0137
Forrest City, Arkansas
20: 0493, 0774; 21:0676, 0921
Forum on U.S. Foreign Policy
10:0744
Freedom Riders
2:0818
45
Georgia
Albany 2:0819-0958; 3:0001-0878;
4:0001-0712
Mitchell County•beatings 3:0001
Sumter County•grand jury 4:0001
Terrell County•church burnings 3:0672
Gerrymandering
Tuskegee, Alabama 2:0207
Graetz, Robert S.
1:0001,0666
Grand juries
integration•Lowndes County, Alabama
9:0001
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001
Selma, Alabama 7:0281
Sumter County, Georgia 4:0001
Greensboro, Alabama
voter registration 8:0766
Gregory, Dick
7:0001, 0137; 13:0588; 20: 0291
Gregory, Lillian
7:0001
Greyhound bus terminal
Montgomery, Alabama 6:0001
Habeas corpus
hearings•Selma, Alabama 7:0281
Hare, James A.
7:0281
Harris, Walter
2:0958;4:0584
Hayling, Robert B.
4:0717
Haynesvllle, Alabama
demonstrations 9:0001
Hearings
habeas corpus•Selma, Alabama 7:0281
Helicon, Alabama
protests 9:0387, 0633
Housing
Mobile, Alabama 10:0744
Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234; 10:0408
Indictments
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001 ; 2:0001
Injunctions
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0666; 6:0234
Tuskegee, Alabama 2:0380
Institute on Non-Violence and Social Change
6:0001,0427
Integration
airports•Mobile, Alabama 6:0001
buses•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 4:0538,
0584
buses•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0472;
6:0001,0234
churches•Albany, Georgia 3:0190,0384;
4:0119
churches•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230
churches•Selma, Alabama 7:0001 ; 8:0165;
14:0133
churches•Tuskegee, Alabama 8:0766
courtrooms•Albany, Georgia 4:0001
juries•Lowndes County, Alabama 9:0001
libraries•Albany, Georgia 4:0001
libraries•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234,
0427
lunch counters•Albany, Georgia 2:0847;
4:0584
lunch counters•Montgomery, Alabama
2:0652
lunch counters•St. Augustine, Florida
5:0001
lunch counters•Selma, Alabama 6:0001 ;
7:0584
movie theaters•Selma, Alabama 7:0846
restaurants•Albany, Georgia 4:0001
schools•Alabama 2:0501,0652
schools•Albany, Georgias: 0580,0672;
4:0584-0712
schools•Mobile, Alabama 10:0902
schools•Selma, Alabama 6:0718
swimming pools•Albany, Georgia 4:0119,0273
see also Wade-ins
Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance of
Memphis
17:0001;18:0428
Interrellgious Foundation for Community
Organizations
20:0386
The Invaders
17:0206;18:0001 ; 19: 0001-0858;20: 00011102;21:0001-0921
Islam
17:0206
Jackson,Jesse
17:0647, 0895; 18:0001,0792
Jackson, Jlmmie Lee
8:0308; 13:0876; 14:0001
Johnson, Frank M., Jr.
1:0845; 2:0001; 16:0313, 0519
Juries
see Grand juries
Katzenbach, Nicholas
2:0958
Kelly, Asa
2:0818
Kennedy, John F.
3:0672
46
Klnard, William D.
5:0001
King, A.D.
18:0556
King, Edwin
6:0001
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Albany, Georgia 2:0818-0958; 3:0001, 0190,
0580-0878;4:0001,0380, 0584, 0674
FBI and 3:0878; 4:0001; 17:0746; 21:0001
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001-0895; 18:0428,
0585-1132;19:0001,0123;21: 0306
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001,0284,0472,
0845;2:0501-0732
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230
Selma, Alabama 6:0427; 7:0137-0584;
8:0165; 9:0194; 10:0744; 12:0794;
13:0001-0588;14:0001-0279;16:0001,
0156,0519
U.S. government and 2:0958; 4:0380,0674
King, Mrs. Slater
3:0001
King, Slater
4:0273
King et al. v. Baker et al.
13:0385
KKK
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0845; 2:0501 ;
6:0234
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001, 0230
Selma, Alabama 7: 0846; 16:0001
Lawson, James M., Jr.
17: 0001. 0895; 18:0331, 0556,1000
LeMoyne-Owen College
19:0648, 0754; 21:0306, 0497
Levison, Stanley
4: 0001; 17:0647
Libraries
arrests•Albany, Georgias: 0190
integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0001
integration•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0234,
0427
Lluzzo, Viola Gregg
14:0659,0938
Loeb, Henry
17:0001;18:0331,0428
Lowensteln, Allard
6:0001
Lowndes County, Alabama
civil rights activities 14:0938
integration•juries 9:0001
Lunch counters
integration•Albany, Georgia 2:0847; 4:0584
. integration•Montgomery, Alabama 2:0652
integration•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001
integration•Selma, Alabama 6:0001 ; 7:0584
Luveme, Alabama
demonstrations 9:0194,0387
McKenzie, Johnnie
10:0129
Malcolm X
13:0268
Marches
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001-0647; 18:0331,
0585,1000
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230
Selma to Montgomery 8:0308; 13:0876;
14:0001,0279-0812;15:0918;
16:0001-0982
Marijuana
distribution•Memphis, Tennessee 19:0181,
0304,0558; 21: 0306
Marshall, Burke
2:0818, 0958; 4:0538; 6: 0427; 7: 0001, 0281;
11:0653
Mass meetings
Albany, Georgia 3:0001, 0878
Montgomery, Alabama 2:0732
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001
Selma, Alabama 6:0427,0718; 7:0001 ;
15:0001,0181
Medical Committee for Human Rights
14:0529
"Meet the Press"
3:0190,0580
Memphis, Tennessee
17:0001-0895;18:0001-1132;19:0001-0858;
20:0001-1102;21:0001-0921
Memphis Leadership Conference for Black and
Poor People
20: 0211; 21: 0178, 0497
Memphis Ministerial Alliance
see Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance of
Memphis
Memphis State University
17:0206; 19: 0001; 20: 0001
Merchants
see Boycotts
MIA
1:0001, 0472, 0666; 2: 0380, 0501, 0732;
7:0281;10:0408
Ministers
Albany, Georgia 3:0580,0672
47
Mitchell County Jail
3:0001
Mobile, Alabama
bombings 11:0001
employment 10:0744
housing 10:0744
integration•schools 10:0902
racial violence•possibility of 2:0732; 8:0001,
0308; 9: 0633; 10:0129, 0744; 11:0001
Montgomery, Alabama
beatings 6:0234
general 1:0001-0845; 2:0001-0732;
6: 0001-0718; 7:0584; 8:0001-0491 ;
9:0633;10: 0001-0744;14:0279-0938;
15:0918;16:0001-0982
housing•general 10:0408
housing•Houston Hill 6:0234
ntegration•buses 1:0472; 6:0001, 0234
integration•libraries 6:0234,0427
racial incident•Greyhound bus terminal
6:0001
sit-down strikes 6:0001
Mount Mary Baptist Church
3:0672
Mount Olive Baptist Church
3:0672
Movie theaters
integration•Selma, Alabama 7:0846
Murders
Selma, Alabama 8:0308
NAACP
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001, 0472; 2:0501
St. Augustine. Florida 4:0717; 5:0001
Selma, Alabama 8:0165; 14: 0133
Narcotics
distribution•Memphis, Tennessee 19:0181,
0304,0558;21:0306
Neblett, Carver Gene
7:0001,0137
Nesmlth, Richard
6:0001
Nightridlng
Tennessee law challenged 20:0800,0842
see also KKK
Nixon, E.D.
1:0001
Operation Breadbasket
17:0647, 0895; 18:0001, 0556, 0585
Operation Breakfast
20:0699;21:0676
Parks
closing of•Montgomery, Alabama 2:0501
Parks, Rosa
1:0001,0133
Patterson, John
2:0501:11:0217
Payne, Larry
17:0647
Peabody, Mrs. Malcolm
5:0001
People's Rally against Genocide
20:1102
People's Revolutionary party
20:1102; 21:0001,0676
PeopIe-to-People Crusade
6:0427
Petitions
Albany, Georgias: 0672
Picketing
Albany, Georgia 2:0847,0958; 3:0580, 0878;
4:0001,0119
Forrest City, Arkansas 20:0493
Greensboro, Alabama 8:0766
Jacksonville, Florida 5:0762
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001,0206
St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717; 5:0001-0762
Police
brutality•Albany, Georgia 4:0439
brutality•Selma, Alabama 7:0001,0137;
14:0001,0279,0812
misconduct•Memphis, Tennessee 17:0206
Montgomery, Alabama 2:0001
picketing of•Jacksonville, Florida 5:0762
undercover agents•Memphis, Tennessee
19:0123;21:0001,0676
Poor People's Campaign
10:0902; 18:0001, 0556, 0585; 21: 0921
Poor People's March
17:0206
Pratt, John McKee
7:0001
Prayer vigils
Albany, Georgia 3:0190
Press relations
Albany, Georgia 3:0190,0580
Birmingham, Alabama 7:0137
Memphis, Tennessee 18:0556
Selma, Alabama 8:0491
Protests
Helicon, Alabama 9:0387, 0633
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001 ; 18:0428,
0556
see also Demonstrations; Marches; Picketing
Publications
The Invaders•Memphis, Tennessee
21:0106-0284
48
Race relations
Alabama 6:0001, 0234; 8:0001,0165
incidents•Montgomery, Alabama 6:0001
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0206,0895
progress in Albany, Georgia 4:0461
Tuskegee Institute reports on 2:0380, 0652;
6:0427; 7:0584
see also Violence
Rasberry, Charles Henry
10:0129
Reeb, James
8: 0308; 14: 0133, 0279
Restaurants
integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0001
see also Lunch counters
Resurrection City
21:0921
Revolutionary People's Constitutional
Convention
21:0001
Reynolds, James
18:0585
Riots
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0476-0895;
18:0585,0792
Selma, Alabama 7:0846
see also Violence
Robinson, Jackie
3: 0672; 6:0001
Rockefeller, Nelson
2:0818
Rockwell, George Lincoln
13:0001
Rustin, Bayard
17:0206,0647
Ryan, William Fitts
3:0190
St. Augustine, Florida
4:0717;5:0001-0762
Sanitation workers
strikes•Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001-0895;
18:0331-1000;21:0921
SCEF
7:0584; 17:0647
Schools
integration•Alabama 2:0501,0652
integration•Albany, Georgia 3:0580; 0672;
4:0584-0712
integration•Mobile, Alabama 10:0902
integration•Selma, Alabama 6:0718
protest•Euf au la, Alabama 9:0001
SCLC
Birmingham, Alabama 7: 0584
Memphis, Tennessee 17: 0476, 0647; 18:0001,
0585,0792; 19:0Ö01, 0123; 21:0921
Montgomery, Alabama 7: 0584; 8:0491
Resurrection City 21:0921
St. Augustine, Florida 5: 0001, 0230, 0762
Selma, Alabama 7:0584; 8:0165, 0308;
9:0001, 0194; 10: 0589; 13: 0001, 0876;
14: 0133; 15: 0001; 16: 0001-0519
SDS
21:0497
Segregation
buses•Montgomery, Alabama 1:0284,0472,
0845
buses•Tallahassee, Florida 1:0472
Segregationists
mass meetings•St. Augustine, Florida 5:0661
Segrest, Marvin Lee
10:0129
Selma, Alabama
general 6:0001-0718; 7:0001-0846; 8:00010766;9:0001-0898;10:0001-0902;
11:0001-0653;12:0001-0794;
13:0001-0876;14:0001-0938;
15:0001-0918;16:0001-0982
march from Selma to Montgomery 8:0308;
13:0876; 14:0001, 0279-0812; 15:0918;
16:0001-0982
racial violence•possibility of 2:0732
Sherrod, Charles
2: 0818; 3:0384; 4:0119
Shiloh Baptist Church
3:0001
Shootings
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001
Sit-down strikes
Montgomery, Alabama, students 2:0732;
6:0001
Sit-ins
Alabama 6:0427
Albany, Georgia 3:0190
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001
Montgomery, Alabama 6:0427
St. Augustine, Florida 4:0717
Selma, Alabama 6:0718; 7:0584
Smith, John Burrell
17:0001
49
suce
Albany, Georgia 2:0818,0847; 3:0001-0384;
4:0584
Memphis, Tennessee 20:0386
Montgomery, Alabama 6:0718
Selma, Alabama 6:0427,0718; 7:0001,0281,
0584; 8:0491; 9:0001, 0387; 10:0001,
0129, 0744; 11: 0001 ; 13:0069; 15:0001,
0604
Southern Student Organizing Committee
18:0001; 21:0921
Strikes
sanitation workers•Memphis, Tennessee
17:0001-0895;18:0331-0585,1000;
21:0921
Sumter County, Georgia
grand jury 4:0001
Swimmingpools
integration•Albany, Georgia 4:0119,0273
see also Wade-ins
Tallahassee, Florida
1:0472-0845;2: 0001
Tennessee
constitutionality of nightriding law challenged
20: 0800, 0842
Memphis 17:0001-0895; 18:0001-1132;
19:0001-0858;20:0001-1102;
21:0001-0921
Terrell County, Georgia
church burnings 3:0672
Trail ways bus terminal
Albany, Georgia 4:0538
Trials
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0284; 2:0207
Tallahassee, Florida 1:0666
Tuskegee, Alabama
boycotts 2:0207, 0380
demonstrations 9:0387; 10:0129,0589,0744
integration•churches 8:0766
Tuskegee Civic Association
2:0380
Tuskegee Institute
annual report 6:0427
reports 2:0380, 0652; 7: 0584
Unity League
17:0001
U.S.
Foreign Policy, Forum 10:0744
government•criticism by Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr. 2:0958; 4:0380, 0674
government•pressures on Memphis by
17:0647,0895
U.S. Congress
members' visit to Selma, Alabama 8:0165
U.S. Constitution
challenge to Tennessee nightriding law
20:0800, 0842
general 1:0472,0666
U.S. Department of Justice
Albany, Georgia 3:0190, 0384; 4:0584
Memphis, Tennessee 20:0842
Selma, Alabama 6:0427; 7:0281 ; 11:0217,
0653; 13:0385; 15:0181
U.S. Department of Labor
18:0585
USIA
Selma, Alabama 8:0491
U.S. Supreme Court
1:0284, 0666
U.S.v. Atkins et al.
11:0653;12:0001-0794
U.S. v. Dallas County Board of Registrars
15:0181
Violence
Alabama 2:0732
Albany, Georgia 3:0001
Memphis, Tennessee 17:0001,0476-0895;
18:0331, 0585,0792; 20:0493, 0899
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0845
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0001-0762
Selma, Alabama 7:0001,0137,0846; 8:00010308
see also Bombings
VISTA
activities•Memphis, Tennessee 20:0386;
21:0001
Vivian, C.T.
13:0588
Volunteers
Montgomery, Alabama 1:0001,0666
Tallahassee, Florida 1:0666
Voter registration
Albany, Georgias: 0672
Greensboro, Alabama 8:0766
Montgomery, Alabama 2:0207,0501
Selma, Alabama 6:0427,0718; 7:0001-0846;
8:0165, 0308; 11:0217, 0653; 12:00010794;13:0001-0268,0588,0876;
14: 0001, 0529,0938; 15:0001, 0181
Tallahassee, Florida 2:0001
Voting Rights Act of 1965
15:0729
Wachtel, Harry
17:0647
Wade-ins
St. Augustine, Florida 5:0230,0661
see also Integration; Swimming pools
50
Walker, Wyatt
3:0580;6:0427
Wallace, George
16:0001
War on Poverty
projects•Memphis, Tennessee 19:0181-0359;
21:0306
We, the People
20:1102; 21:0001,0676
Wilcox County, Alabama
civil rights activities 14:0938
Wilklns, Roy
17:0206
Williams, Alvery Lee
7:0001,0137
Williams, Hosea
18:0556
Wurf, Jerry
18:0331
Young, Andrew
13:0876; 15:0729; 16: 0313; 18: 0556
Younge, Samuel
9:0387; 10:0129
51
BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES
Centers of the Southern Struggle
Civil Rights during the Johnson Administration
Civil Rights during the Kennedy Administration
Manuscript Collections from the Schomburg Center
for Research in Black Culture
Papers of the Civil Rights Congress
Papers of the International Labor Defense
Papers of the National Negro Congress
The Martin Luther King, Jr., FBI File