Slide 1
1930’s – Great
Depression
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Slide 2
Herbert Hoover
Engineer, Humanitarian, President
(no relation to the Vacuum People)
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Slide 3
President Hoover’s Background
► Born
in Iowa 1874
► Grew up in Oregon
► Graduate of Stanford
University with a
degree in Engineering.
► Traveled to China as a
young man and was
present during the
Boxer Rebellion.
Rebellion.
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Slide 4
President Hoover’s Background
►
►
►
►
Served as Head of the
Food Administration
during WWI
Led the American effort to
provide humanitarian
relief to Europe after the
War.
Was the Sec. of Commerce
during the Harding and
Coolidge
administrations.
administrations.
Ran for President 1928.
1928.
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Slide 5
Election of 1928
"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty
poverty than ever
before in the history of any land." Herbert Hoover
► Hoover
(R) vs. Al
Smith (D)
► Key issues were:
-Maintaining a High
Protective Tariff
-Smiths Catholicism
-Prohibition
Hoover said a “Chicken in
every pot and a car in
every garage”
garage”. He won
easily.
easily.
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Slide 6
The Depression
►Hoover
takes office January 15,
1929 during high times in
America and armed with a
belief in our future.
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Slide 7
The Depression
►The
Great Depression began
October 29, 1929.
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Slide 8
Hoover’s Plan
►Hoover
tried to end the
Depression with programs like
the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation which were an
attempt to put money into the
economy and increase
employment.
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Slide 9
Hoover’s Plan
►Hoover
strongly opposed the
Federal government
participation in relief. He
believed that only state and
city governments should
provide relief.
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Slide 10
Hoover Incapable
► Because
of his
conservative politics
and belief in laissez
faire Hoover was not
equipped to lead the
country out of the
depression.
► As is the custom in US
politics Hoover was
blamed for the
economy which was
largely out of his
control.
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Slide 11
Definitions of Blame
►Hooverville
►Hoover
Flag
►Hoover
Blanket
►A
homeless
encampment
►An empty
pocket
►Using a
Newspaper as a
blanket while
sleeping outside
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Slide 12
The Bonus Army
In May 1932 while the U.S. was in the
depths of the Depression veterans of
WWI encamped in Washington D.C. to
demand early payment of a
promised bonus for service during
the war.
►Hoover used the Army to end the
protest.
►
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Slide 13
The Bonus Army
►General
Macarthur
overzealously crushed the
Bonus Army.
►Because it was an election year
It became an issue.
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Slide 14
Hoover loses In ‘32
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Slide 15
In the final Analysis
►Hoover
didn’t ignore the Depression
nor was he unsympathetic but his
beliefs led him to target relief to
banks and businesses rather than
people.
►He wasn’
wasn’t willing to try the radical
and that is what the people wanted.
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Slide 16
FDR and the New Deal
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Slide 17
The Presidential Election of 1932
►In
1932 a hopeful American public
overwhelmingly elected Franklin
Delano Roosevelt (commonly
referred to as FDR) president of
the United States.
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Slide 18
The Presidential Election of 1932
► Roosevelt
promised the American people a
“new deal”
deal”.
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Slide 19
The Presidential Election of 1932
► FDR
could not have proposed his new deal
– in which federal government would
assume primary responsibility for the
American people’
people’s welfare — at a more
crucial or desperate time in American
history. The U.S. economy was flailing as
the nation entered its fourth year of the
Great Depression.
Depression.
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Slide 20
The Presidential Election of 1932
► 25
percent of all American workers were
unemployed.
unemployed.
► 10 million people had lost their jobs since
the beginning of the Great Depression.
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Slide 21
The Presidential Election of 1932
► American
farmers were the worst off.
► Wheat which had sold
for $3 per bushel in 1920,
now sold for 30 cents.
cents.
► Twelve drought stricken
states in America’
America’s Midwest
turned into “dust bowls”
bowls”.
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Slide 22
Dust Bowl
► CAUSES:
Poor farming
practices
Drought
Wind Storms
John Steinbeck
wrote the “Grapes
of Wrath” about a
family escaping the
Dust Bowl
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Slide 23
Review Causes of the Great
Depression
►TUB
OF problems!
T – tariffs (Hawley-Smoot)
U – uneven distribution of wealth
B – banking crisis
O – overproduction in industry & agriculture
F – farming crisis
PROBLEMS!!
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Slide 24
The Rise of FDR
► FDR’
FDR’s
mother taught him that the wealthy
and privileged had an obligation to serve
the public.
public.
► FDR’
FDR’s political philosophy was based on
these core values, particularly in the areas
of labor and public assistance.
assistance.
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Slide 25
The Rise of FDR
► August
1921, FDR was struck by a severe
polio virus.
virus. It led to paralysis below the
waist. FDR never walked again.
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Slide 26
The Rise of FDR
► FDR
served two terms as governor of New
York from 1928 to 1932.
► AS governor, he promoted public works to
create jobs for the unemployed, pushed
for old age pensions and unemployment
insurance and backed direct relief to the
poor and needy.
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Slide 27
The Rise of FDR
► Millions
of Americans believed him when
FDR pledged:
“We Americans will rise from destruction;
destruction;
we Americans will conquer despair.
despair.”
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Slide 28
The Beginning of the New Deal
► From
FDR’
FDR’s first day in office, he focused on
mobilizing the federal government to
rescue the nation from the Great
Depression.
Depression.
► His plan became known as “The Three R’
R’s”
– relief, recovery, and reform.
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Slide 29
The Beginning of the New Deal
► Three
R’
R’s
– give help immediately to jobless workers
in need
► Recovery – give help to banks, businesses,
farmers and workers to recover from the Great
Depression
► Reform – make longlong-term changes in the
economy so that a depression would never
happen again
► Relief
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Slide 30
The Beginning of the New Deal
► FDR
declared a bank holiday the day after
he assumed the presidency
► FDR called a special session of Congress ,
a period of lawmaking called the “Hundred
Days”
Days”.
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Slide 31
The Beginning of the New Deal
► Within
one week Congress created the
Emergency Banking Relief Act and the
Economy Act to balance the federal
budget.
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Slide 32
The Beginning of the New Deal
► The
Federal Emergency Relief
Administration (FERA) provided $500
million in grants for the unemployed.
► The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
provided relief to farmers by raising market
prices for crops and livestock.
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Slide 33
The Beginning of the New Deal
► The
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
built dams along the Tennessee River to
generate cheap electrical power.
► LongLong-term benefits included flood control,
control,
new factories and jobs.
jobs.
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Slide 34
Work Programs
► The
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
was a work program established by the
federal government to relieve
unemployment and poverty.
► The CCC hired young men ages 1717-24 to
work in national parks and forests.
forests.
► By 1939 the CCC had provided work for 2.5
million men.
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Slide 35
Work Programs
► The
National Industrial Recovery Act, called for
government monitoring of big business practices
to prevent violations of workers’
workers’ rights.
► The National Labor Relations Act (or Wagner
Act)
Act) protects the rights of workers to organize
labor unions,
unions, to engage in collective
bargaining,
bargaining, and to take part in strikes
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Slide 36
Work Programs
► The
Fair Labor Standards Act eliminated
child labor,
labor, established minimum hourly
wage,
,
wage and called for a higher rate of
overtime pay.
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Slide 37
Critics of the New Deal
► Many
Americans hailed the New Deal as the
country’
country’s remedy for the Great Depression,
others raised questions about FDR’
FDR’s
approach to ending the Great Depression.
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Slide 38
Critics of the New Deal
► FDR’
FDR’s
critics focused on his tendency to try
to please too many different groups in
order to advance his political agenda.
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Slide 39
Critics of the New Deal
► In
1934 the American Liberty League
was formed to protect against excessive
government interference in private
enterprise and the alarming rise of labor
unions.
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Slide 40
Critics of the New Deal
► The
AAA’
AAA’s unpopularity grew as its cropcropreduction policy increased the
impoverishment of the poor and tenant
farmers.
► Tenant farmers farmed small plots and
were ineligible for the large federal
subsidies paid out to corporate farmers.
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Slide 41
Critics of the New Deal
► Followers
of Dr. Francis Townshend “Townsendites”
Townsendites” felt that FDR sorely neglected
the elderly and advocated for an extensive oldoldage pension plan.
plan.
► Huey Long proposed “Share Our Wealth”
Wealth” –
he felt FDR did not go far enough in taxing the
rich to give to the poor
► Father Charles Coughlin – “Radio Priest”
Priest”
convinced his 30 million listeners FDR was on
the side of big business – he would lose support
when he became increasing fascist & antiantiSemitic
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Slide 42
Critics of the New Deal
► While
FDR lost some public and political
support during the later phases of the New
Deal, none of his critics or opponents ever
managed to significantly quell his
popularity.
popularity.
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Slide 43
The Legacy of the New Deal
► FDR
and Congress continued New Deal
programs and policies between 19341934-1935
with the “Second Hundred Days”
Days”.
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Slide 44
The Legacy of the New Deal
► In
1935 the US Supreme Court declared
certain laws (New Deal Legislation)
unconstitutional.
unconstitutional.
► FDR strongly opposed the courts rulings.
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Slide 45
The Legacy of the New Deal
► In
1937 FDR asked Congress to give him
the power to appoint up to six new
Supreme Court justices, claiming the judges
were too old and slow to handle the cases.
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Slide 46
The Legacy of the New Deal
► However,
the president succeeded only in
offending Congress, the Court, the
Democratic Party, and the American public
in his attempt to “pack the court.
court.”
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Slide 47
The Legacy of the New Deal
► FDR’
FDR’s
leadership during the New Deal
significantly reshaped the role of the
presidency.
► “Only Washington,
Washington, who had made the
office, and Jackson who remade it, did
more than Roosevelt to raise it to its
present condition of strength, dignity, and
independence.”
independence.”
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Slide 48
The Legacy of the New Deal
► The
role of the federal government grew
dramatically as it played a larger and more
direct role in the lives of Americans and
regulated more aspects of society than
ever before.
► The government had a responsibility for
caring for the needy.
needy.
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Slide 49
The Legacy of the New Deal
►Trademarks
of the New Deal
include:
Social Security
Regulation of the Stock Market
Securities and Exchange Commission
Deficit Spending John Maynard Keynes
Insured Banking Deposits FDIC
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Slide 50
The Legacy of the New Deal
► According
to economic statistics from
19291929-1939, the New Deal was partially
effective in restoring America’
America’s economic
health.
► Unemployment dropped, business
failures decreased,
decreased, farmers benefited
from subsidies, and the confidence in
banks improved throughout the decade.
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Slide 51
The Legacy of the New Deal
► HOWEVER
unemployment was 19% in
1938, the Gross National Product did not
grow during the 1930’
1930’s, & the federal debt
increased significantly
► Only WWII,
WWII, which stimulated production
needs and created millions of service and
industrial jobs, shifted the U.S. economy
from surviving to thriving.
thriving.
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