March 2017
The Vanguard
Journal of the Military Intelligence Corps Association
MI Professionals receive Knowlton Award
at III Corps MI Ball commemorating the
75th Anniversary of the 504th MI Brigade
mica-national.org
The Vanguard
Volume 22 Number 1
Publisher
COL Charles Atkins, USA, Retired
Editor
John DellaGiustina (LTC, Ret)
Technical Editor
Les Siemens
Editorial Mail
P.O. Box 13020, Fort Huachuca, AZ
85670-3020
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://mica-national.org
Purpose: The Vanguard is the official
journal of the Military Intelligence
Corps Association (MICA) for its
members and sponsors. The quarterly
journal serves as a professional forum
for sharing knowledge, preserving
history, and honoring civilian and
military members of the Corps.
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Contents
Moments in MI History Commemorate the 100th Anniversary
of U.S. Entrance into World War I
4
The Punitive Expedition Crosses into Mexico, 14 March 1916
4
Decoded Zimmermann Telegram Sets US on Path to War
6
World War I Counterintelligence Agents Get Their Man
7
MICA Golf tournament raises $7,000 for Holiday Ball
9
A Wonderful Evening At Starr Pass - The Fort Huachuca Holiday Ball
9
504th MI Brigade celebrates 75th Anniversary at III Corps MI Ball
10
504th leads a storied history on military intelligence triumphs
12
The Evolution and Success of the CIA’s Area 51
14
Book Review: Cast in Deathless Bronze 16
MICA Leaders Welcome USMA Cadets into the Military Intelligence Branch17
Huachuca Chapter Conducts Quarterly Meeting and Elects Officers
17
On the Cover: The 38 recipients of the Knowlton Award stand in formation following the award’s presentation by MICA president Chuck Atkins. The award
is presented for excellence in the Military Intelligence field. (Photo by Amy
McGuire)
2
Chief of the MI Corps
Announces 2017 Hall of
Fame Inductees
MICA National Executive Committee
President
COL Charles Atkins, USA, Retired
[email protected]
Vice President
Mr. Antonio Rucci
[email protected]
Team,
As the Chief of your MI Corps, it is my pleasure to
announce the following selectees for induction to the
Military Intelligence Hall of Fame, Class of 2017:
Secretary
Mr. Clint Imholte
[email protected]
Treasurer
Mr. Tommy Simpson
[email protected]
BG (Retired) Henry Muller. As a LTC, Muller served
as the G2 of the 11th Airborne Division during World
War II. His efforts were critical to the successful liberation of more than 2,100 internees at the Los Banos
Internment Camp, Philippines, on 23 February 1945.
Media and Heritage
Mr. John DellaGiustina
[email protected]
For information on memberships, chapters,
scholarships, and awards, please contact:
COL (Retired) Joe Parker. Throughout both his
military and civilian careers, Joe enhanced and expanded the Army’s Human Intelligence capabilities
including, most recently, the Army Operations Group,
the Foreign Military Intelligence Collection Activity
Live Environment Training program, and the HUMINT
Operational Support Concept.
Awards and Membership
Mrs. Wendee Grinde
[email protected]
Administration and Finance
Mrs. Rose Sueskind
[email protected]
CW5 (Retired) James “Jerry” Prewitt. An Imagery
Intelligence Warrant Officer, Jerry deployed 10 times,
often in combat zones, where he performed critical intelligence missions. After serving as the Chief Warrant
Officer of the MI Corps, he went on to direct the analysis and production of imagery in support of US Army
Special Operations Command during Operations
IRAQI FREEDOM and ENDURING FREEDOM.
decessor organizations. She developed policies and
procedures for managing Special Access Programs, including some programs critical to success in Operation
DESERT STORM.
We will induct the selectees at the next Hall of Fame
celebration on 22-23 June 2017 at Fort Huachuca. At
that time, we will also honor our 2017 recipients of
the LTG Sidney T. Weinstein, CSM Doug Russell, and
CW5 Rex Williams Awards whose names who will be
released sometime in early April.
CSM (Retired) Lawrence Haubrich. Before culminating his career as the Command Sergeant Major of
the MI Corps, Haubrich helped usher MI through its
restructuring as the US Army shifted from a Cold War
focus to one based on asymmetric enemies. As a leader and intelligence professional, he inspired a generation of intelligence Soldiers, NCOs, and Officers to
perform beyond expectations.
The window for submitting nominations for the
2018 Board is now open through 15 October 2017. I
strongly encourage all of you to submit a nomination
for the heroes who have made a difference for the MI
Corps.
Mr. Bill “Rod” Moore. After 25 years in uniform,
Rod served for 8 years as Deputy J2 and Acting J2
at CENTCOM, providing continuity in an organization responsible for intelligence planning and execution for operations throughout the command’s Area
of Responsibility. He was critical to the integration of
new Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
capabilities and platforms during the Global War on
Terror, ensuring processes and resources kept pace
with the unprecedented growth.
You can find information about the nomination
process on our Hall of Fame website: https://www.ikn.
army.mil/apps/MIHOF/Home or you can contact Ms.
Lori Tagg at [email protected], (520) 533-4113.
Ms. Glenda Griffin (Deceased). Ms. Griffin served
31 years as a civilian in Military Intelligence, much of
that time at the Army Research Laboratory and its pre-
Scott D. Berrier, MG, USA
CG USAICoE & Ft Huachuca
Chief of the Military Intelligence Corps
Please join me in congratulating the selectees for
the 2017 class. I look forward to seeing you at the
ceremony in June as well as your nominations for the
2018 class.
v/r
Scotty
3
Moments in MI History
Commemorates the 100th
Anniversary of U.S. Entrance into
World War I
The first set of articles by Intelligence Center of
Excellence Command Historian Lori Tagg summarize the international and operational environment
that existed 100 years ago that drew the United
States into World War I that had raged in Europe
since August 1914. On April 6, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Germany as part of the Allied Coalition
formed to defeat the German, Austro-Hungarian,
and Ottoman Empires. This compendium features
relations with Mexico and intelligence activity along
the U.S. Southwest border.
The Punitive Expedition
Crosses into Mexico,
14 March 1916
US President Woodrow Wilson ordered an expedition under Brigadier General John J. Pershing, the
8th Infantry Brigade commander at Fort Bliss, Texas,
to pursue the Villistas and capture Villa “dead or
alive.” Within a week, with permission from Mexican
President Venustiano Carranza, the expedition crossed
the border, and by early April, Pershing and his troops
were 400 miles into Mexico.
By Lori S. Tagg
Command Historian, USAICoE
One hundred and one years ago this month, the
US launched a 10,000-man Punitive Expedition into
Mexico to capture the Mexican revolutionary leader
Francisco “Pancho” Villa. While the yearlong expedition failed to catch the Mexican bandit, the campaign
had significant consequences for the US Army and for
Army intelligence.
The early months of the expedition were characterized by a number of small skirmishes against the
revolutionaries. Pancho Villa, however, remained an
elusive target, prompting Gen. Pershing to declare,
“Villa is everywhere, but Villa is nowhere.” By June,
Carranza regretted approval of the expedition and authorized his federal troops to attack any of Pershing’s
forces not retreating to the border. The US and Mexico
hovered near a declaration of war. By early 1917,
President Wilson decided to terminate the expedition, and all US troops crossed back onto American
soil by February 5.
Never completely stable, the political atmosphere
in Mexico deteriorated substantially in 1910, resulting
in the 11-year Mexican Revolution. Nearly 900,000
Mexican citizens died during this period, and the violence often spilled over the international border with
the US. By 1913, the US routinely had troops stationed along the border to prevent accidental and purposeful incursions by Mexican revolutionaries. These
troops, however, did not discourage Pancho Villa from
crossing the border in the early morning of March 9,
1916, and attacking the 13th Cavalry stationed at
Camp Furlong outside Columbus, New Mexico. Villa
and his followers then raided Columbus and nearly
burned the entire town to the ground. While the 13th
Cavalry inflicted heavy casualties on the Villistas, the
revolutionaries escaped to safety across the border.
The Punitive Expedition has been considered both
a failure and success. Although failing to capture Villa,
Pershing’s troops did succeed in dispersing the Villistas
and reducing the threat to American citizens along
the border. Mobilization for the Punitive Expedition
and the experience gained by the troops also helped
ready the United States for its role in World War I and
groomed General Pershing to become commander of
the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France.
4
More
significantly, from an intelligence viewpoint, the
Punitive
Expedition
served as a trial for a
new intelligence organization and several new technologies
that became standard
in US military operations. Pershing’s newly
formed field organization—the Information
Department
under
Major James A. Ryan—
successfully employed
aspects of the traditional intelligence disciplines. Pershing divided the Mexican theater
of operations into five
districts and ordered
each to develop a network of agents, guides,
and scouts to assist
the troops in moving
around Mexico, of
which few reliable
maps existed at that Two new technologies used for intelligence activities during the Punitive Expedition were the
time. Scouts, including airplane and the radio tractor (US Army photos).
Another new technology—motorized vehicles—
the Apaches brought
also
contributed to the advancement of intelligence
along by the 10th Cavalry from Fort Huachuca,
operations. While ground reconnaissance still relied
tracked the movement of Villa and his forces as well
on horse cavalry, the Signal Corps deployed three
as Carranza’s government troops.
trucks equipped with radio sets for communications to
The Army’s first aerial reconnaissance by aircraft
the border. These “radio tractors” were easily adapted
took place during the Punitive Expedition. The Signal
to intelligence purposes, allowing Pershing’s forces
Corps’ First Aero Squadron under the command of
to monitor, intercept, and decode wireless messages
Captain Benjamin Foulois deployed to the border with
from the Mexican federal forces.
eight biplanes. Reports on the usefulness of aircraft
Finally, Pershing’s experience with intelligence matters in Mexico also influenced his decision to create a
G2 section in the AEF based on French and British staff
models. Under the Army’s first tactical G2, Colonel
Dennis E. Nolan, the AEF established intelligence sections in every battalion and higher command, and
intelligence became a critical warfighting element in
the planning and execution of combat operations. For
these intelligence aspects, the Punitive Expedition was
a successful proving ground.
for reconnaissance purposes in Mexico were conflicting. Early in the campaign, Pershing complained that
airplanes were “of no material benefit” for scouting
or communications. Indeed, the mountainous terrain, altitude, and weather conditions in northern
Mexico beat up the fragile airplanes and caused several crashes. Later in the campaign, however, as the
older planes were replaced, CPT Foulois reported that
the Squadron “rendered efficient service in reconnaissance and in maintaining communications with the
troops away from the base camp.”
5
Decoded Zimmermann
Telegram Sets US on Path to
War
other European nations quickly declared war on
Germany. The war eventually embroiled nations worldwide. The US steadfastly retained its neutrality for two
years. President Woodrow Wilson, re-elected in 1916
on the slogan “He kept us out of war,” resolutely but
unsuccessfully pursued a negotiated peace between
the two sides. By early 1917, Germany decided to
launch unrestricted U-boat warfare on all ships, neutral
or belligerent, in the waters of the war zones. This effort, German planners predicted, would bring England
to the brink of economic collapse and thus surrender
within months.
By Lori S. Tagg
USAICoE Command Historian
“…we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on
the following basis: make war together, make
peace together, generous financial support and
an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona.”
Zimmermann knew that the U-boat war would force
the US, reluctantly but inexorably, into the war on the
side of the Allies. He believed that if Germany could entice Mexico into a war with the United States, it would
divert US attention and ammunition shipments away
from the Allies. On January 18, the telegram reached
Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, the German ambassador in Washington, DC, who was then to send it to
Eckardt in Mexico. Zimmermann had audaciously sent
the message over the US State Department’s own transAtlantic cable, which President Wilson had allowed
Germany to use for transmitting communications related to peace negotiations. Inexplicably, Wilson had
allowed those dispatches to be sent in the German
code, for which the State Department did not have a
codebook.
These words are extracted from the now infamous
telegram from Arthur Zimmerman, the German Foreign
Secretary, to Heinrich von Eckardt, German Minister to
Mexico. The telegram sent from Berlin on January 16,
1917, directed Eckardt to propose an alliance between
Germany and Mexico to the Mexican president in the
event the US formally entered World War I.
World War I, or the Great War as it was then known,
had been fomenting in Europe for years, but the final
catalyst proved to be the assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the AustroHungarian Empire, in June 1914. Shortly thereafter,
Germany declared war successively on Russia, France,
Belgium, and Portugal, and the United Kingdom and
The Zimmermann Telegram (National Archives)
6
World War I
Counterintelligence Agents
Get Their Man
Unbeknownst to the US, British cryptographers
had been intercepting message traffic on the State
Department’s telegraph route. In addition, unbeknownst to both the US and the Germans, those same
British code-breakers had cracked the German diplomatic code and immediately set themselves to decoding the Zimmermann Telegram. Incredulous at its
contents, the British debated how best to notify the
US, knowing, on one hand, it would bring the US into
the war and, on the other, that it would anger the US
to know England was reading its dispatches. To prevent the latter, the British code section waited until
Bernstorff sent the message to Eckardt and used that
message, slightly altered from the original, to enlighten
the US of the brazen German scheme.
By Lori S. Tagg, Command Historian
US Army Intelligence Center of Excellence
On August 13, 1917, the newly formed US
Army’s Military Intelligence Section (later elevated
to Division), created the Corps of Intelligence Police
(CIP) to protect American forces deploying to France
from sabotage and subversion. CIP agents also conducted special investigations throughout the United
States focused on suspected German espionage activities. Initially, the CIP had difficulty apprehending
several enemy agents involved because they had fled
to Mexico. To counter this, the CIP stationed several
agents along the US-Mexico border to investigate and
apprehend suspected German spies.
The British finally revealed the contents of the telegram to the US on February 23, and a week later,
major newspapers around the country published the
evidence of the German conspiracy. Americans reacted with a mix of disbelief and anger. Rumors that
Germany had financed Mexican bandit Pancho Villa’s
raid on Columbus, New Mexico, in March 1916 had
resulted in a comprehensive investigation by the State
Department. The results of that investigation, as well
as others into German intrigue in Mexico were inconclusive, however. As a result, most Americans initially
viewed the telegram as a hoax--surely the Germans
were not so foolhardy as to promise to give away part
of the United States.
Two CIP agents in Nogales, Arizona, Captains Joel
A. Lipscomb and Byron S. Butcher, recruited Dr. Paul
B. Altendorf to infiltrate German spy rings in Mexico.
Altendorf was an Austrian immigrant to Mexico, serving as a Colonel in the Mexican Army. Known to the
CIP as Operative A-1, Altendorf managed to join the
German Secret Service and become linked with several German spies living in Mexico.
In January 1918, the CIP learned that Altendorf was
accompanying a Lothar Witzke from Mexico City to the
US border. Witzke was a 22-year-old former lieutenant
in the Germany navy, who alternately went by Harry
Waberski, Hugo Olson, and Pablo Davis, to name just
a few of his many aliases. He had long been under CIP
surveillance in the US as a suspected German spy and
saboteur. During the trip from Mexico City, Witzke
had no suspicion that his companion was an Allied
double agent taking note of Witzke’s every move and
indiscretion. At one point, a drunken Witzke let slip
bits of information that Altendorf quickly passed on to
CPT Butcher. Specifically, Altendorf informed the CIP
that Witzke’s handlers had sent him back to the US to
incite mutiny within the US Army and various labor
unions, conduct sabotage, and assassinate American
officials.
Ultimately, the directives in the Zimmermann
Telegram came to naught; the Mexican president
chose to remain neutral rather than instigate a war
with its northern neighbor. Undeniably, however,
knowledge of the threat of hostile action on American
territory shifted public opinion in support of a war
most citizens had previously marginalized. At the
same time, Germany had launched the unrestricted
submarine warfare it had previously threatened, resulting in the sinking of several US merchant ships in
late March. The Great War, therefore, was no longer
just a threat to Europe. On April 2, 1917, President
Wilson requested a declaration of war from Congress,
stating, “That [the German government] means to stir
up enemies against us at our very doors, the intercepted note to the German Minister at Mexico is eloquent evidence. We accept this challenge of hostile
purpose….” On April 6, 1917, Congress overwhelmingly voted for war and ultimately, American forces
helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies and end the
war on November 11, 1918.
On or about February 1, 1918, CPT Butcher apprehended Witzke once he crossed the border at Nogales.
A search of Witzke’s luggage revealed a coded letter
and Russian passport. Capt. John Manley, assistant to
Herbert Yardley in the Military Intelligence Division’s
MI-8 Cryptographic Bureau in Washington, DC, deciphered the letter, revealing Witzke’s German con7
with ammunition causing a blast felt as far
away as Philadelphia
and Maryland. The explosion lit up the night
sky, shattered windows,
broke water mains, and
peppered the Statue
of Liberty with shrapnel. Seven people were
killed. Although the
1939 Mixed Claims
Commission
found
Germany complicit in
the sabotage, Witzke
and his co-conspirators, allegedly responsible for the worst act of
terrorism on American
soil up to that time,
went
unpunished.
Additionally, Germany
Damage to a pier at Black Tom Island caused by German sabotage to prevent American muni- refused to pay the
tions from reaching Germany’s enemies. (Library of Congress Photo)
$50 million judgment,
though they eventually
nections. The cryptogram stated: “Strictly Secret! The
did
so
in
1979.
Lothar
Witzke
was also implicated in
bearer of this is a subject of the Empire who travels as
the
March
1917
Mare
Island
California
Navy Shipyard
a Russian under the name of Pablo Waberski. He is a
explosion of munitions filled barges that killed 6 peoGerman secret agent.”
ple, wounded 31, and destroyed some port facilities.
While detained at Fort Sam Houston awaiting trial,
The capture of Witzke and other German spies and
Witzke was extensively interrogated by CIP agents
saboteurs
by the Army’s counterintelligence agents
but refused to provide any details about his contacts,
undoubtedly prevented many, but not all, planned
co-conspirators, or alleged espionage. His trial began
sabotage activities during the war. Such incidents poiin August 1918, and witnesses against him included
soned relations between the US and Germany and
Dr. Altendorf, as well as CPTs Butcher, Lipscomb, and
introduced suspicions and fear in the minds of the
Manley. Witzke took the stand in his own defense
American public eventually leading to a declaration of
and spun a fantastical tale of how he was simply a
war on April 6, 1917. Americans could no longer asdown-on-his-luck drifter framed as a German spy. The
sume complete security from enemy acts of terror on
Military Commission found Witzke guilty of espionage
US soil, a reminder still valid today.
and sentenced him to death, the only German spy
For more information on the Black Tom Island incident, see
thus sentenced in the US during World War I. After
Michael Warner’s “The Kaiser Sows Destruction: Protecting
the war, President Woodrow Wilson commuted his
the Homeland the First Time Around,” https://www.cia.gov/
sentence to life in prison, and he was transferred to
library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csiFort Leavenworth. In 1923, however, Witzke was parstudies/studies/vol46no1/article02.html#rfn12.
doned and released to the German government.
A decade later, during the international Mixed
Claims Commission hearings into damages related to
the war, several American lawyers revealed Witzke’s
role in the sabotage of the Black Tom Island munitions depot in New York Harbor on July 30, 1916.
Ostensibly, he had been one of three collaborators
who had placed dynamite on several barges loaded
8
MICA Golf tournament
raises $7,000 for Holiday
Ball
A Wonderful Evening
At Starr Pass - The Fort
Huachuca Holiday Ball
By Kevin Carolan
On Friday evening,
December 2, 2016,
all Fort Huachuca
units gathered together to celebrate
the Season with
the annual Holiday
Military Ball at the
Marriott Starr Pass
Resort in Tucson.
Over 600 Soldiers
and their guests attended the enjoyable
evening. Hosted by
MG and Mrs. Scott
Berrier, Commanding
General, United States Army Intelligence Center of
Excellence, the event was emceed by Mr. Jeff Jennings,
Deputy to the Commanding General. Other distinguished guests included MG Julius Parker, Jr., U.S.
Army Retired, the former CG, USAICoE from 19851988, and BG John Hoefert, Commander, Arizona
Army National Guard (AZARNG). The MI Band provided music playing magnificently throughout the
night. Thomas Tran, a comedian who performs at many
military events provided the evening’s entertainment,
relaying his many funny but poignant experiences as
a Soldier in the Army before being medically retired
several years ago. Reign Photography was on hand
to take formal photographs and guests received a
customized 4x6 picture frame. A DJ and
dancing finished up
the evening and a
good time was had by
all. MICA and many
corporate sponsors
made the Holiday
Ball a huge success
and superb time for
all. Thanks to everyone who contributed
and attended.
FORT HUACHUCA – “It was an absolute success,”
Huachuca Chapter President of the Military Intelligence
Corps Association (MICA) Michael Roberts said of the
Holiday Golf Tournament held Friday, October 21
at Fort Huachuca’s
Mountain View Golf
Course. “We had 87
players tee-off, which
was 24 more than last
year and we hope to
get the max of 100
next year. We brought
in over $7,000 that
Bryan Haggerty, left, gives a
few tips to new duffer Tyshawn
Jefferson during play on the
fifth tee.
will go to help defray various
expenses involved with holding the event.”
The winner of the 4-Man
Best Ball Scramble was the
ITRADS DET consisting of
Jerry Jones, Charlie Comolli,
Joe White and Delores White Jerry Harlan tees off on
with a score of 58. Second the 10th hole during
place went to Raytheon MICA’s fall tournament
held on October 21.
Team 3 of Charles Atkins,
Andrew Kometz, Brandon
Doty and David Gray with 60, followed by Team 13
consisting of Bobby Wise, Rob Davies, Tim McGinty
and Jerry Harlin with 62.
The “Closest to the Pin” award went to Bobby Wise
and David Gray, while the longest drive for the men
went to Marcus Harston, and Dolores White won it
for the women.
Photos by Reign
Photography
The Holiday Ball was held at the Star Pass Marriott
Resort in Tucson on Friday, Dec. 2, 2016.
Photos by [email protected]
9
504th MI Brigade celebrates
75th Anniversary at III
Corps MI Ball
participated in traditional military customs throughout
the evening – including toasts to the Commanderin Chief and III Corps, along with a Grog Ceremony
honoring the centuries-old history of the Military
Intelligence Corps. A highlight for the event came in
the presentation of Knowlton Awards to 38 awardees
from each of the units represented.
By Capt. Kevin Sandell, 504th MI Brigade
Public Affairs
The Knowlton Award recognizes individuals who
have contributed significantly to the promotion of
Army Military Intelligence in ways that stand out in the
eyes of their superiors, subordinates and peers. These
individuals must also demonstrate high standards
of moral character, display an outstanding degree
of professional competence, and serve the Military
Intelligence community with distinction. The Military
Intelligence Corps Association established the award
in 1995, and it is presented with a plaque, certificate
and blue ribbon and medal worn around one’s neck.
Military Intelligence Soldiers from across III Corps
and Fort Hood celebrated esprit-de-corps, partnership and camaraderie during the III Corps Military
Intelligence Ball, Jan. 20, at the Killeen Civic and
Conference Center. The Ball also served to commemorate the Fort Hood-based 504th Military Intelligence
Brigade’s 75 years of service to the MI Corps, the U.S.
Army and the national Intelligence Community.
Nearly 500 Soldiers and their significant others attended the event, representing III Corps, 1st Cavalry
Division, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 15th and 206th
Military Intelligence Battalions, and the 504th. Lt.
Gen. Robert P. Ashley, Jr., currently the U.S. Army’s
chief intelligence officer, and the Military Intelligence
Corps’ only three-star general, was the featured keynote speaker.
During his remarks, Lt. Gen. Ashley praised the
work of Military Intelligence Soldiers who support III
Corps and the U.S. Army in their daily work safeguarding the American public and our nation.
“Every day in America, 320 million Americans get
up and they enjoy their lives under the security umbrella that you (MI Soldiers) provide. That is an awesome task,” Lt. Gen. Ashley said. “So when you walk
through an airport, and somebody says, ‘Thanks for
your service,’ you just look at them and smile and say,
‘You’re welcome. It is my pleasure. It is my passion. It
is what I live to do, because I love being a Soldier.’”
Col. (Ret.) Richard Allenbaugh, a former commander of the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade
from 1992-94, and a Distinguished Member of the MI
Corps, also provided remarks.
Maxing the Center’s capacity, the 500 attendees
Lt. Gen. Ashley continued by saying that Soldiers,
and their Families, provide the freedoms and way of
life that Americans enjoy, and said, “We can never
take that for granted, across every generation. There’s
no guarantee that the life we enjoy today will be there
for our children or our grandchildren.”
Since its activation in February 1942, the 504th
Military Intelligence Brigade has endured a storied
legacy, serving in central Europe and Northern France
during World War II, and in Iraq, Afghanistan and
Kosovo. Tracing its lineage to the 137th Signal Radio
Intelligence Company (Aviation), the 504th has earned
campaign streamers for three World War II campaigns
and five deployments to Iraq.
In one instance during World War II, the 137th
Signal Radio Intelligence Company intercepted
German Army preparations for the Battle of the Bulge,
and reported those to the 9th Army’s intelligence
officer, a triumph that helped U.S. forces anticipate
Axis movements, said Col. Laura Knapp, commander
Lt. Gen. Robert P. Ashley, Jr., U.S. Army Deputy Chief of
Staff, G-2, speaks at the III Corps Military Intelligence
Ball, Jan. 20, at the Killeen Civic and Conference Center.
The Ball also commemorated the 75th Anniversary of
the activation of the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade.
(Photo by Amy McGuire)
10
grew initially from coordinating a smaller internal unit event
commemorating the brigade’s
75th Anniversary, to celebrating all III Corps MI units and
Soldiers. The event, she said,
brought MI professionals together to celebrate their expertise in the field.
“Just to bring a lot of the intel community together ... and
I’m sure it was like a reunion
for a bunch of people and
you run into folks you haven’t
seen in years,” Goldman said.
“Hopefully it’s something that
people will talk about.”
Earlier in the day, the 504th
hosted a “Military Intelligence
Pvt. Fernando Lugourena and Col. (Ret.) Richard Allenbaugh, prepare to cut the cake
Team Run” on West Fort
at the III Corps Military Intelligence Ball, as Col. Laura Knapp (far left), Commander
of the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade, looks on with Command Sgt. Maj. Ryan
Hood, along with Leader
Hipsley, Command Sergeant Major of the 504th MI Brigade. (Photo by Amy McGuire) Professional Development forums with Lt. Gen. Ashley and
of the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade, during the
Col. (Ret). Allenbaugh for junior enlisted Soldiers and
Ball.
Noncommissioned Officers and Officers.
Military Intelligence was a part of
every American conflict since the
American Revolution, but rarely in
a deliberate form prior to the 20th
Century. World War I was a turning
point for the Corps, when Military
Intelligence became a permanent facet of the Army. The Army
Security Agency, a branch of the
Signal Intelligence Service created
in the 1930s, was redesignated as a
major field command in 1964.
Historical displays showcased
units’ various achievements and
battlefield legacies for those in
attendance. Posters highlighting
the 22 members of the Military
Intelligence Hall of Fame who
have 504th or III Corps connec- Soldiers with the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade color guard salute the
tions were also displayed in the American flag after posting the colors at the III Corps Military Intelligence Ball,
ballroom. A 30-minute slideshow Jan. 20, at the Killeen Civic and Conference Center. (Photo by Amy McGuire)
played during dinner used hundreds of submitted pictures to portray MI Soldiers in
combat and garrison throughout the years.
For Capt. Amanda Goldman, the Officer-in-Charge
of the III Corps Military Intelligence Ball, the planning
11
504th leads a storied
history on military
intelligence triumphs
lotted to the U.S. Army Reserves. The Mobile Radio
Broadcasting Companies were the basic units organized to perform tactical psychological warfare.
Short lived, the 406th MRBC became the 504th
Communication Reconnaissance Group in July 1951,
and was allotted to the active Army in a ceremony at
Fort Devens, Massachusetts.
By Capt. Kevin Sandell, 504th MI Brigade
Public Affairs
Once again inactivated in 1957, the 504th would
remain dormant for almost 20 years. Finally, in 1974,
the unit would be activated for a fourth time, this time
at Hunter Army Airfield in Georgia. Soon after, the
504th Military Intelligence Group was founded. At
that time, the Vietnam War hit its peak, and U.S. forces would soon redeploy and drawdown. In the ‘80s,
the Cold War global threat dominated the U.S. military and its response to uncertain areas of the world.
Over 70 years ago, the U.S. Army engaged in World
War II, a war which prompted U.S. involvement in
1941, following the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor.
Two months later to the day, in February 1942, the
dawn of the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade started. Today, with emerging global threats from both
state and non-state actors, the importance of military
intelligence has never been more important. For former 504th MI Brigade commanders, the unit has a
storied military legacy, and a necessary future.
Retired Army Col. Ralph Gauer, who commanded
the 504th Military Intelligence Group from July 1984
to July 1986, said the Army faced a demanding and
recurrent training schedule to prepare for a possible
Soviet attack.
Owing its lineage to a small U.S. Air Force Base on
Long Island, New York, known as Mitchel Field, the
504th began as the 137th Signal Radio Intelligence
Company. Mitchel Field was the location of the Air
Force’s Air Defense Command, a command charged
to develop air defense for cities, vital industrial areas,
and military facilities in the United States. It served
as the main air defense point for New York City, and
housed two P-40 Warhawk fighter plane squadrons.
“We supported III Corps as it faced the Soviet Union
in Europe and an uncertain North Korea in Asia, complicated by the (People’s Republic of China) in the
middle,” Gauer said. “That meant continuous homestation training and annual exercises in both theaters.”
According to the National Army Security Agency
Association, Capt. Robert C. House was the unit’s
first commander and activated the signals intelligence
company. They intercepted enemy sea and land radio transmissions and located the source. Directionfinding units were deployed along the east coast from
Long Island to Sea Isle City, New Jersey. In 1944, the
company boarded a ship from New York City bound
for the war’s European Theater. Arriving in France,
137th’s Soldiers conducted their core mission: to
intercept and locate enemy radio transmissions and
analyze messages.
Col. Gauer led the unit’s transformation into a
military intelligence brigade in 1985. Soldiers in the
Military Intelligence career field were not immediately
accepted outright, especially by those at the Pentagon,
and Gauer said the “branch needed to be seen as legitimate and a major player in the Army’s force structure.” Along with branch acceptance, the unit established administrative details such as unit title, flags and
insignia, and recognition of its new name, the 504th
Military Intelligence Brigade.
Assuming its home location at West Fort Hood, the
504th MI Brigade also became the West Fort Hood
“sub-post commander,” which Col. Gauer said was
“both a blessing and a challenge.” The unit also managed the airfield runway, which proved surprisingly
fun at certain points in the year.
Less than a year later, the company was credited
with participating in three campaigns of World War
II – Northern France, Rhineland and Central Europe,
according to the Army’s Center of Military History.
The unit earned a Meritorious Unit Commendation
for its role in the theater. After their redeployment
to the United States in 1945, the 137th Signal Radio
Intelligence Company was inactivated, and its Soldiers
transferred to other units.
“Once a year, at 6:30 a.m., we closed that runway to aircraft operations and held a brigade-level
‘Runway Run,’” Gauer said. “Everyone who finished
got a special certificate.”
Gauer commanded nearly 1,500 Soldiers, and
said the official transition from a Military Intelligence
Group to brigade status meant the intelligence community was finally recognized by its peers.
The inactivation did not last long, however, as the
137th converted and re-designated to the 406th
Mobile Radio Broadcasting Company in 1948, and al12
“On the day we were formally designated as an MI
Brigade, everyone with even just a few years under
their belts knew that this was an important day for III
Corps and the (Military Intelligence) branch,” Gauer
said.
swelled to over 166,000 U.S. service members in
late 2007. Both battalions earned Meritorious Unit
Commendations and Iraq War campaign streamers,
which cited the battalions’ “valuable and actionable”
operational intelligence and greatly enhanced mission
success.
The colonel now serves as the district director to
District 24 of the Texas State Senate.
After redeploying from the Middle East, the 504th
gained a new brigade commander, then-Col. Robert
P. Walters, Jr., in November 2007. The brigade also
earned its third Meritorious Unit Commendation for
service in Southwest Asia. During his tenure, the commander saw to create a commander’s vision to, “See
to the mission; see to the troops; see to the Families;
and see to yourself.”
Although the brigade did not deploy to the Gulf
War, it stayed busy with changing intelligence doctrine
and equipment. Retired Col. Richard E. Allenbaugh,
who commanded the brigade from 1992 to 1994,
said the brigade had many training and fielding highlights in his tenure.
Allenbaugh said he commanded approximately 1,300 Soldiers, which included an Army Reserve
Tactical Exploitation Battalion. The brigade supported
a III Corps Warfighter Exercise, a weeks-long tactical exercise stressing both corps and division-level
headquarters. The brigade also added the All-Source
Analysis System to its inventory, and evaluated its capabilities through 1st Cavalry Division exercises.
Soon after taking command in November, Col.
Walters transitioned the unit to the Battlefield
Surveillance Brigade (BfSB) concept. The BfSB was
designated to be a self-sufficient modular unit formed
to conduct surveillance and reconnaissance at divisionlevels and above. The U.S. Army originally planned for
nine intelligence brigades to be converted that year,
which mirrored Army Brigade Combat Teams, and
were the Army’s focal point for warfighter units.
Improving the unit’s ethos was an innovative concept and became a top priority for the 504th leadership, Allenbaugh said.
Under the BfSB concept, each brigade transformation included two military intelligence battalions, a
Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting Analysis
(RSTA) squadron, a signal company and a support
company. The reconnaissance squadron also contained a Long-Range Surveillance Company to conduct surveillance at greater distances, oftentimes behind enemy lines. Under this construct, the brigade
gained the 2nd Squadron, 38th Cavalry Regiment,
the 268th Network Support Company, and the 509th
Forward Support Company.
“The effort was challenging to change culture, become revolutionary rather than evolutionary, while
working with the Corps’ (Intelligence section) to
improve Military Intelligence and move forward,”
Allenbaugh said.
He continued to say Military Intelligence Soldiers
must be well-versed in many facets of intelligence, including surveillance and reconnaissance, processing,
exploitation and dissemination of data, and make that
understood by commanders and warfighters.
For Walters, he said standing up and commanding
the Army’s second BfSB “was the utmost honor as we
transformed into a Battlefield Surveillance Brigade.”
Another highlight included the brigade’s deployment
to Iraq again, and bringing back all members of the
504th.
Col. (Ret.) Allenbaugh now serves as the Director
of the Ground Intelligence Support Activity-Central
at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where he supports the
Army’s Intelligence and Security Command.
After the war in Iraq began in 2003, the 504th
Military Intelligence Brigade served in a key role supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. Deployed in support of III Corps headquarters, known as Combined
Joint Task Force-7, the 504th’s Soldiers provided theater-level collection and analysis. In 2004, the unit
was awarded the Southwest Asia campaign streamer
for its efforts.
Col. Walters was promoted to Major General in
2016, and now is the Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence,
NATO’s Resolute Support and U.S. Forces-Afghanistan
mission.
In November 2009, then-Col. Walters relinquished
command to then-Col. Gary W. Johnston, who commanded the 504th MI Brigade for nearly three years.
Johnston said his command was an exciting time with
lots of transitions underway.
The brigade’s 163rd and 303rd Military Intelligence
Battalions deployed to Iraq multiple times between
2006 and 2007, where the surge of U.S. forces
13
“When I arrived at Fort Hood, the (504th) was al-
The Evolution and Success
of the CIA’s Area 51
ready in transition. Much work had to be completed,
including doubling the size of three companies and
building the 2-38 Cavalry Squadron from scratch,”
Johnston said. “The context of transition was embedded in the time of simultaneously training, certifying,
manning, equipping, building infrastructure, and preparing to deploy.”
By James Lint
On January 27, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
retiree gave a briefing that began with a slide once
classified as Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented
Information (TS/SCI). That classification is a worldclass attention-getter for an audience that had seen it
before in more proper locations.
In June 2011, the brigade deployed to Afghanistan
as Combined Task Force Viper. According to Johnston,
the 2,000-member task force captured over 130 insurgents, seized thousands of pounds of Improvised
Explosive Device materials, and provided critical training and advising capabilities to the Afghan National
Security Forces.
Thornton D. Barnes, author and veteran intelligence operative, gave a talk on “The Evolution of the
CIA’s Area 51.” This was the first distinguished lecture of the 2017 year at the National Atomic Testing
Museum in Las Vegas, Nevada. The museum tells the
story of America’s nuclear weapons testing program at
the Nevada Test Site and elsewhere.
Military Intelligence professionals “across multidisciplines provide timely and accurate intelligence to
the warfighters on the front lines,” Johnston said. He
added intelligence is vital for the safety and security of
our nation and our allies.
Barnes is the president of Roadrunners Internationale,
a group of pilots that tested advanced military aircraft
at Area 51, and the former executive director of the
Nevada Aerospace Hall of Fame. Barnes worked on
NASA’s Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application
(NERVA) at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station
at the Nevada Test Site. He also participated in Atomic
Energy Commission (now the Department of Energy)
tests of the atomic bomb. Barnes is the author of several books, including “MiGs Over Nevada,” which
was approved for publication by the CIA.
Col. Johnston was promoted to Brigadier General in
2015, and is currently the Director of Intelligence, J-2,
U.S. Special Operations Command.
In 2014, the brigade deployed again – this time to
Kosovo – where it assumed the role of Multinational
Battle Group-East, and overseeing NATO peacekeeping operations in the eastern and northern areas of
Kosovo. A year later, the brigade returned to its original name, the 504th Military Intelligence Brigade, during a formal re-designation ceremony, Oct. 26, 2015,
at West Fort Hood, and continued to offer excellent
military intelligence support to III Corps.
CIA: the Solution to No Unarmed Air Force
Aircraft
Thornton Barnes started his talk by discussing how
the wartime Office of Strategic Services (OSS) evolved
into the CIA in 1947. In 1950, Lockheed developed
high-flying reconnaissance aircraft. But Air Force
General Curtis LeMay was not interested in unarmed
aircraft. The CIA had flown its Air America fleet in
covert operations, so the agency became the natural
choice to conduct high-flying reconnaissance aircraft
testing.
The brigade celebrates its 75th Anniversary this
year, and hosted a Military Intelligence Ball in conjunction with III Corps’ G-2 (Intelligence) section,
Jan. 20, to mark the occasion. Over 500 MI Soldiers
from across Fort Hood attended the event. Lt. Gen.
Ashley, the Army’s current Deputy Chief of Staff, G-2,
is the MI Corps’ only three-star general, and was the
event’s featured keynote speaker. Allenbaugh also attended the event, and hosted a Leaders Professional
Development forum for junior enlisted Soldiers and
mid-grade Noncommissioned Officers, as part of his
visit to Fort Hood.
Why CIA Chose Nevada for Aircraft Testing
Site
In 1950, Nevada had a population of 237,000. Most
residents were involved in wartime work with the military, NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).
Nevada had long been known as a military-friendly
state and the belief was the no one would notice yet
another military activity. These reasons are why the
CIA chose Area 51 in Nevada to conduct flight testing
for the U-2 aircraft.
Each of the former commanders led a unit in transition, often in support of combat operations, and
agreed it was an honor to command and lead the
Army’s finest Military Intelligence Soldiers.
14
The CIA built the Area 51 facility and combined its
airspace with the adjoining Nellis AFB gunnery range,
creating the largest contiguous air and ground range in
the nation. The AEC labeled the Groom Lake facility
a NASA weather research station. But the reality was
that the CIA would conduct flight tests on a reconnaissance plane that was more highly classified than even
the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic
bomb.
Barnes also talked about the first stealth plane, the
A-12 Blackbird, and how the Special Projects team
would evaluate it. Because the U.S. tracked Soviet
satellites and knew when they were overhead, test
planes, U-2s and Stealth aircraft were moved into
hangers to protect them from Soviet surveillance.
Barnes Describes Realities of Working at
Area 51 Facility
Area 51 was a rough, undeveloped desert facility.
Employees would fly in on Monday and fly home on
Friday on their own commuter airline program called
Janet Airlines. Secrecy was important.
The CIA Special Projects team was composed of
many engineers with different specialties. The members were known by simple code names that were
easy to remember and protected the identity of the
Area 51 workers. Barnes was “Thunder.”
These engineers were often loaned out to other
agencies. Whether it was the AEC or a branch of the
military, the agencies were always called “the customer” for security reasons.
There were many stories of reverse engineering. For
example, engineers used the Soviet Tall King Radar to
determine how U.S. reconnaissance planes would appear on Soviet radar. U.S. pilots flew simulated MiG17s and MiG-21s to show what they would be up
against in combat.
15
Successes from Area 51
Area 51 had many successes, including:
• U-2 Projects Aquatone/Idealist flew reconnaissance over the Soviet Union.
• A-12 Project Oxcart developed America’s first
stealth plane.
• A-12 Operation Blackshield located missile sites
in North Vietnam.
• Projects Tagboard and Senior Bowl produced
drone technology.
• MiG-21 exploitation project Have Doughnut
revealed the reasons for U.S. air combat losses
over North Vietnam and prompted the Navy to
create the Top Gun Weapons School.
• MiG-17 exploitation projects Have Drill and
Have Ferry further expanded on reasons for U.S.
air combat losses over North Korea, and led the
Air Force to initiate the Red Flag Exercises and
added aggressors to the Weapons School.
• Project Have Blue produced the F-117 Stealth
plane.
The most successful CIA program produced the
fastest and highest-flying manned jet plane ever. The
About the Author
most amazing part was that it remained a secret from
our enemies.
James R. Lint recently retired as the (GG-15) civilian director
for intelligence and security, G2, U.S. Army Communications
Electronics Command. He is an adjunct professor at America
Military University. He has 38 years of experience in
military intelligence with the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Army,
government contracting and civil service. Additionally,
James started the Lint Center for National Security Studies, a
nonprofit charity that recently awarded its 43rd scholarship
for national security students and professionals. In 2015
and 2016 James served as the national vice president for
the Military Intelligence Corps Association. His military
assignments include South Korea, Germany and Cuba, in
addition to numerous CONUS locations. James has authored
several books including a new one entitled, Secrets to Getting
a Federal Government Job.
Area 51 Is Known for Space Aliens’
Landings
Many Americans believe space aliens were kept
hidden at Area 51. The truth is there were “UFOs”
at Area 51. They were the U-2, SR-71, A-12, D-21
drone and other oddly-shaped aircraft for high-altitude flights. Pilots had to wear special pressurized
suits, which were uncommon in that era.
Area 51 was highly successful because the CIA developed stealth technology, evaluated proof of concepts, exploited our enemy’s technology and flew
reconnaissance flights over denied territory. Today’s
cyber defenders could learn from their example.
Cuba—A Descriptive and Historical Account of the
Great Antilla. Dispatched prior to Congress formally
declaring war on 25 April, 1LT Rowan’s mission was to
provide General Garcia with the President’s message
regarding U.S. support and intentions on the island.
Becoming the first American officer on Cuban soil,
Rowan was also tasked to gather all information of a
military nature for potential Army operations there.
While enroute to meet General Garcia, the U.S. declared war and unbeknownst to Rowan, he had also
been promoted to Captain. His successful but harrowing mission was popularized in the famous pamphlet,
A Message to Garcia by Elbert Hubbard which sold
millions of copies and made Rowan a national hero.
Book Review
Cast in Deathless Bronze:
Andrew Rowan, the Spanish-American
War, and the Origins of American Empire
By Donald Tunnicliff Rice
West Virginia University Press, 2016
This fascinating book
effectively
describes
the military career and
exploits of MI Hall of
Fame member Colonel
Andrew
Summers
Rowan of West Virginia,
an 1881 graduate of the
U.S. Military Academy at
West Point. On the eve
of the Spanish-American
War in 1898, Rowan
was a seasoned First
Lieutenant serving under Lieutenant Colonel
Arthur Wagner in the
Army’s Military Information Division in Washington,
D.C.
In early April 1898, after a meeting with President
William McKinley, LTC Wagner directed 1LT Rowan to
proceed to Cuba to link up with rebel leader, General
Calixto Garcia. Rowan was an officer well suited for
this mission as he had travelled extensively in Latin
America and Canada, had been part of the MID off
and on starting in November 1889, and since June
1893 had led the Division’s Map Section. In 1896,
with Spain’s ongoing colonial problems in Cuba,
he co-wrote a detailed book entitled, The Island of
Donald Tunnicliff Rice provides a thorough description of Andrew Rowan’s famous mission and the key
historical characters involved. He also recounts the
background and motivation of Mr. Hubbard in writing
the embellished account and how he capitalized on
its popularity. In the latter half of the book, Mr. Rice
follows Rowan’s career including his time as a commander leading combat operations in the Philippine
War and the Moro rebellions.
16
From an Army intelligence perspective this book is
important as it provides new details on the early focus
and operations of the Military Information Division, the
precursor to today’s MI Branch. It also gives military
professionals a sense of how a straight forward mission
executed by a junior leader can have a profound impact – the “strategic corporal” or in this case the “strategic first lieutenant.” Recommend this informative book
to all who want to know the broader history behind The
Message to Garcia and Andrew Rowan, as well as those
interested in the Spanish-American and Philippine War
era – “the origins of American Empire.”
MICA Leaders Welcome
USMA Cadets into the
Military Intelligence Branch
MICA is the national professional fraternal
association of the U.S. Army Military Intelligence
Corps.
The objectives of MICA are to:
• Preserve history
• Educate leaders
• Honor professionals
• Share knowledge
• Provide support programs
Awards Program
The Knowlton Award recognizes select
individuals who have contributed significantly to
Military Intelligence
On Thursday, November 17, MICA President
Chuck Atkins accompanied by Huachuca Chapter
President Mike Roberts attended the U.S. Military
Academy Branch Night at Eisenhower Hall, West
Point NY. During the evening’s event, the Senior Class
Cadets learned their Army branch assignment upon
graduation as Second Lieutenants in May 2017. After
the selections were revealed, the MICA leadership
team presented the 21 Cadets branched into Military
Intelligence upon graduation with memorabilia and
gear from the MICA Store. With a generous donation
from the Raytheon Company, MICA leaders were able
to amply instill the camaraderie and esprit-de-corps
for the intelligence warfighting function with these
soon to be future leaders of the MI Corps.
The Golden Rose Award recognizes a spouse
whose volunteer service contributes to mission
accomplishment
The Van Deman Award recognizes coalition
intelligence professionals who have significantly
contributed to accomplishment of multi-national
missions
Scholarship Program
MICA provides scholarships for members and
their families
Museum Program
MICA supports the MI Museum
Huachuca Chapter Conducts
Quarterly Meeting and
Elects Officers
MICA is a non-profit organization
Join online at
http://mica-national.org
On Saturday, January 28, the Huachuca Chapter of
MICA convened their quarterly meeting where they
held elections and reviewed the Chapter Bylaws,
Constitution, and the 2016 Financial Report. In addition to those who reside in Arizona, all MICA members not in an active Chapter are considered to be a
part of the Huachuca Chapter.
Chapter Election Results are as follows:
Chapter President: Mike Roberts
Chapter Vice President: Eric Fowler
Chapter Secretary: Centoria Young
Chapter Treasurer: Vicki Briggs
Chapter PAO: Kevin Carolan
For information about Chapter activities or if you
have any questions, concerns, comments, or input,
please feel free to respond to Chapter Secretary,
Centoria Young at [email protected]. Thanks.
Always Out Front!
Centoria Young
Secretary, MICA Huachuca Chapter
17
The Vanguard
Military Intelligence Corps Association
P.O. Box 13020
Fort Huachuca, AZ 85670-3020
NONPROFIT ORG
US POSTAGE PAID
TUCSON, AZ
PERMIT NO. 223