Volume||5||Issue||01||January-2017||Pages-6166-6168||ISSN(e):2321-7545
Website: http://ijsae.in
Index Copernicus Value- 56.65
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsre/v5i01.05
Urbanization in India
Authors
Kavitha B.D1, Smt.N.K.Gayathri2
1
Research Scholar, Dept of Economics and Co-operation, University of Mysore, Mysuru.
2
Retired Assistant Professor, Dept of Economics and Co-operation, University of Mysore, Mysuru.
Email- [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the Urbanization in India the study is based on
secondary data collected from secondary sources. The study gives a increasing trend in urbanization in
India.
Keyword: Urbanization, Urban Population, Causes of Urbanization, Consequences of urbanization
1. INTRODUCTION
Cities play a vital role in generating economic growth and prosperity. The sustainable development of cities
largely depends upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure. According to THEODORE
PARKER “Cities have always been the fireplaces of civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into the
dark”. Urbanization over the last two centuries, the share of the world’s population living in cities increased
from about 9 percent to about 46 percent and the share of the U. S population in cities increased from about
6 percent to 75 percent (barioch).
The World Bank argues in this report that "urbanization leads to concentration of economic activity,
improves productivity and spurs job creation, specifically in manufacturing and services." This has the
"potential to transform economies to join the ranks of richer nations in both prosperity and
livability," Urbanization or urban drift is the physical growth of urban area as a result of global change or
the increasing proportion of the total population becomes concentrated in towns. The United Nations
projected that half of the world’s population would live in urban areas at the end of 2020.Urbanization is
closely linked to Modernization, Industrialization and the sociological process of rationalization.
Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e., the proportion of total population or area in
cities or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term Urbanization can
represent the level of Urban relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban
proportion is increasing. India’s Urban population is currently around 30 percent of its total population
.Experience across the world has been that as economies grow, rapid urbanization takes this proportion to
over 60 percent before it begins to stabilize. As such, it is projected that India’s Urban population would
grow to about 473 million in 2021 and 820 million by 2051, as against only 285 million in 2001.
In terms of percentage of total population the urban population has gone up from 17% in 1951 to 29% in
2001 and is expected to increase up to around 37% by the year 2021. Consequently, the number of
metropolitan cities with a population exceeding one 2021.
2. REVIEW OF LITERARURE
In the following section researcher has given a brief review of literature in order to understand the issues in
Urbanization
Kavitha B.D, Smt.N.K.Gayathri IJSRE Volume 5 Issue 01 January 2017
Page 6166
Sarma(2005) reported certain burning problems related to supplies of utilities, transportation of people,
livable space in the residential area, social infra-structure, open space, social interaction arena, pollution etc.,
of Dhaka city of Bangladesh.
A study Henderson (2006) shows that urban overcrowding really is an issue, it ought to affect economic
growth rates in a robust, consistent fashion. And it does. Not only is there an optimal degree of urban
concentration that varies with country income, but departures from optimal concentration result in
substantial growth losses. Overcrowding countries can reduce overcrowding by investing in interregional
transport infrastructure - in particular, increasing the density of road networks.
Navarro (2010) found that Urban peripheries in many developing country cities lack basic local public
goods like pavement, water, sewerage and electricity. The author stimated the impacts of slum infrastructure
upgrading using an experiment in urban road pavement provision in Mexico.
3. RESEARCH GAP
Many studies covered in Urbanization India and other countries also. The present study attempts
Urbanization in India.
4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To Review Urbanization in India
5. METHODOLOGIES
The present study uses secondary data. The analytical tools and techniques have been used for analysis and
interpretation of data.
Urbanization in India began to accelerate after independence, due to the country's adoption of a mixed
economy, which gave rise to the development of the private sector. Urbanization is taking place at a faster
rate in India. Population residing in urban areas in India, according to 1901 census, was 11.4%.[1] This
count increased to 28.53% according to 2001 census, and crossing 30% as per 2011 census, standing at
31.16%. According to a survey by UN State of the World Population report in 2007, by 2030, 40.76% of
country's population is expected to reside in urban areas.[4] As per World Bank, India, along
with China, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United States, will lead the world's urban population surge by 2050.
Urban Population in India : urbanization in India from 2005 to 2015 and details the percentage of the entire
population, living in urban areas.
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Share of urban population
29.24
29.57
29.91
30.25
30.59
30.93
31.28
31.63
31.99
32.37
32.75
The above table shows increasing trend in urban population in India. In 2005 urban population was 29.24%,
and 2015 32.75%.
CAUSES OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA
1. The main causes of urbanization in India are:
2. Growth of private sector after 1990
Kavitha B.D, Smt.N.K.Gayathri IJSRE Volume 5 Issue 01 January 2017
Page 6167
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Good Education Facility in Urban area.
Expansion in government services,
Migration from Village
Industria job oppournity
Eleventh five-year plan that aimed at urbanization for the economic development of India
Economic opportunities
Infrastructure facilities in the urban areas
CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION
Rapid rise in urban population, in India, is leading to many problems like increasing slums, decrease
in standard of living in urban areas, also causing environmental damage. India's urban growth rate is 2.07%
which seems to be significant compared to Rwanda with 7.6%. India has around 300 million people living in
metropolitan areas. This has greatly caused slum problems, with so many people over crowding cities and
forcing people to live in unsafe conditions which also includes illegal buildings. Water lines, roads and
electricity are lacking which is causing fall of living standards. It is also adding to the problem of all types
of pollution.
RESULTS:
Urbanization increase Economic Growth and globalization, Increase people standard of living, Good
Education but this creates disparity in the market, owing to the large demands of the growing population and
the primary sector struggling to cope with them.
REFERENCE
1. Rebelo Jorge (1999), “Reforming the Urban Transport Sector in Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region:
A Case Study in Concessions”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2096.
2. Rietveld Piet (2004), “Urban Transport policies: The Dutch Struggle with Market Failures and
Policy Failures” Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. Ti 04-126/3.
3. Rebelo Jorge (1996), “Essentials for Sustainable Urban Transport in Brazil’s Large Metropolitan
Areas”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1633
4. Ryneveld Philip Van (2006), “Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance within a Responsible Fiscal
Framework: South African Case”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4042.
5. Padam. S (2001), “Transport and urban governance’’, urban transport journal, vol.2, No...1.
6. Singh S K. (2000) ,“ Technical characteristics and efficiency of the Indian state road transport
undertakings”, Indian journal of transport management, vol.24 No. 8
7. Anas Alex (2009), “Impact of Policy Instruments to Reduce Congestion and Emissions from Urban
Transportation: The Case of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Work Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.
5099.
8. Ahlfeldt Gabriel M. (2008), “Fifty Years of Urban Accessibility: The Impact of Urban Railway
Network on The Land Gradient in Industrializing Berlin”, KOF Working Paper No. 208.
9. Selod Harris (2004), “The political Economy of Urban Transport System Choice”, CEPR Discussion
Paper No. 4682.
10. Thornton Rebecca L (2011), “Are Rural Road Investments alone Sufficient to Generate Transport
Flows? Lessons From a Randomized Experiment in Rural Malawi and Policy Implications”, World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5535
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