ASCII Phonetic Symbols for the World's Languages: Worldbet
James L. Hieronymus
AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA
Abstract
A new ASCII encoding of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and additional symbols for
speech database labeling has been designed for all languages. Many of the previous ASCII versions
of the IPA were targeted at European languages and therefore left out many of the sounds of the
other languages or used IPA symbols for non-European sounds like clicks, for plosive bursts. When
an attempt was made to label a large number of languages with phonemic and phonetic symbols,
these were found to be inadequate. The present scheme borrows on earlier work by George Allen,
Ian Maddieson, John Wells, Laver et al. and Hieronymus et al. Wherever possible, the present
scheme was made similar to the base IPA symbols, so that many of the symbols will seem to have
obvious meanings. Many of the symbols are the same as other schemes. The underlying principle is
that any spectrally and temporally distinct speech sound (not including pitch) which is phonemic
in some language should have a separate base symbol. In most cases the base symbol consists of a
concatination of an IPA symbol and diacritics. Thus it is easy to recognize the phonemic base symbols
and compare the same broad phonetic sound across languages. Tone languages have diacritics applied
to the vowel phoneme symbols to properly identify the phonemes in these languages. Allophonic
variations due to contextural coarticulation and stress may be labelled by a diacritic attached to
the base symbol. It is possible that some speech sounds which are phonemic in at least one of the
world's languages, are missing from the present version. It is hoped that any oversights will be
corrected in subsequent versions of Worldbet, and a standard method for constructing new symbols
is presented.
Introduction
Many systems have been developed for writing the sounds of the world's languages. Many of the
early workers made their own systems because there was no agreed standard or indeed knowledge
of the complete speech sound inventory. The International Phonetic Alphabet was developed in
1888 and revised several times into its present form. It represents 105 years of experience with
putting a symbol to each sound in all of the known languages in the world. The issues of economy of
representation and the distinction between allophonic variation and true baseform sound have been
worked out for many more languages since the IPA was originally formulated. Therefore it is a good
place to begin for any multilanguage speech database labelling eort.
There are some sounds which are not normally included in the IPA which have been found to
be useful in labelling large speech corpora like TIMIT, SCRIBE, BDSONS, and PHONDAT. These
modern attempts at a standard ascii form of the IPA resulted in TIMITBET, MRPA, SAMPA, and
SAMPA Extended to name a few of them. These phonetic alphabets were restricted to English or
to European languages, and thus were too restricted in scope to be used in other major language
families. The issue is whether or not the ascii representation is consistent, complete and logical for
all of the IPA symbols.
Worldbet is an attempt to have a phonetic alphabet which covers all of the world's languages
in a systematic fashion. It is an ascii version of the IPA plus a number of symbols which were found
useful in database labelling, which are not currently in the ocial IPA set. This list of extra symbols
may grow with time until all of the important phenomena have a coherent symbol representation.
This paper is organized to rst cover the general principles of Worldbet, discuss earlier labeling
sets, give specic symbol assignments, and discuss labeling methods. In Appendix A is an exhaustive
list the Worldbet symbols and their corresponding labels in a few other systems, namely TIMITBET,
SAMPA and JBET a phonetic alphabet used in speech synthesis. Appendix B is a table of place
and manner of articulation v.s. Worldbet symbols. In Appendix C there are examples of Worldbet
symbol inventories for several languages.
1
General Principles
Worldbet is an ASCII version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with additional broad
phonetic symbols not presently in the IPA. It is designed for a large set of languages including
Indian, Asian, African and European languages. Considerations of the special sounds in each of
these languages lead to the principle that each base symbol will represent a speech sound with
a spectrally distinct time sequence. Each type of /r/ will have its separate IPA like designation,
rather than the more graphemic r used in some label sets. Allophones like aspirated plosives will
have a separate base symbol from unaspirated plosives, if they are phonemic within the language in
question, otherwise they will be marked using the base symbol plus diacritic). Distinct means to be
so dierent spectrally or temporally as to be perceptually dierent, when the components are heard
in isolation.
Vowels are classed into nominal place positions. It is recognized that the detailed vowel color
may vary between languages for the same nominal vowel, yet separate symbols will be assigned only
when the dierences are large enough to constitute dierent phonemes. In actual labeling experience
it has been found that most of the dierences in phonetic labels between trained phoneticians were
due to disagreements on the detailed vowel color, rather than the actual broad vowel color.
Therefore, Worldbet base symbols will represent phonemic distinctions in some language, as in
the plosive example. The base symbols are thus meant to be broad phonetic, but can be used as
surface phonemic symbols within a given language (as stated in the original principles of the IPA
[1]). Since the IPA has been in use for over 100 years and has been actively developed and evolved
over this period [2], it should have all of the phonemic distinctions observed in the world's languages
to date. Therefore it is the natural starting point for any attempt to construct a phoneme set which
is sucient to cover all of the languages in the world.
Diacritics are used in general to modify the base symbols to deal with allophones which are
due to coarticulation eects (i.e.: labialized /s/ in the environment of /w/), or phonological context
eects. The diacritic allows the particular allophone to be marked, which has as its base character
the phonemically based broad phone which is the origin of this allophone. Of course it is not always
easy to determine what is an allophonic variation and what is a change of broad phonetic category.
Normally the number of symbols to be used to label a particular language will be limited, to keep
from having an overly large label inventory.
The motivating factor for Worldbet is to label speech for corpus driven speech research, phonological inventories, automatic language identication, multi-language speech recognition, and multilanguage speech synthesis. It should also be useful in constructing multi-lingual dictionaries. In all
of the above uses it is most convenient to have each sound labeled with a particular symbol closely
resemble all other sounds with the same label, no matter in which language it is uttered.
Previous Label Sets
Past work on ascii to ipa symbol sets was reviewed including the Klatt phonbet (Allen et al. [3]),
the PHONASCII system (Allen [4]), Arpabet used in the rst ARPA Speech Understanding Project
[5], TIMITBET used in labelling the DARPA Acoustic Phonetic Database which was collected by
Texas Instruments and labelled by MIT [6], the Esprit Speech Assessment Methodology Phonetic
Alphabet (SAMPA [7]), the Edinburgh Machine Readible Phonetic Alphabet (MRPA [8]), the Alvey
Project Phonetic alphabet [9], and the SCRIBE project phonetic label set (SAMPA Extended) [10].
These were generally concerned with one or a few Indo-European Languages, and thus are missing
a number of the symbols needed for other languages. For SAMPA some simpilifying assumptions
were made because it was thought that they would be used for transcription within one language,
not across languages. This leads to the same symbol being used for quite dierent sounds, most
notably for /r/.
An eort for world wide ASCII to IPA coverage by Ian Maddieson [11] of UCLA was thought to
be too complicated for the present application. It is a more detailed label set aimed at ne phonetic
distinctions in all the world's languages. It does not distinguish between diacritics and baseforms.
With the full set of diacritics in Worldbet it should be possible to have the same level of detail,
with the proviso that phonemes with multiple places of articulation might have to have baseform
symbols assembled using the Worldbet linking character . A new ascii version for the IPA which has
2
been developed on the sci.lang email news group [12] has also been examined, but seems to suer
from too few languages being considered in detail. It is supposed to be used in email discussions
of phonetics and phonology. It is a full encoding of the IPA and has some common symbols with
Worldbet.
PHONASCII, the ascii IPA symbol set by George Allen [4] is the closest to having the symbols
required, but has added symbols for studying speech disorders and child language acquisition. Some
of the constructions of aricates had the wrong fricative symbol and some of the monophthong vowels
had two character symbols, which makes the construction of diphthongs awkward. Otherwise it is a
complete encoding of the IPA set.
In Worldbet each IPA baseform symbol is represented by two ASCII normal characters which
may dier in case (giving around 2,900 possibilities). Currently we are using 299 symbols. One of
these characters may be a space. This xed length baseform allows a unique specication, and ease
in computer processing. It is envisioned that Worldbet will be used in computer speech synthesis and
recognition, as well as hand labelling of speech in many languages. It becomes very important in this
context that each symbol represent only one type of sound and that phonemes which have dierent
forms across languages have a unique symbol for each form. Keeping a two character baseform
will in practice prove to be unattainable for rare phonemes, for example all double articulations
constructed with the linking symbol -. In Worldbet there are some symbols which go beyond the
IPA set in an attempt to attain this goal, particularly for plosives.
Specic Symbol Assignments
Generally the Worldbet symbol will be as close as possible to the corresponding IPA symbol. For
the more unusual IPA symbols this is more dicult, and is sometimes only true in the most abstract
sense. An eort has been made to consistantly assign vowel and consonant symbols. The collection
of phonemes from the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database (UPSID) was examined to
make sure that Worldbet covered all those used by 10 or more languages listed in Patterns of Sound
by Maddieson [11].
Monophthong vowels will have base symbols which are usual vowel symbols orthographically
(i.e. a, A, o, O) and numbers (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). Most of these will be single printing symbols.
This is so that the base diphthongs and free and checked vowels can be constructed of two characters.
Since phonologically free and checked vowels are supposed to dier only in length, and not in spectral
properties in the various languages (e.g.: /i/ in English is free and usually written [i:] phonetically.
But it is a checked vowel in Dutch and written [i] phonetically.) the simple addition of the symbol
: for long, allows this distinction to be represented easily in two characters. The numerals 0 and 1
are not used for base symbols because of their confusibility with the letters o and l.
Diphthongs are constructed by concatenating the two monophthong symbols which represent the
endpoint vowels. While the present list contains many of the diphthongs seen in European languages,
this list is not presently exhaustive. New diphthongs can be constructed by concatinating the two
vowel symbols corresponding to the beginning and ending vowels of the diphthong.
Consonants can be two characters, since they do not always come in long and short versions.
Many long consonants are actually geminates. It is recommended that geminates be transcribed as
two consonants. Items like nasalization, rhotization and aspiration will be explicity represented in
the baseform, since they are phonemic in many languages. If it is found that consonant length is
phonemic in some language, then : will be added as a diacritic, as outlined below. See Table 1
for a comparison of IPA to Worldbet base symbols, and Table 2 for diacritics and suprasegmentals.
Exhaustive symbol tables are shown in Appendix A. A phoneme set for 12 languages are shown
in Appendix B. Presently Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin
Chinese, Russian, Castillian Spanish, and Tamil are listed.
3
CONSONANTS
The Worldbet representation of each IPA symbol is written below it. IPA symbols in parentheses are rare
phonemes, for which no machine-readable coding has yet been proposed. (In these cases a coding employing
diacritics is proposed.)
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or
Flap
Fricative
Bi- Labio- Dental Alveolar Post- Retro- Palatal
labial dental
alveolar ex
p b
t d
U c 1
p b
t d
tr dr c J
m
m|
n
>
<
m
M
n
nr
n
b
r
B
r
It
H F V
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approx.
Ejective p'
stop
p>
Implosive
p<b<
f v
f v
W
T D
([)
V[
t'
t>
Id
Ir
Front
i y
i y
rr
R
b
sr zr
M
Close-mid e
e
Open-mid
Open
7
j
j
(;)
4)
(l)
Lg
6
U'
t> r
`
lr
L
c'
c>
c< J<
Central
X
ix ux
y
.
I Y Ix
@
ax
k'
k>
2
"
^
P
X K
&
g
H !
h (')
h hv
q'
q>
k< g< q< Q<
Back
u
4 u
:
Y
U
& ox
E 8
@
a a 6
r
R
x #
x G
9r
i y
=
N
c (0)
C j^
N
9
l
l
,
k k g
Uvular Pharyn- Glottal
geal
q g
d
q Q
?
(n)
Nq
L
d(
r(
z S c
z S Z
(7)
Zl
t< d<
Close
VOWELS
t(
s
s
(5)
hl
Velar
$
2
o
o
A
^ >
A 5
y= ,is not an approved IPA symbol, but it is in such common use that we have propose Ix as the most
natural ASCII representation for a \centralized i".
TABLE 1: Worldbet Consonant and Vowel Symbols
4
DIACRITICS
The Worldbet representations are on the right of each column.
Voiceless
0 ()
Voiced
v ()
Aspirated
h +
Breathy voiced Hv

? 
Creaky voiced
Linguolabial
f x
Dental
[
]
t Apical
Laminal
g
,
%
D
s
j
h
}
SEGMENTAL TONE
'e'
e
Shown on the vowel e. ee
`e`
More rounded
(w)
Less rounded
Advanced
+
Retracted
Centralized
x ()
Mid-centralized
x
Syllabic
=
Non-syllabic
(
Rhoticity/retroexion r
]
/
$
g
m
n
e
extra high tone
high tone
mid tone
low tone
extra low tone
Labialized
w ~ Nasalized
Palatalized
j n Nasal release
Velarized
2 l Lateral release
No audible release
Pharyngealized !
Velarized or Pharyngealized (\emphatic")
Raised
^
Velar place
Lowered
/
Uvular place
Unaspirated
* ( ) Advanced Tongue Root
Glottalized
? ( ) Retracted Tongue Root
t
p
o
e9
e7
e5
e3
e1
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Intonation and word-accents can be represented on a separate tier, using TOBI notation.
Primary stress
`
Secondary stress
,
Long
:
Half-long
;
Short
`
Extra-short
(
. Syllable break
.
Pause (non-IPA)
#
Phrase boundary (non-IPA) ##
q
r
k
l
OTHER SYMBOLS
W
pj
w w j j
( ) jw ! tj
(h)
=j cj
( -)
k lj
( -)
l)
cg ( )
zg
3
\
?
+
g
d
O
*
a
LINKING SYMBOL
linking symbol 
TABLE 2: Worldbet Diacritic and Suprasegmental Symbols
5
n
l
c
g
q
>
<
For special allophones there will be a diacritic linked to the main symbol by an underscore.
Underscore will not be used for any other purpose. Base symbols with diacritics generally will be
used for allophonic variations, rather than for phonetic symbols of regular speech segments in the
languages of the world. For example, a labialized allophone of /s/ which is due to a nearby /w/
would be written [s w] and a rhoticized vowel /i/ will be i: r. The diacritic symbols are letters, math
symbols, numbers or punctuation symbols. Numbers with the exception of 2 and 0 as diacritics are
reserved for tone designations in tone languages.
Suprasegmentals are shown in the diacritic table for syllable boundaries, primary and secondary
stress. Making for intonation and pitch accent is also provided. In tone languages, the tone is
marked by odd number diacritics attached to the vowel on the broad phonetic level, since the tone
is phonemic. Strictly speaking the tone is attached to the syllable rather than the vowel, but this
allows a consistent label attachment point across all syllables.
Additional Broad Phonetic Symbols beyond IPA
Several symbols were added to the IPA set which were found to be necessary to accurately
label continuous speech databases which have been collected over the past 5 years. Some of these
symbols have been used by phoneticians in the past, and some of the phenomena which they capture
have been mentioned in the literature. The major departure is the inclusion of hyper aspiration for
Indian languages and fricated plosives which were found in British English during the labeling of
the SCRIBE database [10]. Hyper aspiration is meant to be a strong aspiration. This may be the
property called breathy voiced aspiration in Hindi, but this is yet to be determined experimentally.
It is used to denote strong aspiration, while h denotes ordinary aspiration. Another non-IPA symbol
is the symbols for individual aps t and d in order to allow the study of duration dierences for
the phonologically voiced or unvoiced aps. In the tables which follow, the IPA column has square
brackets around symbols which are not in the ocial IPA set, to mark them as pseudo IPA symbols.
Labeling Methods Using Worldbet
Worldbet can be used for three labeling methods. The basic form of Worldbet is just an ACSII
representation of the IPA. As such it can be used in exactly the same way that IPA is used to do
labeling in which the phonetic and phonological or surface phonemic level are kept separate. The
usual set of IPA diacritics are provided to mark variations.
The second method for using Worldbet is as a single level broad phonetic labeling which is
based on the phoneme inventory of each language plus diacritics.[14] This allows the recovery of
most of the information in the two level labeling scheme from one level of labeling, by stripping the
diacritics from the broad phonetic labeling to collapse all allophones into the base symbol. Since
it takes almost twice as long to label two levels as one, the single level scheme saves considerable
time and eort. Not all of the allophones are within the class of the broad phonetic label, so that
not all of the surface phonemes are produced by diacritic stripping. However some 97% of them
are (based on experience with the British English SCRIBE database), and for practical applications
this is enough to warrent using one level of labeling.
The phoneme is by denition language specic, denoting the minimal set of phonological elements which is sucient to represent a specic language. Once the phoneme inventory for a language
is determined, a set of baseforms are constructed by taking the base symbol from Worldbet and concatinating diacritic symbols without the underscore. For example in Hindi there are unaspirated
and heavily aspirated stop consonants, therefore these would be represented as p t k b d g pH tH
kH bH dH gH. In American English aspiration is not phonemic but occurs as the default in voiceless
stop consonants so the labels would be ph th kh b d g. The broad phonetic inventory of labels which
are phonemically based is thus constructed for each language.
Speech is labeled at a broad phonetic level using these phoneme based symbols with diacritics
to denote broad phonetic variations. For example, an aspirated d in English would be labeled d h.
When the labeling is nished, stripping the diacritics will then recover the surface phonemic labels
for most cases. The cases in which this method fails is when the allophonic variant is in a dierent
manner or place of articulation distant from the default phoneme. In Japanese, the phoneme /h/
has variants /f/ and /C/, which are suciently dierent from /h/ that they cannot be properly
6
constucted from the baseform /h/. For Japanese these allophonic variants occur in a very specic
context and the phonemic level can be corrected with rules after the diacritic stripping. With the
dierence between phonemic and allophonic variants labeled it would be possible to determine if b h
and bh are similar across languages or whether phonemic distinctions are more carefully produced
and therefore aspiration in bh is more consistent in strength and length.
The third labeling method is called acoustic-phonetic segment labeling, which while using the
phoneme based labels, attempts to label the actual regions of allophonic production. The part of
a voiced fricative which is devoiced, z for example, with a separate diacritic, z 0 to show which
section is voiced and which one is not. Similarly for labialized fricatives, the part during which the
labialization is seen to have an eect is labeled s w and the non-labialized part is labeled s. This
detailed dierentiation of voicing and coarticulation eects allows studies of the overlap of phonetic
features and the study of durations of these segments. Often phonologically voiceless plosives like t
are completely voiced in intervocalic position. Normally a voiced consonant would be shorter than
a long one. Does the speech production mechanism require that the voiced voiceless consonant be
longer? This can only be answered by studying speech labeled with this level of detail captured in the
labels. The acoustic-phonetic segment labeling should correspond to multi-level labeling used in nonlinear phonology. For example the nasalization of a vowel would be labeled as to its onset time and
so the tier in non-linear phonology corresponding to nasalization would include the nasal consonant
and the nasalize portion of the vowel. This allows the study of the direction of feature spreading,
and the limits on duration and overlap which form the parameters of the speech production process.
Acoustic-phonetic labeling can be done on a single tier, and the broad phonetic labels obtained by
diacritic clumping. All of the labels with the same adjacent label are examined, the diacritic with
the longest duration can be applied to the whole segment and the other diacritics removed. Finally
the phonemic level can be recovered by stripping o all of the diacritics, and retaining the baseform
symbols.
Phonological Inventories
Phonemes are, strictly speaking, dened only within a single language. The set of all observed
phonemes from all the world's languages can be studied. Sets of these phonological elements across all
languages are called phonological inventories. These have been collected by Greenberg and Ferguson
at Stanford University and by Maddieson amd Ladefoged at UCLA [11]. The aim of Worldbet is
to include as a baseform all of the elements in the phonological inventory of all the languages of
the world. These symbols are created by concatinating the Worldbet ascii IPA set and diacritics
to make a phoneme set for each language. Because these symbols are constructed in a principled
fashion, it is always easy to see what a Worldbet symbol represents within the IPA equivalent set
from which it is constructed.
Speech from many languages labeled with Worldbet symbols will allow the study of the detailed
characteristics of similar phonemes in dierent languages. Studies have been done in the past
comparing the same phonological elements, for example nasals in French and English. The existence
of multilanguage speech databases labeled with Worldbet will allow quantication of the dierence
between phonemes across a spectrum of languages. Even speech databases which are not labeled in
Worldbet can have their phonetic label set mapped to Worldbet in order to simplify the process of
cross language studies.
7
References
1. International Phonetic Association. 1888. fonetik t^itcr,
August, 1888.
2. International Phonetic Association. 1989. Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention.
Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19:2, 67 - 80.
3. J. Allen, M. S. Hunnicutt and D. Klatt, "Klatt Symbols",
From text to speech: The MITalk System (Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 197.
4. G. D. Allen (1988), "The PHONASCII system," J. IPA, 18:1, pp. 9-25.
5. Reference to arpabet
6. S. Sene and V. W. Zue, "Transcription and Alignment of the
TIMIT Database," DARPA TIMIT CD-ROM Documentation, 1988.
7. J. C. Wells, Computer-coded phonemic notation of individual languages
of the European Community, J. IPA, 19, pp. 32-54 (1989).
8. J. Laver, M. Alexander, C. Bennett, I. Cohen, D. Davies, and J. Dalby,
"Speech Segmentation Criteria for the ATR/CSTR Database, Progress Report Number 1, 1988.
9. A. W. Bladon and J. C. Wells, "The Alvey Phonetic Alphabet," Proceedings
of the IEE Conference on Speech Input and Output, London (1986).
10. J. Hieronymus, M. Alexander, C. Bennett, I. Cohen, D. Davies, J. Dalby, J. Laver, W. Barry,
A. Fourcin and J. Wells, "Speech Segmentation Criteria for the SCRIBE Project,"
SCRIBE Project Documentation 1990 (available from Speech Research Unit, DRA,
St. Andrews Road, Gr. Malvern, UK.
11. I. Maddieson, Patterns of Sound, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984).
12. E. Kirshenbaum, Second Draft, Article 8167 of sci.lang, Jan. 1993
13. C. A. Ferguson, and J. H. Greenberg, The Stanford Phonlogy Archive.
14. W. J. Berry and A. J. Fourcin, Computer Speech and Language, 6,1-4 (1992).
8
VOWELS
Monophthongs
IPA
i:
i
~i
y
i
~i
i:
y
[.]
[,]
[~.]
e
~e
~
~
~
~
a
A
A
$
~
~
o
~o
$
Y
Y
~
u
u~
X
:
:
@
:}
~
~
WORLD
i:
i
i
y
I
I
I:
Y
Ix
ix
Ix e
e
7
E
E
8
8
@
@
ax
ax a
6
A
A
5V
>
>
2
o
o
2
U
U
u
u
ux
4
4
&
&
ox
3
&0
3r
&r
4r
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
TIMIT
iy
ih
ix
eh
ae
aa
ah
ao
uh
uw
ux
ax
ax-h
er
axr
-
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
SAMPA
i:
i
y
I
I:
Y
[
2
e
E
9
9
f
6
a
&
A:
A
Q
V
O:
O
o
U
u:
-
g
@
@:
@a
3r
=r
-
JPO
E
i
e
a
o and @
-V
>
u
U
&
R
-
9
EXAMPLE
beat(high front long)
vier(high front short)
(nasalized high front)
tu(rounded high front)
bit(mid-high mid-front short)
(nasalized I)
(long i)
funf(rounded i)
(centralized i)
(high front mid unrounded)
(nasalized centralized i)
the(mid-high front)
(nasalized e)
blod(mid-high front rounded)
bet(mid-low front short)
vin(nasalized E)
plotzlich(mid-low front rounded)
brun(nasalized 8)
bat(mid-low front long)
(rounded @)
besser(mid-low central)
(nasalized ax)
patte(low front)
(rounded open front)
Bob(low back)
vent(nasalized A)
pot(low back rounded)
but(mid-low back)
bought(mid-lowV mid-back)
bon(nasalized )
ge(unrounded o)
lunge(mid-high back)
(nasalized o)
ge(unrounded o)
book(mid-high back short)
(nasalized U)
boot(high back)
(nasalized u)
suit(fronted u)
kutsu(high back unrounded)
(nasalized 4)
about(central short)
(nasalized &)
(rounded )
bird(central long)
(voiceless )
bird(central retroexed)
butter(central retroexed short)
(retroexed :)
Monophthongs
English
Dutch
French
English
German
Russian
French
German
English
French
German
French
English
German
French
English
French
Br. English
English
English
French
Chinese
Danish
Chinese
English
English
English
Japanese
English
Br. English
Japanese
am.english
Am. English
Chinese shi (poe
Diphthongs
IPA WORLD
ia
ie
i
i
y
e
io
iu
i:
i
yu
ie
ei
ei
eo
eu
e
i
u
u
Ai
i
y
A
A
A
y
u
ai
ai
ae
e
aY
a :i
ao
au
u
oi
oi
oY
oa
o
oY
ou
o
ui
ua
u
u
ia
ie
i5
iax
yax
7ax
Eax
eax
io
iu
i4
i&
yu
ie
ei
eI
eo
eu
e&
Ei
E5
Eu
@5
@u
>i
>I
>Y
>&
8y
8u
ai
aI
ae
eax
aU
a4
ao
au
Au
oi
oI
oU
oa
oax
oU
ou
o5
ui
ua
uax
u5
TIMIT
ey
oy
ay
aw
ow
-
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
SAMPA
iQ
iu
I@
yu
eI
eo
eu
e@
EQ
Eu
fQ
fu
OI
OY
O@
2y
2u
aI
aU
Au
@U
oQ
ui
uQ
JPO
EXAMPLE
A
Y
I
W
O
-
10
kirke
Tier
Tur
Gehor
Gewahr
Gewehr
ivrig
here
syv
bait
bait
Saek
Armenian
Danish
German
German
German
German
German
Kurdish
Dutch
Japanese
Br. English
Danish
Gilyak
Am. English
Br. English
peber
there
jn
br
evne
r
stvle
boy
boy
Kreuz
pore
huis
vle
hegn
buy
Danish
Br. English
Dutch
Danish
Danish
Danish
Danish
Am. English
Irish English
German
Br. English
Dutch
Danish
Dutch
English
Gewehr
down
German
English
goud
noi
boy
show
Dutch
Italian
Irish English
English
Tor
gou
German
Mandarin
morsom
huj
Danish
Danish
Ruhr
hurtig
German
Danish
Diphthongs
uo
u
:i
:a
u
uo
u&
4i
4a
&u
-
U@
-
-
poor
Br. English
Approximants and Trills
IPA
[
j
+
w
\
M
N
;
b
r
r
L
Ir
P
l
l
`
6
5
7
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
V[
j
jw
w
W
9
9r
4)
B
R
r
rr
r(
K
l
Lg
L
lr
hl
Zl
j
w
r
l
-
j
H
w
W
r
rr
l
L
-
y
w
r
l
-
(labiodental approximant)
you(palatal approximant)
juin(voiced labial-palatal approximant)
wit(voiced labial velar approximant)
when(voiceless w)
rent
rent(retroexed approximant)
(velar approximant)
(labial trill)
(uvular trill)
(alveolar trill)
(alveolar retroexed tap)
(r ap - not retroexed)
(uvular fricative)rond
let(alveolar lateral approximant)
(velar lateral approximant)
(palatal lateral approximant)
(retroexed lateral approximant)
(alveolar lateral fricative)
(alveolar lateral voiced fricative)
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
11
Approximants and Trills
English
English
French
English
Scottish
British Eng
Am. English
French
CONSONANTS
Plosives
IPA WORLD
pt
p
[p*]
[pf ]
p%
[pH]
pr
[prH]
pn
[pnH ]
p'
}p
tjt
tj
[tj*]
tj%
n
jt
jt'
}jt
tt
t
[t*]
[tf ]
[It]
t%
[tH]
U
UH
[ ]
tn
[tnH ]
t'
}t
ct
c
[c*]
c%
cpt
cp
[cp*]
cp%
kt
k
[k*]
[kf ]
k%
kn
[kH]
[krH]
pc
p
p*
pP
ph
pH
pr
pR
pn
pN
p>
p<
t[ c
t[
t[ *
t[ h
t[ n
t[ >
t[ <
tc
t
t*
tT
t(
th
tH
tr
tR
tn
tN
t>
t<
cc
c
c*
ch
cp c
cp
cp *
cp h
kc
k
k*
kK
kh
kn
kH
kR
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
pcl
p
tcl
t
dx
kcl
k
-
pc
p
p!
pf
tc
t
t!
tf
t<
k
k!
kf
-
sp
p
st
t
sk
k
-
stop(p closure)
potholder(labial voiceless plosive release)
(p burst without aspiration)
(fricated p)
(p aspirated release)
(p hyper-aspirated release)
(p retroex release)
(p hyper-aspirated retroex release)
(p nasal release)
(p hyper-aspirated nasal release)
(p ejective release)
(p implosive)
(t[ with no release)
(dental voiceless plosive release)
(t[ burst without aspiration)
(t[ aspirated release)
(t[ nasal release)
(t[ ejective release)
(t[ implosive)
streetcar(t with no release)
(apico-alveolar voiceless plosive release)
(t burst without aspiration)
(fricated t)
(ap or tap t)
(t aspirated release)
(t hyper-aspirated release)
(t retroex release)
(t hyper-aspirated retroex release)
(t nasal release)
(t hyper-aspirated nasal release)
(t ejective release)
(t implosive)
(c with no release)
(palatal voiceless plosive release)
(c burst without aspiration)
(c aspirated release)
(cp with no release)
(labial palatal voiceless plosive release)
(cp burst without aspiration)
(cp aspirated release)
clockwork(k with no release)
cot(velar voiceless plosive release)
(k burst without aspiration)
(fricated k)
(k aspirated release)
(k nasal release)
(k hyper-aspirated k release)
(k hyper-aspirated retroex release)
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
12
Plosives
English
English
Irish Engl
Hindi
Hindi
Hindi
Hindi
English
English
English
Irish Engl
Am. Engl
Hindi
Hindi
Hindi
English
English
Irish Engl
Hindi
Hindi
[knH]
k'
2
k pt
k p
[k p*]
k p%
qt
q
[q*]
q%
2
bt
b
[b*]
[bf ]
b%
[bH]
br
[brH]
bn
[bnH ]
b'
Ib
jt
j
j
j%
}j
t
[ ]
d
d
[d*]
d
d
d
d
[d*]
[df ]
[Id ]
d%
[dH]
[drH]
dn
[dnH ]
d'
1t
1
1
1%
1 t
1
1
1 %
t
[ *]
b
b
[ b*]
b
g
g
kN
k>
k<
kp c
kp
kp *
kp h
qc
q
q*
qh
q<
bc
b
b*
bB
bh
bH
br
bR
bn
bN
b>
b<
b(
d[ c
d[
d[ *
d[ h
d[ <
dc
d
d*
dD
d(
dh
dH
dr
dR
dn
dN
d>
d<
Jc
J
J*
Jh
Jb c
Jb
Jb *
Jb h
gc
g
bcl
b
dcl
d
dx
gcl
g
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
bcv
b
b!
bf
bh
dcv
d
d!
df
d<
sg
g
sb
b
sd
d
g
g
(k hyper-aspirated nasal release)
(k ejective release)
(k implosive)
(kp with no release)
(labial velar voiceless plosive release)
(kp burst without aspiration)
(kp aspirated release)
(q with no release)
(uvular voiceless plosive release)
(q burst without aspiration)
(q aspirated release)
(q implosive)
bobtail(b with no release)
boat(labial voiced plosive release)
(b burst without aspiration)
(fricated b)
(b aspirated release)
(b hyper-aspirated release)
(b retroex release)
(b hyper-aspirated retroex release)
(b nasal release)
(b hyper-aspirated nasal release)
(b ejective release)
(b implosive)
(ap or tap b)
(d[ closure)
(dental voiced plosive release)
(d[ burst without aspiration)
(d[ aspirated release)
(d[ implosive)
bloodclot(d closure)
dock(d release)
(d burst without aspiration)
(fricated d)
(ap or tap d) Am. English
(d aspirated release)
(d hyper-aspirated release)
(d retroex release)
(d hyper-aspirated retroex release)
(d nasal release)
(d hyper-aspirated nasal release)
(d ejective release)
(d implosive)
(J with no release)
(palatal voiced plosive release)
(J burst without aspiration)
(J aspirated release)
(Jb with no release)
(labial palatal voiced plosive release)
(Jb burst without aspiration)
(Jb aspirated release)
game(g with no release)
game(velar voiced plosive release)
13
Plosives
Hindi
English
English
English
English
English
Irish Engl
Hindi
Hindi
Hindi
English
English
English
English
Irish Engl
Hindi
Hindi
Hindi
English
English
[g*]
[gf]
g%
[gH]
gr
[grH]
gn
[gnH]
g'
"
Ig
[ ]
g bt
gb
[gb*]
gb%
Gt
G
[G*]
G%
G
-
d
d
g*
gG
gh
gH
gr
gR
gn
gN
g>
g<
g(
gb c
gb
gb *
gb h
Q
Q
Q*
Qh
Q<
?H
?
q
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
g!
gf
?
*
(g burst without aspiration)
(fricated g)
(g aspirated release)
(g hyper-aspirated release)
(g retroex release)
(g hyper-aspirated retroex release)
(g nasal release)
(g hyper-aspirated nasal release)
(g ejective)
(g implosive)
(ap or tap g)
(gb with no release)
(labial velar voiced plosive release)
(gb burst without aspiration)
(gb aspirated release)
(Q with no release)
(uvular voiced plosive release)
(Q burst without aspiration)
(Q aspirated release)
(Q implosive)
(epiglottal plosive)
(glottal stop)
14
Plosives
Irish Engl
Hindi
Hindi
Hindi
Flaps and Taps
IPA
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
[Ib]
[Id ]
[Ig ]
[It]
[Ik ]
~I
b(
d(
g(
t(
k(
n(
l(
rr
r(
dx
dx
nx
-
-
-
-
puraibe:tono(voiced labial ap)
ladder(voiced alveolar ap)
(voiced velar ap)
batter(voiceless alveolar ap)
(voiceless velar ap)
banter
(alveolar lateral ap)
(retroex ap)
(r ap - not retroexed)
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
F
f
T
s
sr
S
cg
hl
V
v
D
z
zr
Z
Zl
zg
C
jx
G
X
K
h
hv
HH
HH v
H
Hv
f
th
s
sh
v
dh
z
zh
hh
hv
-
f
T
s
S
B
v
D
z
Z
C
G
hv
-
f
T
s
S
v
D
z
zh
-
(labial voiceless fricative)
fat(labio-dental voiceless fricative)
thing(apico-alveolar voiceless fricative)
sat(alveolar voiceless fricative)
(retroexed alveolar fricative)
shut(postalveolar voiceless fricative)
(alveolo-palatal voiceless fricative)
(alveolar lateral voiceless fricative)
(labial voiced fricative)
vat(labiodental voiced fricative)
that(dental voiced fricative)
zoo(alveolar voiced fricative)
(retroexed voiced post-alveolar fricative)
azure(postalveolar voiced fricative)
(alveolar lateral voiced fricative)
(alveolo-palatal voiceless fricative)
ich(palatal voicelessfricative)
(palatal voiced fricative)
ach(velar voiceless fricative)
koge(velar voiced fricative)
(uvular voiceless fricative)
rond(uvular voiced fricative)
head(glottal voiceless fricative h)
(glottal voiced fricative h)
(pharyngeal voiceless fricative)
(pharyngeal voiced fricative)
(epiglottal voiceless fricative)
(voiced epiglottal fricative)
O
L
Ir
d<
-
t<
Japanese
English
Japanese
English
Japanese
English
Fricatives
IPA
H
f
W
s
R
S
5
v
z
b
c
7
a
c
0
x
#
^
P
h
'
&
g
h
-
g
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
15
Taps and Fricatives
English
English
English
English
English
English
English
English
German
German
Danish
French
English
Aricates
IPA
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
pHt
pH
b
t
b
pft
pf
bvt
bv
tst
ts
tRt
tR
dzt
dz
tSt
tS
tS:
dct
dc
dc:
cct
cc
pF c
pF
bVc
bV
pf c
pf
bv c
bv
ts c
ts
ts r c
ts r
dz c
dz
tS c
tS
tS:
dZ c
dZ
dZ :
cC c
cC
Jj c
Jj
kx c
kx
gG c
gG
qX c
qX
QK c
QK
pcl
bcl
pcl
bcl
tcl
dcl
tcl
ch
dcl
jh
-
pfc
pf
tsc
ts
tSc
tS
dZvc
dZ
-
C
J
-
(bilabial voiceless aricate closure)
(pF aricate burst frication)
(voiced bilabial aricate closure)
(bV aricate burst frication)
(pf aricate closure)
Pfahl
(voiced labiodental aricate closure)
(bv aricate closure)
(ts closure)
Zahl
(alveolar retroex aricate closure)
(voiced apicoalveolar aricate closure)
(dz burst frication)
(tS closure)
church
chatri(umbrella)
(dZ closure)
judge
jhari(stream)
(palatal voiceless aricate closure)
(cC burst frication)
(palatal voiced aricate closure)
(Jj burst frication)
(velar voiceless aricate closure)
(velar voiceless aricate)
(velar voiced aricate closure)
(velar voiced aricate)
(uvular voiceless aricate closure)
(uvular voiceless aricate)
(uvular voiced aricate closure)
(uvular voiced aricate)
WORLD
pj
j
tj
lj
cj
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
-
-
-
(bilabial click)
(dental click)
(alveolar click)
(alveolar lateral click)
(palatal click)
10t
10
kxt
kx
g#t
g#
q^t
q^
g^t
g^
Clicks
IPA
?
j
!
jj
=j
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
16
Aricates and Clicks
German
German
Mandarin
Mandarin
English
Hindi
English
Hindi
Nasals
IPA WORLD
m
M
nj
n
~I
>
nj
<
=
N
m
M
n[
n
n(
nr
nj
n
N
Nq
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
m
n
nx
ng
-
m
n
J
N
-
m
n
ng
-
met(labial nasal)
(labiodental nasal)
(dental nasal)
net(alveolar nasal)
(nasal ap)
(retroexed nasal)
oignon(palatalized alveolar nasal)
ca~nos (palatal nasal)
sing(velar nasal)
(uvular nasal)
Syllabics
IPA
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
l.
ms
ns
l=
m=
n=
N=
el
em
en
eng
=l
=m
=n
=ng
ll
mm
nn
-
battle
bottom
button
camping
s=
English
English
English
French
Silences and Pauses
IPA
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
-
+
#
##
.epi
.pau
h#
+
#
##
*
*
%
(epenthetic silence)
[pause]
[begin/end]
Non-speech Sounds
IPA
WORLD
TIMIT
SAMPA
JPO
EXAMPLE
-
.ls
.br
.ct
.laugh
.tc
.cough
.sneeze
.ln
.ns
.bn
.ring
.ls
.br
.ct
.laugh
.tc
.cough
.sneeze
.ln
.ns
.bn
.ring
-
-
(lip smack)
(breath)
(clear throat)
(laughter)
(tongue click)
(cough)
(sneeze)
(telephone line noise)
(non-speech noise)
(background noise)
(telephone ring)
Appendix A: Worldbet Symbols
17
Nasals and Syllabics
English
English
French
Spanish
English
Worldbet Charts:
CONSONANTS
Place
labial
labiodent.
dental
apicoalv.
laminoalv.
lateral alv.
retroex
nasalized
postalv.
lam'pal'alv
palatal
labial pal.
velar
labial vel.
uvular
pharyngl.
glottal
epiglottal
Stop
,Asp
+Asp
,V +V ,V +V
p
b ph bh
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
t[ d[ t[h d[h
{
{
{
{
t
d th dh
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
tl dl {
{
tr dr {
{
tn dn {
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
c
J ch Jh
{
{
{
{
cp Jb {
{
k
g kh gh
{
{
{
{
kp gb {
{
q Q qh Qh
{
{
{
{
?
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
Nas
Manner of Articulation
Fricative
+HyAsp
,V +V
,V +V
pH bH m F
V
{
{
{
{
{
{
{ M
f
v
{
{ n[ T
D
{
{
{
{
{
tH dH n
s
z
{
{
{
{
{
{
{ sg zg
{
{
{ nl hl
Zl
tR dR nr sr
zr
tN tN {
{
{
{
{ nj S
Z
{
{
{ Sg Zg
{
{ n C
j{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
kH gH N x
G
{
{
{
{
{
{
{ nm {
{
{
{ Nq X
K
{
{
{ HH HH v
{
{
{
h
hv
{
{
{
H Hv
Aricate
,V +V
pF bV
{
{
pf bv
{
{
{
{
ts dz
{
{
{
{
ls lz
{
{
{
{
tS dZ
{
{
cC Jj
{
{
{
{
kx gG
{
{
{
{
qX QK
{
{
{
{
{
{
Appr Lat Flap Tril
{
{
V[
{
{
9
{
{
l
9r
{
{
{
j
{
jw
Rg
{
w
RR
{
{
{
{
{
{
ld
{
{
{
lg
{
lr
{
{
{
L
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
b(
{
{
{
{
t(
d(
{
l(
r(
n(
{
{
{
{
{
k(
g(
{
{
{
{
{
B
{
{
{
{
r
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
R
{
{
{
Ej
b>
{
{
t[>
{
t>
{
{
{
{
{
{
{
c>
{
{
k>
{
{
q>
{
{
{
Glottal
Im Vel
b<
p<
{
t[<
d[<
d<
d<
{
{
{
{
{
{
c<
J<
{
k<
g<
{
q<
{
{
{
{
{
{
j
{
tj
{
{
lj
{
{
{
{
cj
{
{
kj
{
{
{
{
{
{
VOWELS
Close
Front
i y
Close-mid e
Open-mid E
@
Open
a
Worldbet
Central
Back
ix ux
4 u
I Y Ix
U
7
2 o
& ox
8
^ >
ax
6
A 5
18
Charts
Appendix B: Phonemic Sets for Some Languages
DANISH
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
pande
bande
tand
dan
kalde
galde
/pan/
/ban/
/tandd/
/dand/
/kal/
/gal/
pan&
ban&
tan?
dan?
kal&
gal&
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/s/
/v/
//
/0/
/#/
/h/
nde
stand
vinde
bide
Jul
koge
hest
/fen/
/sdand/
/ven/
/bi:/
/0u:dl/
/kA:#/
/hsd/
fen&
sdan?
ven&
b i: D &
j- u: ? l
k O: G &
hEsd
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/=/
mile
ny
lunge
/mi:l/
/ny:d/
/lo=/
m i: l&
n y: ?
loN&
Semi-vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/P/
land
ride
/lan?/
/Pi:/
lan?
K i: D&
Worldbet
p
b
t
d
k
g
f
s
v
D
jG
h
m
n
N
l
K
19
Danish
Vowels
Monophthongs:
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/e:/
/:/
/a:/
/y:/
/:/
/:/
/i/
/e/
//
/a/
/y/
//
//
/u:/
/o:/
/A:/
/u/
/o/
/ A/
mile
mele
mle
male
byde
bde
hne
ville
visse
thkke
hast
tyst
st
hnse
bude
gode
bade
kusk
bunde
kop
/mi:l/
/me:l/
/m:l/
/ma:l/
/by:/
/b:/
/h:n/
/vil/
/vis/
/tk/
/hast/
/tyst/
/st/
/hns/
/bu:/
/go:/
/bA:/
/kusg/
/bon/
/kAp/
m i: l &
m e: l &
m E: l &
m a: l &
b y: th &
b 7: th &
h 8: n &
vil&
vis&
tEk&
hast
tyst
7st
h8nse
b u: th &
g o: th &
b >: th &
kusg
bon&
k>p
i:
e:
E
a:
y:
7:
8:
i
e
E
a
y
7
8
u:
o:
>:
u
o
>
Diphthongs:
IPA WORLDBET
/iu/
iu
/i/
i5
/yu/
yu
/eu/
eu
/u/
7u
/u/
Eu
//
E5
/ai/
ai
/u/
Au
/u/
5u
/u/ 8u
// 85
/Ai/
>i
/o/
o5
/ou/
ou
/ui/
ui
/u/
u5
Worldbet
Word
ivrig
kirke
syv
peber
dvstum
evne
br
hegn
havn
vogn
stvle
smr
/hj/
morsom
svn
huj
hurtig
IPA word
/iuPi/
/kik/
/syu/
/peuvP/
/dusdom/
/un/
/b/
/haidn/
/haun/
/vun/
/sdul/
/sm/
/hAi/
/mosom/
/soun/
/hui/
/hudi/
20
WORLDBET word
iu K i
k i5 k &
s yu
p eu v & K
d 7u s d o m
Eu n &
b E5
h ai ? n
h Au n
v 5u n
s d 8u l &
s m 85
h >i
m o5 s o m
s ou n
h ui
/h u5 d i/
Danish
DUTCH
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
pak
bak
tak
dak
kap
goal
/pk/
/bk/
/tk/
/dk/
/kp/
/go:l/
pAk
bAk
tAk
dAk
kAp
g o: l
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/s/
/v/
/z/
/#/
/x/
/h/
/c/
/ S/
fel
sein
vel
zijn
goed
toch
hond
sjaal
sjaal
/fl/
/sin/
/vel/
/zin/
/#ut,xut/
/tAx/
/hAnt/
/ca:l/
/Sa:l/
fEl
sEn
vel
z Ei n
Gut
t>x
h > nt
C a: l
S a: l
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/ =/
met
net
bang
/mt/
/nt/
/b=/
mEt
nEt
bAN
Semi-vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/P/
/r/
/[/
/j/
land
rand
rand
wit
ja
/lt/
/Pnt/
/rnt/
/[it/
/ja:/
lAnt
RAnt
rAnt
V[ I t
j a:
Worldbet
p
b
t
d
k
g
f
s
v
z
G
x
h
C
S
m
n
N
l
K
r
V[
j
21
Dutch
Vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/I/
//
//
/A:/
/X/
/ /
/i:/
/y/
/e:/
/a:/
/A:/
/:/
/o:/
/u/
pit
pet
pat
pot
put
gemakkelijk
vier
vuur
veel
naam
roze
deur
voor
voer
/pit/
/pt/
/pt/
/pAt/
/pXt/
/gmklk/
/vi:r/
/vyr/
/ve:l/
/na:m/
/rA:z/
/d:r/
/vo:r/
/vur/
pIt
pEt
pAt
p >: t
p ux t
g&mAk&l&k
v i: r
vyr
v e: l
n a: m
r >: z &
d 7: r
v o: r
vur
I
E
A
>:
ux
&
i:
y
e:
a:
>:
7:
o:
u
Diphthongs:
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/iu/
/yu/
/eu/
/i/
/y/
/ai/
/u/
/oi/
/ui/
nieuw
duw
sneeuw
jn
huis
draai
goud
mooi
roeiboot
/niu/
/dyu/
/sneu/
/fin/
/hys/
/drai/
/xut/
/moi/
/ruibo:t/
n iu
d yu
s s eu
f Ei n
h8ys
d r ai
x Au t
m oi
r ui b o: t
Worldbet
iu
yu
eu
Ei
8y
ai
Au
oi
ui
22
Dutch
ENGLISH
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p%/
/b/
/t%/
/d/
/k%/
/g/
pan
ban
tan
Dan
can
gander
/p%n/
/bn/
/t%n/
/dn/
/k%n/
/gnder/
ph @ n
b@n
th @ n
d@n
kh @ n
g@nder
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/v/
/W/
//
/s/
/z/
/ S/
/c/
/h/
/ '/
fan
van
thing
that
seen
zone
sheen
azure
hope
ahead
/fn/
/vn/
/Wi=/
/t/
/si:n/
/zoYn/
/Si:n/
/@c/
/hoYp/
/'d/
f@n
v@n
T I ng
D@t
s i: n
z oU n
S i: n
@ Z 3r
h oU p
& hv E d
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/tS/
/dc/
church
gin
/tStS/
/dcin/
tS 3r tS
dZ I n
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/=/
me
knee
weeping
/mi:/
/ni:/
/wi:pi=/
m i:
n i:
w i: p i N
Worldbet
ph
b
th
d
kh
g
f
v
T
D
s
z
S
Z
h
hv
tS
dZ
m
n
N
23
English
Taps
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/[Id]/
/[It]/
/[~]/
I
d(
t(
n(
ladder
batter
banter
/lId/
/bIt/
/b~I/
/l @ d ( & r/
/b @ t ( & r/
/b @ n ( & r/
Syllabics
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l./
s
/m/
s
/n/
/s=/
l=
m=
n=
N=
battle
bottom
button
gambling
/btl./
s
/btm/
s
/btn/
/gmls=
b @ t l=
bA
t m=
V
b t n=
g @ m b l N=
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/N/
/M/
/j/
/w/
l
9r
9
j
w
long
reed
rent
you
we
/l~A=/
/Ni:d/
/Mnt/
/ju/
/wi:/
l O: N
9r i: d
9Ent
ju
w i:
Worldbet
24
Some British
English
Vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/i/
/./
//
//
//
//
/ A/
/ /
/ Y/
/u/
/ X/
//
/ /
//
//
i:
I
Ix
E
@
A
V
seek
sick
equipment
set
sat
Bob
but
bought
pot
book
due
suit
the
to go
bird
butter
/si:k/
/sik/
/i:kw.pmnt
/st/
/st/
/bb/
/bt/
/bAt/
/pt/
/bYk/
/du/
/sXt/
//
/tgo/
/bd/
/bt/
s i: k
sIk
i: k w I x p m & n t
sEt
s@t
bA
b
V
b t
b>t
p5t
bUk
du
suxt
D&
t & 0 g oU
bV
3r d
b t &r
>
5
U
u
ux
&
&0
3r
&r
British
Diphthongs:
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/iu/
/ei/
/e/
/Ai/
/ai/
/aY/
/oY/
/u/
i&
iu
ei
e&
>i
aI
aU
oU
u&
here
few
bait
there
boy
buy
down
show
poor
/hi/
/u/
/beit/
/We/
/bAi/
/bai/
/daYn/
/SoY/
/pu/
hi&
f iu
b ei t
Te&
b >i
b aI
d aU n
S oU
p u&
Worldbet
25
British
British
Some British
English
FRENCH
Plosive
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
pont
bon
temps
dans
quand
gant
/p~A/
/b~A/
/t~/
/d~/
/k~/
/g~/
WORLDBET word
p O
b O
t A
d A
k A
g A
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/S/
/c/
/0/
/^/
femme
vent
sans
zone
champ
gens
ion
jota
/fam/
/v~/
/s~/
/zon/
/S~/
/c~/
/j-~A/
/^ot/
fam
v A
s A
zon
S A
Z A
j- >
xot&
p
b
t
d
k
g
f
v
s
z
S
Z
jX
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
/m/
/n/
/</
/ =/
mont
non
oignon
camping
/m~A/
/n~A/
/A<~A/
/k~mpi=/
Syllabics
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/s=/
camping
/k~mps=/
k A m p N=
Worldbet
m
n
nj
N
N=
26
WORLDBET word
m >
n >
> nj >
kA mpiN
French
Semi-vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
/l/
/P/
/j/
/w/
/+/
long
rond
bien
coin
juin
/l~A/
/P~A/
/bj~/
/kw~/
/c+~/
l
K
j
w
jw
WORLDBET word
l>
K >
b j E
k w E
Z jw E
Vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/e/
//
/a/
//
/ A/
/o/
/u/
/y/
//
//
/ /
si
ses
seize
patte
p^ate
comme
gros
doux
d^u
deux
seul
justement
/si/
/se/
/sz/
/pat/
/pt/
/kAm/
/gPo/
/du/
/dy/
/d/
/sl/
/cystm~/
si
se
sEz
pat
pAt
k>m
gKo
du
dy
d7
s8l
Z y s t & m A
i
e
E
a
A
>
o
u
y
7
8
&
Nasalized Vowels (Phonemic Distinction)
IPA WORLDBET Word IPA word
/~/
E
vin
/v~/
/~/
A
vent
/v~/
/~A/
>
bon
/b~A/
/~/
8
brun
/bP~ /
Worldbet
27
WORLDBET word
v E
v A
b >
b K 8
French
GERMAN
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p%/
/b/
/t%/
/d/
/k%/
/g/
Pein
Bein
Teich
Deich
Kunst
Gunst
/p%ain/
/bain/
/t%aic/
/daic/
/k%Ynst/
/gYnst/
ph aI n
b aI n
th aI C
d aI C
kh U n s t
gUnst
ph
b
th
d
kh
g
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/S/
/c/
/c/
/x/
/h/
fast
was
Tasse
Hase
waschen
Genie
sicher
Buch
Hand
/fast/
/vas/
/tas/
/ha:z/
s
/vaSn/
/ceni:/
/zicax/
/bu:x/
/hant/
fast
vas
t a s&
h a: z &
w a S n=
Z e n i:
z I C ax
b u: x
hant
f
v
s
z
S
Z
C
x
h
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/pf/
/ts/
/tS/
/dc/
Pfahl
Zahl
Deutsch
Dschungel
/pfa:l/
/tsa:l/
/dAytS/
/dcY=l./
pf a: l
ts a: l
d Y tS
dZ U N l=
pf
ts
tS
dZ
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/ =/
/</
mein
nein
Ding
Kognak
/main/
/nain/
/di=/
/kA<ak/
m aI n
n aI n
dIN
k > n a k
Worldbet
m
n
N
n
28
German
Vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/y:/
/i/
/y/
//
//
/:/
//
/e:/
/a/
/a:/
/ A/
/o/
/o:/
/ Y/
/u:/
/ /
//
i:
y:
I
Y
7
E
E:
8
e:
a
a:
Lied
suss
Sitz
hubsch
Hohle
Bett
bate
Holle
Beet
Satz
Saat
Trotz
Foto
rot
Schutz
Blu:t
Gesetz
besser
/li:d/
/sy:s/
/sits/
/hybS/
/h:l/
/bt/
/b:t/
/hl/
/be:t/
/zats/
/za:t/
/tPAts/
/foto:/
/Po:t/
/SYts/
/blu:t/
/gsts/
/b s /
l i: d
s y: s
s I ts
hYbS
h 7: l &
bEt
b E: t &
h8l&
b e: t
z a ts
z a: t
tK > ts
foto:
K o: t
S U ts
b l u: t
g & s E ts
bEs
>
o
o:
U
u:
&
ax
Diphthongs:
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/y/
//
//
/e/
/ai/
/aY/
/a/
/Ay/
/o/
/u/
iax
yax
7ax
Eax
eax
aI
aU
aax
>Y
oax
uax
Tier
Tur
Gehor
Gewahr
Gewehr
Eis
Haus
Jahr
Kreuz
Tor
Ruhr
/t i/
/t y/
/gh/
/gv /
/gve/
/ais/
/haYs/
/j a/
/kPAyts/
/t o/
/Ru/
t iax
t yax
g & h 7ax
g & v Eax
g & v eax
aI s
h aU s
j aax
k K >Y ts
t oax
R uax
Worldbet
29
German
Syllabics
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
s
/m/
s
/n/
s
/ng/
/l./
m=
n=
N=
l=
haben
hatten
Haken
Kessel
s
/ha:bm/
s
/hatn/
s
/ha:kng/
/ksl./
h a: b m=
h a t n=
h a: k N=
k E s l=
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/r/
/P/
/L/
/r/
/j/
l
R
K
rr
r
j
Lein
rein
waren
Traumho
Herr
Jahr
/lain/
/rain/
/va:Pn/
/tLMaYmhAf/
/her/
/ja:P/
l aI n
R aI n
v a: K & n
t rr 9 aU m h > f
h E r(Bavarian)
j a: K
Worldbet
30
German
HINDI
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/pH/
/tj/
/tjH/
/U/
/UH/
/k/
/kH/
/b/
/bH/
/dj /
/dj H/
//
/H/
/g/
/gH/
/q/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/v/
/s/
/R/
/z/
/S/
/Z/
/c/
/h/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
p
pH
t[
t[H
tr
tR
k
kH
b
bH
d[
dH
dr
dR
g
gH
q
f
v
s
sr
z
S
Z
C
h
Aricates
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/tS/
/tSH /
/dc/
/dcH/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
tS
tSH
dZ
dZH
31
Hindi
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/nj /
/>/
/</
/=/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Semi-vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/Ir /
/L/
/LH /
/Ir /
/j/
/w/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/I/
/./
//
//
/e:/
/a/
/a:/
/o:/
/A/
/u:/
/u/
/Y/
//
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
m
n[
nr
n
N
l
r(
rr
rrH
r(
j
w
i:
I
Ix
@
E
e:
a
a:
o:
>
u:
u
U
&
Diphthongs
IPA WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/ai/
/aY/
-
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
ai
aU
32
Hindi
ITALIAN
Plosive
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/p:/
/b/
/b:/
/t/
/t:/
/d/
/d:/
/k/
/k:/
/g/
/g:/
copia
coppia
bacio
babbo
tana
latte
dito
cadde
casa
sacco
ago
leggo
/kopia/
/kop:ia/
/batSo/
/bab:o/
/tana/
/laT:e/
/dito/
/kad:e/
/kasa/
/sak:o/
/ago/
/lg:o/
kopia
kop:ia
b a tS o
b a b: o
tana
l a t: e
dIto
k a d: e
kasa
s a k: o
ago
l E g: o
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/f:/
/v/
/v:/
/s/
/s:/
/z/
/z:/
/S/
/S:/
festa
aetto
vino
ovvio
sette
osso
rosa
zone
sci
ascia
/festa/
/af:et:o/
/vino/
/Av:io/
sete
/os:o/
/-/
/zon/
/Si/
/a S:ia/
festa
a f: e t: o
vino
> v: io
sete
o s: o
rosa
zon
Si
a S ia
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/ts/
/ts:/
/tS/
/tS:/
/dc/
/dc:/
zio
azione
cinema
gocce
giro
oggi
/tsio/
/ats:ioni/
/tSinema/
/gAtSe/
/dciro/
/Adc:i/
ts io
a ts: io m i
tS i n e m a
g > tS e
dZ i r o
> dZ: i
Worldbet
p
p:
b
b
t
t
d
d:
k
k:
g
g:
f
f:
v
v:
s
s:
z
z:
S
S:
ts
ts:
tS
tS:
dZ
dZ:
33
Italian
Nasals
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/m:/
/M/
/n/
/n:/
/=/
/</
/<:/
m
m:
M
n
n:
N
n
n:
mano
mamma
inferno
vano
vanno
ancora
gnocco
ogni
/mano/
/mam:a/
/iMferno/
/vano/
/va:no/
/a=kora/
/<ok:o/
/o<:i/
mano
m a m: a
iMferno
vano
v a n: o
aNkora
n o k: o
o n: i
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/l:/
/r/
/r:/
/`/
/`:/
/j/
/w/
l
l:
r
r:
L
L:
j
w
latte
bello
serata
serrata
gli
aglio
piu
puo
lat:e
/bl:o/
/serata/
/ser:ata/
`i
a`:io
/pju/
/pwA
l a t: e
b E l: o
serata
s e r: a t a
Li
a L: io
pju
pw>
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/I/
/e/
/ /
/a/
/A/
/o/
/u/
//
//
i
I
e
E
a
vino
vinacca
nero
epoca
case
cosa
volo
lumaca
allora
/vino/
/vinatSa
/nero/
/poka/
/k a s e/
/kAsa/
/volo/
/lumaka/
/l:ora/
vino
v I n a tS a
nero
Epoka
kase
k>sa
volo
lVu m a k a
l: o r a
Vowels
Worldbet
>
o
uV
&
34
Italian
Diphthongs
IPA
WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/ie/
/i/
/ia/
/io/
/iA/
/ei/
/i/
/eu/
/u/
/oi/
/ai/
/au/
/ui/
/ue/
/u/
/ua/
/uo/
/uA/
ie
iE
ia
io
i>
ei
Ei
eu
Eu
oi
ai
au
ui
ue
uE
ua
uo
u>
eno
piede
iato
ore
ionio
deiscente
lei
neurologia
reuma
noi
farai
causa
altrui
questo
querulo
quasi
liquore
cuore
/eno/
/pide/
/iato/
/ore/
/ionio/
/deiente/
/li/
/neurolodcia/
/ruma/
/noi/
/farai/
/kauza/
/altrui/
/kuesto/
/kuerulo/
/kuasi/
/likuore/
/kuAre/
f ie n o
p iE d e
ia t o
f io r e
io n io
d ei S e n t e
l Ei
n eu r o l o dZ ia
r Eu m a
n oi
f a r ai
k au z a
a l t r ui
k ue s t o
k ue r u l o
k ua s i
l i k uo r
k u> r e
Worldbet
35
Italian
JAPANESE
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/p:/
/b/
/b:/
/tj/
/tj:/
/dj /
/dj :/
/k/
/k:/
/g/
/g:/
happa
mobbu
hatta
beddo
hakka
baggu
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/H/
/f/
/s/
/s:/
/z/
/S/
/S:/
/x/
/h/
/c/
/0/
hasso
hassha
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/tjs/
/tS/
/dc/
/dj z/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
p
p:
b
b:
t[
t[:
d[
d[:
k
k:
g
g:
F
f
s
s:
z
S
S:
x
h
C
j-
t[s
t[S
d[Z
d[z
36
Japanese
Nasals
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/m:/
/nj /
/nj :/
/=/
m
m:
n[
n[:
N
aNma
aNnai
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Syllabics
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
s
/m/
/snj /
s
/ng/
m=
n[=
N=
-
-
-
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/j/
/w/
/N/
j
w
9r
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Taps and Flaps
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/O/
/Ir /
/[Id]/
/[Ig ]/
/[Ik ]/
l(
r(
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
d[ (
g(
k(
37
Japanese
Vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/i/
/e/
/e:/
/a/
/a:/
//
/o/
/o:/
/:/
/::/
/ /
/ /
i:
i
e
e:
a
a:
V
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
o
o:
4
4:
&
&0
Diphthongs:
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/ai/
/ei/
/oi/
/i:/
aI
eI
oI
i4
hi
antei
-
/hai/
/ans t ei/
-
h aI
a n= t eI
-
Worldbet
38
Japanese
MANDARIN
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
PinYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/tj/
/k/
/p%/
/tj%/
/k%/
b
d
g
p
t
k
bai
dei
gu
pai
tai
kn
p ai
t[ ei
ku
ph ai
t[h ai
kh @ n
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/s/
/R/
/c/
/x/
/v/
f
s
S
x
h
v
fa
sn
shn
xia
hai
wei
fA
s@n
sr @ n
CA
h ai
v ei (North)
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/ts/
/ts%/
/tR/
/t%R/
/cc/
/c%c/
z
c
Z
C
j
q
zong
ci
zhu
chi
jian
qian
ts > N
tsh i
thsr u
tsr
j ai n
cCh ai n
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/ =/
m
n,N
G
mei
neng
zheng
m ei
nEN
thsr E N
Worldbet
p
t[
k
ph
t[h
kh
f
s
sr
C
x
v
ts
tsh
thsr
tsr
cC
cCh
m
n
N
39
Mandarin
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/N/
/j/
/w/
/+/
l
r+
j
w
jw
l
r
y
w
Y
li
rang
xian
tuan
xuan
l i:
rAN
Cj@n
t[ w A n
Cjwn
IPA
WORLDBET
BLYin
PYWord
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/if /
/i/
/ /
//
/y/
//
/A/
/$/
/u/
//
//
/:}/
i:
If
I
E
@
y
A
i
$
e
@
U
a
oV
bi
si
Qing-1
die
dan
ju
pa
duo
de
zhu
dun
er
shi
p i:
sr If
cCh I N
t[ E
t[ @ n
jy
ph A
t[ >
t[ 2
thsr u
t[ u & n
&r
sr 4r
Vowels
>
2
u
&
&r
4r
u
R
%
Diphthongs and Glide-Vowels:
IPA
WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/ai/
/aY/
/ei/
/oY/
ai
aU
ei
oU
I
W
A
O
pai
gao
fei
gou
ph ai
k aU
f ei
k oU
Worldbet
40
Mandarin
RUSSIAN
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/pj/
/tj/
/tjj/
/k/
/kj/
/b/
/bj/
/dj /
/dj j/
/g/
/gj/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
g
/-/
/-/
/-/ -
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/f j /
/v/
/vj/
/s/
/sj/
/z/
/zj/
/S/
/Z/
/x/
/xj/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/tjs/
/tSj /
-
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
p
pj
t[
t[j
k
kj
b
bj
d[
dj
g
gj
f
fj
v
vj
s
sj
z
zj
S
Z
x
xj
t[s
tSj
41
Russian
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/mj/
/nj /
/nj j/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Semi-vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/lj/
/r/
/rj/
/j/
l
lj
r
rj
j
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i:/
/,/
/e:/
/a:/
/o:/
/u:/
/ /
i:
ix
e:
a:
o:
u:
&
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
m
mj
n[
n[j
Vowels
Diphthongs
IPA
WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/-/
/-/
-
-
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
42
Russian
SPANISH (Castillian)
Plosives
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
p
b
t
d
k
g
punto
ba~nos
tino
donde
casa
ganga
/punto/
/ba<os/
/tino/
/donde/
/kasa/
/ga=ga/
punto
b a n o s
tino
donde
kasa
gaNga
Fricatives
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/
/
/f/
/s/
/z/
/W/
//
/x/
/#/
V
f
s
z
T
D
x
G
haba
falda
casa
mismo
luces
dedo
jamas
lago
/a
a/
/falda/
/kasa/
/mizmo/
/luWes/
/deo/
/xamas/
/la#o/
aVa
falda
kasa
mizmo
luTes
deDo
xamas
laGo
Aricates
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/tS/
/dc/
tS
dZ
chato
un yugo
/tSato/
/undcu#o/
tS a t o
dZ u G o
Worldbet
43
Castillian Spanish
Nasals
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/</
/=/
m
n
n
N
mano
nada
ba~no
banco
/mano/
/naa/
/ba<o/
/ba=ko/
mano
naDa
b a n o
baNko
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/`/
/Ir /
/r/
/j/
/w/
l
L
r(
r
j
w
lado
pollo(older)
pero
perro
mayo
cuento
/lado/
/po`o/
p e Ir o
/p e r o
/majo/
/kwento/
lado
p o L oD
p e r( o
pero
majo
kwento
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/e/
/a/
/o/
/u/
i
e
a
o
u
piso
mesa
caso
modo
cura
/piso/
/mesa/
/kaso/
/moo/
/kuIr a/
piso
mesa
kaso
moDo
k u r( a
Vowels
Worldbet
44
Castillian Spanish
TAMIL
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/s/
/R/
/c/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/nj /
/>/
/</
/=/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
/p/
/p/
/tj^/
/tj/
^
/t/
/U/
/U /
/^c/
/c/
^
/k/
/k/
^
Worldbet
p
pv
t[
t[ v
t
tr
tr v
c
cv
k
kv
f
s
sr
C
m
n[
nr
n
N
45
Tamil
Semi-vowels
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/lj/
/6/
/Ir /
/r/
/j/
/w/
/;/
l[
lr
r(
9r
j
w
4)
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/i:/
/e/
/e:/
/a/
/a:/
/o/
/o:/
/u/
/u:/
/ /
i
i:
e
e:
a
a:
o
o:
u
u:
&
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Vowels
Diphthongs
IPA
WORLDBET
BLYin
Word
WORLDBET word
/ai/
/aY/
ai
aU
-
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
46
Tamil
VIETNAMESE
Plosives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/p/
/t/
/t%/
/U/
/c/
/k/
/b/
//
/d/
//
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
nal
initial
initial
initial
initial
-
Fricatives
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/x/
/#/
/h/
/c/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
initial
initial
initialinitialinitialinitialinitialinitial-
Aricates
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/dc/
-
-
-
Nasals
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/m/
/n/
/</
/=/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
initial
-
Worldbet
p
t
th
tr
c
k
b
b<
d
d<
f
v
s
z
x
G
h
C
dZ
m
n
nj
N
47
Vietnamese
Semi-vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/l/
/r/
/j/
/w/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
initialinitialinitial-
Vowels
IPA WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i/
/e/
//
//
//
/o/
/$/
/ A/
/u/
/:/
//
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Diphthongs
IPA
WORLDBET
Word
IPA word
WORLDBET word
/i&/
/iu/
/ai/
/a4/
/au/
/ei/
/eo/
/eu/
/oi/
/i/
/aY/
/Ai/
/AA/
/A&/
/ui/
/u&/
/:i/
/:&/
-
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
/-/
-
Worldbet
l
9r
j
w
i
e
E
A
V
o
2
>
u
4
&
i&
iu
ai
a4
au
ei
eo
eu
oi
Vi
aU
>i
>A
>&
ui
u&
4i
4&
48
Vietnamese