Delegates from the Arab League,
Greetings,
This year’s chairmen of the Arab League: Juan Cristobal López and Juliana Jaramillo welcome you
to this session of EAFITMUN. We are glad you chose to participate in our committee where we are
surely going to explore some of the current challenges of Arab countries. We hope you are as well
very excited and willing to actively participate, share and enjoy this experience with us. Certainly,
these four days will be full of new experiences, lessons and opportunities for you to develop
various skills, which will come in handy in diverse situations in your future.
During these days of EAFITMUN we will be discussing two very interesting topics: The first is The
Treatment of the Ongoing Conflict against the Islamic State, bearing in mind its importance as a
menace to international security and the impact of what this committee decides on the
development of the Arab community and its diplomatic relations worldwide for the years to come.
This is the reason why we want to examine strategies to stop ISILs internationals advance resulting
on an escalade of violence, and joint cooperation strategies to prevent further worldwide damage.
The second topic addressed will be the Syrian Reinstatement to the Organization. As you may
know, after the Arab Spring, the Independent Syrian Republic they was suspended from the
organization on an emergency session on November 12th, 2011 over its failure to end a
government crackdown. Ever since, there have been several national changes to improve
governance and the human rights crisis, among others. It is then your duty to examine the current
situation of Syria and determine whether it is ready reinstated as an active member of the League.
To assure a correct preparation, we hand you in this document some insights on the League and
both of the topics for you to start creating an idea of what a resolution must contain. Please
beware this is just a general guideline and that you should complete your research by consulting
other reliable sources. If you have any trouble with the topics, feel free to contact us. We wish you
the best of lucks and hope to see you all in the days to come.
Best regards,
Juliana Jaramillo Morales
[email protected]
Juan Cristobal López
[email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
COUNCIL OF THE LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES ............................................ 3
1.1. Historical negotiations ................................................................................ 4
1.2. Member States ........................................................................................... 5
1.3. Scope of its decisions................................................................................. 5
2. TOPIC AREA A: TREATMENT OF THE ONGOING CONFLICT AGAINST THE
ISLAMIC STATE ..................................................................................................... 6
2.1. Historical context ........................................................................................ 6
2.2. Ideology...................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Organizational structure and governing...................................................... 7
2.4. Territory ...................................................................................................... 8
2.5. Financing.................................................................................................... 9
2.6. Current situation ......................................................................................... 9
2.7. Military and weapons................................................................................ 10
2.8. Recruitment of foreigners ......................................................................... 10
2.9. Other topics to address ............................................................................ 11
3.
TOPIC AREA B: SYRIAN REINSTATEMENT TO THE ORGANIZATION ..... 12
3.1. Historical background of Syria .................................................................. 12
3.2. The Arab Spring ....................................................................................... 13
3.3. Other members that have been suspended from the League .................. 14
3.4. Contradictions in the Charter of the Arab League .................................... 14
3.5. Other topics to address ............................................................................ 14
ANNEX I: ARAB LEAGUE COUNCIL RESOLUTION 7438 [PLAN OF ACTION], 2
NOVEMBER 2011 ............................................................................................. 16
ANNEX II: ARAB LEAGUE COUNCIL RESOLUTION 7438, 12 NOVEMBER 2011
........................................................................................................................... 18
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 20
1. COUNCIL OF THE LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES
The Arab League was created through the Cairo agreement on 22 March 1945 by Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria as a mean to consolidate a long-lasting alliance, which
was previously created during the Ottoman Empire to defeat Turkey in World War I. Since 1953,
other regions that were previously under colonial control started to join the organization.
Nowadays it represents the 22 existing Arab countries, which are defined as those located in the
Middle East and Africa who´s population mainly speak Arabic, regardless of their political
affiliation, ideology, culture or race. It is not a religious organization constituted to represent
Muslims, even if most of the Arab States do belong to different Muslim branches and believe in
Allah.
Source: BBC
“The League has as its purpose the strengthening of the relations between the member-states, the
coordination of their policies in order to achieve co-operation between them and to safeguard their
independence and sovereignty; and a general concern with the affairs and interests of the Arab
countries. It has also as its purpose the close co-operation of the member-states, with due regard
to the Organization and circumstances of each state, on the following matters:
a. Economic and financial affairs, including commercial relations, customs,
currency and questions of agriculture an industry.
b. Communications; this includes railroads, roads, aviation, navigation,
telegraphs and posts.
c. Cultural affairs.
d. Nationality, passports, visas, execution of judgments and extradition of
criminals.
e. Social affairs.
f. Health affairs.” (Charter of the Arab League, Article II, 1945)
To fulfill this promise, the organization created the Council of the League of Arab States so that
one representative of their member-states could effectively contribute in the task of laying down
the principles and to create mechanisms extent the co-operation. Those principles had to be
presented in the draft agreements for the perambulatory examination for the admission of any
Arab country to this committee.
1.1.
Historical negotiations
Throughout history the Leagues effectiveness and position has been severely harmed by divisions
among their members. For example, during the Cold War some members were Soviet-oriented
while others fell within the Western block - which denotes the rivalry between Egypt and Iraq and
the lack of consensus during the US invasion. Also, there have been some confrontations between
traditional monarchies - Saudi Arabia, Jordan or Morocco - and new republics.
Notwithstanding these hostilities, the League has acted as a mediator and a space of dialogue in
the Gulf War, the Iraq War and the invasion to Kuwait. They have also maintained a total support
to Palestine in their process to become a nation. In fact, they were the first to recognize their
independence by the acceptance of the Palestinian Liberation Order as an official member of the
League since 1964 and the signature of the Khartoum Resolution“(…) remembered for its three
“no’s”: "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it." The Arab League
has even maintained an official boycott of Israeli goods and companies since 1948, but measuring
the effects of the ban is difficult due to lax enforcement and limited trade flows”.(Council on
Foreign Relations, 2014).The Peace Initiative was only proposed until 2002 with the Beirut Summit,
and again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit.
This may be an important reason to believe why the decisions adopted by this organism are only
mandatory to those who voted in favor, otherwise they are just recommendatory.
1.2.
Member States
Source: Nations Online
1.3.
Scope of its decisions
Even if the League was conceived to reinforce cooperation and to discuss economic, cultural,
migratory, communicational, social and health issues; and they renounced to violence as a mean
to settle confrontations among the Arab territory, as expressed on the article V of the Charter:
“Any resort to force in order to resolve disputes between two or more member-states of the League
is prohibited. If there should arise among them a difference which does not concern a state’s
independence, sovereignty, or territorial integrity, and if the parties to the dispute have recourse to
the Council for the settlement of this difference, the decision of the Council shall then be
enforceable and obligatory.”(Charter of the Arab League, Article V, 1945)
Signatories agreed to collaborate in military affairs in joint operations against insurgent or other
threats in their territory, as accorded with a 1950 pact-committing members to treat acts of
aggression on any member state as an act against all.
2. TOPIC AREA A: TREATMENT OF THE ONGOING CONFLICT
AGAINST THE ISLAMIC STATE
The Revolutionary Jihadist Group of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS) has been
qualified as the most recent and global terrorist threat of the XXI century. Thus, as a first approach
to this topic it is recommended to establish whether this organization can be catalogued as a
terrorist group; and, of course, to present a motion to introduce this term in the parliamentary
language.
According to the United States Department of Defense terrorism is “the calculated use of unlawful
violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate
governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or
ideological.” Within this definition, there are three key elements—violence, fear, and
intimidation—and each element produces terror in its victims”(Terrorism Research, 2015) On the
other hand, the Federal Bureau of Investigation uses the following definition "Terrorism is the
unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social
objectives." (Terrorism Research, 2015)
2.1.
Historical context
Tensions among the Arab territory have existed for centuries between the Safavids of Iran and the
Ottomans of Turkey, who wanted to prevent the expansion of the Sunni and Shia Muslims to the
west. “Shias place more importance on the people (Imams) and the Sunnis place more importance
on the customs (Sunna). Iraq is in the middle of the Sunni and Shia world.”(Newsweek, 2014)
After World War I, since the Ottomans supported Germany and lost the war, their territories were
mostly colonized by England who unified several tribes of the Middle East into a federation. The
British power was afterwards yield to a Hashemite monarch of Mecca who had to govern among
the cultural differences of the tribes.
The Kurds and Shiites have long fought for their independence form the Sunni Arab authority
imposed by Great Britain, even during the mandate of Saddam Hussein and beyond, the struggle
has persisted.
ISIL was created on April 2013 as an excision of the Iraqi cell of Al Qaeda as a revolutionary group
against Bashar Al Assad’s regime in Syria seeking to establish an Islamic emirate that includes
Syrian and Iraq.
2.2.
Ideology
The Islamic State’s ideology is rooted in Jihadi-Salafism, a distinct branch of the Sunni Islam. Its
main purpose goes beyond the pleas of being al-Qaeda´s Iraqi branch, which they disbranched on
April 2013; and nowadays it remains rather uncertain.
The Islamic State keeps control via a Religious Police that makes sure to guarantee to keep Muslim
traditions. People accused of disobeying the law are punished by public executions or
amputations.
“Uprooting the IS phenomenon will be a long and arduous road. Without creating a chasm
between the IS and the local population, and without reaching a long and lasting political solution
that will put an end to Sunni-Shiite rivalries in Iraq and to the conflict in Syria, the chances of
success will remain negligible.” (JCPA, 2014)
2.3.
Organizational structure and governing
One of the key factors that have facilitated the stability of this organization relies on their clear
organizational structure where what according to Hashimi Alhashimi, an Iraqi researcher, many of
its leaders are former officers from Saddam Hussein’s long-disbanded army who augmented their
military training with terrorist techniques during years of fighting American troops.
ISIL is governed by a self-proclaimed caliph, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, who has two deputies, one for
Iraq and another for Syria. They also have divisions to manage local and overseas operations.
The structures being established indicate that even if their actual leaders are killed, the system has
created a succession procedure that will allow it to survive, just like al-Qaeda survived the killing of
Osama Bin Laden.
Source: Wall Street Journal
2.4.
Territory
A central goal of this organization is to reach a wide expansion, aiming to build a colonial empire
across many countries. This enlargemnet can be mainly evidenced in Anbar, an oil-rich province of
Syria, where ISIL has invaded villages and cities or has disrupted the communities from within,
using the intimidation of leaders or sleeper cells who emerge at critical moments. The group has
also oppended fronts in Lybia, Lebanon and Egypt; and an inminent escalation to Soudi Arabia,
Algeria and Yemen. (NY Times, 2015)
NY Times
ISIL also has built alliances with about 36 jihadist groups across Mali, Algeria, Nigeria, Tunisia,
Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,
Philippines and Indonesia who have pledged their support to the Islamic State. However the
existence of cells in Europe and North America are not off of the table.
2.5.
Financing
ISIL is the wealthiest subversive group of history. According to The New York Times, oil refineries
under its control process between $1 to $2 million dollars every day. “In July ISIS fighters took
control of the country's largest oil field, Omar, which was producing about 30,000 barrels a day
when it was fully functioning.”(New York Times, 2015) Its revenue is also composed by taxations
demanded to around 8 billion Syrians and Iraqis who live between their territories; terrorist
attacks and international aid received from supporters abroad.
2.6.
Current situation
The advance of ISIL in the Middle East and northern Africa hasn´t ceased, Sunni leaders of the
region have meted several times to reaffirm their reject to a Shia-led Iraq with close ties to Iran. As
the Arab League condemns this Sunni extremist group, other Sunni powers such as Saudi Arabia,
Qatar, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates have continuously launched airstrikes against the IS.
(Council of Foreign Relations, 2012) The League has also, on March 29th of this year, agreed to
create joint military force, which has made major gains in Iraq, Syria and Libya.
Source: Institute for the Study of War
2.7.
Military and weapons
The IS has stolen hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of weapons and equipment from Iraqi and
Syrian military installations. It has also intercepted convoys of rebels or from foreign governments.
“Conflict Armament Research, a private firm that investigates arms trafficking, has tracked small
arms and rockets used by ISIS that appear to have been provided to other combatants by Saudi
Arabia and the United States.” (NY Times, 2015) Their reserves include M16 and M4 that were
handed to irregular Shiite forces in Iraq during United States’ invasion, Yugoslav M79 antitank
rockets among others.
2.8.
Recruitment of foreigners
The IS has been very successful in attracting people who condemn Westerns of heresy and has
reached to attract thousands of foreign and Arab volunteers to abandon their previous allegiances
and apply to the ranks of the Islamic State. For example, in Syria it is estimated that 80% of
foreigners who have fought in this country are now combatting with ISIL. By one estimate, perhaps
12,000 foreign fighters have joined ISIL’s ranks. (JCPA, 2014)
Source: Central Intelligence Agency
2.9.
Other topics to address
As you may have seen is that the issue of the Islamic State transcends the fact to admit that it is in
fact a threat to international security, and there are other topics we recommend to be discussed in
the Committee to structure a complete solution:







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



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International security, terrorist threats and the possibility of further
negotiations with this group.
ISIL’s advance on the Arabic territory.
Treatment and negotiations regarding the abduction of foreigners.
Guarantees for women and children regarding education, sexual violence,
and children recruitment.
Violation to Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law.
Possibility to impose economic sanctions and to whom.
Financial aid and international support.
Appeal to foreigners: recruitment and economic support.
The possibility of a nuclear menace, from whom?
Current situation of refugees and displaced people.
The possibility to impose weaponry embargoes.
The importance of the Kurdish military support, is it legitimate?
A possible tripartite separation of Iraq: Sunni nation in the west, Shia nation
to the East and South and Kurd nation to the north.
3. TOPIC AREA B: SYRIAN REINSTATEMENT TO THE
ORGANIZATION
For the first time in its history, the Council stepped out as a mediator and passive actor of the
Syrian revolution and assembled a team of observers to monitor the implementation of its Plan of
Action (See Annex I) designed to overcome the Syrian crisis. Frustrated with a lack of compliance
by Syria, the Arab League officially called for Assad to step down in January 2012 and requested a
resolution from the UN Security Council to support this proposal. “The Arab League eventually
recognized the Syrian opposition as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people, but Assadregime allies in the organization such as Iraq, Lebanon, and Algeria blocked the oppositions' full
assumption of the role.” (Council Foreign Relations, 2014)
On November 12, 2011, the Council of the Arab League moved to suspend Syria’s membership to
this organization (See Annex II) accusing the government Bashar al-Assad of not fulfilling the
obligations of the Republic of Syria to comply with the Plan to overcome the violent repression of
the regime.
In fact, Human Rights Watch has accused the Syrian regime of committing crimes against humanity
throughout the uprising, which has killed more than 350,000 civilians and members of the security
forces. (UN radio, 2015)
As stated on the XVIII Article of the Charter “The Council of the League may consider any state
which fails to fulfill its obligations under the Charter as separated from the League, this to go into
effect upon a unanimous decision of the states, not counting the state concerned.” (Charter of the
Arab League, 1945) And in fact this was the result on the voting process of the Resolution 7438:
opposition came only from Syria itself; Lebanon, Yemen and Iraq abstained. (The Guardian, 2011)
But what were the reasons behind this decision?
3.1.
Historical background of Syria
Since 200 B.C. Syria has been capital of important empires: given their privileged location
connecting three continents, it simultaneously acted as a crossroad for commerce between
Anatolia (Turkey), Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Egypt, and off course, battleground for the political
power of dynasties and empires.
“After the King Akkad of Mesopotamia destroyed Ebla, Amorites ruled the region until their power
was eclipsed in 1600 B.C. by the Egyptians. The following centuries saw Syria ruled by a succession
of Canaanites, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Aramaeans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks,
Seleucids, Romans, Nabataeans, Byzantines, Muslim Arabs, European Christian Crusaders,
Ottoman Turks, Western Allied forces, and the French. Although Syria has absorbed the legacies of
these many and varied cultures, the very existence of this string of foreign dominating powers
exemplifies the political, economic, and religious importance of Syria’s strategic location.” (Nations
Online, 2014)
The Islamic religion was established since 635 A.C. with the Arab invasion and was perceived as
liberation from the imposed Christianity by the Byzantine emperor Constantine. But even when
the Syrian national identity had begun to develop, after World War I, as a maneuver to maintain
the French power in the Middle East, France advocated towards the League of Nations their
interest in colonizing Syria, mandate that was granted in 1922. In 1944, in the middle of World
War II, Syria was recognized by most Allies as an independent state, with the Security Council
resolution 242 of February 1946, the UN ordered France to attain to the Syrian sovereignty. By
April 15, of that year, all French troops had left the country.
Many parties fought over the political governance, the Arab Socialist Resurrection Party (Baath
Party), with a secular, socialist, Arab nationalist orientation took decisive control in 1963. On 1970
the Minister of Defense, Lieutenant General Hafiz al Assad, bloodlessly overthrew the government
creating a feud between the Party among the moderate military wing and the extremist civilian
wing.
“Assad, approved as president by popular referendum in March 1971, quickly moved to establish
an authoritarian regime with power concentrated in his own hands. His thirty- year presidency was
characterized by a cult of personality, developed in order to maintain control over a potentially
restive population and to provide cohesion and stability to government. The dominance of the
Baath Party; the socialist structure of the government and economy; the military underpinning of
the regime; the primacy of members of the Alawi sect, to which Asad belonged, in influential
military and security positions; and the state of emergency imposed as a result of ongoing conflict
with Israel further ensured the regime’s stability. Nevertheless, this approach to government came
at a cost. Dissent was harshly eliminated, the most extreme example being the brutal suppression
in February 1982 of the Muslim Brotherhood, which objected to the state’s secularism and the
influence of the “heretical” Alawis. Moreover, the country’s economy suffered, and progress was
hindered by an overstaffed and inefficient public sector run overwhelmingly according to Baath
Party dictates.” (Nations Online, 2014)
Hafiz al Assad died in 2000 and thanks to a constitutional amendment that changed the minimum
age to be president from 40 to 34 years; he was succeeded by his son, Bashar al Assad. This
decision was ratified by a popular referendum in which he ran unopposed. The young Assad has
tried to make economic and political reforms, facing the opposition from the old guard.
3.2.
The Arab Spring
The popular pro-democratic uprising began on Tunisia in January 26, 2011 as the wave of
rebellions spread through the region; it reached Syria by mid-March of that same year when
residents of the small southern town of Dara’a took to the streets to protest the torture of
students who had put up anti-government graffiti. In reacting to the largest revolt that has taken
place in the country for decades, Syrian security forces have killed and injured hundreds of
protesters.
Popular demands included political reforms, to end President´s Bashar al-Assad regime, allowing
political parties, equal rights for Kurds and other political freedoms like freedom of the press,
speech and assembly. As a positive respond, on April 21st, the government formally declared the
end of the emergency law that had been in place since 1963 and allowed the government
suspension of constitutional rights. The same month the Syrian government began their military
deploy sending tanks into restive cities as security forces opened fire on demonstrators. “Water
and electricity were shut off and security forces began confiscating flour and food in particularly
restive areas.” (Cornell University Library, 2015)
“Syrian dissidents formally established the Syrian National Council which included representatives
from the Damascus Declaration group, a pro-democracy network; the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood,
a banned Islamic political party; various Kurdish factions; the Local Coordination Committees, a
group that helps organize and document protests; and other independent and tribal figures.”
(Cornell University Library, 2015)
3.3.
Other members that have been suspended from the League
Egypt's membership was suspended in 1979 after it signed a peace treaty with Israel; the league's
headquarters were transferred from Cairo to Tunis, Tunisia. In 1987 Arab leaders decided to renew
diplomatic ties with Egypt, and he was readmitted to the League in 1989. (International
Democracy Watch, 2001)
Libya was also suspended from the Arab League on February 22nd of 2011 in the wave of the Arab
Spring. On August 2011, the Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership by accrediting a
representative of the National Transitional Council, who was partially recognized as a transitional
government while Gaddafi was dismissed from Tripoli.
3.4.
Contradictions in the Charter of the Arab League
Although Syria is a founding member of the League, and the suspensions protocol followed to
determined their suspension is legitimized by the Charter, Syria argues that their suspension is
unjustified according to the Article VIII of this same document that establishes that “Each memberstate shall respect the systems of government established in the other member-states and regard
them as exclusive concerns of those states. Each shall pledge to abstain from any action calculated
to change established systems of government.” (Charter of the Arab League, Article VIII, 1945)
3.5.
Other topics to address
The main purpose of this committee is to determine whether or not Syria follows the principles
listed on the Charter of the Arab League and it´s ready to be reinstated in the organization. To this
end, it is important to also bear in mind these topics that may influence the scope and depth of
the decisions adapted:
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Current situation of the economic, social, political, juridical and military
spheres.
Possible ongoing violations of Human Rights.
Possible violations to freedom of press and media control.
Economic improvements and efforts.
The situation of opposing political parties.
Whether Bashar Al Assad’s government is legitimate or not.
The political and social consequences of the Arab Spring in Syria.
The evaluation of the results of previous sanctions imposed.
Combatant foreigners and their status.
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International intervention and to what spend has it been a violation to Syria’s
sovereignty.
The status of military operations: differences between the fight against the
Islamic State and the rebels.
The status of refugees and displaced due to the conflict: quality of basic public
services and their restatement.
ANNEX I: ARAB LEAGUE COUNCIL RESOLUTION 7438 [PLAN OF ACTION], 2
NOVEMBER 2011
Developments of situations in the Syrian Arab Republic
The Council of the League of Arab States at its extraordinary session resumed at the ministerial
level was held at the General Secretariat on 11.2.2011,
-
-
A starting from a desire of Member States to the security and stability of Syria
and regional unity and safety, and the pursuit of Arab countries to contribute
to finding a way out to the Syrian crisis to stop the bloodshed and achieve the
aspirations of the Syrian people in the reform desired, to avoid a third-party
interventions,
And the establishment of the Arab initiative to resolve the Syrian crisis,
And based on a decision to League Council at the ministerial level d No. 7534.
P. G on 10.16.2011,
After listening to the report of the presidency of the Arab Ministerial
Committee on the situation in Syria, The intervention of the President of the
Delegation of the Syrian Arab Republic,
Decides
1. Welcomed the approval of the Syrian government on the attached Plan of
Action and adopted, with an emphasis on the need for commitment to
immediate and full implementation of what came from where the items.
2. The Arab Ministerial Committee to submit periodic reports to the Council
on the progress that has been made in the implementation process.
3. Mandated the Commission to continue its mission to conduct the
necessary consultations and communications with the Syrian government
and the opposition to ensure the implementation process.
4. Monitoring the amount of money to the General Secretariat, to cover
activities related to the tasks entrusted to it under this plan.
5. To keep the Council in permanent session to follow up the situation and
developments.
Plan of Action
Based on the text of the decision by the Arab League Council at ministerial level, Resolution No.
7534 on 10/16/2011, in response to the efforts of the Arab Ministerial Committee, and the
Acetkma of the discussions conducted by the Commission in Damascus with President Bashar allion on 26/10/2011, and avoid the external interference in the internal affairs of Syria, the
Committee of Ministers at its meeting with the Syrian side in Doha on the evening of 30/10/2011
to agree on the following:
First: The Syrian government has agreed on the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stop all acts of violence from any source to protect the Syrian citizens.
The release of detainees because of current events.
Evacuation of cities and neighborhoods of all armed manifestations.
Open the way for organizations of the League of Arab States on the Arab and
the international media to move freely in all parts of Syria for fact situations
and to monitor what is going on from the events.
Second: With the significant progress in the implementation of the Syrian government to its
commitments contained in or not, proceed with the Arab Ministerial Committee to conduct the
necessary consultations and communications with the government and the various parties to the
Syrian opposition to the setting Preparation Dialogue conference National and that during the
period of two weeks of the date.
Financing activities for the implementation of the plan of action to resolve the crisis the Syrian
The Council of the League of Arab States at its extraordinary session resumed at the ministerial
level was held at the General Secretariat on 11.2.2011,
-
Based on the League Council resolution 7436 d. G. P resumed on 11.2.2011
monitoring Amount of money to cover the General Secretariat, activities
related to the plan of action for the Arab contribution in finding a solution to
the Syrian crisis,
Decides
1. To monitor the amount of U.S. $ million for the General Secretariat, to cover
activities related to the tasks entrusted to it under the plan, which was the
agreement.
2. This amount is funded from Member States in accordance to the proportion
of contributions to the budget of the General Secretariat.
3. Pay the States' shares in the Special Account, which will open the General
Secretariat for this purpose during the month of the date.
ANNEX II: ARAB LEAGUE COUNCIL RESOLUTION 7438, 12 NOVEMBER 2011
[State of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
HE Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabor Al-Thani issued under the title "Follow-up of the
developments of the situation in Syria."
The Arab League Council at the ministerial level at its session in resumption of the extraordinary
held on 12 November 2011 at the General Secretariat Headquarters and after reviewing the
evaluation of the Arab Ministerial Committee of the situation in Syria, and after hearing the report
of the Secretary-General, comments of the head of the Syrian delegation and the deliberations of
the ministers and heads of delegation, and due to non-adherence of the Syrian government's to
the full and immediate implementation of the Arab League initiative adopted by the League's
Council at the ministerial level at its meeting held on 2 November 2011,
Decides
1. Suspension of the participation of the delegations of the Government of the
Republic of Syria in meetings of the Council of the Arab League and all its
subsidiary organizations and bodies as of Nov. 16 until its full implementation
of the commitments agreed upon under the Arab Plan of Action to resolve the
crisis Syrian, adopted by the Council at its extraordinary meeting on
November 2.
2. Provision of protection for Syrian civilians by immediate contacts with
concerned Arab organizations concerned, and in the absence of the end of
the acts of violence and murder the Arab League Secretary General shall
contact, in consultation with the spectra of the Syrian opposition, the
international organizations concerned with human rights, including the United
Nations, to conceptualize appropriate action to stop the bloodshed, and
present them to the Arab League Council for decision at its meeting
scheduled on November 16.
3. Calling on the Syrian Arab Army, not to engage in acts of violence and murder
against civilians.
4. Imposition of economic and political sanctions against the Syrian government.
5. Calling on Arab countries to withdraw their ambassadors from Damascus with
the move considered as a sovereign decision of each country.
6. Inviting all parties of the Syrian opposition to meet at the Arab League
Headquarters within three days to agree upon a unified vision for the
transitional period in Syria. The Council considers the results of this meeting,
and decides what it deems appropriate regarding the recognition of the Syrian
opposition.
7. Holding a meeting at the ministerial level with all parties of the Syrian
opposition after they reach an agreement as per Article VI.
8. To keep the Council in permanent session to follow up the situation.
REFERENCES
General approach
Arab League Online. (2014) Presentation of the Arab League. Available online
http://www.arableagueonline.org/ Consulted April 2, 2015.
League of Arab States. (1945). Charter of the Arab League. Cairo.
Nations Online. (1998) Arab League. Available online
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/arab_league.htm Consulted April 28, 2015.
BBC. (2015) Profile: Arab League. Available online http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east15747941 Consulted April 29, 2015.
Council on Foreign Relations. (2014) The Arab League. Available online
http://www.cfr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/arab-league/p25967Consulted April 29, 2015.
International Democracy Watch (2001) Arab League.Available online
http://www.internationaldemocracywatch.org/index.php/arab-league-Consulted April 29, 2015.
Arab Unity Consultations.(1944). Alexandria Protocol (411th ed., Vol. XVI). Washington, DC:
Department of State Bulletin.
Museum with no frontiers: Arab League. (2011) About the League of Arab States | Highlights in the
LAS’ History.Available online http://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAShighlights-in-history.php Consulted April 29, 2015.
Topic Area A treatment of the ongoing conflict against the Islamic State
Nations Online (1998) Arab League. Available online
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/arab_league.htm Consulted April 29, 2015.
Terrorism Research (2015) What is terrorism. Available online http://www.terrorismresearch.com/ Consulted May 5, 2015.
Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (2014) The Structure of the Islamic State (ISIS) Available online
http://jcpa.org/structure-of-the-islamic-state/Consulted on May 8, 2015.
New York Times (2015).Despite Tikrit Loss, ISIS still holds large swaths of Iraq. Available online
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/06/12/world/middleeast/the-iraq-isis-conflict-inmaps-photos-and-video.html?_r=0 Consulted May 8, 2015.
New York Times (2014) How ISIS works. Available online
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/16/world/middleeast/how-isisworks.html?_r=0Consulted on May 8, 2015.
Newsweek (2014) Quora Question: What's the History of the Islamic Insurgency in Iraq?.Available
online http://www.newsweek.com/quora-question-whats-history-islamic-insurgency-iraq-256483
Consulted June 3, 2015.
Council of foreign relations (2005) Terrorism havens: Iraq. Available online
http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513 Consulted June 3, 2015.
Institute for the study of war (2015) ISIS Global Intsum. Available online
http://www.google.com.co/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved
=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.understandingwar.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FISI
S%2520INTSUM_Final.pdf&ei=50hvVaH9EdC1sATNy4PgAw&usg=AFQjCNHsf9zanVBpTZ7atK1cr9jc
YdvRpQ&bvm=bv.94911696,d.aWw Consulted June 3, 2015.
New York Times (2015) How ISIS expands. Available online
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html?_r=0
Consulted June 3, 2015.
Topic Area B Syrian reinstatement to the organization
The Guardian. (2011) Syria's suspension from the Arab League leaves Assad isolated. Available
online http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/14/syria-suspension-arab-league-assadisolatedConsulted on April 22, 2015.
The Guardian. (2011) Syria suspended from Arab League. Available online
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/12/syria-suspended-arab-leagueConsulted on
April 22, 2015.
Institute for the study of war (2015) The Assad Regime: From Counterinsurgency To Civil War.
Available online http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/TheAssadRegime-web.pdf
Consulted June 10, 2015.
Arab League Council (2011) Resolution 7438, 12 November 2011. Retrieved from University of
Cambridge: Lauterpacht Centre for International Law. Available online
http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/LCIL/documents/arabspring/syria/Syria_35_AL_Coun
cil_Resolution_7438.pdf Consulted June 10, 2015.
Arab League Council (2011) Resolution 7438 [Plan of Action], 2 November 2011. Retrieved from
University of Cambridge: Lauterpacht Centre for International Law. Available online
http://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/LCIL/documents/arabspring/syria/Syria_33_AL_Coun
cil_Resolution_7438.pdf Consulted June 10, 2015.
Nations Online (2014) History of Syria. Available online
http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Syria-history.htm Consulted June 10, 2015.
New York Times (2011) Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria Over Crackdown. Available online
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/world/middleeast/arab-league-votes-to-suspend-syriaover-its-crackdown-on-protesters.html?_r=0 Consulted June 10, 2015.
The World Fact book (NA) Syria. Available online https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/sy.html Consulted June 10, 2015.
Cornell University Library (2011) Arab Spring: A research & study guide: Syria. Available online
http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31688&p=200753 Consulted June 11, 2015.