POPULATION AND MIGRATION
1B1-FKU
SOURCE A is about the growth of population in Scotland.
KU ES
SOURCE A
Every census between 1831 and 1931 showed an increase in Scotland’s
population. There were many reasons for this. Food supplies improved and
people were stronger and healthier because of a better diet. There were
great improvements in medical knowledge. Doctors and other people began
to understand that filthy living conditions were the main cause of disease.
Q.1
2
Why did the population of Scotland grow between 1830 and 1920?
Give two reasons.
SOURCE B describes changes in the Highlands.
SOURCE B
In the nineteenth century large areas of the Highlands were cleared of people
to make way for sheep runs and deer forests. Many highlanders made their
way to lowland towns and cities such as Glasgow or Edinburgh to look for
work. Others went abroad. Those who stayed were forced to live in crowded
townships near the coast where they tried to make a living from small
patches of poor land.
Q.2
Why did some people decide to leave the Highlands? Give two reasons.
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POPULATION AND MIGRATION
1B1-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
Why did the population of cities in Scotland increase in the nineteenth
century?
SOURCE A is a report from a man living in Glasgow in 1838.
SOURCE A
My father came from a farming family in Fife. Like many others he was
forced to leave by the changes in farming and had to move away. He settled
in Glasgow and became an engineer. When people lost their jobs on the land
they moved to the large towns to find work.
SOURCE B is from a school history book.
SOURCE B
Young people moved to the cities for a better life. Farm work was hard and
dirty and the wages were low. In the cities they could get a job in the cotton
mills or the ironworks and earn much higher wages. Many of them could
afford to get married at a young age and have children. This caused the
population in the cities to grow much faster than in farming areas.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating the
growth of cities in the nineteenth century.
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
Q.3
What does SOURCE A tell us about why some people had to move to cities
to live?
What does SOURCE B tell us about why some people wanted to live in
Cities?
4
Write your findings on why the population of Scottish cities increased during
the nineteenth century.
2
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LIVING STANDARDS
1B2-FKU
SOURCE A describes the lives of factory workers in 1835.
KU ES
SOURCE A
They work for 14 hours a day but can hardly make enough to support their
families. Their clothes are rags and they eat only the cheapest food and their
houses are cold and damp. They have no furniture and only straw to sleep
on.
Q.1
In what three ways does SOURCE.A show that factory workers had a very
low standard of living?
3
In SOURCE B a woman talks about her childhood in the 1880s.
SOURCE B
I suppose there were a lot of poor people. But I didn’t know much about that
as a child. My own dear nurse and the two faithful maids who served us
never complained of poverty. We were comfortable and had a nice house.
We were always nicely dressed and went away on holiday every year. It’s
difficult to know what poverty is.
Q.2
In what three ways does SOURCE.A show that Mrs. White came from a
wealthy family?
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LIVING STANDARDS
1B2-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
Improved food supplies 1850-1900.
SOURCE A is from the diary of Dr. MacDonald from Edinburgh, February 1880.
SOURCE A
In the last thirty years there have been less people suffering from serious
illnesses visiting my surgery. This is because working people have a better
diet. They can now buy many different types of cheap, fresh foods brought
from the farms to the city by the railway.
SOURCE B comes from a school textbook.
SOURCE B
From 1875 cheap wheat from America came to Scotland and this meant
bread cost less. In the 1880s refrigerated ships were invented and meat from
Australia, America and Argentina appeared in Scottish shops at a price
ordinary people could afford. Milk, cheese, and eggs from Denmark and
Holland also appeared and they were cheaper than Scottish produce.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating the
effects of improved food supplies
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
Q.3
What does SOURCE A tell us about the effects of better food supplies?
What does SOURCE B tell us about the reasons for the improvement in
food supplies?
4
Write your findings on improvements in food supplies after 1850.
2
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AGRICULTURE
1B3-FKU
SOURCE A describes the effects of new farming machines in the nineteenth
century.
KU ES
SOURCE A
The new threshing machines could do the work of twenty men in half the
time. Many farm workers lost their jobs and had to go to the towns in search
of work. Those who stayed had to take whatever work was offered, usually at
lower wages than they were paid before.
Q.1
2
Give two ways in which new machines affected farm workers.
SOURCE B is about the effects of new farming methods in Scotland.
SOURCE B
Many church ministers reported that people were forced to leave the
countryside because of the new farming methods. Enclosures meant bigger
farms and this led to smaller populations. People who were no longer
needed to work on the farms were evicted and their cottages were
destroyed.
Q.2
Why were many people forced to leave farming areas? Give two reasons.
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AGRICULTURE
1B3-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
What were the effects of new farming machines during the period from 1830
to 1870?
A farm worker wrote SOURCE.A in 1860.
SOURCE A
There used to be plenty of work at harvest time and the wages were good.
Now the farmers use steam powered reaping machines. They can do the
work of twenty men. Most of the farm workers of the district have left
because there is no work for them. Those who stay on live in terrible
poverty. The farmers have become richer because they do not have to pay
as much in wages.
SOURCE B is from a school history book.
SOURCE B
By 1870 many farms had brought in new steam powered machines so less
workers were needed. New machines and larger farms allowed farmers to
produce more crops with fewer people. Farmers became wealthier but
ordinary people were also better off because bread, meat, eggs and dairy
products all became cheaper.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating
the effects of new farming machines during the years 1830-1870.
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
What does SOURCE A tell us about the disadvantages of new machines?
4
What does SOURCE B tell us about the advantages of new machines?
Q.3
Write your findings on the effects of new farming machinery between
1830-1870?
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COAL
1B4-FKU
KU ES
SOURCE A gives evidence about women in the mines before 1842.
SOURCE A
Women worked even when they were pregnant. Their babies were often born
dead because of the work. They had to go underground up to the day of the
birth and return after only 10 or 12 days rest. Women worked like horses and
it destroyed their health. At the age of 40 most were old and weak. Women
got so tired they had to take their little ones down to help them, even
children of only four years of age.
Q.1
3
How were women affected by working in mines at this time?
Give three pieces of evidence.
SOURCE B is about the effects of the 1842 Mines Act.
SOURCE B
When the 1842 Mines Act became law women were banned from working
underground. Although the work was hard and dangerous many women
complained that there were no other jobs for them and their families would
go hungry. Mine owners had to put guards at the entrance to the pit to stop
women going underground.
Q.2
Why were some women opposed to the 1842 Mines Act?
Give two reasons.
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COAL
1B4-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
Did coalmines become safer places to work during the period 1830 to 1870?
SOURCE A is by a miner from Ayrshire writing in 1870.
SOURCE A
It’s still dangerous work, two years ago 18 men were killed when the roof
caved in. But things are better now. When I first started there were women
and children as young as five working long hours so that they could hardly
stay awake. Nobody checked the ladders in the main shaft and there were
always falls. Gas and flooding were a big problem and miners used to
suffocate in the stale air.
SOURCE B comes from a school history book.
SOURCE B
After 1850 new methods and machines were developed. At first, ponies were
used to drag coal wagons to the surface. Later steam engines did this as
well as winding the men up and down in safety cages. Extractor fans and
pumps were used to suck up stale air, water and dangerous coal dust. The
Davy lamp gave light to miners and reduced the chance of sparking a gas
fire. Canaries were used to warn of poisonous gas.
Q.1
2
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating
safety in mines in the period 1830-1870.
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
What does SOURCE A tell us about the dangers of working in mines?
4
What does SOURCE B tell us about improvements in safety after 1850?
Q.3
2
Write your findings on whether safety in the mines improved between 1830
and 1870.
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RAILWAYS
1B5-FKU
KU ES
SOURCE A is a list of the accidents for one month (June 1844) during the building
of a railway tunnel in the north of England.
SOURCE A
Men killed
Broken limbs
Head injuries
Minor Fractures
Burns
Minor Accidents
Q.1
78
32
5
64
130
461
2
Give two pieces of evidence that shows that the work of railway navvies
was dangerous.
SOURCE B is about opposition to railways.
SOURCE B
Not everyone welcomed the new railways. Some landowners said they would
spoil the countryside. Farmers were worried that sparks from the engines
would set their fields on fire and frighten their animals. Canal and coach
companies were afraid they would lose customers to the railways.
Q.2
Why did some people oppose the building of the railways?
Give two reasons for your answer
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RAILWAYS
1B5-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
What were the effects of railways during the period 1830 to1890?
SOURCE A is from the “Scottish Railway Journal” 1843.
SOURCE A
People will be able to travel more easily to all parts of the country. Land
close to the railway will become more valuable. Farmers will be able to
transport produce and manure cheaply and quickly. Fresh fish will be
brought from the coast.
A modern historian wrote SOURCE B.
SOURCE B
The railways changed life in Scotland. Many new jobs were created in
building and running the railways. Coal and iron could be moved long
distances at a low cost and this was good for industry. Fresh foods could be
brought to the cities from farming areas. Trains could carry letters to any
part of Britain cheaply and quickly. Even ordinary workers were able to buy
cheap tickets for short holidays to the country or to the seaside.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating the
effects of railways.
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
Q.3
What does SOURCE A tell us about the effects of railways?
What does SOURCE B tell us about the benefits of railways?
4
Write your findings on whether railways were good for the people of
Scotland?
2
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HOUSING
1B6-FKU
KU ES
SOURCE A describes housing in Greenock. A local doctor wrote it in 1872.
SOURCE A
Greenock is the dirtiest town in Scotland. I visited a poor man living there
with his wife and seven children in one dark room on the ground floor. The
room is more like a coal cellar than a home. It has only one small window for
light. There is only one bed for the whole family, but the rent for this room is
half his wages each week.
Q.1
What housing problems faced some poor people living in Greenock?
Give two examples.
2
SOURCE B is evidence given to a government enquiry on housing in 1918.
SOURCE B
Tenements have thicker walls which means people are less troubled by cold,
wind and rain. People who live in city tenements are usually nearer to their
place of work and save the time and expense of travelling. Most people who
live in tenements are on the upper floors away from the damp ground. They
also suffer less from blocked drains.
Q.3
In what three ways does evidence in SOURCE B say tenements were
healthier than other types of housing?
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HOUSING
1B6-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
Why was housing a problem for the poor in Scottish cities during the
nineteenth century?
SOURCE A is from a government report on housing in Edinburgh in 1868.
SOURCE A
The building has 59 rooms and 56 families live there. All of the rooms are
small and narrow. The building is damp, unhealthy and there are many rats.
There are no water supplies, no toilets and no sinks in the houses. There is
nowhere to keep a toilet bucket and nowhere to store food. Many families
have no bed and have to sleep on straw.
SOURCE B is by a modern historian.
SOURCE B
In most Scottish cities the poor were forced to live in overcrowded tenement
slums. There was often no water supply or toilets and the small rooms were
damp, dark and smelly. Living like this was very unhealthy. Diseases such
as cholera and typhus killed many people especially children. Doctors at the
time reported that almost 1 out of every 3 children born in houses of one
room died before they were five years old.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating the
houses of the poor in Scottish cities in the nineteenth century.
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
Q.3
What does SOURCE A tell us about the houses of the poor in Scottish
cities?
What does SOURCE B tell us about how people were affected by bad
housing conditions?
4
Write your findings on whether bad housing was a problem for the poor in
Scottish cities during the nineteenth century.
2
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HEALTH
1B7-FKU
KU ES
SOURCE A is about typhus epidemics in the nineteenth century.
SOURCE A
Typhus was usually only found where poor people lived. The lice and fleas
that infested the homes of the poor caused it. The tenement slums had no
water supply and people rarely washed themselves, or their clothes, or their
bedding. Filth and overcrowding made it impossible to stop the spread of
typhus.
Q.1
Why did poor people often suffer from typhus epidemics in the nineteenth
century? Give two reasons.
2
SOURCE B is about what happened when men tried to join the army in 1899.
SOURCE B
One out of every three men had to be turned away after a medical
examination. Many were simply too small and weak for army service. Others
suffered from bad eyes, rotten teeth or had serious coughs. The public was
shocked. People began to realize that children would have to be properly fed
and looked after or many would grow up weak and sickly.
Q.2
Give two reasons men were turned away by the army in 1899?
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HEALTH
1B7-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
Why were epidemic diseases a serious problem in Scottish towns in the
nineteenth century?
SOURCE A is from the medical records of Glasgow in the nineteenth century.
SOURCE A
YEAR
DISEASE
DEATHS
1832
1837
1843
1849
1851
1863
Cholera
Typhus
Fever
Cholera
Cholera
Typhus
2,842
2,180
1,398
3,720
3,851
1,085
SOURCE B comes from a school textbook.
SOURCE B
There were many causes of disease in the cities. Poor housing with no water
supply or sewers meant that filth gathered inside and around the tenement
buildings. This was a perfect breeding ground for germs. Most people did
not know what caused disease and there was no treatment for things like
cholera, typhus, typhoid or tuberculosis. Overcrowding made things worse
as disease spread quickly from one person to another.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating
disease in Scottish towns in the nineteenth century.
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
What does SOURCE A tell us about the effects epidemic diseases?
4
What does SOURCE B tell us about the causes of epidemic diseases?
Q.3
Write your findings on the reasons why so many people died from epidemic
diseases in Scottish towns during the nineteenth century.
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VOTING REFORM &THE SUFFRAGETTES
1B8-FKU
KU ES
SOURCE A is from the autobiography of the suffragette leader Mrs. Pankhurst.
SOURCE A
It made me angry how little respect there was for women. Male teachers got
much higher wages, although women had to teach sewing and cooking as
well as the other subjects. Girls could not become bakers, because the
men’s trade union did not allow them to be trained for such skilled work.
Most men thought women were only fit to be servants.
Q.1
Look at SOURCE A. Why does Mrs. Pankhurst think women were
treated unfairly? Give three pieces of evidence to support your answer.
3
SOURCE B is about the force-feeding of suffragettes in prison.
SOURCE B
A rubber tube was squeezed up the woman’s nose and forced down into her
stomach. Liquid food was poured in through a funnel at the end of the tube.
The women often had a fit of coughing. Some of them reported terrible pains
in the chest and difficulty breathing. Many people thought this was shocking
treatment for women who were only standing up for their beliefs.
Q.2
Why did many people think the government’s treatment of Suffragettes was
cruel? Give three reasons.
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VOTING REFORM & THE SUFFRAGETTES
1B8-FES
The issue for investigating is:
KU ES
The suffragettes and votes for women.
SOURCE A is a report by Mrs. Duncan who was a child in Edinburgh in the years
before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
SOURCE A
When I was younger I saw some Suffragettes in Edinburgh. They chained
themselves to railings and were dragged along the street by the police. I
thought it was awful to treat women like that, although I didn’t really know
what it was all about. Some women went on hunger strike and were forcefed. They suffered so that all women would have the right to vote.
SOURCE B is taken from a modern history book.
SOURCE B
The suffragettes felt that the right of women to vote was less important than
the war effort and they stopped their campaign of violent action. During the
war women proved their worth. They worked in munitions factories doing
highly dangerous work. They joined women’s sections of the armed services
and served as nurses in France. The women’s land army produced the food
needed to keep the country going. They proved they deserved the vote. In
1918 the government gave the vote to women over 30 years of age.
Q.1
Give two reasons why SOURCE A is useful evidence for investigating
women and the vote.
2
Look at Sources A and B
Q.2
Q.3
What does SOURCE A tell us about how Suffragette protests were dealt
with?
What does SOURCE B tell us about what women did to help in the war
effort?
4
Write your findings on whether women’s war work was the reason that
women got the vote in 1918?
2
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