Adoptees Do Not Lack Self Esteem: A Meta Analysis of Studies on

 
     
      
  
          
      
      
       
             
              
             
              
            
                
             
  
         
            
                
            
              
              
 
       
        
        
        
       
        
       
        
       
         
      
          
        
       
           
       
        
        
       
        
          
        
     
        
         
         
          
         
         
        
         
       
      
       
       
         
         
      
          
         
          
          
       
        
          
          
        
          
      
         
       
       
          
       
       
           
       
           
  
        
           
       


   
           
       
         
          
   
        
      
        
          
        
         
        
        
          
          
        
        
        
       
       
        
        
       
         
       
         
       
        
           
         
         
       
      
          
        
      
       
        
        
        
       
         
          
         
        
         
         
       
          
        
       
         
         
         
          
        
        
       
         
         
         
         
        
         
         
          
          
       
        
        
        
        
         
          
    
   
          
       
       
         
         
        
         
       
       
           
         
     
        
        
        
          
          

           
         
       
     
        
         
      
        
        
         
         
        
            
        
         
          
             
         
        
         
         
  
         
  
      
         
           
        
         
         
          
           
           
       
        
         
         
         
         
        
         
       
        
        
         
        
         
        
         
         
 
  
          
         
       
         
            
           
        
           
          
         
          
        
       
       
        
          
        
         
          
           
          
         
 
         
        
     
         

         
      
        
           
         
       
         
          
         
         
        
       
         
        
        
        
        
        
          
       
       
         
       
         
        
          
         
        
           
        
        
          
        
         
        
        
         
        
  
        
          
        
       
          
          
        
          
         
         
        
        
        
       
         
         
       
          
         
          

   
         
           
          
       
         
      
        
        
          
        
       
           
         
 
        
        
          
          
         
        
          
       
        
 
   
        
      
        
       
       
      
     
      
         
        
        
          
        
          
         
       
       
        
        
          
          
         
           
         
       
      
       
        
       
        
       
           
        
        
         
           
        
          
           
           
         
       
        
         
         
        
        
         
        
          
       
          
          
        
        
         
           
        
      
     
         
        
        
          
           
       
       
        
         
         
        
        
        
          
       
        
        
          
       
           
    
        
         
        
        
          

  
  
         
          
        
           
        
        
  
         
        
          
         
        

      
        
          
         
        
         
        
        
        
       
      
 
          
       
      
 

      
        
       
         
          
         
        
         
            
           
           
           
        
           
         
         
        
          
          
         
         
          
         
           
          
         
        
         

         
          
         
        
     
        
       
           
          
        
          
         
         
        
       
        
         
         
       
         
      
        
         
       
        
        
           
        
         
      
       
         
         
       
       
         
       
        
          
          
          
        
       
        
         
          
         
       
           
     
         
       
        
       
       
         
       
         
     

   
 
          
         
           
          
       
          
           

         
         
        
         
      
         
         
      
        
            
          
         
         
         
      
          
         
        
       
        
          
 
       
           
           
          
            
          
          
         
        
          
          
           
        
          
          
         
       
         
        
          
       

         
       
        
         
       
        
         
       
         
        
        
         
       
        
     
     
          
       
        
            
          
  
 
     
       
         
          
        
            
      
           
        
         
          
         
  
    
       
    
    

    
 
 


 
 
      
        
         
  
 
 
 
 
         

       


         
    

          
        

       
  
       
          
           
           
       
            
 
 
 
    
         
          
         
          
        
 

  
 
     



 



































 



 



 





  












 
  

 
 
 

 
 

 



   
 
   

 

   
  


 
  

  
 
  

    




   
 
   
 




































   
 
 
   

 
 
   
   

 
 





 
  
 

 
 

 
 
   
 
  
  
 
  
  
   
   
  

    
 




 



 




 
 
   
 
   




















 


   
























   



    
  
    
 
   
  
   
 
   
   
  
   
  

   
  
  
   
 
 








 
 
   
  
   




 




 
 





 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
  

   
  

  

  

  
 

   
  

   
 
 
   
   
 
 
   
 
   
 
   
  
 
   
 
 
   
   
 
 
 
  

  

 
  

   
   
 
 
  

   
 
   



 


 

 



































 
 
 















 

























































 

 













  
 
 
 

 
 
   
   

 


 
 
   
   
   
   
   

 
  

   
   
   
  
  
   
   
  










   
  
  
   
 
 
   
   
 
  


 


 



















  
  
   
  
   

   
   
   
   





























 

 

 
 
 
   
   
   
  
                   
  
       

  
            

 
 
    
       

       
   
 
 
  
         
 
 
 
 
 

           
        
            
       
      
          
           
           
          
           

  
 
        

 
 

 


  


    
 


 
  




 

  


   

  


  


 



  
 

  
 

   

   
 
 

 

  
 

  
 

 
 
 
   

   

  
 

  
 

   

 
 

  
  
 
   

 
 


   



 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
 



 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 






 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 








    
 
 
  
 
 
 
  

 


 
 
  

 







 
 
 
 



 
 
 
 
 
 


 

 
 
 
  


 
 
  



 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
            


    
       
        
         
        
       
        
      
       
            
       
          

    
   
     
         
         
         
    
    
           

        
         
        
        

   
 
          
 








 

 


 
 


 
 


 
 


 




  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 













 
 
 















 
 
 















 
 
 















 
 
 

























































 
 
 















 
 
  
 

 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 


  







 
 









 
 










 
 













































 
 










 
 










 
 










 
 






































 
 










 
   
    
  
 

                    

         
 
       
    
 



  
  


  
       
          
           
          
         
 
     
        
         
        
        
       
        
       
     
     
        
          
       
         
          
       
       
          
      
         
          
       
        
 
 
 
 
  
    
 
 
 
        
 
         
         
        
          
         
      
 
 
 
     
  
   
    


         
        
         
       
 
 
 
      
       


 
 
  
 

         
          
        

          
        
         
          
           
     
   
        


 
           
 
  
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
    
    
    
  

  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 




 





 
















 
 
 











 
 








 










 
 









 
 










 
 










 
 





 
    

       
 
    
  
 
             


   

         
         
        
        
        
         
          
         
           
         
        
          
        
      
          
       
 
        
       
         
       
        
      
         
       
        
         
      
          
   
        
          
        
        
         
           
       
        
          
        
         
          
        
         
         
         
     
        
        
          
      
  
        
        
           
         
     
       
           
       
       
       
         
          
         
         
      
       
      
          
        
          
         
      

          
     
     
         
       
          
          
       
         
        
         
         
           
         
            
         
          
          
         
        
        
        
         
         
       
       
        
         
         
         
       
          
        
   
      
        
        
       
        
          
  
          
      
         
       
           
       
       
        
       
         
         
        
       
        
         
        
 
        
          
       
       
        
        
         
        
         
        
         
          
         
            
        
      
        
             
        
        
          
          
         
         
        
       
          
          
         
          
         
           
          
          
        
          
    

         


         
   
        
    
          
        
    
        
        
      
          
            
        
 
           
          
         
       

           
           
         
   
          
           
        
    
          
          
           
   
        
      
   
         
         
       
           
           
         
      
             
        
    
           
         
  
         
         
         
            
          
         
         
        
  
          
         
        
   
            
       
   
         

   
        

          
  
           
          
       
          
         
          

           
            
       
           
         
          
       
       

           
      
    
          
         
    
         
   
           
         
        
 
          
        
  
         
   
           
         
        
       
           
    
        
  
          
        
      
            
     
         
        
       
 
         
          
         
      
       
           
         
     
           
          
    
           
         
           
         
            
        
      
       
          
     
     
           
         
        
          
       
         
       

     
       
      
          
         
  
             
        
    
           
         

        
      
           
        
   
          
       
      
         
    
          
    
          
        
       
         
           
          
         

        
        
       
             
      
        
             
          
         

  
           
     
        
         
         
     
          
     
         
       
   
         
         
        
        
         
      
          
      
       
            
         
         
   
           
        
       
        
        
         
       

          
        
        
  
           
         
  
       
             
   
            
        
       
       
          
      
        

          
         
     
         
      
  
             
       
        
   
          
     
        

      
     
         
       
      
           
        
        
         
         
        
   
           
        
  
           
        
      
         
       
      
  
            
         
    
          
        
 
         
         
     
       
      
      
            
      
       
             
    
             
           
          
  
        
           
         
    
           
            
          
   
           
          
       
 
           
       
         
          
  
           
       
      

   
       
         
         

            
         
        
        
   
         
          

         
          
      
       
  
         
     
       
      
         
           
         
       
           
        
         
   
          
         
       
     
          
       
       
   
         
         
     
            
         
        
            
        
     
        
     
          
       
          
            
       
 
           
      
       
       
      
           
         

            
        
    
         
      
  
             
        
        
            
       
         
       
            
        
  
        
         
         
      
               
         
      
           
   
           
       
      
         
         
       
       
 
           
        
        
           
       
        
        
 
           
       
        
   
             
        
         
  
          
         
        
          
         
  
           
        
     
           
      
         
       

  
          
      
           
           
       
            
        
       
            
        
    
         
       

           
          
     
   
    
   
    
          
                
      
        
          
       
          
 
          
       
            
       
        
       
            
       
           
               
      
           
            
  
            
             
              
              
              
     