Kiraly 2016 PAP Biology Fall Final Exam Review
Scientific Method
 Know the scientific method process.
 What makes a hypothesis have value?
 What is a controlled experiment?
 Know safety procedures in the lab.
 What are the limitations of Science?
 What is the goal of Science?
Biomolecules
 Know the four biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)
o Polymers and monomers
o Main function
o Be able to identify pictures of each
 What are enzymes? How do they help catalyze a reaction?
 Know the parts of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
 What is the relationship between substrates and enzymes?
 What affects enzyme function?
 In a series of enzyme reactions, if an enzyme was denatured, what would happen to the product being made?
 Be able to use information on a food label.
Cells and Cell Organelles
 What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
 Know the basic function of the following organelles. If they are specific to a certain type of organism such as a plant or
animal, you should know that as well.
o Mitochondria (Mitochondrion)
o Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
o Chloroplast
o Rough endoplasmic reticulum
o Ribosome
o Centrioles
o Golgi Aparatus (Golgi Body)
o Cell membrane (lipid bilayer)
o Nucleus
o Cell wall
 What is the theory of biogenesis?
 What is the idea of spontaneous generation?
 What characteristics are shared by ALL organisms?
 Given a specialized cell, be able to determine which organelles that cell would need more of based on its function.
 Know the three parts of the cell theory.
Life’s Energy (Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis)
 Know the products and reactants of photosynthesis.
 Know the products and reactants of cellular respiration.
 How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
 What organelles are involved in photosynthesis?
 What organelles are involved in cellular respiration?
 What happens during glycolysis?
 Be able to surmise what would happen if a product or reactant of cellular respiration or photosynthesis was reduced or
missing.
 Be able to determine the effect of photosynthesizing organisms as well as those going through cellular respiration on a
system (like BTB turning yellow when you blow CO2 in it)
 All organisms can undergo glycolysis. Why?
 Do plants use the process of cellular respiration? Explain.
 What is fermentation and why does fermentation occur?
 What is ATP? When is it produced?
 How is the sun the origin of almost all of life’s energy on Earth?
Cell Transport
 What is a solute? What is a solvent? What terms do we use to describe the amount of solute in a system?
 Be able to determine which way water would move in a system.
 Be able to determine which way solutes would move in a system (if they are not stopped by a membrane)
 What is passive transport? Know the main types (facilitated diffusion, osmosis, diffusion)
 What is active transport? Know the main types (active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, pumps)
 What is the role of the cell membrane? What does it mean to be semipermeable or selectively permeable?
 What is homeostasis?
 What is a phospholipid composed of? How does this create a lipid bilayer?
 Why are transport proteins needed?
 Be able to predict what would happen to a cell placed in a certain environment. Be able to label pictures of cells in certain
environments.
DNA Structure and Replication
 What part of the DNA molecule contains the genetic code?
 What makes up the backbone of DNA?
 Know the structure of DNA.
 Be able to label a nucleotide.
 What is the role of DNA?
 What is the result of DNA Replication?
 Why is it important for DNA molecules to separate into single strands to use as templates?
 Given a DNA strand, be able to create its compliment.
 Be able to recognize a diagram of DNA replication. Be able to identify the roles of DNA polymerase and DNA helicase in this
process.
 Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?
 When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?
 Why does DNA replication need to occur?
 What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate?
 Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?
 Does DNA replication begin in only one place along the DNA or many?
 What is DNA polymerase’s role in making sure everything is correct during replication?
 What are the steps of DNA replication?
Cell Division
 What happens during each part of interphase?
 Why must DNA be copied before cell division can occur? When does this happen?
 Why would a cell need to divide?
 Explain the relationship between surface area and volume as a cell grows.
 Why are cell division rates different in different cell types?
 How is DNA normally found when a cell is working and how is that different than how it is found during mitosis of cell
division? Be able to recognize and label pictures (chromatin and chromosomes)
 Be able to identify a cell during each phase of mitosis and cytokinesis. Be able label any structure that would be involved in
this.
 Be able to identify the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis given a picture of a real cell.
 During cytokinesis, what must plant cells do?
 What is the result of cell division?
 What are the order of events in the cell cycle?
 What is unique about stem cells? How can we use them in medicine?
 What is the process of a cell going through cell differentiation? What does it start as, what does it become?
 Why are checkpoints important between stages of the cell cycle? What type of molecules help regulate these?
 What is the level of organization of organisms starting with cells and going to organ systems?
 What types of tissues would you find in plants?
 What is cancer? Why does it form a tumor? When does cancer become problematic?
 What role do carcinogens play in cancer?