Chapter Three
Matter
MEASURING MATTER
Matter: anything that has volume and mass
Volume: the amount of space that a substance
makes up, liquids are measured in Liters, solids
are measured in cubic measurements
LENGTH X WIDTH X HEIGHT = VOLUME
15cm x 10cm x 10 cm = 1500cm cubed
Graduated Cylinder: container in divided, equal
parts with units of measurement marked on its
side
Water Displacement: the way to tell
volume of an irregularly shaped item,
you put it into water, and see how the
amount of water measures when the
item is within it, then figure the
difference
Mass: the amount of material in
a substance, it is found through
the use of balance (comparing
the amount of material to a
substance where the amount is
already known), measured in
Grams/Kilograms
Weight: measures the amount of gravity
placed on the matter (mass and weight are
NOT the same)
Density: the amount of matter in a certain space
MASS / VOLUME = DENSITY 12 g / 3mL = 4 g/mL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Property:
characteristic of a substance
that can be observed without
changing the identity (color,
texture, smell)
States of Matter: solid, liquid, or gas, almost all
matter on earth takes one of these forms (aside
from plasma, another state of matter), it is
determined by the motion of particles, and their
attraction to one another
Solid: state of matter where a substance has a
definite shape and volume, particles vibrate, but
don’t move much, they have a strong attraction
to one another and keep their shape
Liquid: state of matter where a substance has a
definite volume, but not shape, particles move
more often than solids, but the attraction is still
strong enough to not fully spread apart
Gas: state of matter where a substance does not
have a definite shape or volume, the particles
move a lot, but are weak and don’t attract much
to one another
Physical Change: change of matter that does not
form to a new substance (melting ice cream)
Melting: solid changing to a liquid (ice melts at 0
degrees, lead melts at 328 degrees)
Freezing: process of a liquid changing to a solid
(solidifying), the FREEZING POINT is the
temperature that changes a liquid to a solid
Vaporization: a liquid is boiling and
bubbles of gas raise and break away
from the surface, turning into gas, the
BOILING POINT is the temperature that
changes a liquid to a gas (water boils
at 100 degrees)
Evaporation: is another form of
evaporation when it changes
from a liquid to a gas at a
temperature below its boiling
point
Condensation: when a substance changes from
a gas to a liquid, CONDENSATION POINT is the
temperature when gas turns to a liquid
CLASSIFYING MATTER
Atoms: small particles that make up
all matter
Element: over 100 forms of matter
that are made up of purely ONE
type of atom (gold, silver, oxygen)
Molecules: atoms join with other
atoms to form particles called
molecules (the atoms are different)
(EX: Air is a molecule made up of
oxygen and water)
Compound: combining atoms of
different elements (EX: water is
oxygen mixed with hydrogen H2O,
so water is a compound)
Chemical Change: compounds form
through the process of two or more elements or
compounds combining to form a new substance,
the elements or compounds lose their individual
properties and take on new ones (EX: sodium
and chloride become salt when they come
together)
MIXTURES
Mixture: consists of two or
more substances that are
physically combined, but
keep their own identity
* There are multiple ways to separate mixtures,
but sometimes you are no longer able to
separate them because they have undergone a
PHYSICAL CHANGE (EX: strawberries and ice
cream can be blended to make a strawberry
shake, they have not formed a
chemical change, but you can no
longer separate them from one
another)
* Some ways to separate mixtures
are through: shaking them, using density to
separate, boiling them to separate gas from
solid, ect.)
* Remember not all mixtures are mixed evenly
either (EX: granite)
SOLUTIONS
* Solution: a mixture in which all the substances
are are spread evenly throughout
* Dissolving: the process in which particles
are separate and spread evenly throughout
the mixture
*Solute: the substance that is
dissolved
* Solvent: the substance that dissolves
another substance
* Water is the most common solvent on the
earth! It is known as the “Universal Solvent.”
* Remember: SOUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION
* Alloy: metals that are mixed together to create
a new metal
* Remember: Solutes and Solvents
don’t have to be solids and liquids
only. Some solutions are any
mixture of solid, liquid, or gas.
(Soda = gas + liquid)
CONCENTRATION & SATURATION
* Concentration: the amount of solute
that is dissolved in a solvent
* Concentrated: when the solvent is
holding MORE than the normal
amount of solute
*Diluted: when the solvent is
holding LESS than the normal
amount
* Saturated: the solvent is
holding all of the solute
that it can dissolve
*Remember, a substance
with a greater surface area
will dissolve more quickly
than one with less surface
area (the more a solute
touches a solvent, the
quicker it dissolves)
*The rate of dissolving can be
sped up by three things:
1.crushing it
2.stirring it
3.heating it
* Solubility: the ability of a
solvent to dissolve a certain amount of a solute