12 Thermal Energy
BIGIDEA
Write the Big Idea for this chapter.
Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about the Big Idea. Then list the
questions you have about the Big Idea in the “What I Want to Find Out” column. As you read the
chapter, fill in the “What I Learned” column.
W
What I Want to Find Out
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K
What I Know
Science Notebook • Thermal Energy
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L
What I Learned
12 Thermal Energy
1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy
6(E), 6(F)
MAINIDEA
Write the Main Idea for this lesson.
REVIEW VOCABULARY
Recall and write the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
thermal energy
thermal energy
NEW VOCABULARY
Use your book to fill in the term that matches its definition.
temperature
temperature
thermal conduction
thermal equilibrium
heat
thermal conduction
convection
thermal equilibrium
specific heat
heat
convection
radiation
specific heat
Science Notebook • Thermal Energy
178
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radiation
1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy (continued)
Student Edition, pp. 320–322
Contrast Suppose two objects are identical except the temperature
of one is greater. What property of the objects’ particles is different?
Complete the table to explain how temperature and thermal energy
are related.
Temperature
Thermal Energy
How is it related to
the energy of an
object’s particles?
What happens to it
if an object is cut
in half?
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Draw and explain a diagram that shows how a hot object and a cold
object that are touching reach thermal equilibrium.
GET IT?
Identify a situation where two objects are in thermal
equilibrium and a situation where two objects are not in
thermal equilibrium.
Science Notebook • Thermal Energy
179
1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy (continued)
Student Edition,
pp. 323–325
GET IT?
Explain why the term absolute zero is appropriate for the
coldest temperature possible.
Write Celsius, Kelvin, Both, or Neither on each line to identify the
temperature scale that is described.
It has an absolute minimum temperature.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
Its zero point is called absolute zero.
A degree symbol (°) is used for temperatures.
The degree intervals are greater.
Temperatures can be negative.
Draw a diagram to explain each type of thermal energy transfer.
Convection
Radiation
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Conduction
1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy (continued)
Student Edition,
pp. 324–329
GET IT?
Contrast the three types of thermal energy transfer.
Identify the quantities you use to calculate heat.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.
Describe steps you can use to determine the specific heat of a test
substance using a calorimeter.
TRY IT!
See the next page for a problem about transferring heat in a calorimeter.
Summarize the difference in cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals.
Science Notebook • Thermal Energy
181
1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy (continued)
Student Edition, p. 328
Use with Example Problem 2.
Use this column for
scratch work and
sketches.
TRY IT!
Problem
TRANSFERRING HEAT IN A CALORIMETER A calorimeter contains
1.25 kg of water at 21.5°C. A 0.15-kg block of an unknown substance at
65.5°C is placed in the water. The final temperature of the system is
22.0°C. What is the specific heat of the substance?
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS
ms =
mw =
Ts =
Cw =
Tw =
Tf =
UNKNOWN
= ?
2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Write an equation relating the heat gained by the water and the heat lost
by the unknown substance.
Substitute the known quantities into the equation.
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
• Are the units correct?
• Is the magnitude realistic?
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182
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Rearrange the equation to solve for CS, the specific heat of the substance.
1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy (continued)
SUMMARIZE
How does the MAINIDEA for this section relate to the chapter’s BIGIDEA?
REVIEW IT!
9. MAINIDEA The hard tile floor of a bathroom always feels cold to bare feet even
though the rest of the room is warm. Is the floor colder than the rest of the room?
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10. Heat Suppose you wish to warm a cup of tea. Describe and contrast how you would
heat it using thermal conduction, convection, and radiation.
11. Thermal Energy Transfer Make a table of the
thermal energy transfers that occur regularly
in your classroom and classify each as thermal
conduction, convection, or radiation.
12. Units Are the units the same for heat (Q) and specific heat (C)? Explain.
13. Types of Energy Describe the mechanical energy and the thermal energy of
a bouncing basketball.
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1 Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy (continued)
14. Thermal Energy Could the thermal energy of a bowl of hot water equal that of a bowl
of cold water? Explain your answer.
15. Cooling On a dinner plate, a baked potato always stays hot longer than any other
food. Why?
16. Heat and Food It takes much longer to bake a whole potato than potatoes that have
been cut into pieces. Why?
18. Specific Heat If you take a plastic spoon out of a cup of hot cocoa and put it in your
mouth, you are not likely to burn your tongue. However, you could very easily burn
your tongue if you put the hot cocoa in your mouth. Why?
19. Critical Thinking As water heats in a pot on a stove, it might produce some mist
above its surface right before the water begins to roll. What is happening?
Science Notebook • Thermal Energy
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17. Cooking Stovetop pans are made from metals such as copper, iron, and aluminum.
Why are these materials used?