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LC-1310Academiccommunication
forMScstudents
integratedwithCS-E4000
Session4:Typesofdefinitionsandtopicsentences
Jan-MikaelRybicki
14.10.2016
LanguageCentre
Sampletexts
Surveyarticle
Guanling ChenandDavidKotz,"ASurveyofContext-AwareMobile
ComputingResearch",DartmouthComputerScienceTechnicalReport
TR2000-381,DartmouthCollege,2000.
Link:http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~dfk/papers/chen-survey-tr.pdf
Surveyarticle
M.Pearce,S.Zeadally,andR.Hunt,"Virtualization:Issues,security
threats,andsolutions",ACMComputingSurveys45(2):17,February
2013.Link:http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2431211.2431216
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Whatisadefinition?
• Adefinitionanswersthequestion:
“whatisit”?
• Adefinitiongivesreadersinformationaboutthemeaningsofterms
andconcepts.
• Providingdefinitionsisimportanttoensurethatreadersunderstand
theconceptasyouintend(wordscanhavemultiplemeanings).
Whentoprovidedefinitions?
• Alwaysdefinenewtermsandconcepts.
• Definetermsyouuseinanon-standard way.
• Definethetermsyouuseifyouareunsure readerswillunderstand
them.
• Thelessreadersknowaboutthetopic,themoreyouneedtoexplain
thetermsusinglanguagetheycanunderstand.
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Typesofdefinitions
1.Parentheticaldefinition
2.Sentencedefinition
3.Extendeddefinition
Parentheticaldefinition
Aparentheticaldefinitionexplainsatermbrieflyinparenthesis or
betweencommas usingsynonymsorexamples.
Aterm(definition)
Aterm, definition,
VirtualMachineMonitor (VMM)
VirtualLocal AreaNetworks(VLANs)
AUSBflash drive, also known asaUSBdrive, isa…
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Parentheticaldefinition
VirtualMachineMonitor (VMM)…
AhostedVMMsitsalongsideoraboveahostoperatingsystemabove
thehardware,andmaysharedriversfromthehostoperatingsystemto
handleInput/Output (I/O).ThiscooperativemodelresultsinaVMM
systemthatdoesnotrequirehardware-specificdriversforVMMI/O
operations,andallowstheuseofvirtualmachineswithinanexisting Introduce
abbreviations
environment.
beforeuse.
…
Theuseofthesetechnologiesforvirtualizationoffersabetterlevelof
CPUequivalence,andwhencombinedwithothertechnologiesthatcan
assistvirtualizationsuchasI/OMemoryManagementUnits(IOMMU)
(whichhandleVMmemorytophysicalmappingsinhardware)5
Pearceetal.(2013).Virtualization:Issues,SecurityThreats,andSolutions.
Commonphrasesusedinparentheticaldefinitions
e.g.
=exempligratia=forexample,forinstance
suchas
=forexample
including
=forexample.
i.e.
=idest =thatis,inotherwords
1)Thereareseveralcases,buthereareafew…
2)Highlightinganimportantexamplenottobeforgotten.
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Commonphrasesusedinparentheticaldefinitions
e.g.
suchas
including
i.e.
Inlightofthis,manymobilecomputingresearchershavetried
toshieldthemobilityandmakefrequentdisconnection
transparenttoend-users(e.g.,theCodafilesystem[SKM+93]
andMobileIP[PJ96]work).
Anyrelianceontheusertoexplicitlyprovidecontextual
information,suchasinOfficeAssistantprojects, provestobe
obtrusiveandinconvenientfortheuser.
Anentityisaperson,place,orobjectthatisconsideredrelevant
totheinteractionbetweenauserandanapplication, including
theuserandapplicationsthemselves [DA99].
Thesystemconcentratesonprovidingasetoftoolstoassistin
thefieldworker’sobservationanddata-collectionactivities,i.e.,
helpingtheuserrecordinformationabouttheirenvironment.
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
Commonphrasesusedinparentheticaldefinitions
e.g.
suchas
including
i.e.
Inlightofthis,manymobilecomputingresearchershavetried
What might this
toshieldthemobilityandmakefrequentdisconnection
transparenttoend-users(
e.g.,theCodafilesystem[SKM+93]
sentence
type
andMobileIP[PJ96]work).
be called?
Anyrelianceontheusertoexplicitlyprovidecontextual
information,suchasinOfficeAssistantprojects, provestobe
obtrusiveandinconvenientfortheuser.
Anentityisaperson,place,orobjectthatisconsideredrelevant
totheinteractionbetweenauserandanapplication, including
theuserandapplicationsthemselves [DA99].
Thesystemconcentratesonprovidingasetoftoolstoassistin
thefieldworker’sobservationanddata-collectionactivities,i.e.,
helpingtheuserrecordinformationabouttheirenvironment.
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
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Typesofdefinitions
1.Parentheticaldefinition
2.Sentencedefinition
3.Extendeddefinition
Sentencedefinition
Atypical,good sentence definitionsconsistsofthreeelements:
1.Term
=object /concept tobedefined
2. Class
=group towhichthethingbelongs
3.Characteristics = specificdetailsthatseparateitfrom
othersinthesameclass.
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Sentencedefinition
TERM
=
CLASS
+
that
CHARACTERISTICS
A car
is a motor vehicle
A media
player
is an eletronic device
A house
mouse
is a small rodent
that
lives in a tiny hole and eats
cheese.
An optical
mouse
is a pointing device
that
functions by detecting twodimensional motion relative
to its supporting surface.
A CEO
is a person
who
is in charge of a corporation.
A university
is an organization
which
is used for transporting
passengers.
can be used to store,
transfer, and play back digital
media, such as mp3 files and
various video clips.
where / research and teaching is
in which performed by scientists
Example1:sentencedefinition
Context-awarecomputingisamobilecomputingparadigminwhich
applicationscandiscoverandtakeadvantageofcontextualinformation
(suchasuserlocation,timeofday,nearbypeopleanddevices,and
useractivity).
• Identifythefollowingelements:
1.Term
2. Class
3.Characteristics
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
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Example1:sentencedefinition
2
1
3
Context-awarecomputingisamobilecomputingparadigm inwhich
applicationscandiscoverandtakeadvantageofcontextualinformation
(suchasuserlocation,timeofday,nearbypeopleanddevices,and
useractivity).
1.Term
=object /concept tobedefined
2. Class
=group towhichthethingbelongs
3.Characteristics = specificdetailsthatseparateitfrom
othersinthesameclass.
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
Example2:sentencedefinition
Contextisthesetofenvironmentalstatesandsettingsthateither
determinesanapplication’sbehaviororinwhichanapplicationevent
occursandisinterestingtotheuser.
• Identifythefollowingelements:
1.Term
2. Class
3.Characteristics
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
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Example2:sentencedefinition
2
1
3
Context isthesetofenvironmentalstatesandsettingsthat either
determinesanapplication’sbehaviororinwhichanapplicationevent
occursandisinterestingtotheuser.
1.Term
=object /concept tobedefined
2. Class
=group towhichthethingbelongs
3.Characteristics = specificdetailsthatseparateitfrom
othersinthesameclass.
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
Superordinates
Umbrellaterms thatcanstandforanentireclassorcategoryofthings.
VEHICLES
(superordinate)
lorries
cars
bicycles
trams
ships
Typical superordinate terms:
Option
Alternative
Example
Criterion
Feature
Aspect
Benefit
Advantage
Drawback
Problem
Issue
Technique
Method
Strategy
Approach
Solution
Reason
Rationale
Consequence
Effect
Motivation
Phase
Stage
Step
Effect
Procedure
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Quiz
The terms and the characteristics are given in the following
sentence definitions. Add the missing superordinates to
describe the class of things to which these objects/concepts belong.
See MyCourses
Typesofdefinitions
1.Parentheticaldefinition
2.Sentencedefinition
3.Extendeddefinition
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Extendeddefinition
ExtendedDefinitions usuallybeginwithasentencedefinition.
Whatother
information canbe
addedtoextend your
definition?
21
Extendeddefinition
EightMethodsforextendingyourdefinition:
1. Analysis of parts
2. Operating principles
3. Applications / Examples
What are its parts? classes? types?
How does it work?
How is it used or applied?
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Is it similar to something familiar?
What is its origin? Who developed it?
Analogy/ Comparison
History
Advantages/ problems
Requirements
Physical appearance/ features
What is needed to make it work?
What does it look like? What are its
characteristic features?
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Exampleofanextendeddefinition
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch.
Exampleofanextended definition
What methods ofextending information can you find?
Sentencedefinition
+abitaboutapplications
Analysisofparts
Partsandoperating
principles
Analysisofparts,operating
principles,andrequirements
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch.
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Cohesion:repetion ofkey terms
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch.
Anevenmoreextended
definition…
ChenandKotz (2000).A
SurveyofContext-Aware
MobileComputingResearch.
ThewholeSection2devoted
todefining“context”.
pp.2-3
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Topicsentences
Types oftopic sentences
1. Newtopic(neutral)
2. Enumeration (neutral or claim)
3. Claim
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Types oftopic sentences
1. Newtopic(neutral)
TheFinnishhighereducationsystem consistsofuniversities andpolytechnics.
Theuniversities stresstheconnectionbetweenresearchandteaching.The
basicpurposeoftheuniversities istocarryoutscientificresearchandto
provideteachinginrelatedsubjects.Studentsatuniversities maytakealower
(Bachelor's)orhigher(Master's)academicdegree,aswellasacademicfurther
education,consistingoflicentiateanddoctoraldegrees.Universities also
What
kind ofinformation could appear inthe rest ofthe paragraph?
arrangefurthereducationandopenuniversityteaching.Incontrast,
polytechnics emphasizeaconnectionwithworkinglife,andthedegrees
offeredarehighereducationdegreeswithaprofessionalemphasis.Located
àDefinitions anddescriptions.
throughoutFinland,universities and polytechnics aimtoensurethatall
prospectivestudentshaveequalopportunitiesforstudy,regardlessofwhere
theylive.
Seealso:http://sana.aalto.fi/awe/cohesion/topsen/new/index.html
Types oftopic sentences
1. Newtopic(neutral)
TheFinnishhighereducationsystem consistsofuniversities andpolytechnics.
Theuniversities stresstheconnectionbetweenresearchandteaching.The
basicpurposeoftheuniversities istocarryoutscientificresearchandto
provideteachinginrelatedsubjects.Studentsatuniversities maytakealower
(Bachelor's)orhigher(Master's)academicdegree,aswellasacademicfurther
education,consistingoflicentiateanddoctoraldegrees.Universities also
arrangefurthereducationandopenuniversityteaching.Incontrast,
polytechnics emphasizeaconnectionwithworkinglife,andthedegrees
offeredarehighereducationdegreeswithaprofessionalemphasis.Located
throughoutFinland,universities and polytechnics aimtoensurethatall
prospectivestudentshaveequalopportunitiesforstudy,regardlessofwhere
theylive.
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Types oftopic sentences
2.Enumeration(neutral)
OnemethodforpredictingthelifetimeofLEDsistheuseofan
acceleratedtestapproachwheretheestimatedlifetimeinthe
acceleratedlifetestsismultipliedbyanaccelerationfactor.The
processinvolvesfoursteps:(1)measuring thelightoutputof
samplesateachtestreadouttime;(2)estimating LEDlifeunder
theacceleratedtestconditions(usingfunctionalcurvefittingof
time-dependentdegradationunderthetestconditions)orfinding
observedlifetimeforL50orL70,asshowninFig.4;(3)calculating
What kind ofinformation could appear inthe rest ofthe paragraph?
anaccelerationfactor;and(4)predicting lifetimeundertheusage
conditionsbyusingtheaccelerationfactormultipliedbythe
à Alist ofsteps (=4)andtheir short descriptions
lifetimeofthetestcondition,asshowninEq.(1):
AdaptedfromChangetal(2012).Lightemittingdiodesreliabilityreview.
Types oftopic sentences
Note
• the parallel structure using – ing
2.Enumeration(neutral)
• the proper use ofsemicolon ; in
separating the complex list items
OnemethodforpredictingthelifetimeofLEDsistheuseofan
acceleratedtestapproachwheretheestimatedlifetimeinthe
acceleratedlifetestsismultipliedbyanaccelerationfactor.The
processinvolvesfoursteps:(1)measuring thelightoutputof
samplesateachtestreadouttime;(2)estimating LEDlifeunder
theacceleratedtestconditions(usingfunctionalcurvefittingof
time-dependentdegradationunderthetestconditions)orfinding
observedlifetimeforL50orL70,asshowninFig.4;(3)calculating
anaccelerationfactor;and(4)predicting lifetimeundertheusage
conditionsbyusingtheaccelerationfactormultipliedbythe
lifetimeofthetestcondition,asshowninEq.(1):
AdaptedfromChangetal(2012).Lightemittingdiodesreliabilityreview.
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Types oftopic sentences
3.Claim
Finnish isaneasy languagetolearn.Itiswrittenthewaythatitis
pronounced.Finnishhasnoarticles(i.e.,a,an,the),nordoesitdistinguish
betweenmasculineandfeminineforms,asdootherEuropeanlanguages,
suchasSpanish,FrenchandGerman.Thus,Finnishmakesnodistinction
betweensheandhe;onewordhän servesforbothsexes.Anotherfeature
What
kind ofinformation could appear inthe rest ofthe paragraph?
thatmakesFinnisheasytolearnisthatwordsareformedfromcommon
“roots”,thuslearningthethe wordkirja (book)quicklyopensthewayto
learningotherrelatedwords,includingkirjasto
àEvidence supporting (library),kirje
the claim (letter),and
kirjoittaa (towrite).Furthermore,Finnishhasnoseparateprepositionwords
(e.g.,to,from,on,in).Instead,theyareallsimplyaddedtotheendofwords.
http://sana.aalto.fi/awe/cohesion/topsen/claim/index.html
Types oftopic sentences
3.Claim
Finnish isaneasy languagetolearn.Itiswrittenthewaythatitis
pronounced.Finnishhasnoarticles(i.e.,a,an,the),nordoesitdistinguish
betweenmasculineandfeminineforms,asdootherEuropeanlanguages,
suchasSpanish,FrenchandGerman.Thus,Finnishmakesnodistinction
betweensheandhe;onewordhän servesforbothsexes.Anotherfeature
thatmakesFinnisheasytolearnisthatwordsareformedfromcommon
“roots”,thuslearningthethe wordkirja (book)quicklyopensthewayto
learningotherrelatedwords,includingkirjasto (library),kirje (letter),and
kirjoittaa (towrite).Furthermore,Finnishhasnoseparateprepositionwords
(e.g.,to,from,on,in).Instead,theyareallsimplyaddedtotheendofwords.
http://sana.aalto.fi/awe/cohesion/topsen/claim/index.html
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Are you convinced by this
claim andevidence?
3.Claim
Finnish isaneasy languagetolearn.Itiswrittenthewaythatitis
pronounced.Finnishhasnoarticles(i.e.,a,an,the),nordoesitdistinguish
betweenmasculineandfeminineforms,asdootherEuropeanlanguages,
suchasSpanish,FrenchandGerman.Thus,Finnishmakesnodistinction
betweensheandhe;onewordhän servesforbothsexes.Anotherfeature
thatmakesFinnisheasytolearnisthatwordsareformedfromcommon
“roots”,thuslearningthethe wordkirja (book)quicklyopensthewayto
learningotherrelatedwords,includingkirjasto (library),kirje (letter),and
kirjoittaa (towrite).Furthermore,Finnishhasnoseparateprepositionwords
(e.g.,to,from,on,in).Instead,theyareallsimplyaddedtotheendofwords.
• Thelatersentencesprovideevidenceto
supporttheclaim
http://sana.aalto.fi/awe/cohesion/topsen/claim/index.html
Topicsentences:claims
Topicsentence:
Topicandclaim
Supportingdetails
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
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Topicsentences:claims
Hypertopic
pattern
Sentencedefinition
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch
Topicsentences:introducing atopic
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch.
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Introducingatopic
Topic
sentence
Topic
sentence
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch.
Hypertopic sentence
Introduces anew topic:
datastructures
Hypertopic sentence
Introduces the subtopics
(i.e.Categories).
Each subtopic starts with a
topic sentence.
ChenandKotz (2000).ASurveyofContext-AwareMobileComputingResearch.
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