Physical Science 52
– Final Exam Review -
Final Exam – Monday, April 25, 1:00 pm – 3:50 pm
Concepts
Section 1.1
• Inertia and mass
• Position, velocity, acceleration
• Force and net force
• Vector quantities
• Newton’s First Law, Newton’s Second Law (a = Fnet/m)
• Acceleration and velocity – can be different directions
• SI units for position, velocity, acceleration, force, mass
Section 1.2
• Weight
• Gravity
• Acceleration due to gravity – g = 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2
• Acceleration of a falling object
o Direction of acceleration
o Direction of velocity
o Understand Figures 1.2.2 and 1.2.3
• Projectile motion
o Differences versus falling straight down
o Components of velocity (horizontal/vertical)
o Affect of gravity on vertical velocity only
Section 1.3
• Newton’s Third Law
• Support force or “normal” force
• Net force
• Conserved quantity
• Energy
o Kinetic
o Potential
• Work
• Conservation of energy
• Relationship of work and energy
Section 2.1
• Translational motion versus rotation motion
• Angular position, angular velocity, angular acceleration
• Center of mass
• Rotational inertia (same as rotational mass used in book)
• Torque (and units)
Section 2.2
• Sliding friction versus static friction
• Why friction happens (see Figure 2.2.2)
• The 3 factors that affect magnitude of friction
• Dissipation of energy (into thermal energy…heat) due to friction
• Ordered energy vs disordered energy
• Work done by sliding and static friction
• Determining direction of friction
• Advantage of wheels
• Advantage of bearings
Section 2.3 – Bumper cars
• Linear momentum
• Conservation of momentum
• Transfer of momentum between objects – Impulse
• Impulse – force exerted over time
• Angular momentum
• Rotational inertia
Section 3.1- Spring scales
• Hooke’s law – force in spring is proportional to stretch (F = -k∙x)
• Spring constant – indicator of stiffness
• Equilibrium position (or equilibrium length)
• Restoring force
• Elastic potential energy
• How scales work
• Harmonic oscillation of a spring with a mass – back and forth conversion of potential energy and
kinetic energy as a mass hangs on a spring. (See page 100)
Section 3.2 – Ball sports: bouncing
• Collision energy and rebound energy
• Collision speed and rebound speed
• Coefficient of restitution
• Rebound height of bouncing ball depends on ratio of (rebound energy)/(collision energy)
• “Lively” and “dead” balls and surfaces
• Elastic collision versus inelastic collision
• Relative velocity – how to calculate for approaching objects or departing objects
• Vibration node and antinode
• Center of percussion
Section 3.3 – Carousels and roller coasters
• Centripetal acceleration and centripetal force
• Direction of acceleration for circular motion
• Feeling of acceleration
• Direction of feeling of acceleration is opposite of actual acceleration direction.
• Apparent weight – combination of weight and feeling of acceleration
• Feeling of acceleration measured in “g’s”
Section 4.1 – Bicycles
• Static stability
• Stable equilibrium
• Relationship of potential energy and stable equilibrium
• Base of support – its role in static stability
• Dynamic stability –
o Stability of bicycles improves with motion (know reasons why)
o Stability of tricycles worsens with motion (know reason why)
• Turning on a bicycle – effect of leaning in a turn
• Effect of front tire touching ground behind the steering axis (see Fig. 4.1.5)
Section 4.2 – Rockets
• Basic operating principles of a rocket
• Exchange of momentum between rocket and exhaust gas
• Conversion of chemical energy to kinetic energy
• Purpose of a nozzle
• Thrust force
• Law of universal gravitation (see page 139)
• Orbito High altitude requires low speed to remain in orbit
o Low altitude requires high speed to remain in orbit
Section 5.1 – Balloons
• Relationship between temperature and kinetic energy of air molecules
• Pressure
o Effect of vibrating air molecules to create pressure on objects
o Effect of temperature and density of a fluid on pressure
• Definition of density of a fluid
• Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales
• Absolute zero
• Atmospheric pressure and density variation as it relates to altitude
• Archimede’s principle
• Buoyant force
• How helium and hot air balloons float
Section 5.2 – Water Distribution
• Movement of fluid from high pressure to low pressure
• Compressible vs. Incompressible fluids
• Pascal’s principle
• Creating high pressure with gravity
o Water storage tanks
• Bernoulli’s equation (Don’t have to memorize, but need to explain the relationship of kinetic
energy, pressure potential energy and gravitational potential energy for a fluid)
Section 6.2 – Ball Sports
• For fluids (neglecting gravity) – if pressure goes up, velocity goes down (and vice-versa)
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Be able to identify high/low pressure zones and high/low speed areas when a fluid turns (see Fig
6.1.2)
Streamlines
o Coding of pressure by colors (ROYGBIV)
o Coding of velocity by spacing of streamlines
Characteristics of laminar flow (Fig 6.2.2)
Characteristics of turbulent flow (Fig 6.2.5)
Viscous drag
Pressure drag
Boundary layer
Effect of dimples on a golf ball
How the “Magnus force” causes a baseball to curve (disregard “wake deflection force”)
Section 6.3 – Airplanes
• How a streamlined shape eliminates pressure drag
• “Angle of attack” of an airplane wing
• How an airplane wing produces lift (be able to explain using Figure 6.3.2)
• What causes an airplane wing to stall
• Purpose of flaps and slats on an airplane wing
• Basic operating principle of a propeller
• Basic operating principle of a turbojet and turbofan
Section 7.1 – Woodstoves
• Thermal (internal) energy
• Equilibrium, vibration of chemical bonds
• Relationship between temperature and thermal energy
• Flow of heat from hot objects to cool
• Heat transfer process of a woodstove
• Heat transfer methods:
o Conduction
o Convection
o Thermal radiation
• Basic operating principle of a “heat exchanger”
• How convection currents develop
Section 7.3. – Clothing, Insulation and Climate
• Purpose of insulation
• Direction of flow of heat
• Familiarity with the conduction equation and the factors in the equation: H = (k ΔT A)/d
• Conductivity of materials
• How a coat minimizes conduction and convection
• How surface color and finish (black objects, white objects, shiny objects) affect emissivity
• How fiberglass insulation minimizes heat loss
a = FNet/m
W = F∙d
F = -k∙x
Density = Mass/Volume
p = m∙v [units of momentum: kg∙m/s]
a = v2/r
Pressure = Force/Area