“Migration the cause of human
trafficking and the effects on policy
changes in Peru and Ecuador”
José Antonio Hidalgo Molina
Jairo Andrés Muñoz
1
“Migration the cause of human trafficking and the
effects on policy changes in Peru and Ecuador”
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3
Key words ........................................................................................................................... 3
From China to Latin America ............................................................................................. 3
Chinese Presence in Ecuador .............................................................................................. 7
Chinese Presence in Peru .................................................................................................... 8
The Case of Trafficking Ecuador ........................................................................................ 9
The Case of Trafficking Peru ............................................................................................ 11
Do Migration Policies Influence Human Trafficking? ..................................................... 13
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 19
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 21
Annex ................................................................................ ¡Error! Marcador no definido.
2
Abstract
This paper seeks to explain the correlation between the immigration policies in Ecuador
and Peru and the adverse effect it has on human trafficking principally involving Chinese
citizens. With a population of 1.4 Billion people, China is the most populous country on
earth. With a steady growing population, the country faces the problems that any other
developing country faces, poverty, corruption, lack of natural resources, inequality, and
immigration. The opening up of the country in the early 1980’s saw a boom in the migration
of people from the rural areas to the urban sectors, the effects of this were the creation
steady flow of migrant workers into cities bringing with them disparity and necessity. The
same kind of migration can be reflected in the Chinese wave of immigrants going abroad
especially to the Americas, Europe, and other parts of Asia. The categories of these
immigrants vary between people tourist, businessmen others are true immigrants seeking
a better life. The high influx of people leaving China has pushed some countries to create
restrictions and regulations, regarding the number of Chinese people that can obtain visas
to travel to these countries. In turn, these restrictions have led the path for the human
trafficking of Chinese nationals wanting to get into these countries without the legal
paperwork.
Key words
Immigrants, migrants, human trafficking, modern slavery, human smuggling, hard
migration policy, open doors migration policy, irregular proposals, Peru, Ecuador.
From China to Latin America
With advent of globalization the past 30 years has closed the territorial gaps and brought
the world closer than it has ever been. Trade agreements, the Internet, advancements in
transportation and technology, and the mass mobilization of people have contributed to the
intertwined nature that now surrounds all. With this have come the positive and negative
3
effects that closeness with the unknown can bring. The movement of information, goods,
technology, and people has seen a dynamic of change to countries that have never
experienced the variety of the world market; this is especially true for developing countries
that have seen a surge of external influences that they have never felt before. Nevertheless,
no country has benefited more from this global revolution than China and its export
oriented economy. The influence China exerts on the world right now is a palpable through
its influx of products in all areas of the market. Chinese companies find part of this
influence in investing in key areas like mining and oil in foreign countries creating the
infrastructure that of these lack thereof. The bulk of these investments take part in Africa
and Latin America where the majority countries are natural resource rich, a driving factor
in the rapid Chinese development. The investment brought by the Chinese companies not
only stops at the financial part, it also brings human resources with them, Chinese
companies usually employ all Chinese staff, what this does, is create a demand for Chinese
workers abroad.
With the free movement of goods and money also comes the movement of humans.
Immigration has increased by outstanding numbers in the past couple of years, humans
have moved from the countryside to cities, and from cities to different countries, there is
no country or place in the world unreachable by man now. This free movement has allowed
for the growth of what is now human trafficking an adverse issue facing many countries
today especially China, who faces trafficking within and outside its borders.
The UN defines human trafficking from the Palermo Protocol in two parts. First,
“recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons” by “the use of force
or other means of coercion" with the “purpose of exploitation", then it goes on to mention
that a person can be qualified as trafficked even if there was consent to begin with. Any
person that is involved in any of the activities that the protocol considers as trafficked
needless if they ever consented to the situation is considered a trafficked victim. In this
aspect human smuggling falls under the category of trafficking as smuggling is part of the
process of being trafficked as is a process of been trafficked. Here forth smuggling and
trafficking will be used synonymously.
4
"Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or
receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of
abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or a position of vulnerability or of
the giving or receiving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having
control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at
a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or
the removal of organs...” 1
When taking the definition giving by the UN, the migration of Chinese mainland citizens
to other countries can fall into many of these categories. China’s involvement in Latin
America is part of a more general government policy known as Zǒuchūqù 走出去(“Going
Out”).
In the instance of Ecuador and Peru, it is well known that cases of human trafficking have
to do with the exploitation of workers by Chinese firms operating in these countries. These
companies do not hire local workers instead they rely on Chinese labor for work; this has
been an issue because it affects the local economy by not contributing much to it. The
brining of Chinese workers has also brought the exploitation of them; some workers are
put into inhumane conditions, rarely paid, and even abused. There have been instanced
where woman are brought from China, in order to satisfy the sexual needs of the workers
who usually do not leave the compound in which they live in and socialize with the locals.
This bringing of woman can also fall into trafficking these women are smuggled into work
in these camps as sex workers. Once they arrive their documentation is taken away leaving
them, vulnerable to the people that brought them there.
One of the great contributing factors that affect why people are trafficked are the
immigration policies implemented by different countries. Some countries facilitate the
1
http://www.palermoprotocol.com/general/the-palermo-protocol
5
immigration others push for more rigorous requirements in order to obtain a visa to that
country. When this happens people resort to falsification of documents, subordination,
threats, and human trafficking. This is especially true in Ecuador and Peru where
immigration policies have influenced illicit movement of Chinese citizens victims from
South and East Asia were widely detected across the Americas, accounting for about 28
percent of victims in North America, Central America and the Caribbean and about 10 per
cent in South America2.
The trafficking of human beings is a non-traditional issue, the reason being that it pushes
and abuses the basic rights of all human beings. It is exploitation of a human being. In this
case the exploitation of Chinese citizens (See figure 1).
Figure 1.- Origin of victims trafficked to South America, as proportion of the total number
of victims detected in the sub region, 2007-2010.
2
http://www.debate.com.mx/eldebate/movil/Articulo.asp?IdArt=7032774&IdCat=6087
6
Chinese Presence in Ecuador
In order to determine the presences of Chinese overseas in Ecuador two sources have been
analyzed; the International Organization for Migration (IOM) census and the Ecuadorian
Migration Authority census. The Chinese overseas in Ecuador are estimated in a range
from 2,500 to 25,000, which mainly consist in Yunan and Han descendants. In addition,
Chinese overseas are notorious particularly in the coastal commercial areas of El Oro
province, Quevedo city, Cuenca city and Guayaquil city.
According to the Ecuadorian Migration Authority on 2001 Census, it was determined
around 1,214 Chinese overseas in Ecuador with an approximate number of 645 Chinese
immigrants that arrived each year. Thus, in 2012 it was projected approximately 7,095
Chinese in Ecuador, all these without mentioning the Chinese-Ecuadorian descendants, this
number have not being estimated yet. However, the International Organizing for Migration
(IOM) determines the existence of 4,009 Chinese migrants in Ecuador (See figure 2).
Figure 2.- Outward migration from China to Ecuador (IOM, 2010)
7
Chinese Presence in Peru
The migration of Chinese overseas to Peru started in the beginning of 1848, when the
Peruvian Government decided to import Chinese contract labor, due to the end of black
labor after the government declared slavery illegal. Most of these workers were assign to
work in the sugar plantations located in the northern coast while a few were designated to
high –risk jobs like mining and a railroad line building through the Andes mountains. The
continuation of Chinese immigrants happened through law called “The Law of China”
where over 100,000 Chinese came to Peru during the years of 1848-1880. In the census of
Lima conducted in 1931 the Chinese ethnic population of the country ranged in the
numbers of 341,000. The next big wave came in the 1970’s with 42,000. In both instances,
the greatest percentages were those of males or the head of the family; eventually these
became Peruvian citizens and started asking for their families creating a true family
community.
One generation after the arrival of these Chinese, most of their decedents became half
Peruvian and started to ascend in the economic ladder. The majority of them developed
manufacturing and wholesale/ retail businesses.
Nowadays, many of the most important Chinese Overseas are found in Peru they have
activated part of the economy in this country and occupied high rank positions. For a brief
example, we can mention the following:
1.
Erasmo Wong (Peruvian entrepreneur, owner of the franchise of Wong
Supermarket).
2.
Jose Antonio Chang Escobedo (Ex- President of the Council of Ministers and
ex- Ministers of Education in Peru).
3.
Nelson Chui (Ex president of the Region Lima).
8
4.
Alejandro Chu Barrera (Peruvian Archaeologist).
The Peruvian Migration Authority Census of 2011, found around 3,240 foreigners Chinese
residents in Peru, and it is estimated around 1,300,000 Chinese Peruvians3. Nevertheless,
according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) census around 2,683
Chinese migrants exists (See figure 3).
Figure 3. -Outward migration from China in Peru (IOM, 2010)
The Case of Trafficking Ecuador
3
Rodríguez, Humberto (2000). Herederos del Dragon. Historia de la comunidad china en el Perú (Dragon
heirs: History of Chinese Community in Peru), Lima, Fondo Editorial del Congreso de la República (Lima,
Editorial Found of the Republic Congress).
9
The country of Ecuador one of the prominent growing players in the South American
region lies between Colombia and Peru. In the past years Ecuador has been a hotbed for
the trafficking of humans, especially those using the country as a trampoline to jump to
other countries. This is significant because many Chinese immigrants come into Ecuador
either legally or trafficked, and then either stay to work or are trafficked out of the country
again to neighboring regional countries like Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina, Brazil,
and the United States.
Several cases have been found of Chinese immigrants coming into the country legally,
arriving by plane and then using the country as push off point, to then, be trafficked to other
countries. The biggest phenomenon of this was seeing in 2008 when the current President
Rafael Correa pursued an open door policy to all countries, including China. The effect of
this was a flooding of Chinese citizens into Ecuador. Who then would use it as a jump point
to migrate illegally and get smuggled into different countries the major one being the
United States. During the 6 months period, the policy stood at least 10,000 Chinese
immigrants came to Ecuador with about only 3 out of 10 staying. In an effort to curb this,
the Chinese Ambassador to Ecuador plead the government to reinstate policies back since
many countries were complaining about the increase of illegal immigration to their
countries because of Ecuador’s policy.
Currently immigration policies towards Chinese citizens by the Ecuadorean government
have become more lenient for investors and mature tourist looking to discover or get to
know Ecuador. Some of the people involved in trafficking arrive to the country legally this
can be done by falsifying documents and receiving a visa. Yet, cases having to do with
human smuggling are not strange. In August 2014 in the city of Guayaquil 28 Chinese
citizens were found living in two rooms, mostly women and kids waiting to be transported
to the United States. The way they do it is by been trafficked to a neighboring country
where they can obtain false documents and then travel from there to the United States“ In
Tulcan a city that borders Colombia in October 2014 were found 17 Chinese citizens who
wanted to cross illegally to Colombian territory. In this operation, a Chinese citizen was
arrested Chen Shu Hong who had with him 23 Chinese passports and 10,000 dollars in
10
cash”. Other cases have involved coastal guards catching boats full of Chinese wanting to
leave to Ecuador to reach Central America, or planes piloted by Central American citizens
loading illegal Chinese immigrants in order to take to Mexico and then jump to the United
States.
These Chinese who seek a better life in the United States or other countries usually pay
with the price of endured servitude or modern slavery. The passage from Ecuador to the
United States is in the range of 70,000 dollars, which the victims do not pay up front, but
pay with years of servitude to someone in their final destination. The cost to other countries
not apart from the United States can run in the thousands of dollars. Women usually pay
their debt by being forced into prostitution instead of other means of paying their debt,
something that is hard to get out after they become involved, since they become property
and an asset to the owner.
The Case of Trafficking Peru
The biggest Chinese Diaspora in Latin America lies within the borders of Peru. With an
already solid population of Chinese, the incentive to travel here from Mainland China lends
to the extensive trafficking network established already. A peculiar thing about Chinese
abroad is that they tend to stick together bringing family members to where they are, once
they are established. The perfect example of this tight knit community bond is the China
towns in major cities all over the world, this niche outside China constituting of only
Chinese nationals. This contributes to the creation of mafia’s who exploit the communities
for their own benefits. In the past years Peruvian authorities have found an extensive
network of trafficking relating to the mafia group called The Red Dragon who’s business
practices include, drug trade, extortion, human trafficking, and other illicit activities. They
take advantage of the strong number of Chinese living in Peru and exploit them in many
different ways; one of these is providing “security” for them and the other providing them
with Chinese workers or bringing in their family members. When the latter of these happen
it usually involves trafficking.
11
Recently the Peruvian government has found a number of illegal Chinese immigrants
working for Chinese mining companies. A correlation that might have to do with the Mafia
established networks of trafficking and the facilitation of bringing in these Chinese
workers.
“Reports of corruption, lack of transparency and
violations of labor and environmental regulations
within Chinese mining ventures (Peru), petroleum
refineries (Costa Rica), oil deals (Venezuela), and
other large-scale investment projects have emerged.
There is also some evidence of ties between ethnic
Chinese networks and smuggling operations—
mafia-like groups that provide “protection” to
compatriots, human traffickers and other illegal
activities”4
In an interview in 2014 with the ex-Consul General to Peru in Beijing, he mentioned the
increasing cases of illegal Chinese immigrants working for Chinese companies. The
biggest of these are found in the mining sector where these companies are most active. In
handling illegal immigration, the consul mentioned several steps he takes to curb this
immigration. For instance, he reviews every solicitation for a visa by hand observing the
number of visas from different countries if a solicitor has a visa from the United States, the
United Kingdom, and Canada it means that this person has a history of being a reliable
traveler. In other instances where the solicitor has no visa from these countries a more
thorough inspection is warranted since they have no history of traveling. The recurring
finding of falsified documents lends to the conclusion of illegal immigration. If people are
willing to falsify documents, then they are willing to go to the next step and be trafficked.
Groups usually specialize in falsifying documents relevant to each country, they provide
translators, guidelines, and ways to beat the system and obtain a visa. It would not be far
4
http://www.americasquarterly.org/Armony
12
fetch to say that these people can also be the ones to facilitate illegal immigration in case
no visa is obtained.
Do Migration Policies Influence Human Trafficking?
Hard Policy vs. Open Door Policy
Do migration policies implemented by different countries influence the flow or rate of
human trafficking? To begin, we have to define what constitutes a hard policy vs. and open
door policy in the context of migration and human trafficking. To begin with “Hard
migration policies” can be said or defined as a policy that constitutes rigorous bureaucratic
paper work followed by a personal interview with the General Consulate, being this, one
of the key factors to gain the visa entrance. This implies that the applicant present
themselves in person to the consulate and be interviewed by the consulate staff. The hassles
this can brings can deter people from applying or can lead be people to do things illegally
like hiring someone else to receive the visa for them, participate insubordination or hire a
local middle man to handle the process for them. Many people profit from this by offering
this services to people, these people are also usually the ones in charge of sending
inhabitants from China abroad illegally hence participating in human trafficking.
Different from a hard policy “open doors migration policies” are defined as none rigorous
paper work, leaving no need for an interview, changing the General Consulates role from
being the judge to just work as a notary. This is much easier for a person seeking to travel
to do the main part is just submitting the correct documents, and the probability of obtaining
a visa is high accounting that all paperwork is in line with the requirements. Countries with
open door policies have seen greater request for people wanting to traveling, leading to an
increase in the execution of visas, an ultimately more travelers to those countries. This can
also lead to negative results increasing human trafficking. The reason is that people that
travel to open door policies countries legally, on a high percentage they tend to jump to
13
another country as final destination illegally as we just saw in the analysis of the
Ecuadorian case of 2008.
From the beginning of the research, the countries chosen were Peru as the country to begin
with due to its overwhelming Chinese influence and population. Ecuador second because
of its unique 2008 open door immigration policy that allowed many Chinese immigrants
come in.
The case studies here forth mentioned will help to shed a conclusion on the immigration
factors that affect human trafficking. Also, if migration policies by different countries have
a positive or negative effect on the illicit trade of human trafficking. To further the research
we approached several diplomatic authorities in the Beijing representing their countries be
it Ecuador or Peru. We chose to target two different kinds of groups in order to get an
overall view on the situation as both have to do with immigration, one from the political
and the other from the economic standpoints of view.
In the public sector, we interviewed diplomatic authorities ; The General Consulate to Peru
in Beijing, the General Consulate to Ecuador in Guangzhou and a former Ecuadorian
Embassy official that prefers to remain Anonymous. These gave us a perspective on the
formal policies of immigration and the issues arising with the execution of visas, and the
impact of Chinese immigrants in their countries. In the private sector, we reached out to;
The Vice-President of the Peruvian Chinese Chamber of Commerce (CAPECHI) and the
Former-Executive Director of the Ecuadorian Chinese Chamber of Commerce (CCECH).
The interviews served us to understand the procedures for Chinese nationals in applying to
visas, the roles of different applicants, and to extensively comprehend the role of each
sector and its role in immigration, lastly to lead to us a conclusion on how all these affect
human trafficking.
In order to deepen our study and backup our conclusion we have asked the opinion of these
authorities, which policy they think is correct in order to decrease human trafficking in
14
China. Also, how many cases of bribery have they experienced during the period of their
service? With this question, we can have some idea how the traffic red works. In addition,
looking through the percentage and frequency of the proposals we can view the effects of
each migration policy (See figure 4 and 5).
Figure 4. - Interviews
Ecuador
Starting
Number
Name
Position
Zone
Sector
Institution
date
Finishing
of
position
1
Mariella
General
Molina
Consulate
Ministry of International
Guangzhou
Public
Relation
and
human
Mobility
June
date
of
position
23rd,
2009
Ministry of International
2
Anonymous
Beijing
Public
Relation
and
human
April, 2003
May, 2005
Chinese
August 15th,
May
2013
2016
Mobility
3
Gustavo
Caceres
Former
Executive
Ecuador
Private
Beijing
Public
Peru
Private
Director
Ecuadorian
Chamber of Commerce
15th,
Peru
4
5
Ivan Silva
General
Consulate
Rafael
Vice-
Torres
President
Ministry of International
Relation
Peruvian
Chinese
Chamber of Commerce
June, 2013
2011
Questions
Q4 (English Translation).- How would you describe Chinese migration, before and
after the “open doors” policy?
1.-During the period of open doors is estimated that around 14,000 Chinese entered to look
for new opportunities in Ecuador. However, most of the Chinese used Ecuador as a way to
15
reach their final destination. This open door policy endured 3 months because of the high
migration rate.
2.-If we are referring to Ecuador, it did not affect at all, because most of the Chinese used
Ecuador as a way to reach their final destination. Approximately from 100% that migrate,
5% to 10% stayed in Ecuador.
3. In my opinion, the government lost control. Referring to studies of that date the Chinese
population grew around 30 times more from what it was in 2007.
4. Peru has never implemented open doors migration policies.
5. Does not exist.
Q5 (English translation).-Approximately how many irregular proposals regarding
visa emissions have you experienced during your period as General Consulate of
Ecuador
1.-During my 4 years and a half as General Consulate of Ecuador in Guangzhou. We have
received 4 irregular proposals to different consulate officials and local personnel in the
office.
2.-Irregular proposals during 2003 to 2005 has been from 100% visitors 30% of the cases
tried corrupt the official. However, the worst are the threats from the high rank authorities
from Ecuador. During the time that I worked at the embassy I received calls from
Government officials and lawyers threatening me. Nevertheless, when the government
applied the open doors policy I know that the proposal disappeared.
3.-I had not yet received any irregular proposals and I hope I don’t receive any at all.
4.-During this 6 months as General Consulate I have had 10 irregular proposals. All of them
in different ways. Now something that exists in China are people contracted by an agency
16
that speak English and attend to every diplomatic event in order to gain a friendship
relations with Ambassador, Consulates or officials. When they do gain the official trust
they start asking "favors".
5.-None
Q7 (English translation).- What policy would you consider is the best to reduce
human trafficking rates in China? Why?
1. The only way to reduce human trafficking in China, is by implementing a correct
investigation process on the visa application by the Chinese nationals
2. I consider it is necessary to have a control, because of the bad migration, for instance,
drug traffickers, prostitution and assassins. I also consider that another solution is to apply
for the visa in Ecuador. However, this measure was eliminated. In addition, another
solution is to have monthly meetings like we used to have before 2008 with our LatinAmerican neighbors. In order to learn from the experience of everyone, analyzing every
case.
3. I consider that the open door policy helps to reduce human trafficking, because the
participation of officials becomes obsolete in the process. However, it is important that
control measures are executed, for instance, the invitation letter, etc.
4. There have been human trafficking cases in Peru, but not like the ones that had happen
in Colombia and Argentina. The current cases had been with mining technicians for the
exploitation of illegal mining. This is because of the interest of medium and small Chinese
companies that want to exploit resources from Peru without paying taxes. Notwithstanding,
Peru has always been a country with a vision to protect their migrants abroad. However,
because of Peru’s development this vision has to change, nowadays, there are a lot of
migrants coming to Peru to search new opportunities. The policy has to be modified
17
changing the protectionist vision to being more open, taking as an example the Chilean
model that is tightly engaged to promote business.
5. - The first one, because control measures always have to be taken place. Nevertheless,
the process and requirements have to be clear to encourage and permit the entry of the true
migrant (the one that have business or commercial intensions).
Figure 5. - Irregular proposals
Ecuador
Position
General
Consulate
of
Ecuador
in
Guangzhou
Period
June 2009-January 2014
Proposals
4
Peru
Position
General Consulate of Peru in Beijing
Period
June 2013-January 2014
Proposals
10
Ecuador
Peru
Ecuador’s Policies
According to Mariella Molina General Consulate to Ecuador in Guangzhou the open door
policy led to approximately “14,000 Chinese that entered to look for new opportunities in
Ecuador. However, most of the Chinese used Ecuador as a way to reach their final
destination”. It is clear that an open door policy on migration cannot be a way to tackle the
issue of human trafficking in China. A policy like this leads to an increase in illicit
trafficking especially in Ecuador a country that is used as a platform to jump to more
favorable destinations like the United States, Canada, or neighboring countries. Yet, a hard
migration policy is also not a solution. When this is applied, it leads to an increase of
irregular proposals to government officials.
Peru’s Policies
18
The case with Peru takes a similar turn as Ecuador; the difference is the kind of people that
are trafficked right now. According to Ivan Silva ex-General Consulate to Peru in Beijing
he states “there have been human trafficking cases in Peru, but not like the ones that happen
in Colombia and Argentina. The current cases deal with mine workers that come into the
country illegally to work for Chinese mining companies that have expanded, to also, work
without permits in some parts in order to avoid taxes”. The continuing interest of small and
medium size Chinese companies to exploit the resources has also led for the increase of
Chinese workers that correlates with an increase in trafficking. These workers are usually
exploited, work long hours with little pay.
Peru has pursued hard policies in its issuing of visas, especially now that Peru is developing
as a country and wants to increase its investment. Most Peruvians that had left to other
countries to search for better opportunities are now returning to the country, this goes as
well as for new immigrants and especially those coming from China. The policy of being
a protectionist country has to be changed, and that is something the General Consulate
mentioned to us, he wants to open safe ways for immigrants that want to invest and get to
know Peru. The control policies applied by Peru still lies in a high control and the
ambivalent decisions he or she makes. As long as they pursue clear honest policies the
control of migration in that country should be predictable to the rate of people that will be
trafficked.
Conclusion
Human trafficking today is a non-traditional issue that every country faces. When victims
are brought in illegally to a country they still fall into trafficking, some of these people are
promised better lives, but in reality there are brought to exploitation, modern day slavery,
and prostitution. The Chinese immigrants in Latin America become slaves to pay off the
debt they incurred in been brought.
19
The causes of human trafficking lie in many different reasons, some of those been the
policies implemented by different countries in dealing with migration from specific
nations. Our research and field study has led us to conclude that both hard migration
policies and open door policies are incentives for the growth of human trafficking from
China. When open door policies are established a business grows in pushing these legal
immigrants out, when policies are strict a business grows in getting these people in. These
businesses are led by mafias or groups who specialize in this making a lucrative business.
The demand for labor also incentivizes these groups to continue bringing people in be it
men, women, and children.
A solid solution to tackle human trafficking in Ecuador and Peru would have to be an
interregional cooperation. As Ecuador lies in a central point for Chinese immigrants to
jump from, the reasonable thing would be to start cooperating with other authorities in the
neighboring countries in cracking down the routes and final destinations of the victims.
Consequently, a regional Latin-America alliance should be promoted within the embassies
that are located in China. Arranging monthly meetings between General Consulates of each
country, sharing experiences of the cases they have faced that month and see if there are
any similarities. This must be done with the creation of parallel projects that gather
information about each country regarding cross-country migration. This project can be
funded by each country, generating new job openings, creating a multicultural ambience
that will feet from each country´s experience, generating a new software that will help to
reduce the chances of illegal documents and decreasing the chances of bribery within
government official. However, this project should be used as a filter to help consulate
authorities better detect fake documents, routes of trafficking, the people doing the
trafficking, and the final destination of the victims. This allowing for the sovereignty of
each country to be respected
20
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