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U N I T
R E V I E W
UNDE RSTAN DIN G CON CEPTS
True-False
In your notebook, indicate whether each statement
is true or false. Correct each false statement.
1. All organisms are currently classified in one of
five kingdoms.
2. Bacteria and protists are eukaryotes.
3. Viruses are not classified as living organisms.
4. The system of using a two-word name for each
species is called trinomial nomenclature.
5. Archaea is a phylum of prokaryotes that live in
extreme environments.
6. Round bacterial cells are called bacilli.
7. Gram-positive bacteria have thick cell walls
and stain purple with Gram stain.
8. Chemoautotrophs obtain energy by breaking
apart chemical bonds in inorganic compounds.
9. Bacterial cells can divide by mitosis but not
meiosis.
10. Bacteria reproduce sexually by a process called
conjugation.
11. Protozoa are heterotrophic protists.
12. Red algae are microscopic protists responsible
for producing red tides.
13. Acrasiomycota and Myxomycota are two
groups of slime moulds.
14. Fungi are multicellular autotrophs.
15. Penicillin is a deuteromycote fungus.
16. The diploid generation of a plant is called the
gametophyte.
17. Mosses, liverworts, and ferns are all examples
of non-vascular plants.
18. The gametophyte of a fern is called a
prothallus.
19. Platyhelminthes have three layers of cells and
no coelom.
20. Annelids have three layers of cells and no
coelom.
21. Squid and cuttlefish are examples of
crustaceans.
22. Sea squirts are examples of chordates.
Multiple Choice
In your notebook, write the letter of the best
answer for each of the following questions.
23. Bacteria
(a) can only reproduce asexually
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(b) occur in three shapes — round,
cube-shaped, and spiral
(c) may be autotrophs or heterotrophs
(d) are eukaryotes
(e) are commonly known as “extremophiles”
24. Plasmids
(a) are small blobs of plasma
(b) are an important method of producing
genetic recombination
(c) help amoebae to move and capture food
(d) contain genes that are different from those
found in the chromosome
(e) can split from the bacterial chromosome
and rejoin it
25. Diatoms
(a) have rigid cell walls with an outer layer of
silica
(b) have two flagellae
(c) are mainly fresh-water organisms
(d) are prokaryotes
(e) increase in size at each generation
26. A fungus is an example of a
(a) photoautotroph
(b) chemoautotroph
(c) photoheterotroph
(d) chemoheterotroph
(e) none of the above
27. Mushrooms
(a) are the basidiocarps of club fungi
(b) produce spores
(c) are made of compacted hyphae
(d) none of the above
(e) all of the above
28. Bryophytes
(a) are the only group of plants in which the
gametophyte is larger than the sporophyte
(b) are vascular plants
(c) produce specialized spore-bearing
structures called strobili
(d) are adapted to very dry conditions
(e) are the most diverse group of plants
29. Conifers
(a) have small, inconspicuous flowers
(b) produce spores
(c) are examples of bryophytes
(d) are examples of gymnosperms
(e) have co-evolved with specialized
pollinators such as insects
30. Jellyfish are in the phylum
(a) Porifera
(d) Gnetophyta
(b) Cnidaria
(e) Cephalochordata
(c) Platyhelminthes
31. Molluscs
(a) are acoelomates
(b) have a coelom that originates from a split
in the mesoderm layer
(c) have a coelom that forms from pouches in
the embryonic gut
(d) are all characterized by a large external shell
(e) include segmented worms
32. Arthropods have
(a) eight legs
(b) a hard exoskeleton
(c) no coelom
(d) a single body opening
(e) ten legs
Short Answers
In your notebook, write a sentence or a short
paragraph to answer each of the following questions.
33. What is a halophile, and where would you look
for one?
34. Describe two differences between
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
35. What is the main difference between a
eukaryote and a prokaryote?
36. Define the term “chemoautotroph.”
37. What is a retrovirus?
38. The taxonomic table shown here has four errors.
Identify each error and write the correction.
Taxon
Example
Organisms included in this taxon
Kingdom
Animalia
shark, horse, oyster, frog, cougar,
lynx, bobcat
Phylum
Chordata
horse, oyster, frog, cougar, lynx,
bobcat
Class
Mammalia
horse, frog, cougar, lynx, bobcat
Order
Carnivora
frog, cougar, lynx, bobcat
Family
Felidae
cougar, lynx, bobcat
Genus
Lynx
lynx, cougar
Species
Lynx canadensis
lynx
39. Give three reasons why scientists do not
generally use common names to identify a
particular species.
40. Give an example of homologous characteristics.
What is the significance of these
characteristics?
41. “Diversity between species begins with
diversity within a species.” Briefly explain
what is meant by this sentence, using an
example.
42. Why has there been an increase in the number
of bacterial strains that have resistance to
antibiotics?
43. Describe an example of symbiotic bacteria.
44. This diagram illustrates three protists. In which
group is each organism classified (algae,
protozoa, or fungus-like protists)? Explain
your answer.
A
B
C
45. Foraminifera have shells made of calcium
carbonate. Why are they classified as amoebae?
46. Name two groups of unicellular algae and two
of multicellular algae.
47. Describe what is meant by the term
“mycorrhiza.”
48. The menu of a gourmet restaurant lists a type
of underground fungus. What is the common
name and classification of this edible fungus?
49. Describe two adaptations of plants that help
them survive in dry conditions.
50. The complete life cycle of a plant includes two
generations that alternate in a regular sequence.
Name each generation and describe its
characteristics.
51. Name an example of a group of plants that has
(a) no vascular tissue or seeds; (b) vascular
tissue but no seeds; (c) both vascular tissue
and seeds.
52. Name two phyla of animals that have a single
body opening through which food enters and
waste matter leaves.
53. Name two phyla of animals that are mainly or
completely marine and two that are mainly
terrestrial.
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54. This figure illustrates the body plans of two
organisms. Copy the diagram into your
notebook, identify which is a polyp and which
is a medusa, and label the parts. Give an
example of each type of animal. In which
phylum are they classified?
A
B
57. Suggest one or more reasons why very few
fossils of bryophytes have been found.
58. In the life cycle of a moss, where does the
chromosome number change from 2n to n, and
vice versa?
59. Although viruses can reproduce, they are not
considered to be living organisms. Why is that?
60. Suggest why sponges are able to regenerate
new bodies from a few cells while humans are
not, with reference to differences in degrees of
body organization.
61. Name three types of evidence indicating that
humans should be classified in the same (a)
phylum as other chordates, (b) class as other
mammals, and (c) family as chimpanzees and
gorillas.
55. How does reproduction differ in pines and
ground pines?
56. How would you distinguish between diatoms
and dinoflagellates?
62. The classification of the Kingdom Protista is
artificial. Explain what is meant by this
statement, using examples.
IN QU IRY
63. All organisms use the same coding of DNA
bases to produce amino acids (which combine
to form proteins). Degrees of similarity in the
sequence of their DNA bases indicate how
recently organisms descended from a common
ancestor and, therefore, how closely they are
related. The table on the right shows the
degrees of difference in the DNA base sequence
for six pairs of species. Interpret these data and
describe in your own words what they suggest
about human evolution.
Plants
Protista
Fungi
Bacteria
Animals
Archaea
64. The circle graph shown above represents
Earth’s six kingdoms. Each degree of the circle
graph is equal to 10 000 species. Archaea
1
of a degree, and Bacteria represent
represent 20
1 degree. List the approximate number of
species for each of the six kingdoms. What
approximate percent of the total life forms on
Earth are in each kingdom? Why are these
numbers approximate?
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Pairs of animals
Percent difference in DNA
base code sequences
human/chimpanzee
2.5
human/gibbon
5.1
human/African green monkey
9.0
human/capuchin monkey
15.8
human/lemur
42.0
mouse/rat
30.0
65. Design an experiment to test the effectiveness
of four commercial antibacterial soaps. Make
sure that your procedural steps are complete.
Write out your hypothesis and your
predictions. What variables will you test? What
variables will you control?
66. Bacteria from an infected person were tested
for their sensitivity to three antibiotics A, B,
and C. Based on the results of the tests, the
patient’s physician decides to prescribe
antibiotic A. Given this information, describe
the test results that would lead to this
conclusion for the doctor. Draw the results of
the test procedure and describe what happened
during the test.
67. Why do you suppose many people who own
aquariums add snails to them? Design an
experiment to test your ideas. What is your
hypothesis? What predictions do you have?
Write out the procedural steps you would
follow to run your experiment. What data
would you expect to collect if your hypothesis
is supported? What data would you expect to
collect if your hypothesis is not supported?
68. Outline the steps you would take to calculate
the approximate number of spores in a puffball
fungus with a circumference of 10 cm.
COMMU N ICATIN G
69. Growing and distributing some plants is
promoted by governments. At the same time,
growing other plants or producing certain
biologically engineered crops is restricted or
made illegal by governments. Discuss the
arguments for and against such policies.
70. We try to reflect evolutionary relationships
through a system of classifying living things.
Using an example, explain why you can say
that the members of one group are more closely
related to one another than they are to the
members of another group.
Carry out research on one of these conservation
approaches and compare its advantages and
disadvantages versus preserving species in
the wild.
74. Make a table to compare the characteristics of
flatworms and segmented worms.
75. To what phyla might the fungus in the
photograph belong? What other information
would you need before you could confidently
classify this species in its correct phylum?
71. Use reference books and web sites to find the
scientific names of ten species of animals and
ten species of plants. What is the basis and
meaning for each genus and species name?
72. Make a table to compare the characteristics of
archaea and bacteria.
73. Many species of organisms are in danger of
extinction. Some plants are being preserved as
seeds in botanical collections, and some rare
animals are being bred in captivity in zoos.
M A KIN G CON N ECTION S
76. How might people be affected if all conifers
became extinct?
81. Compare the role of free water in the
reproduction of mosses and flowering plants.
77. Which algae do you think are at the base of
more marine food chains, unicellular forms or
multicellular forms? Explain your answer. How
might human activities on land end up
affecting these organisms at the base of the
marine food chain?
82. Antibiotics are obtained from certain species
of micro-organisms. Explain why antibioticproducing organisms might evolve in nature.
78. Suppose there were no system of scientific
classification for flowering plants. What might
be the consequences if plants only had
common names?
79. Choose one of the six kingdoms you have
studied in this unit and describe what direct
significance the members of this kingdom have
in your life.
80. Should people be as concerned about mosses
becoming extinct as they are about whales
becoming extinct? Explain.
COURSE CHALLENGE
As you continue to prepare for your Biology
Course Challenge, consider these ideas about
biodiversity and the characteristics of organisms.
• How could different kinds of organisms affect forensic
data?
• Which characteristics of organisms would impact on a
forensic scenario?
• How could you use your knowledge of organisms and
their life cycles as a clock in a forensic study?
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