Appendix 5.A
LVIA Terminology
© Entec UK Limited
© Entec UK Limited
1
LVIA Terminology
Terminology
Definition
Cumulative
Defined in the Compact Oxford English Dictionary as an adjective meaning
‘increasing or increased by successive additions’.
There are numerous slight variations such as that provide by the Random
House Unabridged Dictionary: ‘Increasing or growing by accumulation or
successive additions’ or ‘Formed by or resulting from accumulation or the
addition of successive parts or elements’.
Cumulative effects
Additional changes to landscape and visual amenity caused by the proposed
development in conjunction with other developments (associated with or
separate to it) or actions that have occurred in the past, present or are likely
to occur in the foreseeable future.
AND:
The summation of effects that result from the changes caused by a
development (i.e. a wind farm) in conjunction with other past, present or
reasonably foreseeable future actions.
CLVIA
Cumulative landscape and visual impact assessment.
Criteria for aesthetic review of wind
farm designs
These terms are equally applicable in reviewing the acceptability in design
and aesthetic terms of individual wind farms and cumulative visual
interactions between two or more wind farms:
•
Array; the extent of the visible turbines in a wind farm development in a
view and the spatial inter-relationship between the visible turbines.
Can be measured in degrees;
•
Blade overlap; where two or more turbines are aligned so that there is
the arc of the rotation of their blades intersects;
•
Turbine clustering: occurs when the arrangement of turbines in an array
is such that a small group or groups of turbines are formed in a
particular view;
•
Outlier; a turbine that is visually isolated form the other turbines in a
development. Usually the outlying turbine is sited at the end of the
array with a greater separation distance from its neighbouring turbine
than is found elsewhere within the array;
•
Relationship to backdrop/horizon; the extent to which the theoretical
horizontal line linking the nacelles of the turbines in an array is
consistent with the horizon behind;
•
Topographical fit; the extent to which the array reflects the topography
of the area upon which the development is sited;
•
Turbine ghosting; a more extreme form of turbine ghosting when two or
more turbine towers are in line or almost in line when viewed from a
particular location. Its occurrence could potentially cause visual
confusion for visual receptors due to their difficulty in being able to
easily estimate the number of turbines they are looking at.
Degree of change
A combination of the scale, extent and duration of an effect also defined as
‘magnitude’.
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental fit
The relationship of a development to identified environmental opportunities
and constraints in its setting.
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Terminology
Definition
Indirect effects
Not a direct result of the development, but are often produced away from it
or as a result of a complex effect pathway.
GLVIA
Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Second Edition,
published jointly by the Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental
Management and Assessment, 2002.
LCA
Landscape Character Assessment
LCAs
Landscape character areas as defined by a Landscape Character
Assessment. Landscape character areas are single, unique areas that are
discrete geographical areas of a particular landscape character type (LCT).
LCTs
Landscape Character Types which are distinct types of landscape that are
relatively homogeneous in their principal characteristics. They are generic
as they will occur in different areas within a county, region or country e.g.
chalk river valleys.
LVIA
Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment.
Sometimes referred to as Landscape and Visual Assessment (LVA).
Landscape capacity
The degree to which a particular landscape character type or area is able to
accommodate change without unacceptable adverse effects on its character.
Capacity reflects both the sensitivity of the landscape resource and its visual
sensitivity plus the value attached to a landscape or specific elements within
it. Capacity is likely to vary according the type and nature of change being
proposed.
Landscape character
A distinct and recognisable pattern of elements that occurs consistently in a
particular type of landscape and how this is perceived by people. Character
reflects particular combinations of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, landuse and human activities and settlement. It creates the particular sense of
place for different areas of the landscape.
Landscape character subtype
A small area of distinctive or recognisable character within a wider LCA.
Landscape constraints
Components of the landscape resource such as views or mature trees
recognised as constraints to development.
Landscape designations
Areas protected either by law or through planning policies for reason of their
landscape attributes or contribution to general amenity and public
enjoyment. Can be either at a national level e.g. National Parks and AONBs
or at a local level e.g. Special Landscape Areas.
Landscape effects
Description of the likely nature and scale of changes to individual landscape
elements and characteristics, and the consequential effect upon landscape
character resulting from a proposed development or developments.
Landscape elements
A component part of the landscape, such as trees, woodland and ponds.
Landscape features
Visually prominent elements, e.g. wooded hill tops, and church spires.
Landscape fit
The relationship of a development to identified landscape opportunities and
constraints in its setting.
Landscape patterns
Spatial distributions of landscape elements combining to form patterns,
which may be distinctive e.g. hedgerows that combine to form a distinctive
field pattern.
Landscape quality or condition
The state of repair of the elements of a particular landscape, its integrity and
intactness from visual, functional or ecological perspectives and the extent to
which its distinctive character is apparent.
Landscape resource
The combination of elements that contribute to landscape context, character
and value.
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Terminology
Definition
Landscape sensitivity
Landscape sensitivity to a particular type of change or development is
concerned with the interactions between the landscape itself, the way it is
perceived and the nature of the potential change or proposed development
i.e. a wind farm or wind farms.
Landscape value
The relative value or importance attached to a landscape or view; (often as a
basis for landscape designation) which expresses national or local
consensus, because of its quality, including perceptual aspects such as
scenic beauty, cultural associations or other aesthetic or perceptual
considerations.
Local landscape designations
Discrete geographical areas that have been defined by local authorities in
local plans, structure plans or supplementary planning guidance. Usually
defined on the basis of perceived scenic quality, scenic or recreational value
or rarity. Can be given various names and acronyms such as Special
Landscape Areas or Areas of Great Landscape Value.
Level of effect
This is determined through the combination of the sensitivity of the
landscape or visual receptor and the estimated/measured magnitude of
change that will be sustained by that receptor as a consequence of the
construction or operation of the proposed development.
Magnitude
A combination of the scale, extent and duration of an effect also defined as
‘degree of change’.
Mitigation
Measures including any process, activity, or design to avoid, reduce, remedy
or offset for potential adverse environmental effects arising from a proposed
development.
Perceived cumulative effects
These are defined by SNH as potentially arising where two or more
developments are present but one or more of these is never seen by the
visual receptor due to either screening or their inability to gain a necessary
viewpoint. The receptor is aware iof the presence of the other
development(s) due to previous knowledge or signage. In these situations
there is good potential for the visual receptor’s information or perception to
be wrong.
Detailed consideration would be likely to require separate surveys of public
perception.
Photomontage
An illustration of a computer generated perspective model of the proposed
development that has been superimposed or combined onto a photograph
from a recorded location
PRoW
Public Right of Way.
Receptor
Physical landscape resource, designation or person or group of people
sharing certain characteristics that could experience a direct or indirect effect
as a consequence of proposed development.
Repowering
The replacement of an existing wind farm scheme with a new scheme which
is likely to use recent turbine designs that are taller and more efficient in
terms of generating capacity. There is an implication that the turbine layout
and specification would alter.
Residual effects
Potential environmental effects remaining after mitigation.
Sense of place (genius loci)
The essential character and spirit of an area: ‘genius loci’ literally means
‘spirit of the place’.
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Terminology
Definition
Significant effects
Defined in the Concise Oxford Dictionary as “noteworthy, of considerable
amount or effect or importance, not insignificant or negligible”.
Whether or not a landscape or visual effect should be considered to be
significant is not absolute and requires the application of professional
judgement.
Under the EIA (England and Wales) Regulations, 1999, an effect is
significant if it should be a material consideration for assessing the suitability
of a planning application for a development. The significance of an effect is
determined by the combination of sensitivity of the affected receptor(s) and
the predicted magnitude of change which combine to form a level of effect.
Usually in LVIAs undertaken in accordance with the GLVIA an effect is
‘significant’ if the level of effect is ‘moderate/substantial’ or ‘substantial’.
Simultaneous visibility
Also known as ‘combined visibility’. It occurs when a visual receptor is able
to see two or more wind farm developments from a viewpoint in a single field
of view i.e. without the receptor having to turn around. It is acknowledged
that no precise definition of the human field of view is possible but within
LVIAs it is widely accepted that a 90° field of view is an appropriate
approximation.
Successional visibility
This is a variation of combined visibility when a visual receptor at a viewpoint
would have to turn in order to see the various wind farm developments i.e.
they would not be visible in the same field of view.
Sequential visibility
This would occur when a visual receptor would have to move to another
viewpoint (or viewpoints) to see different wind farm developments. These
are most likely to be sustained by visual receptors using routes such as
roads, railways or long distance paths and trails. Sequential effects mat=y
arise frequently or occasionally and may be generated by periodic views of
the same wind farm development or different wind farm developments.
Sequential visibility can be assessed by use of transect ZTVs.
Sustainability
The principle that the environment should be protected in such a condition
and to such a degree that ensures new development meets the present
needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.
Temporary or permanent effects
Effects may be considered as temporary or permanent, in the case of wind
farm development the application is for a 25 year period after which the
assessment assumes that decommissioning will occur and that the Proposal
Site will be restored. For these reasons the development is referred to as
temporary, long term and reversible.
Transect ZTV
Use of appropriate wind farm software programmes allows the calculation of
from which sections along a route individual wind farm developments should
theoretically be visible. The results can be presented in a diagrammatic
form.
Turbine cluster
A term sometimes used to describe wind farm developments consisting of a
small number of turbines. There is no set definition but the term is rarely
applied to development containing more than five turbines.
Types of landscape effect
The landscape and visual effects may be positive, neutral or negative.
In landscape terms - a positive effect would require development to add to
the landscape quality and character of an area. Neutral landscape effects
would include low or negligible changes that may be considered as part of
the ‘normal’ landscape processes such as maintenance or harvesting
activities. A negative effect may include the loss of landscape elements
such as mature trees and hedgerows as part of construction leading to a
reduction in the landscape quality and character of an area.
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Terminology
Definition
Types of visual effect
In visual terms – positive or negative effects are less easy to define or
quantify and require a subjective consideration of a number of factors
affecting the view, which may be positive, neutral or negative. Opinions as
to the visual effects of wind farms vary widely, however it should not be
assumed that all change, including high levels of change is a negative
experience. With regard to wind farms both individually and cumulatively
consideration should be given to their visual composition within the
landscape in any view together with the schemes’ design and composition,
which may or may not be reasonably accommodated within the scale and
character of the landscape as perceived from receptor locations and
viewpoints to be used as the basis for cumulative visual assessments.
Visual amenity
Value of a particular location in terms of what is seen by visual receptors
living at, visiting, working or travelling through that location, taking account of
all views that would be available to those visual receptors and their total
visual experience.
The assembly of components which can provide an attractive (or detractive)
setting or backcloth for visual receptors’ activities to which they attach value
in terms of what they can see.
Visual effect
A subset of landscape effects and concerned wholly with changes in views
available to people i.e. visual receptors and the changes in the visual
amenity of visual receptors resulting from development.
Visual sensitivity
The sensitivity of visual receptors such as residents, to visual change
proposed by development. Using the guidance provided by the GLVIA
visual receptors are categorised in accordance with their different levels of
visual sensitivity which is influenced by factors such as their permanence,
their purpose in being at that location, whether or not appreciation of their
surroundings has influence of that purpose, whether or not they are static or
moving and cultural factors.
Visualisation
Use of computer visualisations, photomontages or other techniques to
illustrate the appearance of the development from a known location.
Wireframe
A computer generated line drawing of the DTM (digital terrain model) and the
proposed development from a known location.
ZTV – Zone of Theoretical Visibility
Zone of Theoretical Visibility – the area of potential or theoretical visibility of
the wind farm’s turbines based upon the height of their blade tips or hub
applied to DTM (digital terrain model) data for a defined study area using a
suitable software programme. The DTM does not take into account the
influence of built development and vegetation such as tree cover (although it
can be amended to incorporate such variations) and any local variations
‘smoothed out’ by using data aggregated by taking spot heights on a 50m
grid.
Also sometimes called a ZVI - Zone of Visual Influence.
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13 August 2009
Our Reference – 23125/L033/idg
Planning Department
Borough Council of Wellingborough
Swanspool House
Doddington Road
Wellingborough
Northamptonshire
NN8 1BP
FOR THE ATTENTION OF LANDSCAPE OFFICER
Dear Sir/Madam
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – PROPOSED WIND FARM NEAR
KELMARSH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
Entec have been appointed by E.ON UK RENEWABLES Ltd to undertake an Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) for a proposed wind farm on a site approximately 1km to the south
west of the village of Kelmarsh in Northamptonshire, bounded by the A14 (to the north), and
the village of Haselbech (to the south west). The wind farm site is approximately 250 hectares
(ha) in area and is located within Daventry District Council’s boundary. The site is shown on
the accompanying plan, Figure 1.
The seven turbine wind farm scheme will be considered under the Town and Country Planning
(Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999. The EIA will
consider the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the proposed wind farm.
Infrastructure that will compose the wind farm development will include:
-
3 bladed wind turbines (the wind turbines will be 115m to blade tip in height);
-
Turbine foundations and crane pad bases;
-
Access tracks;
-
Electricity Substation;
-
Construction Compound;
-
Meteorological Mast;
-
Onsite underground cable links, and
-
Offsite underground grid connection.
The gathering and appraisal of environmental information about the site will lead to the
preparation of an Environmental Statement (ES) reporting on the potential environmental
effects of the development.
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13 August 2009
Landscape Officer, Borough Council of Wellingborough
A key component of wind farm EIAs is the landscape and visual assessment (LVA) which will
be undertaken in accordance with the general guidelines set out in the GLVIA and more specific
guidelines contained in various publications from Scottish Natural Heritage which are widely
accepted as be applicable across the UK. Figure 2 shows the extent of the full and detailed
study area that we intend to adopt for the LVA. As part of the LVA, Entec intends to produce a
series of visualisations of the operational wind farm in the form of wireframes and
photomontages. In line with best practice photomontages will be produced for viewpoints
within ~8 km of any of the turbines, whilst for more distant viewpoints wireframes will be
produced as experience demonstrates that at this distance turbines rendered in photomontages
can be difficult to clearly discern.
On the basis of a series of initial site visits, preliminary baseline study and meetings with
planning officers at Daventry DC, English Heritage and representatives of the Battlefield Trust,
we have selected a provisional list of 21 viewpoints, including a couple of ‘either/or’ options.
Twelve of these are intended to be photomontages and nine would be wireframes, although we
would be willing to produce up to twelve wireframes. The distribution of these proposed
viewpoints is shown on Figures 3 and 4 where they are superimposed upon the hub height
(70m) Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) of the provisional layout. This allows consultees to
see the areas from where visual receptors could potentially have views of some or all of the
turbines, although it does not account for potential screening by nearby building or intervening
tree cover.
In order that the selection of viewpoints accurately reflects potential local concerns, we would
be grateful if you could review the viewpoint selection shown on Figures 3 and 4 and set out in
the schedule attached with regard to potential visual receptors located within area covered by
the Borough Council of Wellingborough. We would welcome your comments and suggestions
to be received by 12 September so that we can commence taking the base photographs before
the autumn. During this period please feel free to contact us should you require further
information.
Thank you for your time on this pre-application enquiry.
Yours faithfully
IAN GATES
Principal Landscape Architect
Direct Line – 01743 342707
E-mail – [email protected]
enc:
Viewpoint Schedule
Figures 1-4
c:
Martin Wood, Gosforth
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Appendix 5.C
Construction LVIA Table
© Entec UK Limited
© Entec UK Limited
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Table 5.C1
Construction Period - Predicted Landscape Changes and Consequences
Identified Activity
Landscape Change
Predicted Landscape Consequences
Movement of plant and
vehicles along from
junction of A14(T) and
A508, northwards towards
Kelmarsh and then left
along the minor road past
Rectory Farm, over the
A14(T) and then right into
and within the site.
Landscape elements - increase in numbers of vehicles using a
short section of the A508, the minor road past Rectory Farm and
the improved on-site access track within primarily the north-east
part of the development site plus an increase in number of
different elements and sense of movement present within the
development site, although this will be reduced by the presence
of the A14(T) to the immediate north of this main internal access
track
In many locations the scale of increase in road traffic along the A508 and a minor road and the
introduction of the same levels of movement across previously un-trafficked fields could
periodically reduce existing levels of tranquillity. However all these activities will be temporarily
taking place in close proximity to the A14(T) and the noise and movement of traffic using the
A14(T) and to a lesser extent the A508 has been noted in field surveys as being a presence in
this area with the consequence that baseline tranquillity levels are not as low as would normally
be expected in a rural area.
Landscape patterns – the existing pattern generated primarily by
the field boundary hedgerows will be slightly modified within the
development site by an increase in the number of elements and
amount of movement although once again contrasts will be
considerably reduced by the adjacent existing presence of the
A14(T).
Where possible the access track network has been designed to emphasise the existing field
boundary patterns and thereby reinforce them. This is especially true of the eastern portion of the
development site. However it should be noted that the limited presence of nearby elevated areas,
especially with good public access, has the consequence that it would be difficult for the
accordance between the field boundary pattern and the access roads to be appreciated.
Landscape character – some temporary reductions in existing
levels of calm and tranquillity, primarily in the northern portion of
the development site.
Temporary modification in landscape character across most of the development site.
Landscape elements - introduction of tall elements
(approximately 90m high) along a narrow section of the horizon
for a proportion of the nine month long construction period.
Temporary prominent landscape elements that will act as visual foci on a small section of the
horizon. It should be noted that only one crane will ever be operational and at full height as the
second crane as either being erected or dismantled.
Landscape patterns – addition of small-scale and temporary
complexity and contrast to existing patterns.
The construction period will be too fluid and short-lived for any new patterns to be firmly
established. Existing patterns based upon land-use variations and field boundaries will be
retained, but will temporarily have a comparatively reduced visual prominence due to these other
more visually prominent construction activities.
Landscape character – small-scale contribution to the temporary
modification to the existing character of closest parts of the
Naseby Clay Plateau and Cottesbrooke and Arthingworth
Undulating Hills and Valleys LCAs.
The use of two cranes will be a small–scale and short-lived change considering the scale of the
two LCAs, which on their own, will not modify their prevailing visual and sensory characteristics.
Use of two cranes to erect
turbines.
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Identified Activity
Landscape Change
Predicted Landscape Consequences
Construction of crane
pads and excavation for
turbine and, where
necessary, access road
foundations.
Landscape elements - loss of very small proportion
(approximately 3.2 ha or 1.3% of the ~250 ha development site)
of the overall land cover that is overwhelmingly arable farmland.
No individual landscape features such as mature trees will be
lost as a consequence of these construction activities.
Small-scale temporary disturbance from the colour contrasts of both the stone pads and the
excavated material.
Landscape patterns - temporary increase in the complexity in an
area where existing patterns tend to be relatively simple.
Cumulatively the consequence will be a small-scale temporary modification to the existing
pattern although once again the relative absence of surrounding elevated areas and low levels of
access into the development site will ensure that these temporary modifications will be difficult to
discern.
Landscape character – the changes would be negligible at the
scale of landscape character areas.
Even when combined with the other ground level construction activities, these excavations will
have minimal effect upon local landscape character, yet alone at the scale of the two closest
LCAs.
Landscape elements – temporary loss of some common
elements, overwhelmingly swathes of arable fields plus
potentially a few short sections of hedgerow; plus the
introduction of temporary new mobile elements (bulldozers, and
dump trucks) and temporary static elements (spoil heaps).
Temporary introduction of new elements with few recent precedents within the site which are
likely to contrast with existing elements.
Landscape patterns - plant movement will add complexity to the
existing simple pattern whilst, the layout of the access roads will
reinforce the pattern of the field boundaries, especially in the
northern parts of the site.
Presence of construction plant and exposed ground will introduce temporary new patterns, which
will change and develop over the construction period, although as the site is generally given over
to arable there will regularly be fallow periods of bare earth.
Landscape character - the movement and noise from the
excavation coupled with the changes in the proportion of colours
and textures across small portions could contribute to a
temporary modification of local landscape character but would
represent a negligible change at the scale of the two LCAs.
Existing landscape character at any scale beyond the site is sufficiently robust and used to such
activities on longer timescales to ensure that it would not be significantly affected by the
construction of the access roads.
Construction of internal
site access roads
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Identified Activity
Landscape Change
Predicted Landscape Consequences
Materials stockpiles.
Landscape elements - introduction of new elements potentially
with contrasting colours and textures. Most of which will be in
the vicinity of the construction compound on the northern edge of
the development site close to the A14.
Precise consequences will depend upon the size, height and colour of any stockpiles however
the scale of the landscape and use of the bunding and hedgerow alongside much of the
development site’s northern boundary with the A14(T) hedgerows should reduce potential
contrasts from their presence.
Landscape patterns - temporary localised increase in complexity.
Cumulatively the materials stockpiles, in conjunction with the other temporary elements
introduced during the construction period, will contribute to a shifting series of temporary
localised patterns.
Landscape character – temporary introduction of new landscape
elements at a scale that will be negligible at the scale of the
Naseby Clay Plateau and Cottesbrooke and Arthingworth
Undulating Hills and Valleys LCAs.
The materials required for the construction of a wind farm are relatively limited compared with
most other types of development, hence the temporary changes generated as a consequence of
their storage is unlikely to be on a sufficiently large scale to alter the key characteristics.
Landscape elements - introduction of temporary landscape
element in the north-western corner of the development site
where it should be able to utilise the bunding and hedgerow
alongside much of the development site’s northern boundary
with the A14(T).
Incremental increase in number of man-made elements, however the level of effect is likely to be
reduced by use of screening and backdrop provide by the A14(T).
Landscape patterns - localised increase in complexity.
Temporary negative but highly localised consequences from contrast with existing low key
patterns.
Landscape character – temporary increase in ‘clutter’ in the
landscape with new elements.
Incremental changes to local landscape character, principally as a result of the increased levels
of vehicular movement the operation of the compound will generate in the northern part of the
site.
Landscape elements - the material excavated for the access
tracks and crane pads will be incorporated within other
construction activities and not transported off-site.
The size of the development site and nature of the construction activities will make it possible to
dispose of, or temporarily store any material without need to introduce potentially significant
elements such as bunds.
Landscape patterns - change of insufficient magnitude to modify
patterns.
No discernible landscape consequences because of the small scale landscape changes
involved.
Landscape character – highly likely that similar activities at a
comparable scale already occur periodically throughout the two
landscape character areas.
Insufficient magnitude of change to have any consequences at a local landscape scale and
certainly not at the scale of the Naseby Clay Plateau and Cottesbrooke and Arthingworth
Undulating Hills and Valleys LCAs.
Construction compound.
Disposal areas for
excavated material.
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Appendix 5.D
Residential Proformas (see Volume 2 for
figures)
© Entec UK Limited