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A Novel Model for Mangrove Agroforestry to
Provide Livelihoods and Biofuel Feedstock
Riley Encased Methodology
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Mangrove Forests
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Coastal hardwood forests
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Littoral or intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions
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Trees are halophytes that thrive in the saline conditions of
oceans, bays, estuaries and intracoastal waterways
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Form diverse & highly productive ecosystems
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Harvesting of mangroves:
o Construction materials
o Fuel stock
o Derived products
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Mangrove destruction and degradation
a worldwide issue
British Virgin islands
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Clearing of mangroves for
coastal development or agriculture use
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Mangrove Reforestation Failure
“How many times have you heard about a good idea applied
wrongly which backfired and caused more harm than good?
This is exactly the case with one of the world’s most intensive
efforts to restore coastal mangrove forests.”
University of the Philippines
Quezon City
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Conventional Reforestation
“Through a cash-for-work project, villagers in Thailand,
harvest and plant mangrove seedlings”
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Law of Unintended Consequences
Rhizophora
propagule
Avicennia
Pneumatophores
Rhizophora propagules being conventionally planted
within the pneumatophore root system of Avicennia
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Riley Encased Methodology (REM)
Principles of Isolation & Adaptation
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REM Encasement Device
 Protects seedling from environmental factors
 Maintains proper hydrology
 Facilitates adaptation
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Riley Encased Methodology ®
Ecological Engineering
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Principles

Processes

Specifications

Technology
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Devices

Tools

Procedures

Applications
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Isolation & Adaptation time lapse
Play Video
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Adaptation process complete
REM
Device
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Success Criteria - reproductive maturity
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Successful REM reforestation
Water view
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Shore view
Clearing mangroves from agricultural lands,
severe erosion and direct economic loss
Costa Rica
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Armoring for shoreline stabilization
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Rock Revetments
Top
Armor Layer
Filter Material
Water level
Embankment
Bottom sediments
Toe
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High-energy wave impact zone
- Prevents natural regeneration
- Conventional reforestation is ineffective
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Mangrove Mitigation
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Mangroves removed & revetment installed
Belize, CA
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Mangroves replaced by seawalls
Meritt Island Florida
REM Device
Shoreline revegetation with
Rhizophora mangle
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Sustainable Development
Restored
mangroves
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