September 2016
Energy Storage beyond Li-ion
Tim Hughes, Siemens Corporate Technology
.
Agenda
1
Overall Landscape
2
Li-ion Roadmap
3
Advanced Flow Batteries
4
Power 2 Chemicals
Page 2
The changing Energy Landscape
Different solutions for different market stages
Energy Landscape
<10%
20+%
40+%
60+%
Traditional mix
System integration
Market integration
– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)
– Nuclear
– Renewables (mainly
hydro)
– Fossil (coal, gas, oil)
– Renewables (wind, PV,
hydro)
– Capacity markets etc.
– Predictable regional “area
generation” (topological
plants)
– Interaction of all energy
carriers
– Efficiency
– LCC reduction
– Availability / reliability /
security
– Decreasing spot market
prices
– Subsidized economy
– Increasing redispatch1)
operation
– Power2Heat, CHP
increasing
– Demand side
management
– First storage solutions
– HVDC/AC overlay
– Regional plants, cellular
grids
– HVDC overlay and
meshed AC/DC systems
– Power2Chem /
– Stability challenge
– Complete integration of
decentralized power
generation
– Storage systems/
– Return of gas power
plants?
Past
Page 3
Today
Regional
autonomous system
80+%
Mid-term
Decoupled generation
and consumption
Long-term
Energy storage indispensible in future ecosystem –
enables customers to cope with arising challenges
Future power ecosystem and customer challenges and storage opportunities
Renewables
Generation
• On – off shore wind
• Photo-voltaics
Supply side
management
Page 4
Power – to – heat
storage
CHP
• Distributed generation
<5MW
• Multi-fuel capability –
biogas, ethanol
Supply side
management
• High temperature heat
pumps
Demand side
management
Power – to –
chemicals
• Chemical feedstock
• Green Fuel
Demand side
management
Power – to – power
• Batteries
• Fuel cells
• Green Fuel
Supply & demand
side management
Future storage landscape will show segmentation
along duration dimension
Li-ion1 -30% vs IHS
2nd life Li-ion1
Flow Batteries2
Li-ion
roadmap
Hydrogen +
Flow Batteries
Minutes
Hours
1) 15years, 80% DoD
Page 5
2) 20years, 100%DoD
Days
Weeks
Agenda
1
Overall Landscape
2
Li-ion Roadmap
3
Advanced Flow Batteries
4
Power 2 Chemicals
Page 6
Lithium Sulphur is a disruptive jump with step
change in energy density and synergies with Li-air
Evolutionary Progression
(↑Si in anode à ↑ Energy density)
Disruptive Jump
(Different System)
350Wh/kg
600Wh/kg
Gen 3 (Si Anode)
Gen 4 (Li-S)
280Wh/kg
Gen 2 (LiCoO)
R&D Synergies
(Li-anode passivation, novel carbon)
900Wh/kg
Gen 5 (Li-O2)
Li15Si4
4Si + 15Li+ + 15e- ↔ Li15Si4
Incumbent Technology
at scale
Dominated by small
number of large players
Key Challenges
1. Mechanical stability of
anode (large volume
change during cycling – 3400%)
Commoditised à
disappearing margin
Limited Deployment
Page 7
Key Challenges
1. Sulphur Cathode – novel
carbon – sulphur materials
2. Electrolyte – minimise
electrode interaction
3. Li-anode passivation to
avoid dendrite formation
4. Device operation to
optimise operation
Key Challenges
1. Air Cathode – novel
carbon materials
2. Electrolyte – minimise
anode interaction and O2
3. Li-anode passivation to
avoid dendrite formation
4. Device operation to
optimise operation
Limited Deployment
Laboratory devices
Technology disruption starts in the cell chemistry –
BUT customer value unlocked by device operation
Technology developments in cell chemistry need to be translated into customer value by the BMS.
This requires device level competency, embedded systems and application knowledge
Material
Cell
Module
Pack
Solution
Device Operation
Battery chemistry
SOC
Technology
Disruption
Device
Operation
algorithms
Page 8
Integration
SOH
Safety
Qualification
Control
Product Portfolio
Product Design
Warranty & service
Application Profile
Customer
Value
Battery Management
Systems
System Integration
Product Definition
Business Planning
Agenda
1
Overall Landscape
2
Li-ion Roadmap
3
Advanced Flow Batteries
4
Power 2 Chemicals
Page 9
Flow Batteries with Engineered molecules at early
stage but offer high disrupt potential
Increasing Disrupt Potential
Vanadium
Chemistry
Alternative
Chemistry
Engineered
Molecules
Page 10
All Vanadium
All Vanadium
(aqueous electrolyte)
(aqueous electrolyte –
mixed acid)
Commercial
Commercial
(Gildermeister, TK,
Sumitomo, Rongke)
(PNNL license)
Zn/Br
Fe/Cr
Fe/Fe
Br/polysulfide
(aqueous electrolyte)
(aqueous electrolyte)
(aqueous electrolyte)
(aqueous electrolyte –
mixed acid)
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
(Redflow)
(Enervault)
(ESS Oregon)
(Innogy )
Polymer Based
Polyoxometallate
Organic
Metal complexes
(aqueous electrolyte)
(aqueous electrolyte)
(quione based systems)
(aqueous and non-aqueous
electrolyte)
Research
Research
Research
Research
(Univ. Jena)
(Sandia, Newcastle Uni)
(Harvard, Univ Oxford)
(Univ.Oxford, Lockheed )
Engineered Molecules offer disruptive opportunity
for costs of both electrolyte and stack
Goal
•
•
•
•
Reduce electrolyte costs by using low cost materials
Reduce electrolyte costs by increasing cell voltage
Reduce stack costs by increasing power density (increase cell voltage & charge transfer)
Reduce stack costs by decreasing membrane material cost.
Polyoxometalate RFB
Symmetric Organic RFB
Mega-ions containing multiple transition metal
redox centers (use molecules containing 3 – 19
Me atoms à 6 – 38 e- per molecule)
Organic molecules with low cost metallic or non
metallic redox centers with a symmetric redox
transfer mechanism
• Fast Electron Kinetics (1000 x VRB),
• Low membrane integrity
• Higher cell voltage (for non-aqueous)
• Fast Electron Kinetics
• No membrane requirements
• Higher cell voltage
• Organic electrolyte (no-Me)
9,10-diphenylanthracene
Waste product of coal & petrol
mining/refining
DPA precursor: $3/kWh12
Page 11
Agenda
1
Overall Landscape
2
Li-ion Roadmap
3
Advanced Flow Batteries
4
Power 2 Chemicals
Page 12
The chemical industry faces significant challenges
The chemicals industry is a vital part of modern life –
e.g. Fertilisers for food, steel processing, plastics and so on.
It is dependent on hydrocarbons for raw materials and energy for production.
The chemical industry therefore faces significant challenges:
§ Growing carbon emissions
§ Finite resources
§ Security of supply for both energy and raw materials
These large challenges represent an opportunity through
electrification of the chemical industry.
Page 13
The existing chemical industry emissions conflict
with initiatives to avoid climate change
Chemical Industry Emissions
1255 MT/yr CO21
è 4% world
1.1TW
Climate Act Requirements
≠
total2
1
è 8.2% world total2
UK target of 80% cut in
emissions by 2050
EU wide target of 40% cut in
emissions by 2030
Opportunity: carbon – free synthesis of chemicals powered by renewable
energy
Ammonia: 1.8% of the world consumption of fossil energy goes into the
production of ammonia. 90% of ammonia production is based on natural gas.
Top 10 Chemicals / Processes:
1) Steam cracking
2) Ammonia
3) Aromatics extraction
4)
5)
6)
7)
Methanol
Butylene
Propylene FCC
Ethanol
8) Butadiene (C4 sep.)
9) Soda ash
10) Carbon black
1) Chemical and Petrochemical Sector – IEA2009 2) Key World Energy Statistics – IEA2014
Page 14
Ammonia is an important chemical with a commodity
market value of EUR100bn/year
Ammonia
§ A gas, produced by the chemical industry. Over 80% of ammonia is
used in the fertiliser industry.
§ Demand for fertiliser, as shown in the graph (including projected
growth to 2018), is growing at +3%pa1.
§ Current production levels of Ammonia are about 180m t/year. The
commodity value is €600-€700/t, leading to a commodity market value
of over €100bn/year
§ Production today uses the Haber-Bosch process and relies on natural
gas as a feedstock.
Million MT
Global fertilizer nutrient consumption
210
200.522
193.882
200
186.895
190
180.079
197.19
190.732
180
170.845
183.175
170 161.829
176.784
160
161.659
150
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations
Page 15
With renewable energy, the ammonia cycle is carbon
free
N2 from air
Water
+
+
=
Electrochemically
Produced Ammonia
Page 16
Renewable Electricity
Opportunity exists in technology for ammonia
synthesis and power conversion
N2 from air
Water
+
+
Ammonia
Synthesizer
Technology
Electrochemically
Produced Ammonia
Ammonia Storage
Technology
Page 17
Renewable Electricity
Ammonia
Power
Conversion
Technology
Decoupling Green Energy: “green” ammonia
synthesis and energy storage system demonstrator
• Being built at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near
Oxford, UK.
• Project 50% supported by Innovate UK
(UK government funding agency).
• Evaluation of all-electric
synthesis and energy
storage demonstration
system by Dec 2017.
Page 18
Site layout
Combustion
and energy
export
Hydrogen electrolysis
and ammonia synthesis
Nitrogen
generator
Gas store, including
ammonia tank
Wind turbine and
grid connection
Page 19
Control room
Contacts
Tim Hughes
Page 20
[email protected]