Ellie Lacey
AS HISTORY – UNIT 2 REVISION NOTES
HENRY’S FOREIGN POLICY – TIMELINE
DATE
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1518
1519
1520
1521
1523
1525
1527
1528
1529
1533
1536
1537
1538
1538/9
1540
1542
WHAT HAPPENED?
Anglo-Spanish alliance v. France
Maximilian joins Ferdinand, Henry
and Papacy against France
August: Battle of the Spurs
Sept.: Flodden
Sept.: Tournai captured
Peace w/ France
Accession of Francis I
Princess Mary born
Treaty of London – centre of Wolsey’s
peacemaking
Charles V elected HRE
May: Charles V in England
June: FOCOG
July: Henry meets Charles at Calais
Wolsey visits Charles V at Bruges –
agree for joint invasion of France
English army lands in Calais under
Suffolk
Siege of Boulogne abandoned in
order to attack Paris. Attack fails
(Winter time)
Feb.: Pavia – Francis I captured
Aug.: Peace w/ France
April: Alliance w/ France against
Charles – Treaty
Eng/Fran declare war on Charles V
TURNING POINT:
July: Legatine Court presiding over
GM adjourned
Aug.: Treaty of Cambrai – FrancoSpanish peace sealed
Oct.: Wolsey dismissed
Diplomatic links w/ Lutheran princes
Jan.: C of A dies
May: Anne Boleyn executed
Prince Edward born
Papal bull of deprivation deposing
Henry VIII
Purge of White Rose Party carried out
Jan.: Anne of Cleves marriage
Declares war on Scot.
Nov.: Battle of Solway Moss – Eng.
defeats Scot.
Ellie Lacey
1544
1546
1547
Dec.: James V of Scot. dies. Mary left
as heir
Eng. invades southern Scot.
Sept.: Boulogne taken by Eng. army
Peace between Eng. & France at
Ardres
Henry VIII dies
KEY PLAYERS IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE:
FRANCE
- Under Francis I (Valois) (1515).
- Largest kingdom in Europe – 460,000 square km.
- Population of 16 mill.
- Acquisition of Brittany and Burgundy around this time.
- Inherited conflict in Italy – Francis determined to uphold French honour
and glory. Set up for clash with Spain.
SPAIN
- Charles of Habsburg became leader 1516.
- Charles = son of Philip the Fair and Joanna; Isabella and
Ferdinand’s grandson.
- Spain = v. diverse.
- 6.8 mill. people.
- Main towns = Madrid, Toledo and Salamanca.
- Devoutly Catholic (e.g. war against Moors of Granada – won back
Iberian peninsula).
HRE
-
Collection of 400 semi-autonomous states (where Germany is now).
Power decentralised, although ruled by one Emporer.
Borders = ambiguous.
Population of 16 mill.
HRE brought great prestige, though not much power.
Habsburgs made the elected post effectively hereditary.
Charles V became leader in 1519.
Vast empire caused problems for Charles: had to defeat the Infidel
Turk in the Mediterranean, wage war in Italy, and repel Protestant Ref.
in Europe.
PAPACY
- Pope’s duty to defend Catholic interests in Europe.
- Successive Popes had called Catholic crusades against
Ottoman Empire (Muslim).
- Pope also held great political power, as major
landowner in central Italy.
- Papal court rivalled that of any Prince in Europe.
- Julius II (1503 – 13) known as ‘warrior pope’ – desire for conquest of
further territories.
Ellie Lacey
-
Ongoing Habsburg-Valois conflict in Italy threatened Papal interests.
Pope had to choose his allies carefully.
1527: Charles’ army sacked Rome and kept Clement VII prisoner. Key
obstacle for Henry over GM.
CAN HENRY’S
SUCCESS?
EARLY
FOREIGN
POLICY
BE
CONSIDERED
A
1. FRENCH CAMPAIGNS 1511-1514.
(INC. WAR AGAINST FRANCE 1512-13)
How successful?
- Not very successful
- England v. weak, despite great ambitions.
- Had to rely on other powers for support.
- Invasion failed.
- Naval defeat at Brest in 1512.
Details:
- Henry’s father’s ministers, e.g. Bishop Fox, Archbishop Warham,
advised against a war.
- Frustrating Anglo-French Treaty 1510.
- Pope put himself at head of Holy League. Eng, Spain, Venice, HRE,
Papal states against France. Henry could get money from Parliament
by declaring this a papal war.
- 12,000 troops sent to Bayonne under Marquis of Dorset.
- Plan for Anglo-Spanish invasion to take Aquitane.
- Ferdinand used English troops as a diversion. They were forced to wait
for days, as drunkenness and dysentery overtook their camp.
- Furthered by naval defeat.
2. ANGLO-FRENCH TREATY, 1514.
How successful?
- Forced peace-making.
- Result of HRE and Spain’s peace-making with
France (behind Henry’s back), new Pope (Leo X)
preference of peace over war, and Henry’s lack of
funds.
- Most sensible course of action. Brought some
benefits, but did not fulfil Henry’s aims.
Details:
- Gave England possession of Tournai.
- Louis XII promised to pay arrears of English pension of 1490s.
- Henry proposed Anglo-French attack on Spain – showing his anger
with Ferdinand.
- This invasion was never fulfilled.
- Treaty sealed with Henry’s sister (Mary)’s marriage to Louis.
3. BATTLE OF THE SPURS, 1513.
How successful?