CA-Sept12-Doc.3.7a-rev1
Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing biocidal
products on the market
Inclusion of active substances in Annex I to Directive 98/8/EC
Assessment Report
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium
chloride
Product-type 8
(Wood preservative)
September 2012
Annex I –Italy
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (PT 8)
Finalised in the Standing Committee on Biocidal Products at its meeting on 21 September
2012 in view of its inclusion in Annex I to Directive 98/8/EC
CONTENTS
1.
STATEMENT OF SUBJECT MATTER AND PURPOSE .................................. 4
1.1. Procedure followed .......................................................................................... 4
1.2. Purpose of the assessment report ................................................................... 5
1.3. Overall conclusion in the context of Directive 98/8/EC ............................... 5
2.
OVERALL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 7
2.1. Presentation of the Active Substance ............................................................ 7
2.1.1.
Identity, Physico-Chemical Properties & Methods of Analysis........ 7
2.1.2.
Intended Uses and Efficacy ............................................................. 12
2.1.3.
Classification and Labelling ............................................................ 14
2.2. Summary of the Risk Assessment ................................................................ 16
2.2.1.
Human Health Risk Assessment ...................................................... 16
2.2.1.1 Hazard identification ......................................................................... 16
2.2.1.2 Effects assessment ............................................................................. 17
2.2.1.3 Exposure assessment ......................................................................... 18
2.2.1.4 Risk characterization for local effects ............................................... 26
2.2.2
Environmental Risk Assessment ...................................................... 37
2.2.2.1 Fate and distribution in the environment........................................... 37
2.2.2.2 Effects assessment ............................................................................. 40
2.2.2.3 PBT assessment ................................................................................. 42
2.2.2.4 Exposure assessment ......................................................................... 43
2.2.2.5 Risk characterisation ......................................................................... 46
3.
DECISION ............................................................................................................... 50
3.1. Background to the Proposed Decision ......................................................... 50
3.2. Proposed Decision regarding Inclusion in Annex I .................................... 52
3.3. Elements to be taken into account by Member States when authorising
products .......................................................................................................... 53
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
3.4. Requirement for further information ......................................................... 54
3.5. Updating this Assessment Report ................................................................ 55
APPENDIX I:
LIST OF END POINTS .................................................................. 56
Chapter 1:
Identity, Physical and Chemical Properties, Details of
Uses, Further Information, and Proposed Classification and
Labelling ........................................................................................... 56
Chapter 2:
Methods of Analysis ........................................................ 59
Chapter 3:
Impact on Human Health ............................................... 60
Chapter 4:
Fate and Behaviour in the Environment ....................... 66
Chapter 5:
Effects on Non-target Species ......................................... 68
Chapter 6:
Other End Points ............................................................. 70
APPENDIX II: LIST OF USES SUPPORTED BY AVAILABLE DATA ................ 71
APPENDIX III: LIST OF STUDIES............................................................................. 72
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
1. STATEMENT OF SUBJECT MATTER AND PURPOSE
1.1. Procedure followed
This assessment report has been established as a result of the evaluation of Alkyl (C12-16)
dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride as product-type 8 (wood preservative), carried out in the
context of the work programme for the review of existing active substances provided for in
Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market1,
with a view to the possible inclusion of this substance into Annex I or IA to the Directive.
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (CAS no. 68424-85-1) was notified as an
existing active substance, by Lonza Cologne GmbH, Stepan Europe, Mason Europe Limited,
hereafter referred to as the applicant, in product-type 8.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003 of 4 November 20032 lays down the detailed rules
for the evaluation of dossiers and for the decision-making process in order to include or not an
existing active substance into Annex I or IA to the Directive.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 5(2) of that Regulation, Italy was designated as
Rapporteur Member State to carry out the assessment on the basis of the dossier submitted by the
applicant. The deadline for submission of a complete dossier for Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride as an active substance in Product Type 8 was 28th March 2004, in
accordance with Annex V of Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003.
On 28th March 2004, the Italian Competent Authority received a dossier from the applicant. The
Rapporteur Member State accepted the dossier as complete for the purpose of the evaluation on
28th September 2004.
On 27th June 2005 the time period was suspended and the evaluation taken up again on 27th
March 2006 after the applicant has submitted the necessary data. After that, the evaluation phase
was suspended again on the 17th July 2006 and taken up on 18th July 2007.
On 31st July 2007, the Rapporteur Member State submitted, in accordance with the provisions of
Article 10(5) and (7) of Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003, to the Commission and the applicant a
copy of the evaluation report, hereafter referred to as the competent authority report. The
Commission made the report available to all Member States by electronic means on 19th
1 Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing
biocidal products on the market. OJ L 123, 24.4.98, p.1
2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003 of 4 November 2003 on the second phase of the 10-year work
programme referred to in Article 16(2) of Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market and amending Regulation (EC) No 1896/2000. OJ L
307, 24.11.2003, p. 1
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
September 2007. The competent authority report included a recommendation for the inclusion of
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloridein Annex I to the Directive for PT 8.
In accordance with Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003, the Commission made the
competent authority report publicly available by electronic means on 10th October 2007. This
report did not include such information that was to be treated as confidential in accordance with
Article 19 of Directive 98/8/EC.
In order to review the competent authority report and the comments received on it, consultations
of technical experts from all Member States (peer review) were organised by the Commission.
Revisions agreed upon were presented at technical and competent authority meetings and the
competent authority report was amended accordingly.
On the basis of the final competent authority report, the Commission proposed the inclusion of
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloridein Annex I to Directive 98/8/EC and
consulted the Standing Committee on Biocidal Product on 21 September 2012.
In accordance with Article 11(4) of Regulation (EC) No 2032/2003, the present assessment
report contains the conclusions of the Standing Committee on Biocidal Products, as finalised
during its meeting held on 21 September 2012.
1.2. Purpose of the assessment report
This assessment report has been developed and finalised in support of the decision to include
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloridein Annex I to Directive 98/8/EC for producttype 8. The aim of the assessment report is to facilitate the authorisation in Member States of
individual biocidal products in product-type 8 that contain Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride. In their evaluation, Member States shall apply the provisions of Directive
98/8/EC, in particular the provisions of Article 5 as well as the common principles laid down in
Annex VI.
For the implementation of the common principles of Annex VI, the content and conclusions of
this assessment report, which is available at the Commission website3, shall be taken into
account.
However, where conclusions of this assessment report are based on data protected under the
provisions of Directive 98/8/EC, such conclusions may not be used to the benefit of another
applicant, unless access to these data has been granted.
1.3. Overall conclusion in the context of Directive 98/8/EC
3 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/environment/biocides/index.htm
5
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
The overall conclusion from the evaluation is that it may be expected that there are products
containing Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloridefor the product-type 8, which will
fulfil the requirements laid down in Article 10(1) and (2) of Directive 98/8/EC. This conclusion
is however subject to:
i. compliance with the particular requirements in the following sections of this assessment
report,
ii. the implementation of the provisions of Article 5(1) of Directive 98/8/EC, and
iii. the common principles laid down in Annex VI to Directive 98/8/EC.
Furthermore, these conclusions were reached within the framework of the uses that were
proposed and supported by the applicant (see Appendix II). Extension of the scenario beyond
those described will require an evaluation at product authorisation level in order to establish
whether the proposed extensions of use will satisfy the requirements of Article 5(1) and of the
common principles laid down in Annex VI to Directive 98/8/EC.
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2. OVERALL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
2.1. Presentation of the Active Substance
2.1.1. Identity, Physico-Chemical Properties & Methods of Analysis
Identification of the active substance
CAS No.
EINECS No.
Other substance No.:
IUPAC Name
Common name, synonyms
Chemical name (CA)
Molecular formula
Structural formula
68424-85-1
270-325-2
None assigned
Not applicable
Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl,
chlorides;
ADBAC
Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium Chloride
Alkyl(C12-16)dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides
Ammonium, alkyl(C12-C16)dimethylbenzyl-, chlorides
Benzyl-C12-C16-alkyldimethyl ammonium chlorides
Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl,
chlorides
C9 H13 N Cl R where R = C12 H25, C14 H29 or C16 H33
Cl-
R
N+
Alkyl chain lengths
distribution
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Purity
Impurities
R = C 12 H 25
C 14 H 29
C 16 H 33
Chain
Length
C12
C14
C16
Specification for
68424-85-1(§)
39 - 75%
20 - 52%
< 12%
Typical Analysis of a Commercial
Product
41.82%
48.43%
9.51%
340.0 – 396.1 g/mol (Avg. = 359.6 g/mol)
94 − 99% w/w dry weight (*)
See Confidential Data
The active substance Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC)
does not contain additives or impurities that would be of toxicological/environmental concern.
(§) In May 2011 the RMS agreed with the amendment proposed by the joint Notifiers as
regards the alkyl chain lengths distribution of the active substance. This amendment, reflecting
the complexity of the raw materials and processes used in their manufacture, can be considered
as a negligible change, which does not affect the overall assessment of the active substance for
both human and environmental health that has been conducted so far.
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
(*) The active substance is not manufactured solvent-free but always exists in process solvents.
Identification of the representative product
Trade name
Manufacturers development code number
Active substance
BQ-25
Not assigned
Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C1216-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
25% (a.s. 94 − 99%)
Fungistatic, insecticide
Liquid
Solution
Content of the active substance
Function
Physical state of preparation
Nature of preparation
The product does not contain substances of concern.
Physico-chemical properties
The active substance Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC) is a
light beige solid which decomposes above 150°C before melting. Its relative density was
determined to be 0.96 at 20 °C.
Its vapour pressure was calculated to be 6.03E-04 Pa at 20°C, 8.5E-04 at 25°C and 4.22E-03 at
50°C, with a Henry’s Law constant of 5.03E-07 Pa m3 mol –1 at 20°C.
C12-16-ADBAC is highly soluble in water (water solubility at 20°C is 409 g/l at pH 5.5; 431 g/l
at pH 6.5; 379 g/l at pH 8.2). Furthermore, it is readily soluble in Ethanol (>250 g/l at 20°C),
Isopropanol (>250 g/l at 20°C) and Octanol (>250 m/l at 20°C).
The partition coefficient n-octanol/water is not determinable since the active substance is a
surfactant in the octanol/water system, thus preventing the use of the shake-flask method. The
HPLC Method is not applicable either, due to the absence of suitable calibration compounds
and to the fact that ionic compounds interact with the HPLC column by forces other than
partitioning. Also the log Pow assessment by KOWWIN is deemed inaccurate, being the
software database very limited for surface active substances. On the other hand, log Pow could
be roughly obtained from solubility in n-octanol and water (Pow ≈ 1, log Pow ≈ 0). However,
this result is of no use with regard to environmental fate and behaviour and secondary
poisoning risk assessment, since there is an experimental BCF available.
C12-16-ADBAC does not exhibit hazardous physico-chemical properties. The substance is
thermally stable, is not classified as highly flammable and does not show explosive or
oxidising properties. C12-16-ADBAC has a low vapour pressure and is highly soluble in water.
There is no risk to be expected due to the physico-chemical properties of the product BQ-25,
either.
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Analytical methods
Analysis of the active substance as manufactured
The Applicant proposed a method in which the quaternary ammonium content was determined
using a biphasic competitive titration between reagent water and chloroform with bromophenol
blue indicator. The titrant, sodium tetraphenylborate (STPB), was standardized before being
used to titrate triplicate 1:1:1 solutions of 5 mg/ml aqueous ADBAC Quat 80%, pH 10
phosphate buffer and chloroform containing indicator. Gas chromatography with flame
ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to determine the distribution of the alkyl chain lengths
of Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride. The test substance was diluted in isopropanol
to yield solutions of 126 and 123 mg/ml which were injected (1μl) onto the GC. Following
peak assignment relative to reference chromatograms, the alkyl chain lengths distribution was
calculated assuming relative response coefficients of unity for duplicate analyses.
The requirements stated in TNsG Chapter 2 Section 4.1 were not accomplished. No data
concerning recovery rates, linearity, limit of determination, specificity and intra-laboratory
repeatability were available. A suitable method was requested.
An additional analytical method (“Kurz M. and Ranft V. (2007) “Determination of quaternary
ammonium compounds and related quaternary impurities by HPLC-ELSD”, Section 4.1(2)
Doc. IIIA) was submitted at the mid-July 2007. The method was not deemed acceptable, due to
the deficiencies/mistakes affecting both the validation work and the original study report.
Hence, the RMS required the full validation of the developed method for both C12-16-ADBAC
and impurities > 0.1% w/w, in compliance with SANCO/3030/99 rev.4 11/07/00. Anyway, at
the TMIV08 it was concluded that the HPLC-ELSD method could be considered acceptable for
C12-16-ADBAC. It was also agreed that the Applicant should have provided further information
on the analytical method and considered the possibility to use of an internal standard for
quantitative analysis as suggested by AT.
In 2011, a new study (Zehr, P.S. (2010), “Methods Validation for the Preliminary
Characterization Analyses of Alkyldimethyl[ethyl]benzyl Ammonium Biocides”) for the
determination of the active substance C12-16-ADBAC, impurities and process solvents in
commercially available technical concentrate Maquat MC1412-50% (nominal active substance
content: 50% w/w) was submitted, superseding Doc. IIIA Sections 4.1(1) and (2). Results are
now summarized in Section 4.1(3)(a) in Doc. IIIA and Section 4.1(3)(b)-(c) in the Confidential
Data. Except for one impurity, valid analytical methods are available for impurities and
process solvents in 50% w/w C12-16-ADBAC-based technical concentrate; additional
information/clarification must be provided in any case (please refer to the RMS
comments/requests in the evaluation box of the relevant study summaries).
Following the submission of Zehr, P.S. (2010), in April 2011 an additional study addressing
batch-analysis (Dung Truong, M.S. (2011), “Batch analysis of Alkyl(C12-16)dimethylbenzyl
Ammonium Chlorides”) was presented. Only two batches per Notifier have been investigated,
whereas the TNsG for on the assessment of technical equivalence of substances regulated under
98/8/EC require the analytical profile of at least five different representative batches of each
source for the purpose of Tier I assessment. In conclusion, a new five-batch analysis for each
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
source of the active substance must be submitted to allow the assessment of the technical
equivalence of the three joint Notifiers supporting C12-16-ADBAC and also to confirm the
active substance specification under Sec. 2 Doc. IIIA. Data should be submitted to the RMS
prior to product authorization phase at national level.
Residues
As regards the analysis of C12-16-ADBAC residues, LC-MS methods have been used in soil and
water (drinking-, ground- and surface water) with a LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg and 0.1 μg/l as total
C12-16-ADBAC, respectively. Only one mass fragment related to C12-ADBAC was used for the
purpose of validation. During the evaluation of the Dossier in 2006, these methods were
considered sufficiently specific, linear, accurate and precise by the RMS and were therefore
accepted. At that time, the Addendum to TNsG on Data Requirements Analytical Methods
(based on SANCO/825/00) had not been endorsed yet and the conclusion on the specificity of
the methods had been drawn by the RMS on the following grounds:
- no further fragmentation was likely to occur under the LC-MS experimental conditions
adopted;
- the chromatograms of untreated matrices showed no interferences;
- the m/z of the ion monitored ([C12-ADBA]+, m/z = 304.3) was sufficiently high that in the
RMS opinion LC-MS could be reasonably considered specific enough.
On the contrary, the Addendum (adopted in May 2009) states that a confirmatory method is not
necessary in case of a highly specific technique, which means the use of three fragment ions
(possibly with m/z ratio >100) when MS detection is carried out. So, according to the
Addendum, the available data (given for one LC-MS ion only) are not actually sufficient to
prove the specificity of the submitted methods, which are necessary for post-authorization
control and monitoring purposes.
Furthermore, a bilateral discussion with DE occurred in 2010 on analogous LC-MS analytical
methods for residues in soil and water for structurally-related quaternary ammonium
compounds, with only one mass fragment (instead of three) validated. It was agreed that highly
specific confirmatory methods for residues in soil and water were necessary and were to be
submitted for the product authorization phase at national level. The same position (i.e. the
request for additional validation data) has been recently agreed with DE-CA in the commenting
step for the very same substance (CAS 68424-85-1) notified by another Applicant. In that case,
LC/MS-MS analytical methods for residues in soil and water (both drinking- and surfacewater) were available, with only one mass transition (instead of two) validated.
In conclusion, in line with the Addendum to TNsG on Data Requirements Analytical Methods
and also for the sake of consistency with the approach adopted for structurally-related
quaternary ammonium compounds and for the same active substance notified by another
Applicant, additional highly-specific confirmatory methods for C12-16-ADBAC residues in soil
and water (both drinking- and surface-water) are to be submitted at the product authorization
phase at national level.
No analytical method is required for the determination of residues in air, since the a.s. is nonvolatile and will not be used in spray application.
10
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
No analytical method is deemed necessary for the determination of residues in body fluids and
tissues, being the a.s. neither toxic nor highly toxic.
Wood treated with C12-16-ADBAC-containing biocidal product is not intended for and contains
label restrictions against use in areas where food for human consumption is prepared,
consumed or stored, or where the feedingstuff for livestock is prepared, consumed or stored.
Therefore, no analytical method for the determination of residues in food/feed of plant/animal
origin is required, either.
11
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.1.2. Intended Uses and Efficacy
The active substance Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC) in
Type 8 products acts as a fungistatic and an insecticide. It is used for preventive protection of
wood and constructional timbers in Hazard Classes 1 to 4A according to ISO draft standard.
Effectiveness
C12-16-ADBAC is a cationic surfactant type active substance. Since it is surface active, it has
fair wetting properties and reacts strongly with cell walls of micro-organisms. Its mode of
action, therefore, is to destroy the cell walls by sticking on the exterior structures and by
entering and disintegrating the inner phospholipid-bilayer-based membrane structures. Due to
its interaction with phospholipid-bilayer-based structures, it severely alters the cell wall
permeability, disturbs membrane-bound ion-translocation mechanisms and may facilitate the
uptake of other biocides.
The field of application of Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride includes wood
preservatives for the preventive treatment against wood destroying organisms and against wood
discolouring moulds and fungi. The use concentration depends on the type of application
technique, use class required, and on additional formulation components.
Quaternary amine (quat) biocides in the wood preservation market are always used in
formulations in combination with other active substances. Efficacy studies with quats alone
require considerably higher concentrations than those actually used in these formulations.
Therefore, the use of “quat only” efficacy data for risk assessment may provide an exaggerated
environmental exposure level.
Against fungi, a selective activity spectrum exists.
The biocidal product (BQ-25) contains 25% Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-C1216-alkyldimethyl, chlorides in water.
It is used in drenching/dipping and vacuum pressure process applications. In practice it is
always used in formulations in combination with other active substances.
The biocidal product concentrate is diluted to a suitable working strength with water. The
degree of dilution will vary depending on the wood species, type of wood product and
anticipated use. The requirements for the final concentration of C12-16-ADBAC vary between
0.4% and 2.0%. The application rate of C12-16-ADBAC in wood is 2.0 kg/m3. Number and
timing of applications depends on application technique, wood species, moisture and hazard
class. An uptake of approximately 2.0 kg/m3 should be achieved by these application methods
in order to ensure the protection level for the different use classes required. BQ-25 is used for
preventive protection of wood and constructional timbers in areas with moderate or subtropical
climate in Hazard Classes 1 to 4A according to ISO draft standard
Since after approx. 40 years of use worldwide no reports of selective acquisition of C12-16ADBA-resistance in the field of wood protection exists, the risk of development of resistance
12
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
to is considered negligible. On the other hand, C12-16-ADBAC as a wood preservative works
by preventing growth of organisms, not by killing organisms that are present thus reducing the
potential for resistant organisms to develop. In addition, for hard surface
sanitization/disinfection (where antimicrobial activity is based on direct killing of organisms
present on surfaces), investigations on exposure of domestic microbial communities to
quaternary ammonium biocidal substances showed no increased antimicrobial resistance
(McBain A.J. et al. 2004). Therefore, we can agree that development of resistance can be
considered negligible.
13
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.1.3. Classification and Labelling
The proposed Classification and labelling of active substance based on Directive 67/548/EEC
Xn R22
Class of danger
C R34
N R50
R22 Harmful if swallowed
R phrases
R34 Causes burns
R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms
S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek
S phrases
medical advise.
S28 After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of……….
S36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection
S45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show
label where possible)
S60 This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste
S61 Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sets
Cn ≥ 0.25 %: N; R50
Specific
concentration limits
for
the
environmental
classification
Justification for the proposal
The substance is currently not classified according to Annex I of Council Directive 67/548/EC
(with amendments and adaptations).
On the basis of the results from studies presented in the dossier, classification of C12-16ADBAC was proposed according to principles detailed in Annex VI of Council Directive
67/548/EEC (with amendments and adaptations). Related to N; R 50, LC50 is below 1 mg/l
with proposal for specific concentration limits and the substance is readily biodegradable.
14
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Proposed Classification and labelling of the active substance based on Regulation EC 1272/2008:
Classification:
Acute toxicity (oral), Hazard Category 4
Skin Corrosion Hazard Category 1B_
Aquatic Acute 1_
Statement H302
H314
H400
Hazard Class and
Category
Hazard
Codes
Labelling:
GHS Pictogram
Signal Word
Hazard Statement
GHS05, GHS07, GHS09
Danger
H302: Harmful if swallowed.
H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
H400: Very toxic to aquatic life.
M factor=100
Specific
concentration limits
for the aquatic
hazard classification
As precautionary statements are not included in Annex VI of Regulation EC 1272/2008,
no proposal is made.
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Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2. Summary of the Risk Assessment
2.2.1. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.2.1.1 Hazard identification
C12-16-ADBAC is not expected to be readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or skin
being a highly ionic compound. The oral absorption can be considered approximately 10%
based on the 5-8% of the C12-16-ADBAC administered dose eliminated via urine and tissue
residues (less than 1% of the administered dose seven days after single and repeated oral
dosing). More than 90% is excreted in the faeces and the pattern did not change after repeated
doses. Although it was not possible to discriminate between unabsorbed /absorbed material,
based on the chemical nature of the test substance it can be anticipated that about 90% is present
in faeces as unabsorbed material. The C12-16-ADBAC dermal absorption determined in an in
vitro study using human skin at two different concentrations (0.03% and 0.3%) of the active
substance is 8.3%.
The majority of C12-16-ADBAC metabolism is expected to be carried out by intestinal flora; the
metabolites, which account for less than 60% of the administered dose, include hydroxyl and
hydroxyketo derivatives of the dodecyl, tetradecyl and hexadecyl chains. There was no
metabolite that accounted for more than 10% of the total dose administered.
The oral LD50 for Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorideis 344 mg/kg. No clinical
signs or mortality were observed until a dosage or a concentration is attained that causes
irritation of the gut mucosa or affects the gastrointestinal flora. Indeed, irritation and corrosivity
are the major outcomes of toxicity related to C12-16-ADBAC.
The rabbit acute dermal LD50 of C12-16-ADBAC is 2848 mg/kg bw (at the application site clear
signs of irritation and topic toxic effects were evident). Inhalation of C12-16-ADBAC is not
considered a potential route of exposure based on scenarios and vapour pressure (< 1x10-3 Pa at
50ºC).
C12-16-ADBAC is a severe skin and eye irritant, classified as ‘Corrosive’(R34, may cause burns)
and on the basis of the available data is not a skin sensitizer .
From a two-week skin irritation study in rats, it can be derived a NOAEL/NOAEC for short
term skin irritation equal to 0.3% C12-16-ADBAC in water at 2.0 ml/kg body weight per day.
16
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.1.2 Effects assessment
Similarly to acute effects, repeated C12-16-ADBAC intake in the diet results in effects up to
death in rodents at concentrations affecting the gastrointestinal mucosa and resulting in
dehydration and wasting or affects the gastrointestinal flora. Indeed, again irritation and
corrosivity are the major outcomes of toxicity related to C12-16-ADBAC and no specific organ
toxicity was evidenced. The subchronic oral toxicity NO(A)ELs were 85 mg/kg/day in mice,
31 mg/kg/day in rats and 13.1 mg/kg/day in dogs, mainly based on decrease in body weights,
reduced food consumption and appearance of clinical signs related to the irritation and
damages to the gut mucosa.. The changes in haematology and clinical biochemistry reported at
high doses of treatment appear to be secondary to a reduced food intake and dehydration very
likely leading to a reduced renal blood flow. The NOELs related to non neoplastic effects in
chronic oral toxicity studies were 44 mg/kg/day for rats and 73 mg/kg/day for mice. It appears
that subchronic and chronic NOAEL are in the same order of magnitude, in line with the fact
that the main outcome directly derives from the irritative/corrosive properties of the substance.
In a 90-day subchronic dermal study in rats, no systemic effects were seen at the highest dose
that could be applied without excessive skin irritation (20 mg/kg/day). No systemic effects are
anticipated after higher dermal or inhalation exposure. Indeed, due to its corrosive
characteristics, C12-16-ADBAC will react locally and only a scant amount will become
systemically available.
C12-16-ADBAC displayed no genotoxic activity in the three mutagenicity tests required for the
authorisation of Biocidal Products: Salmonella mutagenicity assay, chromosomal aberration
assay in human lymphocytes in vitro and mutagenicity test in CHO/HPRT forward mutation
assay. Moreover, no clastogenic activity in vivo was observed in a mouse micronucleus study.
C12-16-ADBAC is not carcinogenic and does not affect reproduction or development at doses
that are not toxic to the mother. No evidence of neurotoxicity was observed in any of the acute,
subchronic or chronic studies, in line with the absence of any structural alert for neurotoxicity
or similarity with any known neurotoxic agent.
Medical data
No medical reports on the manufacturing personnel have been submitted
17
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.1.3 Exposure assessment
The biocidal product containing the active substance is used in two wood preservative
treatment applications: dipping and vacuum pressure processes. For both processes, the
preservative is delivered to the processing plant by tanker in the form of a concentrate. The
concentrate contains 25% of the active substance Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium
chloride. It is diluted down to a suitable working strength with water. The degree of dilution
varies depending on the wood species, type of wood product and anticipated use.
Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride concentrations in both processes vary between 0.4%
and 2%.
Furthermore, the use classes 1 to 4A are envisaged for the Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride containing wood preservative product.
Due to the irritant/corrosive properties of C12-16-ADBAC, the systemic effects can be considered
as secondary in comparison to the local ones. Nevertheless, a small amount of active substance
becomes systematically available and gives rise to some non-significant systemic effects, such
as decreasing of body weight. Therefore, both a systemic and a local exposure assessment have
been connsidered so as to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects resulting from the
use of C12-16-ADBAC.
18
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.1.3.1 LOCAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
C12-16-ADBAC exhibits irritant/corrosive properties which mainly affect the human exposure.
In order to quantify the local exposure, the scenarios adopted have been selected from TNsG on
Human Exposure and RISKOFDERM Model. In this context, it has not been taken into
consideration any reduction factors from wearing clothes and/or Personal Protective
Equipments; no dermal penetration has been considered, either.
C12-16-ADBAC is a non-volatile active substance and therefore the inhalation uptake can be
considered as negligible in assessing the exposure due to the local effects.
Industrial/Professional users (primary exposure)
In the local exposure assessment the dermal route is deemed to be the most relevant one for
industrial/professional users handling both concentrated (Mixing and loading process) and
diluted C12-16-ADBAC-based solutions (dipping and vacuum-pressure applications). The
resulted exposure values are reported below. Information on assumptions and input values used
in the relevant scenarios are provided in Doc. IIB.
Table 2.2.1.3.1-1 Summary of the exposure local dose for industrial/professional users
EXPOSURE MODEL
Hands exposure
Body exposure
Feet exposure
mg/cm2
mg/cm2
mg/cm2
MIXING&LOADING
Riskofderm Connecting
lines
0.000275
-
-
APPLICATION
PHASE (Dipping
treatment): Handling
Model1
0.0617
0.005
0.036
APPLICATION
PHASE (Vacuum
Pressure treatment):
Handling Model1
0.077
0.009
0.027
19
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Secondary exposure: Child playing on weathered structure and mouthing –ingestion (Local
Exposure due to irritant effect)
The local irritant effect of the C12-16-ADBAC deems to be more relevant in the case of the
secondary exposure than the systemic effect. In particular, this is the case of the scenario in
which has taking into account the exposure for child chewing wood. Therefore it has been
drafted an exposure scenario considering that the maximum absorption of product is 2 mg/cm3
(see above).
The volume of the timber chips is 16 cm3 (4 cm x 4 cm x 1 cm) as reported in the TNsG, Part 3,
p. 50 and User Guidance, p. 52.
The fraction extracted by chewing is 10% as reported in User Guidance, p. 52.
The amount of saliva produced is 1.5 ml/min median value reported for stimulated saliva
production (http://www.scopevic.org.au/therapy_crc_research_saliva_anatomy.html) .
A
B
C
D=BxC
E
F=AxDxE
G
H
maximum absorption a.s
size of chewed timber cut-off (chip)
depth of chewed timber cut-off (chip)
volume of chip
a.s. extracted by chewing
a.s. in the mouth
Amount of saliva produced
Event duration
mg/cm3
cm2
cm
cm3
fraction
mg
ml/min
min
The event duration has been conservatively assumed to be of 1 min. Any increase in duration
time is associated with an higher production of saliva and consequently with an higher dilution.
Anyhow this has to be considered a very worst case scenario, as the release of the 10% of the
active substance in a very short time (i.e. 1 min) has to be considered unrealistic.
The estimate of the concentration in the mouth has been derived with the above reported
parameters revealing the following exposure calculation:
Amount of active substance in the mouth: F = A x D x E = 3.2 mg
Concentration in the mouth = F/(G x H) = 2.2 mg/ml = 2200 mg/kg
Local dose expressed as percentage of active substance = 0.22 %
20
2
16
1
16
0.1
3.2
1.5
1
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.1.3.2 SYSTEMIC EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Industrial/Professional exposure (Primary Exposure)
There are four main strata of workers that may potentially be exposed to the wood preservative
in the process plant: workers that handle wet treated lumber, workers that handle treated wood
after drying, maintenance workers of equipment, forklift operators.
Industrial/professional exposure from the use processes has been estimated using the scenarios
reported in the Technical Notes for Guidance on Human Exposure to Biocidal Products. In a
TIER 1 evaluation, representing a worst-case estimate, only the default values have been taken
into account. As general assumptions, it was agreed that in the Tier 1 the estimate of the
primary exposure has been carried without considering the use of the personal protective
equipment (PPE) or a 100% clothing penetration with old gloves. A correction is applied for
the maximum dermal absorption of 8%. As concerns the inhalation exposure, an agreed default
value for inhalation uptake of 100% has been taken into account.
Furthermore, the value of 1.25 m3/hour for the inhalation rate, due to moderate physical
activity, has been used. Furthermore, as a worst case scenario, all calculations are based on the
wood treatment solution employed containing 2% a.s. The neat concentrate of the substance
(containing 25% a.s.) is only handled under closed conditions during the Mixing and loading
process.
The scenarios in TIER 1 predict potential exposure assuming that no PPE is employed. In
reality due to the irritant/corrosive properties of the active substance, PPE will be worn, hence
the estimates reported below have to be considered as overestimates.
In TIER 2, refined values have been considered and the assessment has been conducted
assuming use of personal protective equipment including protective clothing, gloves and
footwear. The exposure calculations were performed according to the recommendations of the
TNsG (Human Exposure to Biocidal Products, as revised by User Guidance version 1 (EC,
2002a). Model calculations have been undertaken using measured data given in the TNsG as
revised in the user guidance and are considered to represent a reasonable scenario for risk
assessment purposes. For vacuum/pressure treatment, dermal exposure has been assessed
assuming clothing penetration of 10% (User Guidance version 1, p42), except for certain
exposure scenarios (dipping and cleaning out dipping tank) where it is assumed that
impermeable coveralls will be worn (penetration = 4%; TNsG - Part 3, p60). Also, to reduce
exposure via the hands, operators would be required to wear new protective gloves at the start
of each daily dipping session. New gloves reduce hand-in-glove exposure by a factor of 0.6
(TNsG, Part 2, p.192). The dermal penetration of C12-16-ADBAC used for this assessment is 8%
, as discussed in Section 4.1 of document IIB.
The duration of the tasks has been reviewed on the basis of more realistic values only for the
dipping process and therefore, it has been considered an exposure period of 20 minutes for
dermal exposure.
21
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
In TIER 2, for the Mixing and Loading process has been considered also the exposure scenario
of RISKOFDERM Toolkit (Connecting lines). For automated transfer/pumping the Human
Exposure Expert Group (HEEG) has concluded that in case of evaluated available data and
models for the assessment of the exposure to operators during the loading of products into
vessels or systems in industrial scale the exposure could be considered as negligible, with a
very low or accidental exposure during connecting lines. Alternatively, the RISKOFDERM
Connecting lines could be used. (Opinion presented and accepted at the March meeting (2008)
in the Technical Meeting in the Biocides Group). Indicative dermal exposure values for
RISKOFDERM Toolkit Connecting lines referred in the HEEG document are 0.066 mg/cm2/h
(0.92 mg/min) for hands. The model is a semi-quantitative model and assumes that small
contaminations and no body exposure take place during the task.
Being the Mixing and Loading an automated task, only the exposure assessment carried out by
using RISKOFDERM should be taken into consideration for the purpose of Annex I inclusion.
For both the Tiers, the default value for body weight of an exposed adult is assumed to be 60
kg in order to include women (50th Percentile = 60.3 kg according to ECETOC, 2001).
22
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
In the following tables the estimates calculated on the basis of the TNsG scenarios for Total
Exposure to Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC) in Wood
Preservation are reported.
Table 2.2.1.3.2-1- Exposure to Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16ADBAC) in Wood Preservation (Tiers 1-2)
Exposure scenario
Dermal
Exposure (mg)
Inhalation
Exposure (mg)
Tier 1
Tier 1
Dipping
Mixing and loading
concentrate
0.12
(25% solution)(Model 7)*
Dipping
Mixing and loading
concentrate
(25%
solution)(RISKOFDERM
toolkit)
Automated Dipping
Application
(2% solution)
Vacuum/pressure
treatment
(2% solution)(including
feet exposure assessment)
Tier 2
Tier 2
Total
Exposure
(mg)
Total Systemic
dose
(mg/kg/d)
Tier
1
Tier
2
Tier 1
Tier 2
0.325
0.325
0.0054
0.0054
0.12
0.205
0.205
-
0.18
-
-
61.7
6.3
-
-
61.7
6.3
1.03
0.11
48
12
0.43
-
48.4
12.4
0.80
0.20
0.18
0.0031
*This Model refers to a manual task. Being the mixing and loading for C12-16-ADBAC an
automated task, only the RISKOFDERM model should be taken into account.
23
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Non-professional exposure (Consumers) (Primary Exposure)
Consumers are not involved in the application (wood treatment) stage. Consumer exposure is
restricted to handling of treated lumber in operations such as erecting fences. Consumers are
not involved in the application stage. The level of exposure is considered to be comparable to
(or less than) occupation exposure to workers that handle treated wood after it is dry.
Indirect exposure as a result of use of the active substance in biocidal product
The secondary human exposure estimates consider the potential for the exposure of
professional adults, infants and children in a number of possible scenarios in which they may
come into contact with C12-16-ADBAC treated timber.
The scenarios used in this assessment are described in the TNsG on Human Exposure to
Biocidal Products Part 3, p50-51 as revised by User Guidance version 1 p50-54 (EC, 2002a).
For non-professional exposure (consumers) the following scenarios have been considered:
Acute phase reference scenarios
Adult (professionals): sanding treated wood from vacuum/pressure impregnated timber inhalation and dermal route.
Adult (non-professionals): sanding treated wood from vacuum/pressure impregnated timber inhalation and dermal route.
Infant: chewing wood off-cut – oral route (wood from vacuum/pressure impregnated timber)
Child not relevant.
Chronic phase reference scenarios
Adult inhalation route – not relevant
Child playing on playground structure outdoors - dermal route.
Infant playing on weathered structure and mouthing - dermal and ingestion.
24
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
In the following table are reported the systemic exposure values of total uptake for humans.
Table 2.2.1.3.2-2-Summary of the total systemic uptake for the secondary exposure.
Oral
Dermal
Inhalation
Combined
Acute
Non-professionals
Adult
sanding
--
0.056 mg/kg/day
0.00052 mg/kg bw
0.0565
mg/kg/day
Infant
mouthing
0.32mg/kg/day
--
--
--
0.0031 mg/kg bw
0.059
mg/kg/day
Chronic
Professionals
Adult
sanding
--
0.056 mg/kg/day
Non-professionals
Child
playing
Infant
playing
0.0085 mg/kg bw/day
0.02 mg/kg/day
0.0128 mg/kg/day
25
-0.0328 mg/kg
day
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.1.4 Risk characterization
2.2.1.4.1 Risk Characterisation for local effects
Considering the repeated dose studies, the main critical effects associated with C12-16-ADBAC
are due to its corrosive prosperities. In this context, the systemic effects such as the reduction
of body weight and food consumption can be considered secondary compared to the corrosive
properties of C12-16-ADBAC. It can be concluded that C12-16-ADBAC actually does not cause
‘true’ systemic effects and the derivation of a systemic AEL is not considered as relevant.
As regards the operators dermal exposure, a dermal AEL could possibly be considered. In the
2-week skin irritation study with rats, no systemic effects were observed and the NOAEL for
local effects has been set at 6 mg/kg bw/day (0.3% C12-16-ADBAC).
However, based on the new guideline for the Risk characterisation of local effects, it was
agreed (TMIII09) to include also a quantitative assessment for the secondary exposure scenario
(child mouthing treated wood). Therefore, the AEC for dermal route was derived as follows.
Local NOEC derivation - Dermal route
The NOEL derived for the C12-16-ADBAC is of 0.3% of active substance in water (i.e., 3 g/l or
3000 mg/l or 3mg/ml). The total volume applied is of 2 ml/kg bw per day. Therefore, the
resulted NOEL is of 6 mg/kg bw/day (=3mg/ml x 2ml/kg bw per day).
In the skin irritation study the treated body surface has not been well defined and therefore, the
assumption of 10% coverage of the animal body could be made based on the guideline
recommendations. According to the TGD, the total surface body of rat (male and female) is 400
cm2 and the mean body weight is 300g. Assuming that 10% of the body surface has been
exposed to the test substance, the resulting exposed area is of 40cm2.
For the characterization of the risk due to the local dermal effects a NO(A)EC (expressed in
mg/cm2) has to be derived following the formula below:
NOAEC in mg / cm 2
=
=
Total dose applied in mg
Treated surface in cm²
(average animal weight in kg ) × (dose in mg / kg bw)
Treated surface in cm 2
NOEC = (0.3kg x 6 mg/kg bw/day) / 40cm2 = 0.045mg/cm2
The NOEC value of 0.045 mg/cm2 is equivalent to a NOEC of 0.3%.
26
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Selection of Assessment Factor for the dermal route (AF)
Given that local toxicity based on the chemical reactivity of QUATs is the basis for the risk
characterization, a reduced inter-species AFs when extrapolating data obtained in rats to
humans could be used. In fact, for the local effects the QUATs show its effects at port of entry
and therefore, it is justified to assume that both the components (toxicokinetic and -dynamic)
do not contribute to interspecies differences.
Regarding intra-species differences it could be acceptable to lower the default factor
disregarding the TK contribution (again 3.16 ≈ 3.2), given that chemical reactivity is the
principle concern. Therefore, for the intraspecies AF only the Toxicodynamic component (3.16
≈ 3.2) could be taken into consideration.
Therefore, for the dermal route the overall AF turns out to be AF: 3.2 = 1x, interspecies; 3.2x,
human variability.
AEC derivation
Based on the NOEC and the AF derived, the calculated AEC for dermal route is 0.014 mg/cm2
(0.045 mg/cm2 / 3.2) or 0.094% (0. 3% / 3.2).
Local AEC derivation – Oral route
For the oral AEC derivation no toxicological study is available.
27
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Exposure and risk from use of the product
For industrial/professional users, the risk resulting from the direct use of biocidal products
containing C12-16-ADBAC has been assessed by applying the AEC approach. Therefore, the
dermal loads have been compared to the calculated dermal AEC of 0.014 mg/cm2.
Feet
AECbody% exposure AECfeet%
mg/cm2
Hands
exposure
EXPOSURE MODEL mg/cm2
AEChands%
MIXING&LOADING
Riskofderm Connecting 0.000275
lines
1.96
-
-
-
-
Body exposure
mg/cm2
APPLICATION
PHASE (Dipping
treatment): Handling
Model1
0.0617
441
0.005
35.7
0.036
257
APPLICATION
PHASE (Vacuum
Pressure treatment):
Handling Model1
0.077
550
0.009
64.3
0.027
193
AEC% = (Exposure x 100)/AEC
Conclusion: for local effects, no unacceptable risk can occurs for industrial/professional users
handling concentrate biocidal product during the mixing and loading phase. As regards, the
application stage, no risk has been highlighted for body. On the other hand, an unacceptable
risk can be envisaged for both hands and feet during the application phase. However, feet
contamination can be reduced by prescribing that suitable impermeable boots are worn. In
addition to that, the risk for hands can be lowered by using appropriate and suitable gloves.
Furthermore, the gloves should be frequently replaced.
However, for the risk assessment this discussion is not really relevant, since the formulation
BC-25 contains 25% C12-16-ADBAC, and in practice solutions of 2.0% and 0.4% C12-16ADBAC are used. Therefore, at 0.3% C12-16-ADBAC (6 mg/kg bw/day) clear local effects are
not observed in the study. For C12-16-ADBAC the primary effects are the local effects, hence for
the risk assessment of C12-16-ADBAC it is more relevant to take into account the concentration
of the active substance on the skin than the dose expressed in mg/kg bw/day (systemic effects).
Being the concentrations of the C12-16-ADBAC solutions applied are equal or higher than the
(marginal) NOEL from the 2-week skin irritation study, for all intended uses listed in the CAR,
personal protective equipments (PPEs) should be used to protect operators against the local
effects of C12-16-ADBAC. The conclusion from the qualitative risk assessment due to the
corrosive properties of C12-16-ADBAC is that PPE are per definition required when applying
C12-16-ADBAC.
28
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Exposure and risk from indirect exposure to the product
As concerns the risks arising from the secondary exposure, the only scenario considered as
relevant is child mouthing treated wood. The resulting local dose is 0.22% C12-16-ADBAC.
Text revised following a German comment raised during the 60-day commenting period:
(ADDED) Being the skin less sensitive than the mucosa membrane of the digestive tract, RMS
agrees with Germany that the dermal 2-week study in rats is not fully representative of the oral
local effects and therefore a route-to-route extrapolation without correction with an additional
AF (although discussed and accepted during the TM) can lead to an underestimation of the
AECoral. Therefore, RMS agrees with the German proposal to include an use restriction for
ADBAC-treated wood possibly entering into contact with children.
In conclusion, not being fully addressed the risk arising from child sucking and mouthing
treated wood, the scenario has not been assessed. Therefore, the use of ADBAC treated wood
has to be restricted to applications where biocidal treatment is unavoidable (e.g., construction)
but definitely excludes applications to treated wood composites which would otherwise come
into contact with children. In order to overruled the use restriction at product authorization
level an AECoral should be derived by either using an oral toxicity study for the local effects or
considering an additional assessment factors when the dermal 2-week study in rats is used. In
this regards, an oral toxicity study for a structurally similar compound (i.e., DDAC) could be
also submitted. This on the basis of the scientific acceptability of the read-across already
discussed and agreed during at the Technical Meetings. If this is the case, differences in the
molecular weight between the tested material and the active substance (ADBAC) should be
taken into account in the derivation of the oral AEC (agreed at TM).
The scenario estimated for the secondary exposure was agreed during the Technical Meetings
when no specific guidelines were available on the risk characterization for the local effects.
The assessment should not be considered as comprehensive of the overall exposure pathways.
Thus, additional exposure scenarios covering any relevant exposure scenarios should be
estimated at Product Authorization stage when the guidelines on the risk characterization for
the local effects are finalized, depending on the use patterns.
Therefore, based on the above discussion, it is considered inappropriate to use an AEL
approach for C12-16-ADBAC and similar quaternary amines, because there is no true systemic
toxicity. C12-16-ADBAC, and other quaternary amine biocides, do not exhibit “systemic
toxicity” as based on changes to organs or effects on reproduction, development, mutagenicity,
carcinogenicity, neurobehavior or other key toxicological endpoints. Rather, effects observed
in toxicity studies occur only at irritant doses and general effects, including body weight
changes at lower doses and death at high doses, are secondary to these irritant responses.
29
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.1.4.2 Risk characterization for systemic effects
AEL (Acceptable exposure level)
The lowest NOAEL in a repeated dose study is the one of 13.1 mg/kg b.w/day derived from the
52 weeks study on dogs. This value is then used in deriving the AOEL. An assessment factor of
10 is used for interspecies variability and an assessment factor of 10 for taking into account
intraspecies variability. The AEL value corresponds to 0.13 mg/kg/day
For the systemic AEL derivation was not deemed to be estimated as internal dose by including
the oral absorption factor in the calculations. In fact, C12-16-ADBAC acts mainly on gut
mucosa or at the site of application due to its corrosive effects: the effects seen in the
toxicological studies are mainly secondary to this mode of action. For this reason in the CAR, it
is proposed not to calculate any internal dose (correcting exposure value for the very low oral
absorption). Indeed, due to its corrosive characteristics, C12-16-ADBAC will react immediately
and only a limited amount of the active substance become systemically available. Based on
these considerations, derivation of a systemic internal dose is not considered appropriate.
Exposure and risk from use of the product
Total systemic dose values are taken from the calculations presented in Document IIB. For the
Mixing and Loading stage, only the data derived by using the RISKOFDERM model have been
considered. In Tier 2 a realistic approach is assumed. Therefore PPE (gloves 12% penetration)
are considered to be worn.
Risk characterisation is expressed as the systemic dose as a percentage of the AEL% (exposure
x 100/AEL).
Risk Characterisation Calculations for Industrial/Professional Users to Alkyl (C12-16)
dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloridein Wood Preservation (Tier 2).
Exposure scenario
Dipping
Mixing and loading concentrate
(25% solution)(Model 7)*
Dipping
Mixing and loading concentrate
(25% solution)(RISKOFDERM toolkit)
Automated Dipping
Application
(2% solution)
Vacuum/pressure treatment
(2% solution)(including feet exposure
30
Total Systemic dose
(mg/kg/d)
%AEL =
(Exposure x
100)/AEL (0.13
mg/kg bw/d)
0.0054
4.15
0.0031
2.38
0.11
84
0.20
153
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
assessment)
*This Model refers to a manual task. Being the mixing and loading for C12-16-ADBAC an
automated task, only the RISKOFDERM model should be taken into account.
A potential risk has identified only for Vacuum/pressure treatment using a 2% of C12-16ADBAC-based solution. The risk will be avoided prescribing the Personal Protective
Equipments as mandatory.
The C12-16-ADBAC-based products are not authorized to the general public so the risk from the
primary exposure to consumers and man via the environment can be predicted as negligible
exposure is predicted for.
Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach
Exposure and risk from use of the product
The NOAEL for dermal sub-chronic effects (20 mg a.i./kg/day – highest possible dose that
could be applied but no systemic toxicity observed) is used to determine the Margin of
Exposure for dermal exposure. Anyway this value does not consider the dermal
absorption/penetration of 8%. Therefore, NOAELdermal results to be 1.6 mg a.i./kg/day. A safety
factor of 100 (10 for interspecies difference x 10 for intraspecies difference) is used, although
there is no evidence of systemic toxicity from dermal application of C12-16-ADBAC. Therefore,
the MOE (NOAEL/exposure) should be equal to or greater than 100 in order to determine no
risk to human health.
The NOAEL for oral sub-chronic effects (13.1 mg a.i./kg/day) is used to determine the Margins
of Exposure for inhalation exposure in the absence of sub-chronic inhalation toxicity data. A
safety factor of 100 (10 for interspecies difference x 10 for intraspecies difference) is applied.
Therefore, MOE (NOAEL/exposure) should be equal to or greater than 100 in order to
determine no risk to human health.
Exposure scenario
Dipping
Mixing and loading
concentrate
(25% solution)(Model 7)*
Dipping
Mixing and loading
concentrate
(25%
solution)(RISKOFDERM
toolkit)
Dermal
Systemic
uptake
(mg/kg/day)
MOE =
NOAEL (1.6
mg/kg/d)/
Exposure
(mg/kg bw/day)
Inhalation
Systemic
uptake
(mg/kg/day)
MOE =
NOAEL (13.1
mg/kg/d) /
Exposure
(mg/kg bw/day)
0.00014
11429
0.0023
5652
0.00021
7619
31
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Automated Dipping
Application
(2% solution)
Vacuum/pressure
treatment
(2% solution)(including
feet exposure assessment)
Product-type 8
September 2012
0.11
15
-
-
0.2
8
0.0012
10833
*This Model refers to a manual task. Being the mixing and loading for C12-16-ADBAC an
automated task, only the RISKOFDERM model should be taken into account.
For industrial/professional workers there is a concern from dermal exposure during the
applications (both automated dipping and vacuum pressure treatments) of the C12-16-ADBACbased products. Hence, to avoid any risk, the use of Personal Protective Equipments has to be
prescribe as mandatory by the RMS. On the other hand, C12-16-ADBAC does not pose any risk
to industrial/professional workers with regard to inhalation effects.
Workers are not expected to be exposed by the oral route to the product. Although the active
substance is harmful by acute oral exposure (LD50 rat, oral = 344 mg/kg), good industrial
hygiene, such as washing before eating or smoking, will reduce the risk of accidental oral
exposure. In conclusion, C12-16-ADBAC or BQ-25 is not a risk to industrial/professional workers
with regard to oral exposure effects.
Indirect/Secondary exposure as a result of use
Indirect exposure to construction timber treated with wood preservatives is not directly related
to the use of the wood preservative during application or handling of the wet treated wood, but
to secondary exposure to the treated ready-to use wooden articles.
Three main exposure paths were identified that are (a) acute by adults sanding treated timber,
(b) acute by children ingesting wood particles and (c) chronic by being exposed to the wood
surface. The calculations were performed only for the highest loading rates (retentions) of 2.0
g/m2 and 2.0 kg/m3. For the contact assessment of treated timber a worst case leaching rate of
10% per day was chosen.
Acute:
On the basis of the analogy between DDAC and C12-16-ADBAC, for the acute toxicity it has
been used the NOEL for DDAC. Therefore, Oral acute NOEL = 10 mg/kg bw/d
Inhalation acute = use oral NOEL = 10 mg/kg bw/d
Dermal acute NOEL = 6 mg/kg/day; the main acute effect is due to the irritant/corrosive
properties of C12-16-ADBAC, the NOEL was set from a two-week skin irritation study
Chronic:
Dermal NOAEL = 1.6 mg/kg/day
32
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Inhalation = use oral NOAEL = 13.1 mg/kg/day
Intermediate-term risk calculations will use the same NOAEL as the long-term assessments
resulting in the same assessments. Therefore, the intermediate-term assessments have not
calculated.
33
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Following are reported the secondary exposure for Professional and non-professional users–
MOEs for indirect exposure.
Oral
Inhalation
Dermal
Combined
NOEL/NOAE
L
MOE
Acute
NON-PROFESSIONALS
Adult
sanding
Oral/Inhalation:
--
0.056 mg/kg/day
0.00052
mg/kg bw
0.0565
10 mg/kg bw/d
mg/kg/day
Dermal:
Dermal:
107
Inhalation:
19230
6 mg/kg bw/day
Infant
mouthin
g
Chronic
0.32mg/kg/da
y
--
--
--
Oral/Inhalation:
10 mg/kg bw/d
Oral:
31
PROFESSIONALS
Adult
sanding
Oral/Inhalation:
--
0.056 mg/kg/day
0.0031
mg/kg bw
0.059
mg/kg/day
10 mg/kg bw/d
Dermal:
Dermal: 29
Inhalation:322
6
1.6 mg/kg
bw/day
NON-PROFESSIONALS
Child
playing
Dermal:
0.0085 mg/kg bw/da
y
--
1.6 mg/kg
bw/day
Dermal:
188
Oral:
Infant
playing
0.02
mg/kg/day
0.0328
mg/kg day
0.0128 mg/kg/day
13.1 mg/kg
bw/day
Dermal:
Oral:
655
Dermal:
125
1.6 mg/kg
bw/day
Conclusion: according to the TNsG exposure scenarios, a risk can be highlighted for
professionals (during sanding treated wood) chronically exposed to wood treated with C12-16ADBAC-based products (dermal exposure). Furthermore, a risk can occur also for infant
mouthing wood treated with C12-16-ADBAC-based products (oral acute exposure).
34
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Combined exposure
Combined exposure to Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC)
used in a wood preservative product is not expected to occur, since only industrial/professional
use is envisaged. Theoretically, a combined exposure scenario is possible when an operator,
after the working day, inhales the volatile residues indoors at home. However, due to the low
vapour pressure of the active substance, this latter exposure can be considered as negligible.
For this reason combined exposure has not been quantitatively evaluated in this dossier.
Biocidal Product
The C12-16-ADBAC dermal absorption is 8.3% as determined in an in vitro study using human
skin. The value as been obtained summing up the radioactivity present in the receptor fluid
(0.05%), at the application site (after 20 consecutive tape stripping procedures) and the one
present in tape strips (n°6-20). The two different concentrations tested (0.03% and 0.3% in a.s.
content) showed no significant differences in the absorption values.
An acute oral LD50= 344 mg/kg bw for C12-16-ADBAC lead the classification R22 being
applied to the a.s. Therefore according to the provisions of directive 1999/45/EC this product
is also classified as R22 (trigger concentration is >25%) for this endpoint.
An acute dermal toxicity study performed on C12-16-ADBAC (80% in aqueous: alcholic
solution) resulting in an LD50 = 2730 mg/kg bw and does not lead to classification being
applied. Therefore according to the provisions of directive 1999/45/EC3 this product is also not
classified for this endpoint. Therefore an acute dermal toxicity study on the product is not
required.
This product contains 25% C12-16-ADBAC in water and no other components. C12-16-ADBAC
is not volatile as the vapour pressure is <10-5 hPa (<10-3 Pa) at 50°C. In addition, from the skin
irritation endpoint the product is classified as corrosive and is assigned R34. Thus, it is
considered that evaluation of the acute inhalation toxicity is not justified.
A skin irritation study performed on C12-16-ADBAC (80% in aqueous: alcholic solution) which
leads to the classification Corrosive, R34 being applied. Therefore, according to the provisions
of directive 1999/45/EC this product is also classified as Corrosive, R34 (trigger concentration
is >10%)
C12-16-ADBAC has been shown to be corrosive to the eye in a test conducted using an 80%
solution of the a.s. In addition, due to the classification of corrosive effects on skin, conducting
an eye irritation study on the product cannot be justified on animal welfare grounds.
A skin sensitisation study has been performed on C12-16-ADBAC (80% in aqueous: alcholic
solution) which did not lead to classification being applied. Therefore, according to the
provisions of directive 1999/45/EC3 this product is also not classified for this endpoint
35
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
36
September 2012
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.2 Environmental Risk Assessment
2.2.2.1 Fate and distribution in the environment
Biodegradation
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC) can be considered
readily biodegradable.
A study to determine aerobic biodegradation in a sewage treatment plant is not justified since
C12-16-ADBAC is readily biodegradable and there is negligible release of C12-16-ADBAC to the
sewage treatment plant during use as a wood preservative within the EU. However, a study
with the structural analogous, Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in a simulated treatment
system showed 93.3% CO2 evolution over 28 days indicating that these quaternary amines will
rapidly degrade in a treatment system. A biodegradation study in two water/sediment systems
has been performed and showed partial mineralisation of the test material under the test
conditions used.
A biodegradation study in seawater was not carried out as C12-16-ADBAC as a wood
preservative will not be used in the marine environment.
The test substance was predicted to be rapidly photo transformed in air since it had an
atmospheric half-life of 0.25 days or 3.0 hours
Abiotic Degradation
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC) was hydrolytically stable
during the 30-day hydrolysis study at pH 5, 7 or 9 at 25°C.
C12-16-ADBAC was found to be photolytically stable in the absence of a photosensitiser. An
accurate estimate of the photolysis rate constants and the half-life for solutions containing no
photosensitiser and all dark controls (both sensitised and non-sensitised) could not be
determined since no significant degradation of the test substance was detected during the 30day evaluation period. In the presence of the energy from a xenon arc lamp and the
photosensitising agent, acetone, it appears that C12-16-ADBAC breaks down to form a single
degradate. The half-life of the test compound was determined to be 10.9 days with 83%
degradation after 30 days.
Estimation of Photodegradation in air was calculated using the Atmospheric Oxidation
Program (AOPWIN) (Howes, D. 2004) Mean atmospheric half-life = 0.368 days (8.831 hours)
assuming a 24 hour according to TGD (2003) chapter 2.3.6.3.
37
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Distribution
C12-16-ADBAC can be classified as immobile in four soil/sediment types with adsorption(Ka)
and mobility (Koc) coefficients of Ka=6'172 and Koc=6'171'657 for sand, Ka=5'123 and
Koc=640'389 for sandy loam, Ka=32'429 and Koc=1'663'039 for clay loam, and Ka=10'797 and
Koc=2'159'346 for silt loam.
The desorption (Kd) and mobility (Kdoc) coefficients are following reported: Kd=7173 and
Kdoc=7137310 for sand, Kd=96540 and Kdoc=12067457 for sandy loam, Kd=165556 and
Kdoc=8490062 for silty clay loam, and Kd=14083 and Kdoc=2816590 for silt loam.It is well
known that because of their positive charge, the cationic surfactants adsorb strongly to the
negatively charged surfaces of sludge, soil and sediments. The average Koc is 2658608 l/kg.
Due to the fact that C12-16-ADBAC was readily biodegradable, field studies on accumulation in
the sediment, aerobic degradation studies in soil, field soil dissipation and accumulation studies
were not needed.
Mobility
The results of this study indicated that C12-16-ADBAC had little or no potential for mobility in
soil and should not pose an environmental risk for contamination of ground water. Therefore,
mobility-lysimeter studies were not justified.
Bioaccumulation
The bioconcentration potential of C12-16-ADBAC in fish was investigated in a flow through test
with bluegill (35 d exposure + 21 d depuration). Based on the measured 14C residues, the
steady-state BCF (whole fish) was 79, indicating C12-16-ADBAC has a low potential for
bioaccumulation.No data are available on the BCFearthworm and calculation according to TGD
(eq. 82d) is not applicable to ionic substances, therefore bioaccumulation by terrestrial
organisms cannot be estimated with the data available. Nevertheless, it has been calculated that
risk of secondary poisoning would arise from a BCFearthworm close or higher to 2000 (see IIA,
4.1.3; IIB, 3.3.5; IIIA, 7.5.5.1), which is considered unrealistic, and therefore the measurement
of a terrestrial BCF is deemed not necessary.
Leaching study
Read-across between ADBAC and DDAC was accepted at TM level (TMII 09).
The leaching values used in the calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) are
derived from laboratory tests, which were conducted according to the American WoodPreserver’s Association Standard Method E11-97 being different from the OECD guidelines.
The RMS considered this study acceptable, without an assessment factor, because it resembles
a worst-case as the wooden blocks are continuously submerged in water taking into account the
high water solubility for DDAC, that was accepted at TM level (TMI 09 and TMII 09). The
leaching study provided a worst-case leaching value that was used for Risk Assessment. No
assessment factors are applied to the leaching rate of 0.19% per day (i.e. 2.6% in 14 days)
because higher leaching rates would indicate a commercially non-viable situation in which the
38
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
wood preservative would not be retained for sufficient time to warrant the expense of the
treatment.
The FLUX and Q*Leach have been calculated according to the Appendices I and II of the
OECD ESD. The FLUX and Q*Leach values are following reported:
Daily FLUX (TIME1) = 1.56 x 10-5 kg/m2/d
Daily FLUX (TIME2) = 1.52 x 10-7 kg/m2/d
Q*Leach (TIME1) = 5.52 x 10-4 kg/m2
Q*Leach (TIME2) = 1.19 x 10-3 kg/m2
39
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.2.2 Effects assessment
Aquatic Compartment
The toxicity of C12-16-ADBAC to aquatic organisms is documented by short- and long-term
studies with fresh water species belonging to three trophic levels.
The results of short-term toxicity studies indicate that C12-16-ADBAC is very toxic to fish,
daphnia, and plants. The most sensitive group is invertebrates (Daphnia magna, 48hEC50=
0.0058 mg a.s./l), followed by algae (Selenastrum capricornutum, with a 72 h ErC50 = 0.049
mg a.s./l), fish (fathead minnow, 96hLC50 = 0.28 mg a.s./l) and plants (Lemna gibba, ErC50 =
0.25 mg a.s./l). The chronic toxicity of C12-16-ADBAC is < 10 times higher than the acute
toxicity, as expected for substances with a non specific mode of action. Also in long-term tests,
Daphnia magna was the most sensitive organism with a 21d NOEC ≥ 4.15 µg a.s./l, followed
by algae (ErC10 = 9 µg a.s./l) and fish (fathead minnow, 34d NOEC = 32.2 µg a.s./l). The
PNEC aquatic is derived from the Daphnia NOEC, applying a factor of 10, therefore:
PNEC water = 0.000415 mg a.s./l.
The hazard of C12-16-ADBAC to sediment dwelling organisms is based on a chronic sedimentspiked test with Chironomus tentans from which a 28 d NOEC was 520 mg a.s./kg dw was
derived (equivalent to 357.24 mg/kg wwt). Anyhow, it should be noted that in this test midge
larvae were fed with fresh food and Chironomus is not a true endobenthic ingester, hence the
toxicity of C12-16-ADBAC might have been underestimated, because of its high adsorption
potential. The PNECsediment is calculated applying an assessment factor of 100 to this NOEC,
therefore:
PNEC sediments = 3.57 mg a.s./kg wwt.
The effects of C12-16-ADBAC on microbial activity in STP has been investigated in one 3 hours
respiration study on activated sewage sludge. From this test, a NOEC = 1.6 mg a.s./l and a
EC50 = 7.75 mg a.s./l have been retrieved. The lowest PNEC is obtained from the EC50
divided by an assessment factor of 100:
PNECmicroorganisms = 0.0775 mg a.s./l.
Metabolites
No metabolites are known, following the degradation of C12-16-ADBAC in water.
40
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Terrestrial Compartment
Acute toxicity tests have been conducted on soil dwelling invertebrates and plants and one 28d
study on nitrogen and carbon transformation is available.
The effect of ADBAC on earthworms was assessed in an acute toxicity test with E. foetida. The
14-day LC50 was 7070 mg/kg dry soil, the NOEC was 953 mg/kg dry soil.
No effect of C12-16-ADBAC on nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and carbon dioxide formation was
observed in a 28 d test at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg dry soil in two soil types.
In a 18-20 days seedling emergence and growth test with mustard, mung bean and wheat the
lowest endopoint retrieved was for mustard, EC50 (based on growth) = 277 mg/kg. dw soil,
equivalent to 274.8 mg/kg wwt soil.
The PNECsoil is derived from the toxicity endpoint of the most sensitive organism (plants,
mustard) using the EC50 based on wet weight soil with an AF 1000, leading to:
PNECsoil = 0.275 mg/kg wwt.
The acute oral toxicity of C12-16-ADBAC to birds has been measured on northern bobwhite
quail and provided a LD50 = 164 mg/kg b.w. In the two short term dietary toxicity tests
conducted with bobwhite quail and mallard duck, no mortality was observed up to the highest
tested concentration (5620 mg a.s./kg). The lowest endpoint is retrieved for mallard duck, i.e.
LC50 > 2463 mg a.s./kg food (recalculated to account for food avoidance). An assessement
factor of 3000 was used to derive the PNEC:
PNECbirds > 0.821 mg a.s./kg.
From the several studies with mammals available, the relevant lowest NOEC = 400 mg/Kg
food was derived from a 52 weeks dietary repeated doses study with dogs.
For PNECoral calculation an assessment factor of 30 is applied, therefore:
PNECmammals = 400 mg/kg / AF30 = 13.33 mg/kg.
Endocrine effects.
Based on available experimental results, there is no indication that C12-16-ADBAC affects the
endocrine system. Structural characteristics and SAR do not hint to possible effects of C12-16ADBAC as endocrine disruptor.
41
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.2.3 PBT assessment
P criterion: Half life > >120 d in freshwater sediment.
From data of hydrolysis: C12-16-ADBAC is hydrolytically stable over an environmentally
relevant pH range of 5-9. From data of photolysis in water, C12-16-ADBAC was found to be
photolytically stable in the absence of a photosensitiser. C12-16-ADBAC is ready
biodegradable therefore, according to the screening criteria for P, vP (ECHA Guidance on
information requirements and chemical safety assessment Chapter R.11: PBT Assessment), the
P criterion is not fulfilled.
B criterion: BCF > 2000
For C12-16-ADBAC the calculated bioconcentration factor in fish is 79. Therefore, the B
criterion is not fulfilled.
T criterion: Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/L or CMR or endocrine disrupting effects, other
evidence
The substance is classified as Xn;R22 C;R34 N;R50. The most sensitive species is Daphnia
Magna for which a NOEC of 0.00415 mg/l has been derived from a 21 d reproduction study.
The whole evidence of the available information indicates that the T criterion is fulfilled.
Conclusion for the risk characterisation: The active substance C12-16-ADBAC does not
meet the PBT criteria.
42
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.2.4 Exposure assessment
Aquatic Compartment Exposure assessment
PECs have been calculated according to the OECD Emission Scenario Document for Wood
Preservatives (ESD).
Local PEC
Scenario 1: Dipping treatment during application
PEClocalwater STP
0.0047 mg/l
PEClocalsed STP
271 mg/kgwwt
PECmicroorganism STP
0.237 mg/l
Scenario 2: Dipping treatment during storage
PEClocalwater run-off
2.3 x 10-3 mg/l
PEClocalsed run-off
133 mg/kgwwt
Scenario 3: Vacuum pressure treatment during application
PEClocalwater STP
0.0014 mg/l
PEClocalsed STP
82.3 mg/kgwwt
PECmicroorganism STP
0.071 mg/l
Scenario 4: Vacuum pressure treatment during storage
PEClocalwater
1.7 x 10-3 mg/l
PEClocalsed
98 mg/kgwwt
*Scenario 5: Bridge over pond
PEClocalwater
PEClocalsed
Time1
0.09 mg/l
Time2
0.00006 mg/l
Time1
5204 mg/kgwwt
Time2
3.5 mg/kgwwt
Time1
0.0025 mg/l
Time2
0.00002 mg/l
Time1
60 mg/kgwwt
Time2
0.5 mg/kgwwt
Time1
0.02 mg/l
Scenario 6: Noise Barrier
PEClocalwater STP
PEClocalsed STP
PECmicroorganism STP
43
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
Time2
September 2012
0.0002 mg/l
*Not being supported by the Applicant, the risks occurring from the in situ application have not
been evaluated. Consequently, the risk assessment for the use scenario 5 has been overruled.
Terrestrial Compartment Exposure assessment
In the following table has been reported the PECs calculated using the OECD Emission
Scenario Document for Wood Preservatives (ESD).
The leaching values used in the calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) are
derived from laboratory tests, which were conducted according to the American WoodPreserver’s Association Standard Method E11-97 being different from the OECD guidelines.
The study was conduct on the analogue DDAC, the read-across between ADBAC and DDAC
was accepted at TM level (TMII 09). The RMS considered this study acceptable, without an
assessment factor, because it resembles a worst-case as the wooden blocks are continuously
submerged in water taking into account the high water solubility for DDAC, that was accepted
at TM level (TMI 09 and TMII 09). The leaching study provided a worst-case leaching value
that was used for Risk Assessment. No assessment factors are applied to the leaching rate of
0.19% per day (i.e., 2.6% in 14 days) because higher leaching rates would indicate a
commercially non-viable situation in which the wood preservative would not be retained for
sufficient time to warrant the expense of the treatment.
Local PEC
Scenario 2: Dipping treatment during storage
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil, porew
Scenario 4: Vacuum pressure treatment during storage
3.0 mg/kg
5.4 mg/kg
9.0 x 10-5 mg/l
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil, porew
Scenario 6: Treated wood in service Noise barrier
3.0 mg/kg
7.2 mg/kg
2.3 x 10-4 mg/l
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2) refined including degradation*
PECgw
Scenario 7: Treated wood in service Fence
1.2 mg/kg
2.5 mg/kg
0.5 mg/kg
3.0 x 10-5 mg/l
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2) refined including degradation*
PECgw max
2.6 mg/kg
5.6 mg/kg
0.34 mg/kg
6.0 x 10-5 mg/l
44
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Scenario 8: Treated wood in service House
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2) refined including degradation*
PECgw max
Scenario 9: Treated wood in service Transmission pole
3.1 mg/kg
6.7 mg/kg
0.4 mg/kg
7.0 x 10-5 mg/l
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2) refined including degradation*
PECgw max
Scenario 10: Treated wood in service fence post
0.4 mg/kg
1.0 mg/kg
0.06 mg/kg
1.0 x 10-6 mg/l
PEClocalsoil (TIME 1)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2)
PEClocalsoil (TIME 2) refined including degradation*
PECgw max
0.4 mg/kg
0.8 mg/kg
0.04 mg/kg
1.0 x 10-6 mg/l
* the equations available in the OECD ESD document (Chapter 7, Removal processes in the receiving
compartment, p.115).
Atmospheric Compartment Exposure assessment
In the following table has been reported the PECs calculated using the default values (worstcase).
Local PEC
(OECD ESD)
Scenario 1: Dipping treatment during application
Annual average local PEC in air
Scenario 3: Vacuum pressure treatment during application
Annual average local PEC in air
45
4.56 x 10-7 mg/m3
1.14 x 10-5 mg/m3
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
2.2.2.5 Risk characterisation
Aquatic Compartment
Scenario
PEC/PNEC values
Water
compartment
Sediment
compartment
Sewage
treatment
plant
Scenario 1 (dipping treatment during application)
11.3
75.9
3.05
Scenario 2 (dipping treatment during storage)
Scenario 3 (Vacuum pressure treatment during
application)
Scenario 4 (Vacuum pressure treatment during storage)
5.54
37.3
-
3.37
23.1
0.92
4.09
27.5
-
Time1
6.02
40.6
0.26
Time2
0.05
0.34
0.0025
Scenario 6 (Noise Barrier)
The PEC/PNEC ratios for the water and sediment compartments in the scenario 1, 2, 3 and 4
(dipping treatment during application and storage, vacuum pressure treatment during
application and storage) are higher than 1. For the use scenario 1, the PEC/PNEC value is
higher than the trigger value of 1 also for the sediment and sewage treatment plant. For the
water and sediment compartments in the scenario 6 (Noise barrier) the PEC/PNEC ratio is
higher than 1 in the short term whilst the long term use does not pose any risk.
In conclusion, in order to reduce emissions from the application and storage phases for aquatic
compartment, the dipping and vacuum pressure treatment must be performed only by those
plants where significant losses can be contained (e.g., no drain connections to storm drains or
STP) and appropriately recycled/disposed.
46
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Terrestrial Compartment including Groundwater
Summary of PEC/PNEC values for terrestrial compartment
Scenario
PEC/PNEC values
Terrestrial compartment
After 30 days
10.9
Scenario 2: Storage of dipped/ immersed wood
After 15 years
Scenario 4: Storage of vacuum-pressure-treated wood:
After 30 days
After 20 years
Scenario 6: Treated wood in service: Noise barrier
After 30 days
After 20 years*
19.6
10.9
26.2
4.36
1.8
Scenario 7: Treated wood in service: Fence
After 30 days
After 20 years
9.5
1.2
Scenario 8: Treated wood in service: House
After 30 days
After 20 years
11.3
1.5
Scenario 9: Treated wood in service: Transmission pole
After 30 days
After 20 years
1.45
0.2
Scenario 10: Treated wood in service: Fence post
After 30 days
After 20 years
3.64
0.15
Thus, for scenarios 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8 the PEC/PNEC values are higher than 1 suggesting that
there is unacceptable for the terrestrial compartment.
For scenarios 2 and 4 the PEC/PNEC values are higher than 1 suggesting that there is
unacceptable risk for the terrestrial compartment. Furthermore, an increasing risk over time has
been predicted for both the scenarios. Therefore, all timber treated by dipping and vacuum
pressure applications should be stored on impermeable hard standing surfaces so as to prevent
direct losses to soil and allow losses to be collected for re-use or disposal.
For scenarios 6, 7, and 8 the PEC/PNEC values are higher than 1 in the short-term whilst for
the long-term use the PEC/PNEC values are round 1.
For scenario 9 and 10 the PEC/PNEC values are higher than 1 in the short-term whilst the longterm use does not pose any risk.
47
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Being a potential risk identified for a number of the terrestrial compartments, the use products
should be restricted to prevent the use for treatment of wood in contact with fresh water or used
for outdoor constructions near or above water, or for treatment of wood that will be continually
exposed to the weather or subject to frequent wetting. Therefore, the product should be
restricted to prevent use on wood in use class 3 unless, a safe use of the product is also
demonstrated by providing data such as an additional leaching study at product authorization
stage. In fact, the leaching data currently used for the derivation of the PEC values were
generated with a worst-case leaching value. Particularly, the leaching study simulates worstcase conditions being the wooden blocks continuously submerged in water, for a period of 14
days, taking into account the high water solubility for DDAC, that was accepted at TM level
(TMI 09 and TMII 09).
Summary of PEC/PNEC values for groundwater
As an indication for potential groundwater levels, the concentration in porewater of agricultural
soil is taken, according to the TGD equations 67 and 68. It should be noted that this is a worstcase assumption, neglecting transformation and dilution in deeper soil layers.
Scenario
PEC
Limit value
PEC/PNEC
values
mg/l
Scenario 2: Storage of dipped/ immersed 0.00017 mg/l
wood
1.7
0.00023 mg/l
2.3
0.00003 mg/l
0.3
Scenario 4: Storage of vacuum-pressuretreated wood:
Scenario 6: Treated wood in service: Noise
barrier
Scenario 7: Treated wood in service: Fence
Scenario 8: Treated wood in service: House
0.00006 mg/l
0.00007 mg/l
Scenario 9: Treated wood in service: 0.00001 mg/l
Transmission pole
Scenario 10:Treated wood in service: Fence 0.00001 mg/l
post
0.0001
0.6
0.7
0.1
0. 1
For scenarios 2 and 4, PEC/PNEC ratios higher than 1 are indicating a potential risk for
groundwater. However, in order to reduce emissions from the storage phases for aquatic
compartment, the dipping and vacuum pressure treatment must be performed only by those
plants where significant losses can be contained (e.g no drain connections to storm drains or
STP) and appropriately recycled/disposed.
48
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Environmental risk in the atmosphere
For the atmosphere compartment no PNEC values are available. However, for all scenarios, the
PEC in air is considered to be negligible (≤ 1E-05) suggesting that there is no concern for this
compartment.
Primary and secondary poisoning (non-compartment specific effects relevant to the food chain)
Scenario
PEC/PNEC values
Fish-eating mammals
Fish-eating birds
Scenario 1: Dipping application
0.046
<0.751
Scenario
2
Storage
dipping/immersed wood
0.01
<0.222
of
Scenario 3 Vacuum pressure
application
0.014
<0.222
Scenario 4 Storage of Vacuum
pressure treated wood
0.010
<0.163
Thus, as all PEC/PNEC values are < 1 for all scenarios, there is no concern with regard to non
compartment specific effects relevant to the food chain (secondary poisoning via aquatic food
chain)
49
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
3. DECISION
3.1. Background to the Proposed Decision
On the basis of the proposed and supported uses and the evaluation conducted as summarised
in chapter 2 of this document, it can be concluded that under the conditions listed in chapter 3.2
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC) fulfils the requirements
laid down in Article 5(1) (b), (c), and (d) of Directive 98/8/EC, apart from those corresponding
to the list in chapter 3.4 below. C12-16-ADBAC is proposed to be included in Annex I of the
Directive pending on the submission of the data/information required by RMS under
chapter 3.4.
The overall conclusion from the human health evaluation of C12-16-ADBAC, for use in product
type 8 (wood preservatives) is that the active substance in biocidal products containing 2% w/w
C12-16-ADBAC will not present an unacceptable risk to humans during the proposed normal
use. This conclusion relies on the fact that users will be applying the basic principles of good
practice and using appropriate and obligatory PPE (as identified in Document II-C and below);
in particular for the vacuum pressure treatment where considerable contamination of the
operator can be anticipated, a higher degree of protection than typical work clothing is
warranted. Consequently, it is assumed impermeable coveralls will be worn. Also, to reduce
exposure via the hands, operators would be required to wear new protective gloves at the start
of each daily dipping session.
For the secondary exposure assessment risks have been identified for the exposed populations.
Therefore, mitigation measure is proposed in order to prevent that children enter in direct
contact with treated wood.
As regards the environmental risk assessment, unacceptable risks have been identified for the
aquatic compartment due to the industrial or professional applications (dipping and vacuum
pressure treatments) and storage of products containing 2% w/w C12-16-ADBAC. The wood
preservative products containing C12-16-ADBAC at 2% w/w must not be used to treat wooden
structures located where direct losses to water cannot be prevented. For the water and sediment
compartments in the Noise barrier scenario the PEC/PNEC values are higher than 1 in the
short-term use whilst the long-term use does not pose any risk. For the scenarios presenting a
concern risk mitigation measures are proposed.
For the terrestrial compartment unacceptable risks have been identified following storage on
site and wood in service. For the Noise Barrier, Fence and House scenarios the PEC/PNEC
values are higher than 1 in the short-term whilst for the long-term use the PEC/PNEC values
are round 1. Therefore the product should be restricted to prevent use for treatment of wood in
Use Class 3. For Transmission Pole and Fence Post scenarios the PEC/PNEC values are higher
than 1 in the short-term whilst the long-term use does not pose any risk.
For these scenarios risk reduction measures are proposed in order to prevent the direct losses to
the soil.
50
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
For the groundwater compartment, unacceptable risks have been identified following storage
on site. Therefore, risk reduction measure is proposed in order to prevent losses which would
be collected for re-use or disposal.
C12-16-ADBAC is proposed to be included in Annex I of the Directive.
The Annex I – entry should, however, only include the intended uses with the conditions and
restrictions proposed in this report.
51
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
3.2. Proposed Decision regarding Inclusion in Annex I
The Italian CA recommends that Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16ADBAC) is included in Annex I to Directive 98/8/EC as an active substance for use in wood
preservative products (Product-type 8), subject to the following specific provisions:
Common name:
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-16-ADBAC)
IUPAC name:
Not applicable
CAS No.:
68424-85-1
EC No.:
270-325-2
Minimum degree of purity of the active substance:
The active substance as manufactured shall have a minimum purity of 94% (w/w) dry weight.
Identity and maximum content of impurities:
The identity and maximum content of impurities must not differ in such a way as to invalidate
the assessment for the inclusion of the active substance on to Annex I.
Product types:
Wood preservative (product-type 8)
Specific provisions:
Member States shall ensure that authorisations are subject to the following condition:
1. For industrial or professional users safe operational procedures shall be established, and
products shall be used with appropriate personal protective equipment, unless it can be
demonstrated in the application for product authorisation that risks can be reduced to an
acceptable level by other means.
2. Products shall not be used for treatment of wood with which children may enter in
direct contact, unless it can be demonstrated in the application for product authorisation
that risks can be reduced to an acceptable level.
3. Labels and, where provided, safety data sheets of products authorised shall indicate that
industrial or professional application shall be conducted within a contained area or on
impermeable hard standing with bunding, and that freshly treated timber shall be stored
after treatment on impermeable hard standing to prevent direct losses to soil or water,
and that any losses from the application of the product shall be collected for reuse or
disposal.
52
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
4. Products shall not be authorised for treatment of wood that will be in contact with fresh
water or used for outdoor constructions near or above water, continually exposed to the
weather or subject to frequent wetting, unless data is submitted to demonstrate that the
product will meet the requirements of Article 5 and Annex VI, if necessary by the
application of appropriate mitigation measures.
3.3. Elements to be taken into account by Member States when authorising products
Products containing C12-16-ADBAC are intended to be used in the treatment of wood by
Dipping/immersion process and vacuum pressure application by industrial/professional users
only. Indeed in consideration of the potential risk derived for the in-situ treatment scenarios
this application shall not be authorised.
Human Health and Environmental Risk Assessment has been performed on the knowledge that
the wood treatment solution employed contains 2% a.s. Therefore any deviation from the value
of 2% increasing the concentration of the substance in the final treatment solution, must
undergo through a specific risk assessment.
When authorising the product use Member States Authorities should ensure that the Risk
Reduction Measure described in Sections 3.2 and 3.5 are applied. In particular, due to the
irritant/corrosive properties, labels and/or safety data sheets of products authorised for
industrial or professional use should indicate the need of specific Personal Protective
Equipments in according to the following characteristics:
Hygiene measures
Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after
handling the product.
Respiratory protection
In the case of vapour formation, use a respirator with an approved filter. Respirator with a
vapour filter of the following type should be used: EN 141.
Hand protection for long-term exposure
Suitable material for gloves: Nitrile rubber
Break through time / glove: > 480 min
Minimal thickness / glove: 0.7 mm
Take note of the information given by the producer concerning permeability and break through
times, and of special workplace conditions (mechanical strain, duration of contact).
Hand protection for short-term exposure (e.g. accidental aerosols from splashing etc.)
Suitable material for gloves: Nitrile rubber
53
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Break through time / glove: > 30 min
Minimal thickness / glove: 0.4 mm
Take note of the information given by the producer concerning permeability and break through
times, and of special workplace conditions (mechanical strain, duration of contact).
Eye protection
Tightly fitting safety goggles; Face-shield.
Skin and body protection
Choose body protection according to the amount and concentration of the dangerous substance
at the work place, Rubber or plastic apron, Rubber or plastic boots.
Moreover due to the possibility of systemic effects the use new gloves on each working day in
order to benefit of an extra protection, is strongly recommended.
At the product authorisation stage, efficacy should be demonstrated according to uses claimed
As the assessment should not be considered as comprehensive of the overall exposure
pathways, additional exposure scenarios covering overall exposure pathways should be
estimated at Product Authorization stage when the guidelines on the risk characterization for
the local effects are finalized, depending on the use patterns.
Additional leaching data should be submitted at the product authorisation stage in order to
demonstrate that use class 3 (treatment of wood exposed to weathering) can be acceptable.
3.4. Requirement for further information
The need for the following studies should in particular be considered:
•
Five-batch analysis data supporting each source of C12-16-ADBAC are required prior to
product authorization. These data must be generated on representative batches of the
technical concentrate and quantify the active substance, significant and relevant
impurities. The batch analysis data must be supported by fully validated methods of
analysis. Though valid analytical methods were concerned for Annex I inclusion for the
active substance, impurities and process solvents in the technical concentrate, additional
information/clarification must be provided for these methods if they are used to support
the new batch analysis data (please refer to the RMS specific requests in the evaluation
box of the relevant study summaries under Doc. IIIA). Such data should be submitted to
the RMS (Italy) within 6 months from the endorsement of the Assessment Report at the
Standing Committee on Biocidal Product (21st September 2012).
54
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
•
Additional highly-specific confirmatory methods for C12-16-ADBAC residues in soil and
water (both drinking- and surface-water) are required. These methods can be provided
at the product authorization stage at national level.
•
For the risk characterization of the local effects, sufficient data on inhalation toxicity for
ADBAC should be submitted at Product Authorization stage depending on the scenarios
of the biocidal product.
3.5. Updating this Assessment Report
This assessment report may need to be updated periodically in order to take account of
scientific developments and results from the examination of any of the information referred to
in Articles 7, 10.4 and 14 of Directive 98/8/EC. Such adaptations will be examined and
finalised in connection with any amendment of the conditions for the inclusion of C12-16ADBAC in Annex I to the Directive.
55
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Appendix I: List of end points
Chapter 1:
Identity, Physical and Chemical Properties, Details of Uses, Further
Information, and Proposed Classification and Labelling
Active substance (ISO Common Name)
Not available
Registered in EINECS as Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-(C12-16)-alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Function (e.g. fungicide)
Fungistatic and insecticide
Rapporteur Member State
Italy
Identity (Annex IIA, point II.)
Chemical name (IUPAC)
Not applicable
Chemical name (CA)
Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-(C12-16)alkyldimethyl, chlorides
CAS No
68424-85-1
EC No
270-325-2
Other substance No.
None
Minimum purity of the active substance as
manufactured (g/kg or g/l)
Identity of relevant impurities and additives
(substances of concern) in the active substance as
manufactured (g/kg)
Molecular formula
>940 g/kg
None
C9 H13 N Cl R where R = C12 H25, C14 H29 or C16 H33
Alkyl chain lengths distribution:
Chain
Length
C12
C14
C16
Molecular mass
Specification for
68424-85-1
39 - 75%
20 - 52%
< 12%
Typical Analysis of a
Commercial Product
41.82%
48.43%
9.51%
340.0 – 396.1 g/mol (Avg. = 359.6 g/mol)
Structural formula
Cl-
R
N+
R = C12H25
C14H29
C16H33
56
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Physical and chemical properties (Annex IIA, point III., unless otherwise indicated)
Melting point (state purity)
Boiling point (state purity)
Temperature of decomposition
Appearance (state purity)
Relative density (state purity)
Surface tension
Vapour pressure (in Pa, state temperature)
Henry’s law constant (Pa m3 mol -1)
Solubility in water (g/l or mg/l, state temperature)
Solubility in organic solvents (in g/l or mg/l, state
temperature) (Annex IIIA, point III.1)
Stability in organic solvents used in biocidal
products including relevant breakdown products
(IIIA, point III.2)
Partition coefficient (log POW) (state temperature)
Dissociation constant (not stated in Annex IIA or
IIIA; additional data requirement from TNsG)
UV/VIS absorption (max.) (if absorption > 290 nm
state ε at wavelength)
Flammability
Explosive properties
The substance does not melt, but was observed to
decompose starting at approximately 150°C (96.6%)
The substance decomposed before melting (96.6%)
> 150°C
Light beige solid (96.6%)
0.96 at 20°C (96.6%)
31.3 mN/m at 20°C (test solution: 1 g/l aqueous
solution)
6.03E-04Pa@ 20°C
8.57E-04 Pa @ 25°C
4.22E-03 Pa @ 50°C
5.03E-07 Pa m3 mol -1 at 20°C
pH 5.5: 409 g/l at 20°C
pH 6.5: 431 g/l at 20°C
pH 8.2: 379 g/l at 20°C
Ethanol: > 250 g/l at 20°C
Isopropanol: >250 g/l at 20°C
Octanol: > 250 g/l at 20°C
Ethanol: Stable – < 5% loss over 2 weeks at 55 °C
(not acceptable but, due to the supporting information
provided, no new study is required)
Isopropanol: Stable – < 5% loss over 2 weeks at 55°C
(not acceptable but, due to the supporting information
provided, no new study is required)
Not determined (EC methods A.8 not applicable for
surfactants). Assessment by KOWWIN is inaccurate
(software database very limited for surfactants). Log
Pow could be roughly obtained from solubility in noctanol and water. However, this calculation is of no use
with regard to environmental fate and behaviour and
secondary poisoning risk assessment (experimental BCF
available)
Not applicable: the substance is irreversibly ionized
The ultraviolet/visible absorption spectra were consistent
with the assigned structure of the active substance
Not highly flammable
Not explosive
Classification and proposed labelling (Annex IIA, point IX.)
with regard to physical/chemical data
with regard to toxicological data
with regard to fate and behaviour data
with regard to ecotoxicological data
Specific concentration limits for the environmental
classification
No classification
C- Corrosive
R22; R34; S26, S28; S36/37/39; S45
No classification
N- Dangerous for the environment
R50; S60; S61
Cn ≥ 0.25 %: N; R50
57
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
Classification and proposed labeling based on Regulation EC 1272/2008
GHS Pictogram
GHS05, GHS07, GHS09
Signal Word
Danger
Hazard Statement
H302; H314; H400
Specific concentration limits for the environmental
classification
M= 100
58
September 2012
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Chapter 2:
Product-type 8
September 2012
Methods of Analysis
Analytical methods for the active substance
Technical active substance (principle of method)
(Annex IIA, point 4.1)
HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection
(ELSD). Confirmation by LC-MS
Impurities in technical active substance (principle
of method) (Annex IIA, point 4.1)
5-batch analysis supporting each source of C12-16ADBAC should be provided prior to product
authorization
HPLC-ELSD (identification by LC-MS)
Titration method
IC coupled with conductivity detector (additional
validation necessary)
Karl-Fischer titration and GFC/FID for process solvents
Analytical methods for residues
Soil (principle of method and LOQ) (Annex IIA,
point 4.2)
Air (principle of method and LOQ) (Annex IIA,
point 4.2)
Water (principle of method and LOQ) (Annex IIA,
point 4.2)
Body fluids and tissues (principle of method and
LOQ) (Annex IIA, point 4.2)
Food/feed of plant origin (principle of method and
LOQ for methods for monitoring purposes) (Annex
IIIA, point IV.1)
Food/feed of animal origin (principle of method
and LOQ for methods for monitoring purposes)
(Annex IIIA, point IV.1)
Extraction with methanol:water (90:10 v/v) containing
0.01 M ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid.
Analysis by LC-MS (m/z = 304.3 for C12-ADBAC).
LOQ = 0.01 mg/kg (total C12-16-ADBAC)
Confirmatory method should be provided for the product
authorization phase at national level
Not required. The a.s. is non-volatile; it will not be used
by spray application; measurable concentrations in the
air under normal use will not occur and are highly
unlikely even under unusual circumstances (e.g.
accidental release)
Partition with 0.1 M heptanesulfonic acid and
dichloromethane. Concentration by rotary evaporation
and re-dissolution in 0.1% formic acid in methanol.
Analysis by LC-MS (m/z 304.3= for C12-ADBAC).
LOQ = 0.1 µg/l (total C12-16-ADBAC)
Confirmatory method should be provided for the product
authorization phase at national level
Not required. The a.s. is neither toxic nor highly toxic
Not required. Wood treated with C12-16-ADBACcontaining biocidal product is not intended for and
contains label restrictions against use in areas where
food for human consumption is prepared, consumed or
stored, or where the feedingstuff for livestock is
prepared, consumed or stored
Not required. Wood treated with C12-16-ADBACcontaining biocidal product is not intended for and
contains label restrictions against use in areas where
food for human consumption is prepared, consumed or
stored, or where the feedingstuff for livestock is
prepared, consumed or stored
59
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Chapter 3:
Product-type 8
September 2012
Impact on Human Health
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in mammals (Annex IIA, point 6.2)
Rate and extent of oral absorption:
Rate and extent of dermal absorption:
Distribution:
Potential for accumulation:
Metabolism
Rate and extent of excretion:
Toxicologically significant metabolite
Based on data on urine excretion (5-8%) and tissue
residues (<1%), and on the highly ionic nature of the
a.s., it is expected that its oral absorption is limited
(about 10%). The majority (>90% ) of orally
administered Alkyldimethyl-benzylammonium Chloride
is excreted very likely unabsorbed via the faeces.
Based on data from an in vitro study on human skin, the
% absorbable was almost identical for the 2 different
dilutions (0.03% and 0.3%) tested Summing up the
radioactivity present in the receptor fluid, in the skin at
the application site (after stratum corneum removal)and
in the tape strips 6-20 the value for dermal absorption of
the a.s. to be considered in risk characterization is 8.3%.
Following i.v. administration in rats: 45 – 55% in faeces,
20 – 30% in urine, 30 – 35% in tissues. One week after
oral administration tissue residues were <1% .
None noted
Four major metabolites of ADBAC were identified, as
the product of alkyl chain hydroxylation. It can be
hypothesized that ADBAC metabolism is carried out by
gut microflora.
Following oral administration in rats: 87 – 99% excreted
in faecesas unabsorbed material, 5 – 8% excreted in
urine
None
Acute toxicity (Annex IIA, point 6.1)
Rat LD50 oral
344 mg/kg bw
Rabbit LD50 dermal
2848 mg/kg bw
Rat LC50 inhalation
Study not conducted
Skin irritation
Corrosive
NOAEL/NOAEC = 0.3% in water at 2.0 ml/kg body
weight per day (2 week-treatment)
Eye irritation
Corrosive
Skin sensitisation (test method used and result)
Buehler Test guinea pig – Not sensitising
Maximization test with Didecyldimethylammonium
Chloride (chemical and structural analog) – Not
sensitising
60
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Repeated dose toxicity (Annex IIA, point 6.3)
Species/ target / critical effect
Gastrointestinal symptoms (due to irritation of GI
mucosa) in all species tested.
Lowest relevant oral NOAEL
NOEL = 13.1 mg/kg/day (1 year Dog)
Lowest relevant dermal NOAEL
NOEL = 20 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose tested and
achievable without relevant irritation effects)
Lowest relevant inhalation NOAEL
Not conducted
Genotoxicity (Annex IIA, point 6.6)
In-vitro:
Ames test – negative (with and without metabolic
activity)
Chromosomal aberration test – negative (with and
without metabolic activity)
Mammalian cell gene mutation assay – negative (with
and without metabolic activity)
In-vivo:
Micronucleus assay - negative
Carcinogenicity (Annex IIA, point 6.4)
Species/type of tumour
Rat/none, Mouse/none
lowest dose with tumours
Negative
Reproductive toxicity (Annex IIA, point 6.8)
Species/ Reproduction target / critical effect
Rat / NOEL / reduced weight gain and food consumption
in parental and F1 animals
Lowest relevant reproductive NOAEL / LOAEL
LOEL/NOEL parental = 2000 / 1000 mg/kg food (> 100
mg/kg bw/day / > 50 mg/kg bw/day )
LOEL/NOEL F1 offspring = 2000 / 1000 mg/kg food (>
100 mg/kg bw/day / > 50 mg/kg bw/day)
NOEL F2 offspring = 1000 mg/kg food (> 50 mg/kg
b.w)
Species/Developmental target / critical effect
Rat /NOEL / maternal toxicity
Lowest relevant developmental NOAEL / LOAEL
LOEL/NOEL maternal = 30 mg/kg bw/day / 10 mg/kg
bw/day
NOEL developmental ≥ 100 mg/kg bw/day
Species/Developmental target / critical effect
Rabbit / NOEL / maternal toxicity
61
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Lowest relevant developmental NOAEL / LOAEL
Product-type 8
September 2012
LOEL/NOEL maternal = 9,0 mg/kg bw/day / 3.0 mg/kg
bw/day
NOEL developmental ≥ 9.0 mg/kg bw/day
Neurotoxicity / Delayed neurotoxicity (Annex IIIA, point VI.1)
Species/ target/critical effect
Lowest relevant developmental NOAEL / LOAEL
Study not conducted/ not relevant
Other toxicological studies (Annex IIIA, VI/XI)
...............................................................................
None required
Medical data (Annex IIA, point 6.9)
...............................................................................
No substance-specific effects have been noted. No
specific observations or sensitivity/allergenicity have
been reported.
62
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Summary for local effects
Value
Study
Safety factor
2-week skin irritation study
in rats
3.2
Non-Professional users
ADI (if residues in food
or feed)
Not applicable
Professional users
AEC
(Acceptable
Exposure Concentration)
0.014 mg/cm2
Reference value for
dermal absorption
Not applicable
Drinking water limit
Not applicable
ARfD (acute reference
dose)
Not applicable
Acceptable exposure scenarios for local effects (including method of calculation)
Industrial/Professional users
(MIXING&LOADING
Hands:
0.000275 mg/cm2
Riskofderm Connecting lines); 0.077mg/cm2 (Vacuum
pressure treatment - Handling Model1)
Body: 0.005mg/cm2 (Dipping treatment - Handling
Model1) - 0.009mg/cm2 (Vacuum pressure treatment Handling Model1)
Feet: 0.027mg/cm2 (Vacuum pressure treatment Handling Model1) - 0.036mg/cm2 (Dipping treatment Handling Model1)
Production of active substance:
Formulation of biocidal product
Intended uses
Dipping and Vacuum pressure industrial/professional
applications
Secondary exposure
Dermal: 0.22% ADBAC
Non-professional users
Indirect exposure as a result of use
63
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Summary for systemic effects (Annex IIA, point 6.10)
Value
Study
Safety factor
100
Non-Professional users
ADI (if residues in food
or feed)
Not applicable
Industrial/Professional
users
AEL (Operator/Worker
Exposure)
0.13 mg/kg/day
1 year oral study on dogs
Reference value for
dermal absorption
8.3%
In vitro on human skin
Drinking water limit
0.1 µg/l
As set by EU drinking
water Directive 98/83/EC
ARfD (acute reference
dose)
Not applicable.
64
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
Acceptable exposure scenarios for systemic effects (including method of calculation)
Industrial/Professional users
AEL% = 2.38 – 153% of the AEL
Production of active substance:
Not applicable
Formulation of biocidal product
Not applicable
Secondary exposure
Not applicable
Non-professional users
Not applicable
Indirect exposure as a result of use
MOE(dermal) = 29– 188
MOE(inhalation) = 3226 – 19230
MOE(oral) = 31 - 655
65
September 2012
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Chapter 4:
Product-type 8
September 2012
Fate and Behaviour in the Environment
Route and rate of degradation in water (Annex IIA, point 7.6, IIIA, point XII.2.1, 2.2)
Hydrolysis of active substance and relevant
metabolites (DT50) (state pH and temperature)
pH___5___: >30 days at 25°C
pH___7___: >30 days at 25°C
pH___9___: >30 days at 25°C
Photolytic / photo-oxidative degradation of active
substance and resulting relevant metabolites
The photolysis data available for DDAC are adequate for
ATMAC. The test substance is photolytically stable in
absence of a photosensitising agent.
Readily biodegradable (yes/no)
Yes
Biodegradation in seawater
Not used in seawater
Non-extractable residues
Not applicable
Distribution in water / sediment systems (active
substance)
A biodegradation study in two water/sediment systems
has been performed on DDAC and shoed that the
substance easily migrates from the aqueous phase to the
sediment phase and is also easily adsorbed to sediments
(high Koc). The degradation in the sediment phase did
not increase very much after the first month and the
DT50 of the total system was not reached within the 120
days test duration
Distribution in
(metabolites)
Not applicable
water
/
sediment
systems
Route and rate of degradation in soil (Annex IIIA, point VII.4, XII.1.1, XII.1.4; Annex VI,
para. 85)
Mineralization (aerobic)
No data available
Laboratory studies (range or median, with number
of measurements, with regression coefficient)
No data available
Field studies (state location, range or median with
number of measurements)
Not applicable:
Anaerobic degradation
Active substance is readily biodegradable
Soil photolysis
Stable, not subject to photogradation in soil
Non-extractable residues
No data available
Relevant metabolites - name and/or code, % of
applied a.i. (range and maximum)
Not measured
Soil accumulation and plateau concentration
No data available
66
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Adsorption/desorption (Annex IIA, point XII.7.7; Annex IIIA, point XII.1.2)
Ka , Kd
Kaoc , Kdoc
pH dependence (yes / no) (if yes type of
dependence)
Ka (Kaoc) values for four soil types:
Sand: 6’172 (6’171’657)
Sandy loam: 5’123 (640’389)
Clay loam: 32’429 (1’663’039)
Silt loam: 10’797 (2’159’346)
Kd (Kdoc) values for four soil types:
Sand: 7173 (7’137’310)
Sandy loam: 965’401 (12’067’457)
Clay loam: 65’556 (84’900’622)
Silt loam: 14’083 (2’816’590)
No pH dependence
Fate and behaviour in air (Annex IIIA, point VII.3, VII.5)
Direct photolysis in air
Atmospheric t½ = 3 hr (AOPWIN Model)
Quantum yield of direct photolysis
Not specified
Photo-oxidative degradation in air
Latitude: ............. Season: ................. DT50 ..............
Volatilization
Not volatile [vapour pressure <1E-05 hPa (<1E-03 Pa) at
50°C]
Monitoring data, if available (Annex VI, para. 44)
Soil (indicate location and type of study)
No data available
Surface water (indicate location and type of study)
No data available
Ground water (indicate location and type of study)
No data available
Air (indicate location and type of study)
No data available
67
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Chapter 5:
Product-type 8
September 2012
Effects on Non-target Species
Toxicity data for aquatic species (most
(Annex IIA, point 8.2, Annex IIIA, point 10.2)
Species
sensitive
species
of
each
group)
Time-scale
Endpoint
Toxicity (a.s.)
Fathead
minnow
(Pimephales promelas)
96 h
Mortality
LC50 0.28 mg/l
Fathead
minnow
(Pimephales promelas)
34 d
Growth and survival
NOEC 0.0322
(survival)
Daphnia magna
48 h
Immobilisation
EC50 0.0058 mg/l
Daphnia magna
21 d
Reproduction
NOEC≥ 0.00415 mg/l
Chironomus tentans
28d
Mortality and growth
NOEC 520 mg/kg dw
(survival/emergence)
72 hr
Growth inhibition
ErC50 = 0.049 mg/l
Fish
mg/l
Invertebrates
Algae 1
Selenastrum capricornutum
ErC10 0.009 mg/l
Plants
Lemna gibba
7d
Growth inhibition
ErC50 =
number)
0.25
3 hr
Respiration inhibition
EC50 7.75 mg/l
(frond
Microorganisms
Activated sewage sludge
1
Algae are target organisms for DDAC.
Effects on earthworms or other soil non-target organisms
Acute
toxicity
to
(Annex IIIA, point XIII.3.2)
Eisenia
foetida
LC50 7070 mg a.s./kg dw, in artificial soil
NOEC 953 mg a.s./kg dw, in artificial soil
Reproductive toxicity to …………………………
(Annex IIIA, point XIII.3.2)
No data available.
Acute toxicity to plants
EC50 Mustard: 277 mg a.s./kg dw
(Annex Point IIA 7.5.1.3
Effects on soil micro-organisms (Annex IIA, point 7.4)
Nitrogen mineralization
EC50 > 1000 mg a.s./kg dw
Carbon mineralization
EC50 > 1000 mg a.s./kg dw
68
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Effects on terrestrial vertebrates
Dose-related reduction in body weight gain mammals
NOEC 400 mg a.s. /kg food (52 weeks, dog)
(Annex Point IIA6.8.2)
Acute
toxicity
(Annex IIIA, point XIII.1.1)
to
Dietary
toxicity
(Annex IIIA, point XIII.1.2)
to
Dietary
toxicity
(Annex IIIA, point XIII.1.2)
to
Reproductive
toxicity
(Annex IIIA, point XIII.1.3)
birds
Northern bobwhite quail
LD50 = 164 mg a.s./kg bw
birds
Northern bobwhite quail
LC50 = >3813 mg a.s. /kg food
birds
Mallard duck
LC50 = >2463 mg a.s. /kg food
to
birds
Not available
Effects on honeybees (Annex IIIA, point XIII.3.1)
Acute oral toxicity
Not appropriate
Acute contact toxicity
Not appropriate
Effects on other beneficial arthropods (Annex IIIA, point XIII.3.1)
Acute oral toxicity
Not appropriate
Acute contact toxicity
Not appropriate
Acute toxicity to …………………………………..
Not appropriate
Bioconcentration (Annex IIA, point 7.5)
Bioconcentration factor (BCF)
Measured BCFfish whole body = 79
BCF edible tissues = 33
BCF non edible tissues = 160
BCFearthworm not available
Depuration time (DT50)
(DT90)
Level of metabolites (%) in organisms accounting
for > 10 % of residues
14-21 d ( non edible tissues)
>21d (edible tissues and whole body)
No data available
69
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Chapter 6:
Product-type 8
Other End Points
70
September 2012
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Appendix II: List of Intended Uses
Summary of intended uses
The biocidal product containing the active substance is used in two
wood preservative treatment applications: dipping and vacuum
pressure processes.
For both processes the preservative is delivered to the processing
plant by tanker in the form of a concentrate. The concentrate contains
25% of the active substance Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride. It is diluted to a suitable working strength with
water. The degree of dilution varies depending on the wood species,
type of wood product and anticipated use. The requirements for
Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride concentration in both
processes vary between 0.4% and 2%.
Dipping/ immersion process
Application rate: 2 kg a.s./m3 (worst case site-specific information)
Total amount of a.s. processed per site per day: 4 kg
Total tonnage of a.s. processed per site per year: Confidential
(Reference B) (worst case)
Total tonnage of a.s. used in region: Confidential (Reference C)
(widespread use, 10% of tonnage used in default region)
Vacuum pressure process
Application rate: 2 kg a.s./m3 (worst-case site-specific information)
Total amount of a.s. processed per day: Confidential (Refernce E)
Total tonnage of a.s. processed per site per year: Confidential
(Reference F) (worst case)
Total tonnage of a.s. used in region: Confidential (Reference C)
(widespread use, 10% of tonnage used in default region)
Organisms to be controlled
Wood destroying basidiomycetes (Coniophora puteana / Coniophora
spec., Coriolus versicolor, Gloephyllum trabeum, Poria vaillantii /
Poria spec., Fomes spec., Trametes spec., etc.)
Wood staining molds (Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma
pityopila, Ophistostoma piliferum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus
terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium
funicolosum, Trichoderma viridae, etc.)
Wood boring insects (Hylotrupes bajulus, Anobium punctatum,
Lyctus brunneus, termites, etc.)
Products to be protected
Wood, use classes 1 to 4A according to ISO draft standard (see
Document IIIA Section 2 Table 2.10.2.2.2-1)
Use concentration
The use concentration depends on the type of application technique,
use class required and on additional formulation components. For
details see exposure-scenarios in the Risk Assessments.
71
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Appendix III: List of Studies
Document IIIA
Endpoint
3.1.1 – Melting point
Reference
No.
A39
(LON 3391)
3.1.3 – Density
A40
(LON 3380)
3.2 – Vapour pressure
A41
(LON 3385)
3.4.1 – UV/Vis
A121
(LON 3996)
3.4.2 – IR
3.4.3 – NMR
A78
(LON 3386)
3.4.4 – MS
A93
(LON 3791)
3.5 – Solubility in water
A42
(LON 3383)
3.7(1) – Solubility in organic
solvents
A91
(LON 3792)
3.7(2) – Solubility in organic
solvents
A90
(LON 3826)
3.8 – Stability in organic
solvents
A92
(LON 3793)
Reference
Non-Key Studies are italicized.
Fischer, A. (2001) Determination of the melting point of
Barquat MB AS in accordance with OECD-Guideline 102.
Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report No. B 013/2001
(unpublished).
Fischer, A. (2001) Determination of the relative density of
Barquat MBAS in accordance with OECD-Guideline 109.
Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report No. B 011/2001
(unpublished).
Franke, J. (2001) Barquat MB AS, KP01/03 - Vapour
pressure. Siemens Axiva GmbH & Co. KG for Clariant
GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report No. 20010308.01
(unpublished).
Sydney,
P.
(2006)
N-Alkyl(C12-C16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC) (Supplied as Barquat
MB 80): Ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrum. Huntingdon
Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England.
Report No. ADB0030/062227 (unpublished).
Petrovic, P. (2001) Characterization of the structure of
Barquat MB AS. Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report
No. B 016/2001 (unpublished).
Young,
S.
(2004)
N-Alkyl(C12-16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC): Mass spectrum.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire,
England. Report No. ADB/022 042073 (unpublished).
Fischer, A. (2001) Determination of the water solubility of
Barquat MB AS. Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report
No. B015/2001 (unpublished).
Young,
S.
(2004)
N-Alkyl(C12-16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC): Solubility in ethanol
and isopropanol. Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon,
Cambridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB/021 042021
(unpublished).
Young,
S.
(2004)
N-Alkyl(C12-16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC): Solubility in octanol.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire,
England. Report No. ADB/020 042020 (unpublished).
Young,
S.
(2004)
N-Alkyl(C12-16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC): Stability in ethanol and
isopropanol. Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon,
Cambridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB/025 042266
72
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
3.9 – Partition Coefficient
Product-type 8
A111
3.10 – Thermal stability, A73
identity
(LON 3390)
of relevant breakdown product
September 2012
(unpublished).
Nixon, W.B. (1998) DDAC octanol/water partition
coefficient test. Unpublished letter report dated August 14,
1998; from Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, MD, USA.
(unpublished).
Keipert, W. (2001) Determination of the thermal stability and
stability in air of Barquat MB AS in accordance with
OECDGuideline
113. Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report
No. B 017/2001 (unpublished).
3.11(1) – Flammability (solids) A75
& Autoflammability
(LON 3389)
Keipert, W. (2001) Determination of the relative self-ignition
temperature of Barquat MB AS in accordance with
EECGuideline
A.16. Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report
No. B 019/2001 (unpublished).
3.11(2) – Flammability (solids) A74
Keipert, W. (2001) Determination of the flammability of
& Autoflammability
(LON 3384)
Barquat MB AS in accordance with EEC-Guideline A.10.
Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report No. B 018/2001
(unpublished).
3.13 – Surface tension
A76
Schneider, S. (2001) Determination of the surface tension of
(LON 3537)
an aqueous solution (1 g/L) of Barquat MB AS in accordance
with OECD-Guideline 115 [and according to EEC-Guideline
A.5]. Clariant GmbH, Germany. Report No. B 082/2001
(unpublished).
3.15 – Explosive properties
A77
Keipert, W. (2001) Determination of the explosive properties
(LON 3392)
of Barquat MB AS in accordance with EEC-Guideline A.14.
Clariant GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report No. B 020/2001
(unpublished)
4.1 – Analytical methods for
A70
Wells, D.F. (1996) Chemical characterization of alkyl
purity/impurity
(LON 4007)
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC, Lot 7293K).
Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA, USA. Report
No. 95-8-6025 (unpublished).
4.1(2) – Analytical methods
Lonza Report Kurz M. and Ranft V. (2007) Determination of quaternary
ammonium compounds and related quaternary impurities by
for
purity/impurity
(new No. 4134
HPLC-ELSD. Study No.CSPE-44/BS-07-70. Lonza AG.
submission)
(Unpublished).
4.2 (a) – Analytical methods A65
for
(LON 3703)
determination of residues in
soil
Brewin, S. (2003) Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
(ADBAC: CAS RN 68424-85-1): Validation of methodology
for the determination of residues in soil. Huntingdon Life
Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England. Report
No. ADB/016 033181 (unpublished).
4.2 (c) – Analytical methods A82
for
(LON 3698)
determination of residues in
drinking water
Brewin, S. (2003) Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
(ADBAC: CAS RN 68424-85-1): Validation of methodology
for the determination of residues in drinking, ground and
surface water. Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon,
73
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Cambridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB/017 033171
(unpublished).
5.3.1 – Effects on Target
Organisms
A104
A106
6.1.1 – Acute oral toxicity
A14
(LON 1002)
6.1.1 – Acute oral toxicity
A14
(LON 1002)
6.1.2 – Acute dermal tox.
A15
(LON 3895)
6.1.2 – Acute dermal tox.
A51
(LON 0709)
6.1.4(1) – Skin irritation
A53
(LON 1003)
6.1.4 – Skin irritation
A52
(LON 0712)
6.1.4(2) – Eye irritation
A54
(LON 1001)
6.1.5(1) – Skin sensitisation
A55
(LON 1880)
6.1.5(2) – Skin sensitisation
A102
(LON 1243)
6.1.5(3) – Skin sensitisation
A112
(LON 4002)
6.2(1) – Toxicokinetics,
Metabolism and Distribution
A50, A50a
(LON 1872)
Linfield,
W.M.
(1969)
Chapter
2:
Straight-chain
alkylammonium
compounds. In E. Jungermann (Ed.), Cationic
Surfactants. Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, pp 9-70.
Wazny, J. and R. Rudniewski. (1997) Fungitoxic effect of the
quaternary ammonium compounds wood preservatives against
Basidiomycetes by using agar-plate and agar-block methods.
International Research Group on Wood Preservation
Document No. IRG/WP/96-30118.
Wallace, J.M. (1975) Acute oral LD50 toxicity study. BioToxicology Laboratories, Inc., Moorestown, NJ, USA.
(published).
Wallace, J.M. (1975) Acute oral LD50 toxicity study. BioToxicology Laboratories, Inc., Moorestown, NJ, USA.
(published).
Levenstein, I. (1977) Barquat MB-80: Dermal LD50. Leberco
Laboratories, Roselle Park, NJ, USA. Study No. 73130
(published).
De Azevedo, J.P. (1971) Report on dermal toxicity in rabbits
using Barquat MS-100. Wells Laboratories Inc., Jersey City
NJ, USA. Report No. 0709 (unpublished).
Wallace, J.M. (1975) Toxicity studies: Primary irritation
study, Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act - Barquat
MB-80. Bio-Toxicology Laboratories, Inc., Moorestown, NJ,
USA. (published).
De Azevedo, J.P. (1970) Report on primary skin irritation
studies in rabbits using Barquat MS-100. Wells Laboratories
Inc., Jersey City, NJ, USA. Report No. 0712 (unpublished).
Wallace, J.M. (1975) Toxicity studies: Primary irritation
study, Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act - Barquat
MB-80. Bio-Toxicology Laboratories, Inc., Moorestown, NJ,
USA. (published).
Kreuzmann, J.J. (1988) Photoallergy study in guinea pigs
with alkyldimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC).
Hill Top Biolabs Inc., Miamiville, OH, USA. Report No. 883226-21 (unpublished).
Clement, C. (1992) BARDAC-22: Test to evaluate the
sensitising potential by topical applications in the guinea pig.
Hazleton-Institute Français de Toxicologie, L’Arbresle,
France. Report No. 704323 RE (unpublished).
Durando, J. (2005) Barquat MB 80: Dermal sensitization
study in guinea pigs (Buehler method). Product Safety
Laboratories, Dayton, NJ, USA. Study No. 17426
(unpublished).
Salim, S. (1989) Absorption, distribution, metabolism and
excretion studies of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
74
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
6.2(2) – Toxicokinetics,
Metabolism and Distribution
A 101809
(LON xxxx)
6.3.2 – Repeated dose toxicity
(dermal)
A81
(LON 0711)
6.4.1(1) – Subchronic oral
toxicity test; 90-day, rat
A17
(LON 1885)
September 2012
(ADBAC) in the rat. Biological Test Center, Irvine, CA, USA.
Study No. P01359 (unpublished).
Roper, C. and Toner, F. (2006). The In Vitro Percutaneous
Absorption
of
Radiolabelled
Alkyl(C12C16)dimethylbenzylammonium Chloride (ADBAC; CAS RN
68424-85-1) in Two Test Preparations Through Human Skin.
Report No. 25982. Charles River Laboratories
Tranent, Edinburgh, UK. (Unpublished)
Luy, T. (1972) Twenty day subacute dermal toxicity testing on
rabbits using Barquat MS-100. Wells Laboratories, Inc.
Jersey City, NJ, USA. Study No. E-594 (unpublished).
Van Miller, J.P. and E.V. Weaver (1988) Ninety-day dietary
toxicity study with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(ADBAC) in rats. Bushy Run Research Center, Export, PA,
USA. Report No. 51-503 (unpublished).
75
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
6.4.1(2) – Subchronic oral
toxicity test; 8-week; dog
Product-type 8
A19, A19a,
A19b
(LON 3442a,
LON 3442b,
LON 3442c)
September 2012
Goldenthal, E.I. (1994) Evaluation of ADBAC in an eightweek
dietary toxicity study in dogs. International Research
and Development Corporation, Mattawan, MI, USA. Project
No. 638-003 (unpublished).
Goldenthal, E.I. (1993) Evaluation of ADBAC in a two-week
gavage study in dogs. Project No. 638-002 (unpublished).
6.4.1(3) – Subchronic oral
toxicity test; 90-Day; mouse
A16
(LON 1883)
6.4.2 – Subchronic dermal
toxicity test; rat
A18, A18a
(LON 1884,
LON 1876)
6.5(1) – Chronic toxicity; dog
A20
(LON 3443)
6.5(2) – Chronic toxicity; rat
A21
(LON 1882)
6.6.1 – In-vitro gene mutation
study in bacteria
A56
(LON 3342)
6.6.2 – In-vitro cytogenicity
study in mammalian cells
A57
(LON 3434)
6.6.3 – In-vitro gene mutation
assay in mammalian cells
A58
(LON 1874)
6.6.4 – In-vivo mutagenicity
study (micronucleus test)
A24
(LON 1029)
6.7(1) – Carcinogenicity study; A83
mouse
(LON 1886)
Goldenthal, E.I. (1993) Evaluation of ADBAC in a two-week
palatability study in dogs. Project No. 638-001 (unpublished).
Van Miller, J.P. and Weaver, E.V. (1988) Ninety-day dietary
dose range-finding study with alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride (ADBAC) in mice. Bushy Run Research
Center, Export, PA, USA. Report No. 51-504 (unpublished).
Gill, M.W. and Wagner, C.L. (1990) Ninety-day subchronic
dermal toxicity study with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) in rats. Bushy Run Research Center,
Export, PA, USA. Report No. 52-623 (unpublished).
Goldenthal, E.I. (1994) Evaluation of ADBAC in a one-year
chronic dietary toxicity study in dogs. International Research
and Development Corp, Mattawan, MI, USA. Project No.
638-004 (unpublished).
Gill, M.W., Hermansky, S.J. and C.L. Wagner (1991)
Chronic dietary toxicity/oncogenicity study with alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride(ADBAC) in rats. Bushy
Run Research Center, Export, PA, USA. Report No. 53-543
(unpublished).
Thompson, P.W. (2001) LZ1392 (Alkyl(C10-C18)
(Dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride): Reverse mutation assay
"Ames Test" using Salmonella typhimurium. Safepharm
Laboratories Ltd., Derby, UK. Project No. 102/367
(unpublished).
Durward, R. (2001) LZ1392 (Alkyl (C10-C18)
(Dimethylbenzylammoniumchloride): Chromosomal
aberrations assay in human lymphocytes in vitro. Safepharm
Laboratories Ltd., Derby, UK. Project No. 102/366
(unpublished).
Young, R.R. (1989) Mutagenicity test on alkyl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) in the CHO/HGPRT
forward mutation assay. Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc.,
Kensington, MD, USA. Study No. 10238-0-435 (unpublished).
Kallesen, T. (1985) Assessment of the mutagenic activity of
Hyamine 3500 in the mouse micronucleus test. The Scantox
Laboratories Ltd., Skensved, Denmark. Project No. LZA
10753 (unpublished).
Gill, M.W., Hermansky, S.J. and C.L. Wagner (1991)
Chronic
dietary
oncogenicity
study
with
alkyldimethylbenzylammonium
chloride in mice. Union Carbide, Bushy Run
76
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Research Center, Export, PA, USA. Report No. 53-515
(unpublished).
6.7(2) – Carcinogenicity study; A21
rat
(LON 1882)
6.8.1(1) – Teratogenicity test
A26, A26a
(LON 3241)
6.8.1(2) – Teratogenicity test
A27, A27a
(LON 3242)
6.8.2 – Two generations
reproduction study
A25
(LON 1881)
6.11 – Studies on other routes A79
of
(LON 1054)
administration (parenteral
routes) – Acute IV study in rats
7.1.1.1.1 – Hydrolysis
A2
(LON 1870)
7.1.1.1.2 – Phototransformation A1
(LON 1871)
in water
7.1.1.2.1(1) – Ready
Biodegradability
A88
(LON 3796)
7.1.1.2.1(2) – Ready
Biodegradability
A44
(LON 3435)
7.1.1.2.1(3) – Ready
Biodegradability
A4
(LON 2301)
7.1.1.2.1(4) – Ready
A3
Gill, M.W., Hermansky, S.J. and C.L. Wagner (1991)
Chronic dietary toxicity/oncogenicity study with alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) in rats. Bushy
Run Research Center, Export, PA, USA. Report No. 53-543
(unpublished).
[REPORT FILED UNDER ENDPOINT 6.5]
Neeper-Bradley, T.L. (1992) Developmental toxicity
evaluation II of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
(ADBAC) administered by gavage to CD rats. Union Carbide,
Bushy Run Research Center, Export, PA, USA. Project No.
91N0031 (unpublished).
Neeper-Bradley, T.L. and M.F. Kubena (1992) Developmental
toxicity evaluation of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) administered by gavage to New Zealand
white rabbits. Union Carbide, Bushy Run Research Center,
Export, PA, USA. Project No. 91N0032 (unpublished).
Neeper-Bradley, T.L. (1990) Two-generation reproduction
study in Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats with alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride (ADBAC) administered in the diet. Union
Carbide, Bushy Run Research Center, Export, PA, USA.
Report No. 52-524 (unpublished).
Larson, P.S. (1958) Acute intravenous toxicity of Hyamine
3500 to rats. (unpublished).
Carpenter, M. and M. Fennessey (1988) Hydrolysis of
ADBAC as a function of pH at 25 ºC. Analytical BioChemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, USA. Report
No. 35712 (unpublished).
Carpenter, M. and M. Fennessey (1988) Determination of the
photolysis rate of ADBAC in pH 7 buffered solution at 25ºC.
Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO,
USA. Report No. 35713 (unpublished).
Bazzon, M and F. Deschamps (2002) Biotic degradation
biodegradability evaluation on aqueous medium ultimate
aerobia of the referenced compounds, CATIGENE T 50.
INERIS, Vert-le-petit, France. Study No. 506223
(unpublished).
Hirschen, M., Ziemer, M. and D. Seifert. (1997) Prüfung der
biologischen Abbaubarkeit (ready biodegradability) gemäß
OECD-Richtlinie 301A (DOC Die-Away Test). Clariant
GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany. Report No. D0457 (unpublished).
Corby, J.E. (1992) Semi-continuous activated sludge (SCAS)
removability test - Hyamine 3500-80. Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
Lionville, PA, USA. Report No. 91-065 (unpublished).
Corby, J.E. (1992) CO2 Production test - Hyamine3500-80.
77
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Biodegradability
(LON 2302)
Roy F. Weston, Inc., Lionville, PA, USA. Report No.91-066
(unpublished).
7.1.1.2.1(5) – Ready
Biodegradability
A113
(LON 3960)
7.1.2.1.1(1) – Aerobic
biodegradation
A101
(LON 3438)
Van Dievoet, F. and V. Bouillon (2005) Biodegradability test
report according to OECD 301 B – Modified. BfB Oil
Research S.A. Report No. ST49132.01.01 (unpublished).
Schaefer, E.C. (2001) Didecyldimethylammoniumchloride
(DDAC): Die away in Activated Sludge. Wildlife
International Inc., Easton, MA, USA. Project No. 289E-112
(unpublished).
Daly, D. and W. Cranor (1989) Anaerobic aquatic
metabolism of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.
Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO,
USA. Report No. 35714 (unpublished).
Daly, D. and W. Cranor (1988) Aerobic aquatic metabolism
of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Analytical BioChemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, USA. Report
No. 35715 (unpublished).
Other
Non-Key A64, A64a
Biodegradability
(LON 1868)
Report(s) Included in This
Submission
A63
(LON 1869)
A67
(LON 3375)
A84
(LON 1102)
7.2.3.1 – Adsorption and
desorption
A43
(LON 1867)
7.4.1.1(1)– Acute toxicity to A8a
fish
(LON 1865)
(Lepomis macrochirus)
7.4.1.1(2)– Acute toxicity to A6
fish
(LON 3476)
(Pimephales promelas)
7.4.1.1(3)– Acute toxicity to A7
fish
(LON 3477)
(Pimephales promelas)
7.4.1.1(4)– Acute toxicity to A8
de Vette, H.Q.M. and J.G. van Austen (2001) A water/
sediment degradation study of alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) using [14C]ADBAC. TNO Chemistry,
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Delft, The
Netherlands. Report No. V99.1172 (unpublished).
Fisher, J.D. (1971) Dissipation study of Hyamine 3500 in soil
and its effects on microbial activity. Rohm & Haas Company,
Philadelphia, PE, USA. Report No. 6 (unpublished).
Daly,
D.
and
W.
Cranor
(1988)
Soil/sediment
adsorptiondesorption
of alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. Analytical
Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, USA.
Report No. 35716 (unpublished).
Pate, H.O. and D.O. McIntyre (1991) Daily static-renewal
acute 96-hour toxicity test of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) to bluegill sunfish. Battelle Columbus
Division, Columbus, OH, USA. Study No. SC890050
(unpublished).
Sword, M.C. and L. Stuerman (1994) Static-renewal acute
toxicity of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(ADBAC) to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). ABC
Laboratories, Columbia, MO, USA. Report No. 41237
(unpublished).
Sword, M.C. and L. Stuerman (1994) Static-renewal acute
toxicity of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(ADBAC) to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) in
dilution water amended with 10 mg/L humic acid. ABC
Laboratories, Columbia, MO, USA. Report No. 41236
(unpublished).
Sword, M.C. and L. Stuerman (1994). Static-renewal acute
78
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
fish
(Pimephales promelas)
Product-type 8
(LON 3478)
September 2012
toxicity of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(ADBAC) to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) in
dilution water amended with 20 mg/L humic acid. ABC
Laboratories, Columbia, MO, USA. Report No. 41235
(unpublished).
7.4.1.1(5)– Acute toxicity to A8b
fish
(LON 1864)
(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Pate, H.O. and D.O. McIntyre (1991) Daily static-renewal
acute 96-hour toxicity test of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) to rainbow trout. Battelle Columbus
Division, Columbus, OH, USA. Study No. SC890051
(unpublished).
7.4.1.1– Acute toxicity to fish
(Cyprinodon variegatus)
A5/5a
(LON 3479)
7.4.1.1– Acute toxicity to fish
(Lepomis macrochirus)
A46
(LON 1104)
7.4.1.1– Acute toxicity to fish
A47
(LON 1008)
Sved, D.W., Swigert, J.P. and G.J. Smith (1992) A 96-hour
static-renewal acute toxicity test with alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride (ADBAC) in the sheepshead minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus). Wildlife International Ltd., Easton,
MD, USA. Project No. 350A-102 (unpublished).
Bevier Hasbruck Sleight III (1971) Acute toxicity of Hyamine
3500 to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bionomics Inc.,
Wareham, MA, USA. Report No. 350A-102 (unpublished).
Binns, R. and G.C. Clark (1969) The acute toxicity to fish of
Hyamine 3500. Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd.,
Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England. Report No.
2938/69/364 (unpublished).
Pate, H.O. and D.O. McIntyre (1991) Daily static-renewal
acute 48-hour toxicity test of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) to Daphnia magna. Battelle Columbus
Division, Columbus, OH, USA. Study No. SC890052
(unpublished).
Sved, D.W., Swigert, J.P. and G.J. Smith (1992) A 96-hour
static-renewal acute toxicity test with alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammoniumchloride (ADBAC) in the saltwater mysid
(Mysidopsis bahia). Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, MD,
USA. Project No. 350A-101A (unpublished).
7.4.1.2– Acute toxicity to
A68
invertebrates (Daphnia magna) (LON 0097)
7.4.1.2– Acute toxicity to
A10, A10a
invertebrates
(Mysidopsis (LON 3798)
bahia)
7.4.1.2– Acute toxicity to
invertebrates (Crassostrea
virginica)
A9, A9a
(LON 3797)
7.4.1.3– Growth inhibition test
on algae (Selenastrum
capricornutum)
A48
(LON 3374)
7.4.1.3– Growth inhibition test A119
on algae (Skeletonema
(LON 4000)
costatum)
Sved, D.W., Swigert, J.P. and G.J. Smith (1992) A 48-hour
static acute toxicity test with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC) in embryo larvae of the eastern oyster
(Crassostrea virginica). Wildlife International Ltd., Easton,
MD, USA. Project No. 350A-103 (unpublished).
Mayer, P., Oldersma, H. and J.A. Schoonmade (2001)
Determination of the effect of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC) on the growth of fresh water green alga
Selenastrum capricornutum (OECD Guideline No. 201and EU
C.3). TNO Chemistry, Delft, The Netherlands. Report No.
V99.1176 (unpublished).
Desjardins, D., MacGregor, J.A. and H.O. Krueger (2005) A
96-hour toxicity test of alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC; 40% C12, 50% C14, 10% C16; CAS RN
68424-85-1) with the marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum).
Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, MD, USA. Project No.
79
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
350A-104 (unpublished).
Mayer, P.H., Schoonmade J.A. and A.O. Hanstveit (2001)
Screening of the effect of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium
chloride on the respiration rate of activated cludge (OECD
Guideline No. 209). TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Delft,
The Netherlands. Report No. V99.1151 (unpublished).
7.4.1.4(1) – Inhibition to
microbiological activity
A49
(LON 3324)
7.4.1.4(2) – Inhibition to
microbiological activity
A62
7.4.1.4 – Inhibition to
microbiological activity
A85
(LON 3090)
7.4.2(1)– Bioconcentration
A45
(LON 1866)
Fackler, P.H. (1989) Bioconcentration and elimination of
14Cresidues
by bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed to alkyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC). Springborn
Life Sciences, Inc., Wareham, MA, USA. Report No. 89-12921 (unpublished).
7.4.2(2)– Bioconcentration
A86
(LON 1099)
7.4.3.2– Fish reproduction and
growth rate
(Pimphales promelas)
A11
(LON 3219)
Krzeminski, S.F. (1971) The accumulation and elimination of
Hyamine 3500 residues by fish (bluegill). Bristol Research
Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Report No. 23-42
(unpublished).
McIntyre, D.O. and H.O. Pate (1992) Daily static-renewal
early life stage toxicity test of alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride (ADBAC) to fathead minnows. Battelle
Columbus Operations, Columbus, OH, USA. Study No.
SC890057 (unpublished).
7.4.3.4 – Invertebrate
reproduction and growth rate
(Daphnia magna)
A12
(LON 3220)
7.4.3.5.1– Effects on sediment
dwelling organisms
(Chironomus tentans)
A13
(LON 3221)
7.4.3.5.2 -- Aquatic plant
toxicity
A120
(LON 4001)
7.5.1.1 – Inhibition to
microbiological activity
A87
(LON 3382)
Corby, J.E. (1992) Determination of the acute toxicity of
chemicals and wastewaters to aquatic microorganisms. Roy F.
Weston, Inc., Lionville, PA, USA. Report No. 91-062
(unpublished).
Janßen, U. (1989) Prüfung auf Bakterientoxizität n. OECD
209 Belebtschlamm Respirationshemmtest Journal-Nr: 8.680.
Dr. U.Noack-Laboratorium Für Angewandte Biologie,
Technologiezentrum, Hildesheim, Germany. (unpublished).
McIntyre, D.O. and H.O. Pate (1992) Daily static-renewal
chronic 21-day toxicity test of alkyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride (ADBAC) to Daphnia magna. Battelle
Columbus Operations, Columbus, OH, USA. Study No.
SC890056 (unpublished).
England, D.C. and T. Leak (1995) Chronic toxicity of
sediment-incorporated ADBAC to Chironomus tentans. ABC
Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, USA. Report No. 41004
(unpublished).
Desjardins, D., J.A. McGregor and H.O. Krueger. (2005) A 7Day Toxicity Test of Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium
Chloride (ADBAC; 40% C12, 50% C14, 10% C16; CAS RN
68424-85-1) with Duckweed (Lemna gibba G3). Study No.
350A-105. Wildlife International, Ltd. (Unpublished)
de Vette, H.Q.M., Hanstveit, R. and J.A. Schoonmade (2001)
The
assessment
of
the
ecological
effects
of
80
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
7.5.1.2 – Acute toxicity test to
earthworms
A95
(LON 3799)
7.5.1.3 – Acute toxicity to
plants
A94
(LON 3800)
7.5.3.1.1 – Acute oral toxicity
(Bobwhite quail )
A59
(LON 3801)
7.5.3.1.2(1) – Short-term
toxicity
A117
(LON 3997)
7.5.3.1.2(2) – Short-term
toxicity
A118
(LON 3999)
Other Non-Key Report(s)
Included in This Submission
A103
(LON 3815)
References Supporting
Summaries Found in
Document III-A, Section 5
A104
A105
A106
September 2012
alkyldimethylbenzylammonium
chloride (Guidelines OPPTS
850.5100 Soil Microbial Community Test, OECD 216 and
OECD 217 and CTB Section H.4.1). TNO Chemistry, Delft,
The Netherlands. Report No. V99.1170 (unpublished).
Rodgers, M.H. (2004) N-Alkyl (C12-16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC): Acute toxicity (LC50) to
the earthworm. Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon,
Cambridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB/023 033976
(unpublished).
Gray,
J.
(2004)
N-Alkyl(C12-C16)-N,N-dimethylNbenzylammonium
chloride (ADBAC): Acute toxicity to
terrestrial plants. Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Huntingdon,
Cambridgeshire, England. Study No. ADB/024 (unpublished).
Campbell, S.M. and M. Jaber (1993) An acute oral toxicity
study with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
(ADBAC) in the northern bobwhite quail. Wildlife
International Ltd., Easton, MD, USA. Project No. 289-109
(unpublished)
Gallagher, S.P., Martin, K.H. and J.B. Beavers (2005) A
dietary LC50 study with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC; 40% C12, 50% C14, 10% C16; CAS RN
68424-85-1) in the northern bobwhite. Wildlife International
Ltd., Easton, MD, USA. Project No. 350-101 (unpublished).
Gallagher, S.P., Martin, K.H. and J.B. Beavers (2005) A
dietary LC50 study with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride (ADBAC; 40% C12, 50% C14, 10% C16; CAS RN
68424-85-1) in the mallard. Wildlife International Ltd.,
Easton, MD, USA. Project No. 350-102 (unpublished).
Bestari, K. (2001) Determination of the leachability of
Bardac 2280 from treated wood. Centre for Toxicology,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Study No.
2000-CT-WL-B22 (unpublished).
Linfield, W.M. (1969) In E. Jungermann, Ed., “Cationic
Surfactants”, Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y. Chapter 2,
“Straight-Chain Alkylammonium Compounds, pages 9-70.
Preston, A.F., P.J. Walcheski, P.A. McKaig and D.D. Nicholas
(1987) Recent research on alkylammonium compounds in the
U.S. Proc. Am. Wood Pres. Assn. 83, 331-347 (published).
Wazny, J. and R. Rudniewski (1997) Fungitoxic effect of the
quaternary ammonium compounds wood preservatives against
Basidiomycetes by using agar-plate and agar-block methods.
International Research Group on Wood Preservation
Document No. IRG/WP/96-30118.
81
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
A107
A108
September 2012
Tang, H. and J.N. Ruddick (1994) Evaluating the potential of
amine chemicals for use as wood protecting agents. Part 1:
Investigation of cation component of quaternary ammonium
compounds. International Research Group on Wood
Preservation Document No. IRG WP 94-30049.
Tsunoda, K. (1990) Effect of alkyl chain length on the
fungicidal efficacy of benzalkonium chlorides. J. Antibact.
Antifung. Agents 18(4), 185-189 (published).
82
Alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride
Product-type 8
September 2012
Document IIIB
Endpoint
Reference
No.
3.5(1) – Acidity/alkalinity and A122
if
(LON 4004)
necessary pH value (1% in
water)
Reference
Non-Key Studies are italicized.
Sydney, P. (2006) BQ-25: Physicochemical properties.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Hungtingdon,
Cambdridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB0031/062228
(unpublished).
3.6(1) – Relative Density
A122
(LON 4004)
3.8(1) – Technical
characteristics of the biocidal
product: Persistent foaming
A122
(LON 4004)
3.10.2(1) – Viscosity
A122
(LON 4004)
References Supporting
Summaries Found in
Document III-B, Section 5
A107
Sydney, P. (2006) BQ-25: Physicochemical properties.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Hungtingdon,
Cambdridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB0031/062228
(unpublished).
Sydney, P. (2006) BQ-25: Physicochemical properties.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Hungtingdon,
Cambdridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB0031/062228
(unpublished).
Sydney, P. (2006) BQ-25: Physicochemical properties.
Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd., Hungtingdon,
Cambdridgeshire, England. Report No. ADB0031/062228
(unpublished).
Tang, H. and J.N. Ruddick (1994) Evaluating the potential of
amine chemicals for use as wood protecting agents. Part 1:
Investigation of cation component of quaternary ammonium
compounds. International Research Group on Wood
Preservation Document No. IRG WP 94-30049.
Tsunoda, K. (1990) Effect of alkyl chain length on the
fungicidal efficacy of benzalkonium chlorides. J. Antibact.
Antifung. Agents 18(4), 185-189 (published).
Tsunoda, K. and K. Nishimoto (1987) Effectiveness of
alkylammonium compounds as above-ground wood
preservatives. Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 33 (7), 589-595 (published).
Tsunoda, K. and K. Nishimoto (1983) Fungicidal and
termicidal effectiveness of alkylammonium compounds.
International Research Group on Wood Preservation
Document No. IRG WP 3232.
A108
A109
A110
83
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Product-type 8
Appendix IV: List of standard terms and abbreviations
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
A
ACh
AChE
ADBAC
ADI
ADME
ADP
AE
AF
AFID
A/G
ai
ALD50
ALT
Ann.
AOEL
AMD
ANOVA
AP
approx
ARC
ARfD
as
AST
ASV
ATP
BAF
BCF
bfa
BOD
bp
BPD
BSAF
BSE
BSP
BUN
bw
c
°C
CA
CAD
cd
CDA
cDNA
CEC
/ Explanation
Ampere
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
Alkyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride
acceptable daily intake
administration distribution metabolism and excretion
adenosine diphosphate
acid equivalent
assessment factor
alkali flame-ionisation detector or detection
albumin/globulin ratio
active ingredient
approximate median lethal dose, 50%
alanine aminotransferase (SGPT)
Annex
acceptable operator exposure level
automatic multiple development
analysis of variance
alkaline phosphatase
Approximate
anticipated residue contribution
acute reference dose
active substance
aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT)
air saturation value
adenosine triphosphate
bioaccumulation factor
bioconcentration factor
body fluid assay
biological oxygen demand
boiling point
Biocidal Products Directive
biota-sediment accumulation factor
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
bromosulfophthalein
blood urea nitrogen
body weight
centi- (x 10 –2 )
degrees Celsius (centigrade)
controlled atmosphere
computer aided design
candela
controlled drop(let) application
complementary DANN
cation exchange capacity
84
September 2012
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
cf
CFU
ChE
CI
CL
cm
CNS
COD
Conc
CPK
cv
Cv
d
DDAC
DES
DIS
DMSO
DNA
dna
DO
DOC
dpi
DRP
DT50(lab)
DT90(field)
dw
DWQG
ε
EASE
EC50
ECD
ED50
EDI
EINECS
ELINCS
ELISA
e-mail
EMDI
EN
EPMA
ERL
ESD
ESPE46/51
EUSES
F
F0
F1
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
confer, compare to
colony forming units
cholinesterase
confidence interval
confidence limits
centimetre
central nervous system
chemical oxygen demand
Concentration
creatinine phosphatase
coefficient of variation
ceiling value
day(s)
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride
diethylstilboestrol
draft international standard (ISO)
dimethylsulfoxide
deoxyribonucleic acid
designated national authority
dissolved oxygen
dissolved organic carbon
days post inoculation
detailed review paper (OECD)
period required for 50 percent dissipation (under laboratory conditions) (define
method of estimation)
period required for 90 percent dissipation (under field conditions) (define
method of estimation)
dry weight
drinking water quality guidelines
decadic molar extinction coefficient
Estimation and Assessment of Substance Exposure
median effective concentration
electron capture detector
median effective dose
estimated daily intake
European inventory of existing commercial substances
European list of notified chemical substances
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
electronic mail
estimated maximum daily intake
European norm
electron probe micro-analysis
extraneous residue limit
Emission Scenario Document
evaluation system for pesticides
European Union system for the evaluation of substances
Field
parental generation
filial generation, first
85
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
F2
FBS
FELS
FIA
FID
Fmol
FOB
foc
fp
FPD
FPLC
g
gd
GAP
GC
GC-EC
GC-FID
GC-MS
GC-MSD
GEP
GFP
GGT
GI
GIT
GL
GLC
GLP
GM
GMO
GMM
GPC
GPS
GSH
GV
h
H
ha
Hb
HC5
HCG
Hct
HDT
hL
HEED
HID
HPAEC
HPLC
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
filial generation, second
full base set
fish early-life stage
fluorescence immuno-assay
flame ionisation detector
fractional equivalent of the metabolite´s molecular weight compared to the
active substance
functional observation battery
organic carbon factor (compartment dependent)
freezing point
flame photometric detector
fast protein liquid chromatography
gram(s)
gestation day
good agricultural practice
gas chromatography
gas chromatography with electron capture detector
gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
gas chromatography with mass-selective detection
good experimental practice
good field practice
gamma glutamyl transferase
gastro-intestinal
gastro-intestinal tract
guideline level
gas liquid chromatography
good laboratory practice
geometric mean
genetically modified organism
genetically modified micro-organism
gel-permeation chromatography
global positioning system
Glutathione
Granulosevirus
hour(s)
Henry’s Law constant (calculated as a unitless value)
hectare(s)
Haemoglobin
concentration which will be harmless to at least 95 % of the species present
with a given level of confidence (usually 95 %)
human chorionic gonadotropin
Haematocrit
highest dose tested
Hectolitre
high energy electron diffraction
helium ionisation detector
high performance anion exchange chromatography
high pressure liquid chromatography or high performance liquid
86
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
HPLC-MS
HPPLC
HPTLC
HRGC
HS
Ht
HUSS
I
I50
IC50
ICM
ID
IEDI
IGR
im
inh
INT
ip
IPM
IR
ISBN
ISSN
IUCLID
iv
IVF
k (in combination)
k
K
Ka
Kb
Kads
Kdes
kg
KH
Koc
Kom
Kow
Kp
kPa
l, L
LAN
LASER
LBC
LC
LC-MS
LC50
LCA
LC-MS-MS
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
chromatography
high pressure liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry
high pressure planar liquid chromatography
high performance thin layer chromatography
high resolution gas chromatography
Shannon-Weaver index
Haematocrit
human and use safety standard
Indoor
inhibitory dose, 50%
median immobilisation concentration or median inhibitory concentration 1
integrated crop management
ionisation detector
international estimated daily intake
insect growth regulator
intramuscular
inhalation
2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyltetrazoliumchloride testing method
intraperitoneal
integrated pest management
infrared
international standard book number
international standard serial number
International Uniform Chemical Information Database
intravenous
in vitro fertilisation
kilo
rate constant for biodegradation
Kelvin
acid dissociation constant
base dissociation constant
adsorption constant
apparent desorption coefficient
kilogram
Henry´s Law constant (in atmosphere per cubic metre per mole)
organic carbon adsorption coefficient
organic matter adsorption coefficient
octanol-water partition coefficient
solid-water partition coefficient
kilopascal(s)
litre
local area network
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
loosely bound capacity
liquid chromatography
liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry
lethal concentration, median
life cycle analysis
liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
87
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
LD50
LDH
ln
LOAEC
LOAEL
LOD
LOEC
LOEL
log
LOQ
LPLC
LSC
LSD
LSS
LT
m
M
µm
MAC
MAK
MC
MCH
MCHC
MCV
MDL
MFO
µg
mg
MHC
MIC
min
MKC
mL
MLT
MLD
mm
MMAD
mo
MOE
mol
MOS
mp
MRE
MRL
mRNA
MS
MSDS
MTD
MT
Product-type 8
/ Explanation
lethal dose, median; dosis letalis media
lactate dehydrogenase
natural logarithm
lowest observable adverse effect concentration
lowest observable adverse effect level
limit of detection
lowest observable effect concentration
lowest observable effect level
logarithm to the base 10
limit of quantification (determination)
low pressure liquid chromatography
liquid scintillation counting or counter
least squared denominator multiple range test
liquid scintillation spectrometry
lethal threshold
Metre
Molar
micrometre (micron)
maximum allowable concentration
maximum allowable concentration
moisture content
mean corpuscular haemoglobin
mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
mean corpuscular volume
method detection limit
mixed function oxidase
microgram
milligram
moisture holding capacity
minimum inhibitory concentration
minute(s)
minimum killing concentration
millilitre
median lethal time
minimum lethal dose
millimetre
mass median aerodynamic diameter
month(s)
margin of exposure
mole(s)
margin of safety
melting point
maximum residue expected
maximum residue level or limit
messenger ribonucleic acid
mass spectrometry
material safety data sheet
maximum tolerated dose
material test
88
September 2012
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
MW
n.a.
nn
NAEL
nd
NEDI
NEL
NERL
ng
nm
NMR
no, n°
NOAEC
NOAEL
NOEC
NOED
NOEL
NOIS
NPD
NPV
NR
NTE
OC
OCR
ODP
ODS
OEL
OH
OJ
OM
Pa
PAD
2-PAM
pc
PCV
PEC
PECA
PECS
PECSW
PECGW
PED
pH
PHED
PIC
pic
PIXE
pKa
pKb
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
molecular weight
not applicable
normal (defining isomeric configuration)
number of observations
no adverse effect level
not detected
national estimated daily intake
no effect level
no effect residue level
Nanogram
Nanometre
nuclear magnetic resonance
Number
no observed adverse effect concentration
no observed adverse effect level
no observed effect concentration
no observed effect dose
no observed effect level
notice of intent to suspend
nitrogen-phosphorus detector or detection
nuclear polyhedrosis virus
not reported
neurotoxic target esterase
organic carbon content
optical character recognition
ozone-depleting potential
ozone-depleting substances
occupational exposure limit
Hydroxide
Official Journal
organic matter content
Pascal
pulsed amperometric detection
2-pralidoxime
paper chromatography
haematocrit (packed corpuscular volume)
predicted environmental concentration
predicted environmental concentration in air
predicted environmental concentration in soil
predicted environmental concentration in surface water
predicted environmental concentration in ground water
plasma-emissions-detector
pH-value
pesticide handler’s exposure data
prior informed consent
phage inhibitory capacity
proton induced X-ray emission
negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the acid dissociation constant
negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the base dissociation constant
89
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
PNEC
po
POP
ppb
PPE
ppm
PPP
ppq
ppt
PSP
PrT
PRL
PT
PT(CEN)
PTDI
PTT
QA
QAU
(Q)SAR
r
r2
RA
RBC
REI
RENI
Rf
RfD
RH
RL50
RNA
RP
rpm
rRNA
RRT
RSD
s
S
SAC
SAP
SAR
SBLC
sc
sce
SCAS
SCTER
SD
se
SEM
SEP
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
predicted no effect concentration (compartment to be added as subscript)
by mouth
persistent organic pollutants
parts per billion (10-9 )
personal protective equipment
parts per million (10-6 )
plant protection product
parts per quadrillion (10-24 )
parts per trillion (10-12 )
phenolsulfophthalein
prothrombin time
practical residue limit
product type
project team CEN
provisional tolerable daily intake
partial thromboplastin time
quality assurance
quality assurance unit
quantitative structure-activity relationship
correlation coefficient
coefficient of determination
risk assessment
red blood cell
restricted entry interval
Registry Nomenclature Information System
retardation factor
reference dose
relative humidity
median residual lifetime
ribonucleic acid
reversed phase
revolutions per minute
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
relative retention time
relative standard deviation
Second
Solubility
strong adsorption capacity
serum alkaline phosphatase
structure/activity relationship
shallow bed liquid chromatography
Subcutaneous
sister chromatid exchange
semi-continuous activated sludge
smallest chronic toxicity exposure ratio (TER)
standard deviation
standard error
standard error of the mean
standard evaluation procedure
90
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
SF
SFC
SFE
SIMS
S/L
SMEs
SOP
sp
SPE
SPF
spp
SSD
SSMS
STEL
STER
STMR
STP
t
t½
T3
T4
T25
TADI
TBC
TCD
TG
TGD
TID
TDR
TER
TERI
TERST
TERLT
tert
TEP
TGGE
TIFF
TLC
Tlm
TLV
TMDI
TMRC
TMRL
TNsG
TOC
Tremcard
tRNA
TSH
TTC
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
safety factor
supercritical fluid chromatography
supercritical fluid extraction
secondary ion mass spectroscopy
short term to long term ratio
small and medium sized enterprises
standard operating procedures
species (only after a generic name)
solid phase extraction
specific pathogen free
subspecies
sulphur specific detector
spark source mass spectrometry
short term exposure limit
smallest toxicity exposure ratio (TER)
supervised trials median residue
sewage treatment plant
tonne(s) (metric ton)
half-life (define method of estimation)
tri-iodothyroxine
thyroxine
tumorigenic dose that causes tumours in 25% of the test animals
temporary acceptable daily intake
tightly bound capacity
thermal conductivity detector
technical guideline, technical group
Technical guidance document
thermionic detector, alkali flame detector
time domain reflectrometry
toxicity exposure ratio
toxicity exposure ratio for initial exposure
toxicity exposure ratio following repeated exposure
toxicity exposure ratio following chronic exposure
tertiary (in a chemical name)
typical end-use product
temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
tag image file format
thin layer chromatography
median tolerance limit
threshold limit value
theoretical maximum daily intake
theoretical maximum residue contribution
temporary maximum residue limit
technical notes for guidance
total organic carbon
transport emergency card
transfer ribonucleic acid
thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
2,3,5-triphenylterazoliumchloride testing method
91
Quaternary ammonium
compounds, benzyl-C12-16alkyldimethyl, chlorides
Stand.
term
Abbreviation
TWA
UDS
UF
ULV
UR
UV
UVC
UVCB
v/v
vis
WBC
wk
wt
w/v
ww
w/w
XRFA
yr
<
≤
>
≥
Product-type 8
September 2012
/ Explanation
time weighted average
unscheduled DNA synthesis
uncertainty factor (safety factor)
ultra low volume
unit risk
Ultraviolet
unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products
undefined or variable composition, complex reaction products in biological
material
volume ratio (volume per volume)
Visible
white blood cell
Week
Weight
weight per volume
wet weight
weight per weight
X-ray fluorescence analysis
year
less than
less than or equal to
greater than
greater than or equal to
92