Section III
THE GOVERNORS AND THE
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
THE GOVERNORS AND
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH, 1980-81
By Thad L. Beyle
TRENDS in state administrative organizations begun in the late 1970s continued during the
first two years of the 1980s. The concerns of governors, legislators and administrators have
turned from the structure and power of state government toward budget and management
processes, additional revenue requirements and critical policy decisions.
In part this can be attributed to the rather extensive efforts since the mid-1960s to modernize most state governments. While some reforms remain to be carried out, as Larry
Sabato was able to report "within the last fifteen years, there has been a virtual reform in
state government. In most of the states as a result, the governor is now truly the master of
his own house, not just the father figure.'"
In part this shift is due to a changing federal system in which the demands on state
governments and their leaders from above and below are increasing. The federalism revolution being wrought under the Reagan administration is a most visible part of these changes.
But the demands for more adequate education, safer and more productive corrections
policies and structures, preventive measures tied to hazardous waste disposal and health
care cost containment, as well as the concern over decreasing highway revenues and increasing costs of maintaining transportation facilities, etc., all have high positions on the states'
agendas.^ With a general slow-down in additional revenues, the state tax reduction and
reform efforts of the mid- to late-1970s have shifted to the state tax increases and expansions of the 1980s.
Governors
Fifteen governorships were up for election during the two-year period; in 12 of these the
incumbent stood for an additional term with seven of these being re-elected. Of the five
defeated governors, two were unseated in their own party's primary (Montana,
Washington), and three were beaten in the general election (Arkansas, Missouri and North
Dakota).
The cost of becoming governor is high, as measured by those elections. In 1980. the 13
campaigns cost the various candidates over $35 million, paced by the SJ^Tmillion West
'Virginia and $6 million Missouri campaigns. This is an average ol^Sj/? million pepguberjiatoriaLchair. with the winners spending the greater amount (63.8 percent) as would be expected. Deleting those two largest campaigns, the average was $1.5 miUion per chair with
the winners spending 53.4 percent.
'^'^~~^ ~° ''
"
Thad L. Beyle is Professor of Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
141
THE GOVERNORS
The two parties nearly split gubernatorial elections with eight Republican and seven
Democratic winners. Previously, these seats had been held by 11 Democrats and four
Republicans, which meant a net gain of four for the Republicans. As of January 1982, the
political lineup was 27 Democrats and 23 Republicans. The eight new governors inaugurated in 1981-82 included three former lieutenant governors (Indiana, Montana,
Virginia), a former governor (Missouri), a former attorney general (North Dakota), a
former speaker of the house (New Jersey), a former county executive (Washington) and a
banker who had held an appointive position in an earlier administration (Arkansas).
The Governor's Office. The size, ability and structure of governors' immediate offices
have changed considerably in recent years. The average number of staff has grown from 11
persons in 1956 to 34 in 1979. The range from high to low in 1956 was from 3 to 43; in 1979 it
was from 6 to 262.^
Much of this growth has been in the traditional staff functions such as political liaison,
press relations and working with the public, but a sizable portion is tied to policy. There is
increasing use of agency liaisons or aides concerned with the progreuns and activities that cut
across several agencies or departments. In the 1979 survey, 41 states reported an average of
nearly four people in each governor's office involved in federad-state relations, and at least
one gubernatorial aide involved in policy development activities.
At the same time there has been a distinct trend toward more formal hierarchical structures with increasing specialization of functions. This is seen in the shift from the typical offices of the 1950s, which operated with several gubernatorial aides of relatively equal
stature* to the adoption of a "chief of staff" model in most states by 1976, when only five
states lacked an executive assistant or chief of staff to run the office.' The executive assistant performs many roles: advising the governor; easing communication within the office
and junong key administration people; working to see that decisions are made and made
at the appropriate level of authority; ensuring the governor's decisions are carried out;
providing the governor with a manageable span of control; and running the governor's
office.*
Governors have also adopted new approaches to greater contact with the public. In 1981,
West Virginia opened a regional governor's office in Welch, West Virginia. The governor of
Idaho announced in 1980 a "Capitjil for a Day" meeting in each of that state's 44 counties,
with two such meetings a month. These meetings include the governor, key state agency
representatives, local officials and citizens in question and answer sessions with provision
for follow-up action and reports. Eight other states had developed similar programs over
the past few years in order to supplement the more conventional means of public communication through media, ceremonial duties, public appearances and such personal contacts as the mail and telephone provide.'
^
—--—
The Governor and the Lieutenant Governor. During the biennium at least^lvje,governors
came into-conflict~with_lieutenant governors. The governor of Montana was defeated by his
lieutenant governor in the primary fight for the Democratic nomination for governor in
1980. In New Mexico, the conflict was over personnel matters, pardons and control over the
Nationzil Guard when the governor was out of state.* In Missouri, the conflict concerned
the state's constitutional provision giving all the powers and salary of the governor to the
lieutenant governor when the governor is out of state unless he is accompanied by the
lieutenant governor.' Even then the power and salary devolve to the next in line: the president pro tem of the senate. In effect, the governor became a captive in his own state. In
Nebraska, the two actors were caught in a constitutional question over the lieutenant gover142
THE GOVERNORS
nor's right to break a tie vote in the unicameral legislature on a banking bill and then signing
the bill into law as acting governor when the governor was out of state.'"
The most well-known situation was in California where the governor had to go to court
to determine the limits of the lieutenant governor's gubernatorial power while the governor
was out of state. The specific issue was an appointment of a judge by the lieutenant governor, which the governor later withdrew upon return to the state. The California Supreme
Court ruled in December 1979 the lieutenant governor could exercise this power under the
circumstances but that the governor could withdraw the appointment until it was confirmed by the legislature.
Separate elections had much to do with these problems. In California and Missouri, both
officers were separately elected and from opposite parties. In Nebraska and New Mexico,
while they were jointly elected in the general election, they won the party's nomination
separately. Only in Montana were governor and lieutenant governor jointly elected in both
the primary and general elections.
Another area of conflict between these two offices is based on the extent of legislative
powers and duties assigned some lieutenant governors by their constitutions. The greater
the lieutenant governor's legislative powers, the greater the potential for a power base
separate fropa-the-governorN^hile 28 states call on the lieutenan^joyeigiorJo_preside oyer
the senate, \10 provide some committee appointment power andsl6^ive bill assignment
_gower." Michigan voters in 1980 rejected a constitutional amendment to remove the
presiding powers from their lieutenant governor or to allow the governor to fill a vacancy in
the office subject to approval of both houses of the legislature.
Separation of Powers: Governors and Legislatures
There were several developments in the relationship between these two major actors in
state government, including restriction of gubernatorial power of veto in several states. The
Delaware Supreme Court in 1980 limited the governor's pocket veto power, stipulating it
can be used after formal dissolution of the legislature or when the legislature ceases to exist
on election day. Both Utah and Virginia amended their constitutions in 1980 to allow their
legislatures to either reconvene or be called into special session to act on vetoes.
In 1981, New Jersey voters, through constitutional amendment, eliminated the long-held
custom of gubernatorial courtesy whereby the legislature waited for the governor to call for
passed bills for signature or veto, which had given the governor a most effective pocket
veto. Following a New Jersey Supreme Court decision upholding the custom and the
pocket veto, the constitution was amended to require all bills passed by the legislature to be
presented to the governor on that or the next day, and for the governor to have 45 days to
sign or veto a bill. Special sessions at the close of each term were also provided to enable the
legislature to reconsider bills the governor vetoes—thereby eliminating the pocket veto.
The use of the item veto was revived in New York when the state's Court of Appeals
declared the governor's impoundment of appropriated funds unconstitutional. Thus, the
gubernatorial power to control appropriations by the legislature shifted from budget administration to item veto.'^
The entire area of budget control is a major source of conflict between governors and
legislatures. State legislatures have become more aggressive in budget-making, especially in
doling out federal grants-in-aid and in reviewing executive branch administrative activities.
According to a 1980 National Conference on State Legislatures' report, 38 states appropriate federal funds in some manner, and by late 1981, at least 11 state legislatures had
143
THE GOVERNORS
created formal roles for themselves in the state response to the new federal block grants.'^
This has become an especially volatile issue with the federal aid cutbacks under the Reagan
administration and the general shift to the less-structured block grant approach.
In Pennsylvania, the legislature was given the authority to appropriate federal grant
dollars on a line item basis in executive and judicial budgets in 1980. The Massachusetts
General Court in 1981 overrode a gubernatorial veto in order to gain some authority in the
administration of federal block grants. In 1981 the governor of North Carolina, already
sharing his budgetary power with a joint legislative-executive Advisory Budget Commission,
found the legislature not only adding review of federal block grants to its own authority but
gaining a review and approval power over any transfer by the governor of more than 10 percent of the money from one budget line to another.'" This was challenged as an unconstitutional violation of the separation-of-powers clause of the state constitution as well as the
clause giving reponsibility for administering the budget to the governor. The seed for such a
challenge was sown by a state Supreme Court decision in early 1982 striking down a 1980
legislative act which mandated legislative representation on the Environmental Management
Commission, an executive branch agency. The landmark decision was based on the constitutional separation of powers doctrine. A month later, the Court, in an advisory opinion,
also ruled that the legislature had acted unconstitutionally in assuming review power over
federal block grants and gubernatorial executive branch transfers.
Related to budget control is the issue of legislative review of executive branch activities.
Over three-quarters of the state legislatures have established such a process, and while general legislative oversight of the executive branch is not questioned, the notion of a "legislative veto" of administrative rules is. Nearly one third of the states provide their legislatures
with veto power, but two state court cases within the past two years may significantly affect
further expansion of this power in the states. A law providing the Alaska legislature with a
legislative veto over administrative regulations was declared unconstitutional by the Alaska
Supreme Court in 1980 on the narrow grounds that the legislature could not exercise its
legislative veto power without following the constitutionally stipulated enactment procedures. In other words, such a procedure must be similar to enacting legislation—including
the governor's signature. A lower court in Connecticut in 1980 held on broader grounds
that a legislative veto was an "unpermitted incursion" or violation of the separation of
powers doctrine and therefore unconstitutional. The legislature is appealing to the state
Supreme Court. "^^ In New Jersey in 1980, the governor vetoed a legislative veto bill as inconsistent with the separation of powers principle. He argued such a legislative power would
deny him his own veto power.
The third branch of government—the state courts—plays a crucial role in sharpening the
issues and determining boundary lines in these questions of separation of powers between
the executive branch and the legislature. The trend seems clear, however, with the
legislatures becoming more assertive and intruding on previously executive turf.
Elective Officials
There \yere a few changes in the states' elective offices in the two-year period. Voters approved a constitutional amendment allowing the governor of South Carolina to succeed
himself (1980), while the voters of New Mexico (1980) and Kentucky (1981) rejected similar
amendments. In addition to these latter two states, only Mississippi and Virginia still restrict
their governors to a single term. Utah voters determined gubernatorial disability and estab144
THE GOVERNORS
lished gubernatorial succession in a revision of the executive article of the Utah eotistitution
in 1980.
In 1980, voters in Nebraska agreed to authorize the governor to fill a vacaticy in the office
of lieutenant governor, and in Utah they eliminated the title of secretary of state and added
a lieutenant governor who would run jointly with the governor for election. The South
Carolina legislature in 1981 designated the office of lieutenant governor as a half-time position beginning in 1983.
In actions affecting other offices, the Arizona constitution was amended in 1980 to allow
the treasurer to hold consecutive terms and in Delaware the auditor and treasurer had their
terms extended from 2 to 4 years by legislation. In 1981, Oregon voters refused to make
their superintendent of public instruction appointive rather than elective, and Maine voters
refused an elected state energy commission.
State Government Oi^anization
Many states have made changes over the past decades to make state government more
manageable as well as more responsive and accountable. And, some argue it is the governor
who must be the manager.'* Several structural and procedural changes and trends support
this argument.
Reorganization. Between 1965 and 1977, 21 states underwent a major executive branch
reorganization." Since then, no additional states have done so, but several have taken some
Table A
GOVERNORS' REORGANIZATION POWER: 1981
Legislative velo of
reorganization requires:
Alaska(a)
California
Georgia
Illinois(a)
Kansas(b)
Both
houses
C
Either
house
S
*
C
C
Kentuclcy
Maryland
Massachusetts(b)
Michigan(a)
Minnesota
Missouri
New Jersey
North Carolina(b)
Oklahonia(a)
Pennsylvania
S
C
C
C
S
S
S
C
-k
S
Rhode Island (b)
South Dakota
Utah(a)
Vermont
Key:
C—Constitutional authority
S—Statutory authority
1—Informal power
Legislature
considers re- Reorgamorganization
zation
as normal
power
bill
revoked
•
C
1
S
(a) Executive order by governor.
(b) Plan proposed by governor.
145
THE GOVERNORS
steps to address organizational problems. In 1980, the Kentucky governor established by executive order an Executive Management Commission to review 20 agencies of the executive
branch. A joint effort of private-sector "loaned executives" and state employees, the commission sought "to introduce business practices into the operation of State Government.""
In 1981, Louisiana's governor set up a Cost Control Commission "to examine State
Government operations," using private-sector executives as consultants. Since 1973 when
15 governors called for reoganization in their "State of the State" addresses, gubernatorial
concern about overall reorganization has generally declined. No governors called for it in
their 1981 messages."
In a closely related issue. North Dakota voters in 1980 defeated a revision of the executive
article of their constitution which would have authorized the governor to initiate
reorganization proposals subject to vote of the legislature. This left at 15 the number of
states authorizing their governors to initiate reorganization subject to legislative veto or
concurrence. Other states may allow their governor to do so informally, as in Utah. In fact
no state has successfully provided this power to a governor since 1972.
Functional Reorganization. As in the past, some states undertook specific functional
reorganization but with no overall discernible patterns. The efforts of recent years had accomplished most that needed to be done across the states. Some of the functional area
shifts were:
• Education: Kentucky (1980) consolidated its formerly separate secondary, elementary
and occupational school boards into a single board; Massachusetts (1980) consolidated
its separate boards for colleges, universities and community colleges into one Board of
Regents to enhance central administration and budgetary control; Rhode Island (1981)
abolished its overall Board of Regents and replaced it with three new and separate
boards for higher education, elementary and secondary education and educational
television; North Dakota (1981) established a higher education study commission.
• Energy: Mississippi (1980) consolidated its energy and transportation planning; Kentucky (1980) abolished separate energy and transportation regulation commissions,
merging them into a full-time Public Service Commission; Minnesota (1980) created a
more independent Public Utilities Commission out from its Public Service Department; Arkansas (1981) reduced its Energy Department to an office in the Department
of Economic Development; Utah and Illinois (1981) established new Departments of
Energy and Natural Resources.
• Human Resources: Mississippi (1980) established a Health Care Commission; Utah
(1981) established a Division of Youth Corrections and authorized an ombudsman for
the institutional elderly; North Dakota (1981) consolidated various human service
agencies into an umbrella Department of Human Services; Washington (1981) established a separate Department of Corrections and instituted several correctional reforms; Mississippi (1981) renewed its Department of Corrections.
• Local/Community Affairs: Montana (1981) created a Department of Commerce by
merging the Departments of Community Affairs, Professional and Occupational
Licensing and Business Regulation; Wisconsin (1981) merged its Department of Local
Affairs and Development into a new Department of Development; Louisiana (1980)
established a Housing Finance Agency in the Department of Urban and Community
Affairs to provide funds for low- and moderate-income residential housing mortgage
loans; Mississippi (1980) established a Housing Finance Authority to provide taxexempt bonds for moderate- and low-income housing.
146
THE GOVERNORS
• Transportation: Indiana (1980) reorganized some of its transportation agencies,
creating a new Department of Highways; Mississippi (1980) abolished the Office of
Motor Vehicle Comptroller and transferred its responsibilities to the State Tax Commission; Tennessee (1981) reorganized its Department of Transportation in an
economy effort.
Sunset. Another reason for the lack of formal reorganization activity is the involvement
of many states in sunset activities over the past six years. Beginning in 1976 with Colorado,
35 states have adopted some form of sunset legislation, the most recent being Delaware in
1980. This legislation is generally action forcing, in that it calls for the automatic termination of an agency, board or commission unless the legislature reauthorizes or re-establishes
it. A legislative or executive agency usually reviews the activities and programs of the agencies under consideration before legislative action. The tendency has been for most states to
focus their sunset activities on licensing and regulatory agencies. Kansas in 1980 and Montana in 1981 reported several agency and board terminations, and several other states conducted sunset reviews over the 1980-81 biennium.
However, there appears to be a lessening of interest in the states in the sunset concept.
The legislation in Michigan was vetoed in 1980 by the governor as being too broad in scope,
and the legislature of North Carolina abolished that state's Sunset Commission in 1981,
replacing it with a legislative commission on agency review. A six-state study of sunset
activities found some unanticipated results: few agencies or boards being terminated,
but changes occurring in management and operations. Further, legislators were provided
the opportunity to examine the issues involved in the regulatory area of state government. ^°
Cabinet Systems. There has been an increase in the states which use a cabinet system from
10 in 1969 to 35 in 1981. They vary in their composition, responsibility and frequency of
meeting. While they may not wield policy-making and implementing authority, they can
serve as a problem-solving group, a vehicle by which the governor can interact with key administrators.^' Some states have turned to sub-cabinets to achieve coordination within
policy areas.
Policy Management. Traditionally, the budget has been the policy management device
for state government. While this still is the most significant tool available, governors have
been bringing the budget office closer to their own office and blending it with planning.
The most recent trend is to develop an aggressive office of policy management, following
the federal Office of Management and Budget model. While such offices perform many
functions, the most important is "to provide the governor with an adequate source of advice on a broad range of state policy issues.""
Kansas abolished its Division of Planning and Reseiarch and transferred its duties to the
Division of the Budget in 1980, and North Dakota in 1981 changed the name of the Department of Accounts and Purchases to the Office of Management and Budget. However,
Texas voters rejected a constitutional amendment in 1980, which would have given the
governor the authority to oversee and manage the state budget.
In the budgetary process itself more attention is being paid by states to indicators and
measurements other than the dollar. The increasing number of formula-based programs in
which the focus of attention is on the factors that generate the allocation formulas has
caused budget offices to pay considerable attention to a variety of socio-economic factors.
In addition, a recent survey of 38 states indicated 25 states using some form of effectiveness
measures for some or most agencies in their budget documents and 29 using productivity
147
THE GOVERNORS
measures in a similar manner. The same survey also indicated that in 22 responding states
the governor issues written policy guides for preparation of agency budget requests, and in
25 states the governor required the agencies to rank programs according to priorities. This is
a considerable increase in the number of states doing so since surveys in 1970 and 1975."
These findings were consistent with another survey of the financial management systems of
the states which reported over half the states working to coordinate and enhance the
availability and use of data through various projects. And there was a trend toward integrating budgeting, accounting, electronic data processing, personnel, performance
reporting and auditing systems more closely."
The policy management process in the states has been tested by the very rapid changes in
grant-in-aid programs instituted by the Reagan administration. Some states have established permanent and long-range processes and procedures. Others concentrate mainly on
the short-run transition period, putting off longer-range questions. The usual process in the
states is to develop information gathering and dissemination to aid in setting priorities. As
of mid-December 1981, 23 states had created a new agency, committee or task force; 17 had
designated a lead or coordinating agency; 18 had conducted public hearings; and four had
convened convocations or retreats."
Appointments. A significant tool in the management process is the governor's ability to
appoint department and agency heads. This power has been enhanced over the past decade
and a half, in good part due to the extensive reorganization activity in the states." Louisiana in 1980 made the terms of the members of 40 appointed boards and commissions
concurrent with the appointing governor, and Texas voters in 1980 approved a constitutional amendment giving the governor the power to remove his own appointments with
concurrence of two-thirds of the senate.
In conflicting court cases, the Georgia Supreme Court in 1980 ruled unconstitutional the
delegation of executive authority in making appointments to the State Board of Medical
Examiners from a list submitted by the state medical association, while the Mississippi
Supreme Court upheld the procedure, as have the federal courts.
Personnel. Management of the state government work force is another important aspect
of overall management of state government. There were several states which took steps to
strengthen their personnel management capacity. In 1980, Minnesota established a new
Department of Employee Relations and outlined the collective bargaining and strike rights
of state public employees. The governor of California, under his executive reorganization
power, reorganized the state civil service system by establishing a central office of Personnel
Administration which will take over the functions previously scattered among six separate
agencies. Alaska split its personnel agency into a personnel management and administrative
management branches and established separate divisions of labor relations and personnel.
Most significant activities in this area have been tied to the necessity for cutbacks in state
budgets and personnel, due to declining revenues inthe states. In a 50-state survey of the
salary increases for state government employees in 1981, the median increase was in the 8-9
percent range. Increases varied considerably from a low of zero percent in Alabama to a
high of 17 percent in Oklahoma." However, several states operated under hiring freezes
over the biennium in attempts to cut back the size of the state government work force and
thereby cut back budget expenditures, and other governors instituted percentage spending
cuts or holdbacks which served a similar purpose. Michigan led the states in having to
undertake major budget cutbacks and reduced employee paychecks which had severe implications for that state's workers."
148
THE GOVERNORS
The specter of state employee strikes over these serious actions was real. Sixty percent of
Minnesota state employees walked out in 1981 over their grievances, and a 22-day strike ensued. Massachusetts employees held a 4-day strike over the serious budget cuts necessitated
by the impact of Proposition IVi on that state's budget. With the full impact of the federal
aid cutbacks still to be felt, the states will undoubtedly face more problems in personnel
management.
Administration. Several states took steps to better their own housekeeping functions that
provide support for state government agencies. Utah in 1981 established a Department of
Administrative Services, joining a growing number of states that have separated policy and
service administrative activities. In 1980, Massachusetts created a Division of Capital Planning and Operations to control and supervise all state agency and building authority construction, and Arizona established a State Board of Deposit to manage public dollars. Utah
in 1981 created a Risk Management Fund; however, Texas voters rejected authorization for
the legislature to empower a state finance management committee, chaired by the governor
with six other ex-officio members to manage the expenditure of certain appropriated funds.
Alabama, North Carolina and Vermont adjusted their administrative rule-making procedures by new legislation in 1981.
Other Activities
Open Government. At least two states furthered the definition of open meetings. In the
Wisconsin attorney general's 1980 opinion, state government bodies are required to hold
meetings where those with functional disabilities have access without assistance. In a later
opinion the attorney general also ruled telephone conference calls between members of a
public body constitute a meeting under Wisconsin's open meetings law and must meet the
requirements as to notice and public accessibility. Illinois' Open Meetings Act was revised in
1981 to define a meeting as "any gathering of a majority of a quorum of a public body to
discuss public business."
Ethics. Ethical questions continued to be a problem in the states. Former Tennessee
Governor Ray Blanton was convicted in 1981 of crimes committed while in office, along
with 14 other relatives and aides. Former Maryland Governor Marvin Mandel was pardoned
from his sentence in federal prison for misdeeds while in office only to be sued by the state
for removing property from the official mansion. He counter-sued on the value of property
he left behind.
Several states took action to correct ethical problems. The use of the state-funded computer for political campaign purposes in California led in 1981 to a written code of conduct
to be communicated and enforced by the governor's office—the source of the problem.
Massachusetts established an Office of Inspector General in 1980 to prevent corruption in
the purchase of goods and services by both state and local governments and set new
penalties for fraud and bribery in obtaining a public contract. The Massachusetts Ethics
Commission in 1980 allowed media coverage of its hearings, creating trial-like proceedings
for officials accused of misconduct.
Responding to a growing scandal outside of government but an integral part of the contract process, two states took action to control bid-rigging activities by contractors. North
Carolina made it a felony offense with increased penalties, and Tennessee permitted its attorney general to look into contracts on request of a state district attorney.
149
THE GOVERNORS
Notes
1. Larry Sabato, Goodbye to Good-Titne Charlie: The American Governor Transformed, 1950-1975 (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1978), p. 63.
2. Eric Herzik, "Governors and Issues: A Typology of Concerns," paper presented at the Annual Meeting of
the Southern Political Science Association, Memphis, Tenn., November 1981.
3. Coleman B. Ransone Jr., The Office of Governor in the United States (University, Ala.: University of
Alabama Press, 1956), p. 44, and Office of State Services Survey, National Governors' Association, 1979.
4. Ransone, Office of the Governor, pp. 302-62.
5. Center for Policy Research, Governor's Office Series: 2, The Governor's Executive Assistant (Washington,
D.C.: National Governors' Association, 1976), p. 6.
6. Office of State Services reports. National Governors' Association, 1979-1981.
7. Frank H. Olander Jr. and Sydney Duncombe, "Capital-for-a-Day Program: A New Approach to Public
Contact," State Governtnent 54, 1 (1981): 21-27.
8. Janet Clark, "Conflict between Governor and Lieutenant Governor in New Mexico," Comparative State
Politics Newsletter 1, 2 (January 1980): 11.
9. Phiil Brooks, "Missouri's Captive Governor," Cotnparative State Politics Newsletter 1, 6 (October 1980):
12-13.
10. "Nebraska: Bankers and State Officials Battle over New Regulations," Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report, August 29, 1981, p. 1622.
11. For discussion of this relationship see: Thad L. Beyle and Nelson C. Dometrius, "Governors and Lieutenant Governors," State Government 52, 4 (Autumn 1979): 187-95.
12. Joseph F. Zimmerman, "Rebirth of the Item in the Empire State," State Government 54, 2 (1981): 51-52.
13. National Conference of State Legislatures, and Jean Lawson and Carl Stenberg, "Reagan Federalism: The
State's Role and Response," Intergovernmental Perspective %, 1 (Winter 1982): 30-41.
14. Thad L. Beyle, "How Powerful is the North Carolina Governor?" and Ran Coble, "Legislators and
Governor Clash over Budget Provisions—The Legal Issues at Stake," NC Insight 4, 4 (Winter 1981): 3-11, 28-29.
15. Jane F. Roberts, "Fiscal Issues Dominate As States Meet the Eighties," Intergovernmental Perspective!, 1
(Winter 1981): 26-27.
16. See symposium on "The Governor as Manager," Slate Government 54, 3 (1981).
17. Arkansas (1968), California (1968), Colorado (1968), Connecticut (1977), Delaware (1969), Florida (1969),
Georgia (1972), Idaho (1974), Kentucky (1972), Louisiana (1975), Maine (1971), Maryland (1969), Massachusetts
(1969), Michigan (1965), Missouri 1974), Montana (1971), New Mexico (1977), North Carolina (1971), South
Dakota (1973), Virginia (1972) and Wisconsin (1967).
18. For discussion of this effort see: David H. Bland and Pat Ray Reese, "Kentucky's Executive Management
Commission: What the Executives Thought," State Government 54, 2 (1981): 39-44.
19. Herzik, "Governors and Issues."
20. Doug Roederer, Sunset: Expectation and Experience (Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments,
1981).
21. Judith Nicholson, "State Administrative Organization Activities, 1976-1977," The Book of the Slates,
/P75-y979 (Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments, 1978), p. 107.
22. H. Edward Flentje, "Knowledge and Gubernatorial Policy Making" (Wichita: Center for Urban Studies,
Wichita State University, 1980), p. 26.
23. Robert D. Lee Jr., "Developments in State Budgeting: Preliminary Results from 38 Stales," presentation
to the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Public Administration, April 1981.
24. Stanley B. Botner, "The Quiet Revolution in State Financial Management," State and Local Government
Review (in press).
25. Lawson and Stenberg, "Reagan Federalism."
26. Thad L. Beyle and Robert Dalion, "Appointment Power: Does It Belong to the Governor?," State
Government 54, 1 (1981): 2-12.
27. Office of State Services Report, National Governors' Association, January 5, 1982.
28. For a state perspective on cutback management see: Harold A. Hovey, "Cutback Management in State
Government," State Government 54, 3 (1981), 82-86.
150
Table 1
THE GOVERNORS
January 1982
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Name and party
Length of
regular
term in
years
4
4
4
2
4
Number
Jan.
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1983
1982
1983
1983
1983
Present
term
ends
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Forrest James (D)
Jay S. Hammond (R)
Bruce Babbitt (D)
Frank White (R)
Edmund G. Brown Jr. (D)
Colorado
Connectkul
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Richard O. Lamm (D)
William A. O'Neill (O)
Pierre S. du Pont IV (R)
Bob Graham (D)
George D. Busbee (D)
4
4
4
4
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1983
1983
1985
1983
1983
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
George R. Ariyoshi (D)
John V. Evans (D)
James R. Thompson (R)
Robert D. Orr (R)
Robert D. Ray (R)
4
4
4
4
4
Dec.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1982
1983
1983
1985
1983
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
John Carlin (D)
John Y. Brown Jr. (D)
David C. Treen (R)
Joseph E. Brennan (D)
Harry R. Hughes (D)
4
4
4
4
4
Jan. 1983
Dec. 1983
Mar. 1984
Jan. 1983
Jan. 1983
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Edward J. King (D)
William G. Milliken (R)
Albert H. Quie (R)
William Winter (D)
Christopher S. Bond (R)
4
4
4
4
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1983
1983
1983
1984
1985
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Ted Schwinden (D)
Charles Thone (R)
Robert List (R)
Hugh J. Gallen (D)
Thomas H. Kean (R)
4
4
4
2
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1985
1983
1983
1983
1986
New Mexico
New Yorii
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Bruce King (D)
Hugh L. Carey (D)
James B. Hunt Jr. (D)
Allen I. Olson (R)
James. A. Rhodes (R)
4
4
4
4
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1983
1983
1985
1985
1983
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
George Nigh (D)
Victor Atiyeh (R)
Richard L. Thomburgh (R)
J. Joseph Garrahy (D)
Richard W. Riley (D)
4
4
4
2
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
South Dakota
Tennessee ^.
Texas
Utah
Vermont
William J. Janklow (R)
Lamar Alexander (R)
William P. Clements (R)
Scott M. Matheson (D)
Richard A. Snelling (R)
4
4
4
4
2
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1983
1983
1983
1985
1983
Virginia
Washington
West VirginU
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Charles S. Robb (D)
John Spellman (R)
John D. Rockefeller IV (D)
Lee Sherman Dreyfus (R)
Ed Herschler (D)
4
4
4
4
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1986
1985
1985
1983
1983
American Samoa
Guam
No. Mariana Is
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Peter T. Coleman (p)
Paul M. Calvo (R)
Pedro P. Tenorio (R)
Carlos Romero-Barcelo (NP)
Juan Luis (I)
4
4
4
4
4
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
1985
1983
1986
1985
1983
•
Key:
D—Democrat; R—Republican; I—Independent Citizens Movement;
NP—New Progressive; LG—Lieutenant Governor; SS—Secretary of
State; PS—President of the Senate; SpS—Speaker of the Senate.
(a) Succeeded to governor's office March 1978. Was elected to a full
term November 1978.
(b) No lieutenant governor. In Puerto Rico, resident commissioner
runs jointly with governor.
(c)' Succeeded to governor's office December 1980.
(d) Absolute two-term limitation, but not necessarily consecutive.
(e) Governor Ariyoshi may serve three consecutive terms.
(0 Succeeded to governor's office January 1977. Was elected to a full
term November 1978.
(g) Two-year term.
(h) Has served three two-year terms. Is now serving his second fouryear term.
(i) Successive terms forbidden.
of
previous
terms
1
(a)
Maximum
consecutive terms
allowed
by constitution
2
2
No
Yes
(b)
No
No
LG
LG
SS
LG
LG
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
2
(i)
2
2
2
Yes
No
No
(b)
Yes
LG
LG
LG
PS
LG
(i)
2(d)
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
Yes
Yes
No
(b)
(b)
LG
LG
LG
PS
PS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
LG
LG
LG
LG
LG
No
(b)
Yes
No
No
LG
SS
LG
LG
LG
2
2
Yes
No
No
Yes(o)
No
LG
SpS(n)
LG
LG
LG
(i)
No
No
(b)
Yes
(b)
LG
LG
PS
LG
SS
Yes
Yes
Yes
(b)
Yes
LG
LG
LG
SS
LG
1
1
(c)
1
1
2(d)
2
2
1
2(e)
(0
Kg)
2
4(h)
10)
l(k)
2
2
1
2
1(1)
1
1
(i)
3(m)
2
2(d)
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
l(q)
1
(I)
Joint
election
of govOfficial
ernor and
who
lieutenant succeeds
governor governor
2(r)
2
3(s)
2
(j) Succeeded to governor's office January l%9. Was elected to full
terms in 1970, 1974 and 1978.
(k) Served 1973-1976. Was elected again In 1980.
(I) Served 1971-1974. Was elected again in 1978.
(m) Served two terms from 1%3-1966 and 1967-1970. Was elected
again in 1974 and 1978.
(n) This official bears the additional statutory title of "lieutenant
governor."
(o) Effective with 1984 election.
(p) American Samoa has no political party system. However, Governor Coleman is personally a member of the National Republican Party.
(q) Three-year term.
(r) Limitation is statutory.
(s) Absolute three-term limitation, but not necessarily consecutive.
(t) Succeeded to governor's office inJanuary 1978. Was elected to a
full term in November 1978.
151
THE GOVERNORS
Table 2
GOVERNOR'S COMPENSATION
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Transportation provided
Governor's office
Staff
Budget
$50,000
74,196
50,000
35,000
49,100
42
41
26
48
87.6
$1,629,600
N.A.
1,405,100
1,714,498
5,029,000
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
50,000
42,000
35,000
65,000
65,934
30.5
30
25
46
28
882,102
804,000
748,200
2,048,238
1,587,999
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
50,000
40,000
58,000
48,000(g)
60,000
33
21
6
24
17
984,481
637,900
2,528,000
755,904
607,032
Kansas
Kentuclty
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
45,000
50,000
73,400
35,000
60,000
29
32
28
11
77
1,065,559
1,625,000
1,460,159
436,110
2,292,897
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
40,000
70,000
66,500
53,000
55,000
53
53.5
38
23
42
1,207,440
2,781,100
1,256,794
993,405
896,853
•
•
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
43,360
40,000
50,000
51,830(g)
85,000(g)
19.5
6
16
19
64
863,071
194,477
666,986
806,206
1,709,764
•
•
•
New Mexico
New York
North Caroluia
North Dakota
Ohio
60,000
85,000
57,864
47,000(g)
50,000(i)
29
N.A.
36.5
14
20
910,000
6,800,000
1,194,894
493,146
791.000
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
48,000
55,423
66,000
49,500
60,000
43
29
64
7
15
2,361,000(k)
1,725,000
680,593
*
*•
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
46,750
68,226
78,700
48,000
44,850
10
44
4
11
12
525,000
1,671,600
3,187,550
370,000
509,350
•
•
(0
(0
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
75,000
63,000
60,000
65,801
55,000
25
34
55
29.9
6
728,660
(m)
1,294,791
1,076,500
399,238
*
*
*
*
*(
*
American Samoa
Guam
No. Mariana Is
Puerto Rico
Vli^n Islands
40,000
50,000
20,000
35,000
51,000
18
25
5
N.A.
7
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Ari(ansas
CaUfomia
A utom
Airplane
Salary
*
*
*
*
Helicopter
•
(d)
•
•
•
•
*
*
•
*
•*
*
•
•*
*•
*(0
*
*•
(c)
(a)
17,000
(a)
(a)
43,000
(c)
59,973
(a)
(0
•
680,500
862,000
158,0000)
5,493,600
811,689
•
*
•
•
•
N.A.—Not available.
(a) Travel allowance is included in office budget.
(b) Governor does not occupy residence.
(c) Travel allowance is flexible: in Alaska, governor is reimbursed per
diem; in Minnesota, governor's travel allowance is $18,3(X) for in-state
and $16,800 for out-of-state travel; in New York, governor is reimbursed
for out-of-state travel expenses and up to $15,000 for actual in-state expenses.
(d) In Arizona, governor is provided with a helicopter for emergency
use; in Georgia, governor has access to state helicopter; in Missouri,
governor has access to State Highway Patrol helicopter; in New Hampshire, governor has access to National Guard helicopter; in New Jersey
and West Virginia, governor has use of State Police helicopter.
(e) Travel allowance includes travel expenses for all staff.
( 0 Governor has access to state plane: in Maryland, governor has a
yacht; in Massachusetts, governor has access to Massachusetts Aeronautics Commission rental; in Oregon, governor pays state agency an hourly
•
•
*•
*•
•
•
*
*
•
•
•
*
•
•
•
•
*
*(b)
•
0)
*
•
*(b)
•
*
1,225,520
*
*
• (b)
(c)
70,000
7,000
(a)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(0
• (b)
*
•
*
*•
64,283 (e)
(a)
31,400(e)
10,000(e)
36,000(h)
*
Official
residence
(c)
(a)
164,864(e)
(c)
N.A.
(d)
•
•
•
(a)
(c)
$ 31,000
61,055
(e)
(a)
10,000
(c)
19,200
(a)
(0
*
Travel
allowance
(c)
(a)
•
(1)
I9,000(e)
•
•
•
(a)
161,900(e)
(c)
15,000
(a)
•
•
•
(d)
*
*(b)
•
•
52,600
45,000
N.A.
(a)
43,030(e)
•
45,000(e)
40,000
•
60,000
IOO,000(h)
*
*•
*
*
*
rate for plane; in Utah and West Virginia, governor's office is billed for
each use of state plane.
(g) In Indiana, governor receives an additional $12,000 for expenses; in
New Hampshire, governor accepted a salary of $44,520; in New Jersey,
governor receives an additional $55,000 for expenses; in North Dakota,
governor receives an $11,608 supplement.
(h) Contingency fund includes travel allowance.
(i) In Ohio, governor turned down salary increase of $5,000.
(j) In Oregon, the 1981-83 biennial budget is $2,284,846; in Northern
Mariana Islands, budget is for nine employees.
(k) Included are Washington office ($381,000), governor's home
($147,000) and dues to interstate organizations ($118,000).
(I) A separate amount is not appropriated. An estimated amount of
$120,000 for 1981-82 includes all officials in governor's office.
(m) $1,775,000 appropriated; 10.1 percent budget cut by executive
order—$1,597,500.
(n) Governor is provided with a van for a mobile office.
152
Table 3
THE GOVERNORS: PROVISIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR TRANSITION
State or
other jurisdiction
Legislation
pertaining
to gubernatorial
transition
Gov.-elect
participation
Approproin preparing
priations
state budget
available to
for coming
gov.-elect fiscal year
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
•
*
Colorado
Connecticut . . . . . . .
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
•
*
*
*
*
10,000
10,000
10,000 (a)
75,000
*
•
T:r
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
•
•
*
*
*(d)
50,000
15,000
...
40,000
10,000
-k
*
•
-k
*
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
*
*
100,000
Unspecifled
10,000
5,000
50,000
*
•
•
*
•
*
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
...
*
•
•
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
...
•
•
•
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
*
...
*
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
•
*
•
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
•
*
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
No. Mariana Is
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
•
•
*
k
...
...
. .-.
...
$ 60,000
348,000
30,000
30.000 (i)
...
5,000
150,000
• (h)
it
*
•
*
10,000
(k)
...
5,000 (m)
18,000
40,000
80,000
...
Unspecified
10,000 (I)
Unspecified
...
...
56,000 (a)
...
Key:
. . .—No provisions or procedures.
• —Formal provisions or procedures.
•&—No formal provisions; occurs informally.
(a) Inaugural expenses are paid from this amount.
(b) On a contractual basis.
(c) Voluntary assistance.
(d) Pertains only to funds.
(e) Provided on irregular basis.
(0 Arrangement for transfer of criminal files.
(g) Budget personnel.
(h) Can submit supplemental budget.
Office
space in
buildings
available to
gov.-elect
Provisions
for tranter
of information (records.
files, etc.)
ir
ir
...
•
•
*
10,000
20,000
100,000
...
50,000
State per. sonnet made
available to
assist
gov.-elect
...
...
-Ci
•
•
*
...
29,600
25,000
100,000
25,000
...
3,500 0)
-k
30,000
Gov.-elect
hires staff
to assist
during
transition
Provisions
for acquainting gov.-elect
stuff with
office procedures and
routine office
functions
*(b)
*(c)
*(e)
• (0
• (g)
*
iz
*
. .6
•
•
•
•
-Ci
•(!)
•
* (n)
(o)
-Ct
...
*
*
* (p)
...
...
...
(i) Made available in 1979.
(j) In addition, $1,500 is made available for the lieutenant governorelect.
(k) Money made available from emergency and contingency funds.
(I) Outgoing governor and incoming governor present separate budgets
to the legislature.
(m) Allocated from the governor's emergency fund.
(n) Responsible for the preparation of the budget; staff made
available.
(o) Not transferred but use may be authorized.
(p) Can submit reprogramming or supplemental appropriation
measures for current fiscal year.
153
THE GOVERNORS
Table 4
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS: QUALIFICATIONS AND TERMS*
(In years)
State or
other Jurisdiction
Minimum
age
State
citizen
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
30
30
Colorado
Connectkut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
30
30
30
30
30
HawaU
Idaho
lUinob
Indiana
Iowa
30
30
25
30
30
...
...
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
...
30
23
...
6
5
30
5
Massachusetts ...'
Mtohigan
MinnesoU
Mississippi
Missouri
...
30
25
30
30
...
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
25
30
25
...
5
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohk>
30
30
30
30
...
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
31
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
30
18
30
18
30
U.S.
citizen
7
State
resident
7
7
(b)
7
5
:
...
5
Qualified
voter
Length
of term
Maximum
consecutive
terms
allowed
(a)
(a)
(a)'
...
(a)'
6
(a)
6
5
(b)
5
2
(c)
(a)
1
5
10
2
5
2
(b)
(b)
5
5
2
5
(a)
(a)'
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
7
...
(a)
5
30
30
...
...
Virginia
Wuhhigton
WestVlrgtahi
Wlsconsbi
Wyomhig
30
...
...
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
35
30
(a)
2
(b)
5
5
4
5
(a)
5
(a)
4
4
(a)
4
(a)'
4
4
'(b)*
18
(a)
•(b)'
5
...
(b)
30
(a)
'This table includes constitutional and some statutory qualifications.
(a) Required by constitution but number of years not specified.
(b) No lieutenant governor. In Tennessee, the senate president, who
bears the statutory title of lieutenant governor, is elected from the senate
membership by the senate rather than by statewide election.
(c) Successive terms forbidden.
(d) U.S. citizen or National.
154
2
2
THE GOVERNORS
Table 5
LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS: POWERS AND DUTIES
Presides
State or
other jurisdiction
Appoints
committees
Breaks
roll-call ties
Assigns
bills
Authority for
governor to
assign duties
Alabama..
Alaska
Arizona ..
Arkansas .
California.
Head of
executive
department
Serves when
governor out
of state
*(a)
• (b)
Colorado . . .
Connectkut.
Delaware . . .
FlorMa
Georgia
(d)
Hawaii .
Idaho ..
lUinois..
Indiana.
Iowa . . .
*(b)
Dept. of Commerce
Kansas . . .
Kentucky .
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland .
• (h)
Massachusetts
Mich^an
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
• (a)
New Mexico...
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota .
Ohio
*(k)
*(1)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania ..
Rhode Island ..
South Carolina
Tourism & Recreation
(c)
•(g)
• (m)
South Dakota .
Tennessee
*
•
...
•
...
(c)
Virginia
Washhigton ..
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
(e)
*
•(0)
•
ir
•(g)
American Samoa.
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
*(h)
•(n)
*
*
Texas
Utah
Vermont
*
...
•
Federal Liaison Office
(c)
(a) After 20 days absence, except for Montana which is after 45 days.
(b) Performs the function generally granted to a secretary of state.
(c) No lieutenant governor, except in Tennessee the speaker of the
senate bears the additional statutory title "Lieutenant Governor."
(d) Lieutenant governor does not serve as governor in his absence, but
the governor leaves lieutenant governor in charge of operations of governor's office.
(e) The lieutenant governor is a member of the Committee on Committees which appoints the committees. In Georgia he is chairman.
(0 When the lieutenant governor is a member of the senate majority
party.
(g) Except for final passage.
(h) Has authority to act in an emergency when the governor is absent
from the state.
(i) May perform duties requested by the governor, but no power vested
. in the governor may be delegated.
(j) Except rules and legislative service committees.
(k) Only with sponsor's request.
(I) By tradition, the lieutenant governor appoints those persons suggested by the party leaders.
(m) Appoints study committees but not standing committees.
(n) Only when governor is continuously absent or suffers a temporary
disability. The state supreme court must determine when such a situation
exists.
(o) Subject to senate confirmation.
155
THE GOVERNORS
Table 6
ATTORNEYS GENERAL AND SECRETARIES OF STATE:
QUALfflCATIONS FOR OFnCE
Attorneys General
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama .
Alaska . . .
Arizona ..
Aritansas .
California.
Minimum
age
U.S.
citizen
(years)
State
resident
(years)
• (c)
State
resident
(years)
5
(a)
5
(a)
25
25
(a)
18
21
26
New Mexico
NewYorii
North CaroUna .
North Dalcota ..
Ohio
30
30
21
25
18
31
2
5
io'
• (b)
i(kd)
5
30 days
30 days
5
•
*
3*mos.
*
*
2
*
(a)
• (b)
2
• (d)
2
*
*
*
*
30 days
*
5
5
30 days
•
30 days
*
7
30 days
2 '
5
5
30 days
•
5
*•
it
5
• (d)
• (b)
•
•
• (b)
•
2
5(d)
•
*
•
2
•
30 days
•
•
• (b)
30 days
•
• (d)
•k
•
•
10
*
South DakoU
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
'.
•
18(0
30
18
•
2
5
• (b)
• (b)
(a)
2
3
•
2
5
(a)
7
6
• (b)
30
25
Qualified
voter
25
21
36"
25
21(e)
25
•
0
• (b)
• (d)
•
• (b)
• (d)
30 days
30 days
(a)
•
(a)
• (b)
(a)
• (b)
• (b)
Virginia
Washhigton..
West Virginia.
Wisconsin . . .
Wyoming
American Samoa . . .
Guam
Northern Mariana Is.
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
U.S.
citizen
(years)
7
(a)
10
25
Montana
Nebraslca
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania (g)
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina .
Minimum
age
25
(a)
25
• (c)
2
6 mos.
Hawaii .
Idalio ..
Illinois .
Indiana.
Iowa . . .
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Licensed
attorney
(years)
*(b)
Colorado . . .
Connecticut.
Delaware . . .
Florida
Georgia
Kansas . . .
Kentucliy .
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland .
Qualified
voter
Secretaries of Stale
Membership in
the state
bar
(years)
(a)
• (b)
• (b)
18
25 '
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
5(d)
• (d)
• (h)
21(e)
N.A.—Not available.
(a) No secretary of state.
(b) Although there may be no specific requirement for minimum age
of U.S. citizen, it can be inferred that the individual must be 18 years old
and a U.S. citizen since he or she must be a qualiHed voter. In addition,
some states have residency requirements to be a qualiried voter and these
can be found in the table "Qualifications for Voting."
(c) No statute specifically requires this, but the State Bar Act can be
construed as making this a qualification.
(d) Implied.
N.A.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)'
(a)'
(a)'
(a)'
•(d)
(e) Implied, since the attorney general must represent the state in all
legal matters and, therefore, must be an attorney. To be an attorney in
Nebraska and Puerto Rico, one must be at least 21 years old.
(0 Implied, since the attorney general must be a practicing attorney
and to be an attorney in New Jersey, one must be at least 18 years old.
(g) These qualifications took effect for the first time with the attorney
general entering office in 1981.
(h) Must be admitted to practice before highest court of a state or territory.
156
THE GOVERNORS
Table 7
SECRETARIES OF STATE: LEGISLATIVE LICENSING, REGISTRATION
AND CUSTODIAL DUTIES
Legislative
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama .
Alaska(c).
Arizona ..
Arkansas .
California
I i!
Custodial duties
Licensing and registration
11
I!
Ill
e ?.
It
II
I
iH I
II II III «.il
• (d)
Colorado . . .
Connecticut.
Delaware . . .
Florida
Georgia
D,F
D,F
D.F
D.F
Hawaii(c).
Idaho
Illinois . . .
Indiana...
Iowa
Kansas . . .
Kentucky .
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland .
tl >! 11
Ill « l
*(0
• (g)
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
*(e)
•
. ..
•
• (e)
•
D.F
*
•
•
•
•
*(e)
#(0
D.F
D.F(h)
• (e)
• (e)
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
• (i)
D.F
D.F
New Mexico . . .
New York
North Carolina.
North Dakota ..
Ohio
D.F(h)
FO)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania...
Rhode Island...
South Carolina .
South Dakota .
Tennessee . . . .
Texas
Utah(c)
Vermont
• (e)
Virginia
Washington..
West Virginia
Wisconsin . . .
Wyoming....
American Samoa(c).
Puerto Rico
(a) In this column only: •—Both houses; H—House; S—Senate.
(b) D—Domestic; F—Foreign.
(c) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant
governor.
(d) Administrative regulations only.
(e) Only as corporations.
(0 On instructions from governor.
(g) Extradition only.
(h) Collects fees for filing certain corporate reports and papers.
(i) Rules only.
(j) Annual fee only.
157
THE GOVERNORS
Table 8
SECRETARIES OF STATE: ELECTION AND PUBLICATION DUTIES
Publicalion
?i
i
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama .
Alaska(a).
Arizona ..
Arkansas .
California
II
*(b)
•
*(b)
II
is
lit
af
ill
1H
*
Colorado . . .
Conneclkul.
Delaware . . .
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii(a).
Idaho
Illinois . . .
Indiana...
Iowa
Massachusells.
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
*
*
*(g)
*(g)
*
*
*
*(g)
*
*(d)
*(g)
• (c)
• (c)
(e)
(e)
(0
• (h)
• (h)
•
*
•
• (c)
•(c)
• (c)
'•(h)
• 0)
• (k)
•
• (k)
*(1)
• (h)
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
•
New Mexico . . .
New York
North Carolina .
North Dakota..
Ohio
• (k)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania..
Rhode Island..
South Carolina .
• (k)
• (b)
South Dakota .
Tennessee
Texas
Ulah(a)
Vermont
Virginia
Washington..
West Virginia
Wisconsin . . .
Wyoming
*
•
it
•
*(i)
*(b)
Kansas . . .
Kentucky.
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland .
*(b)
*(b)
• (b)
II
I
*(g)
• (k)
• (m)
*(8)
American Samoa(a).
Puerto Rico
(a) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant
governor.
(b) On state level only.
(c) Distribution only.
(d) By Campaign Spending Commission attached to lieutenant governor's office for administrative purposes.
(e) Sales of session laws and statutes to public.
(0 Maintains central file of administrative rules for public inspection,
(g) On state and federal level.
(h) On federal level only.
(i) Certifies candidates' names to counties for ballots.
(j) Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices attached to secretary of state's office.
(k) Files certificates of election only.
(1) State Election Commission composed of governor, secretary of
state and attorney general.
(m) Nomination only; governor issues certificates of election.
158
THE GOVERNORS
Table 9
ATTORNEYS GENERAL: PROSECUTORIAL AND ADVISORY DUTIES
Reviews
legislation
Issues advisory opinions
Authority to
initiate local
prosecutions
A
A(a)
A.B.C.D.F
...
A, E
May
intervene
in local
prosecutions
A,D
A(a)
B,D
D
A.D.E
B,F
...
(c) ~
F
A.B.F
B
...
(c)
D
A.B.D.G
E
A.D.F
A,D,E,F,G
F(b)
D,F
A.D.G
A
A.D.E
B.C.D.F
A,B
G '
A
B.C.F
Massachusells....
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connectteut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
May
supersede
local
prosecutor
aja
S'S
A.D
A(a)
B.D
D
A.B.D
A
A(a)
B
•
D.F{b)
B
(c)
D
A.B.D.F
.B.-.
May assist
local
prosecutor
*
*
*•
*
*
*
*•
(c)
A.G
A
F
G
D
D
B.D
G
A
B.C.D
D
B.D.F
D
A
B.C.D
A.F
G
G
A
B.C
A,B,C,D,E,F,G
A
B
B.E.F
F
A.B.C.D.E.G
A
B.D.G
A.B.C.E
A
B
...
A.B.C.D.E
D
A.B.D
B.F
B
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire ..
New Jersey
C,F
A
D,F,G(0
A
A
A.B.C.D
A
D(0
A
A.B.D.G
A.B.C.D.F
A.D
(f,g)
A
A.D
A.C
A
G.F
A
A.B.D.G
New Mexico
New York
North Caroibia...
North Dakota....
Ohio
A.B.E.F.G
B,F.
...
A,G
B.C.F
B.D.G
B
D A,D
B.F
D
D
D
A.D
F
B
B
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island . . . .
South Carolina...
B,C
B,F
A.D.G
A
A
B.C
B,D
D.G
D
A.D
B.C
B.D
D
D
A.D
B.C
B
G
South Dakota....
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
A(h)
D,F,G(b)
F
A.B.D.E.F.G
A
A
D,G(b)
...
E.G
A
A
D
D
D.E
A
A
F
Viiglnia
Washington
West Virginia . . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
B.F
B.D.G
A.B.D.F
B.D.G
B.C.F
B,D(b)
B.C.D
B.D
B.D.F
D
D
D
B.D
American Samoa .
No. Mariana Is. ..
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
A.E
A
A.B.E
A
A.E
...
A.B.E
...
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
*
•
(c)
*
A
E
A
B
B
B.C(j)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
*
•k
*
*
*
*
*
*•
•
•
A
B.C
i
•
•
A
A.D
A.D
A.D
A.D.E.F
D
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
I
*
*
• (e)
•
*
*
*
•
•
•
•
•
(d)
• (e)
•
*
•*
(d)
(d)
(d)
•
(d)
(d)
•
(d)
•
*
•
•
•
*
*
•
•
*
•
A.E
A.E
A.E
A.B.E
Key:
A—On own initiative.
B—On request of governor.
C—On request of legislature.
D—On request of local prosecutor.
E—When in state's interest.
F—Under certain statutes for specific crimes.
G—On authorization of court or other body.
(a) Local prosecutors serve at pleasure of attorney general.
(b) Certain statutes provide for concurrent jurisdiction with local prosecutors.
*
(c) No local prosecutions or prosecutors.
(d) Only when requested by governor or legislature.
(e) To legislative leadership only or to legislature as a whole.
(0 in connection with, grand jury cases.
(g) Will prosecute as a matter of practice when requested,
(h) Has concurrent jurisdiction with states' attorneys,
(i) No legal authority, but sometimes informally reviews laws at request
of legislature.
0) If the governor removes the district attorney for cause.
159
THE GOVERNORS
Table 10
ATTORNEYS GENERAL: CONSUMER PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
AND SUBPOENA AND ANTITRUST POWERS
May
commence
civil
proceedings
•*•
*
*
*
*
May
commence
criminal
proceedings
*
•
...
...
...
Represents
the slate
before
regulatory
agencies
...
*
...
*
...
Cotorado
Connectkul
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
*
*
•
•
*
*
...
*
*
•
•
•
•*
...
*
•
*
•
*
•
...
...
*
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
*
•
*
*
•*
*
...
•
...
•*
*
*
•
•
...
*
•
•
*
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
*
*
*
*
*
. *
*
...
*
•
*
•
*
*
•
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri ...'.
•*
•
•
•
•
*
•
...
...
...
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
•
•
•
*
*
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Administers
consumer
protection
programs
•
•
•
*
...
Handles
consumer
complaints
*
•
*
•
*
Subpoena
powers
(a)
m
•
•
•
•
Antitrust
duties
A, B
B, C
A, B, D
B, C. D
B, C, D
•
•
B, C, D(b)
A, B, D
A, B, C
A, B. C, D
B, C, D
...
•
•
•
•
•
A, B, C, D
D
A, B, D
B, C, D
A, B, C, D
•*
•
...
*
•
*
*
*
*
•
•
• (c)
•
*
*
*
•
...
*
•
•
•
...
*
•
*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A, B, C, D
A, B, C, D
B, D
B, C
A, B, C, D
•
...
*
•
*
*
•
...
*
*
...
•
...
...
•
...
*
•
*
*
•
B, C, D
A, B, C(d), D
A, B, C, D
B, C, D
A, B, C, D
*
•
•
*
•
•
•
...
•
•
•*
...
•
...
*
•
...
•
*
*
•
•
*
•
•
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
•
•
•
•
•
...
*
...
•
*
•(e)
* (c)
-k
•
*
•
*
*
•
...
•
. •
"•
*
*
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
*
•
•
•
*
*
•
...
•(d)
*
...
• (c)
•
•(d)
•*
*
*
*
...
*
Virginia
Washington
West Vii]g!nia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
•
•
•
•
*
•(e)
...
...
...
...
•
•
•
•
...
•(!)
•
•
•
•
•(0
•
•
*
•
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Is
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•(h)
•
•
•
•
...
•
•(e)
...
•
•(e)
Key: .
A—Has parens patriae authority to commence suits on behalf of consumers In state antitrust damage actions in slate courts.
B—May initiate.damage actions on behalf of state in state courts.
C—May cornmence criminal proceedings.
D—May represent cities, counties and other governmental entities in
recovering civil damages under federal or state law.
(a) In this column only: • indicates broad powers and • indicates
limited poNyers.
(b) Only under Rule 23 of the Rules of Civil Procedure.
*
*
•
•(0
*
•
•
•
•
• ''
•
•
•
••
••
.
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
••
•
•
••
•
•
•
•
•
B, C, D
A, B, D
B, C
B, C
B, C, D
A, C
A. B, C, D
A, B, C, D
C, D
B, C, D
B, D
A, B, C, D
D
A, B, C, D
A, B, C. D
A, B, C,
A, B, C,
B, D
A(g), B, C,
A, B, C,
D
D
D(g)
D
A, B, C, D
A, B, D
A, B, D
A, B, C, D
B, C, D
A, B, C
A, B(i), C, D
(c) When permitted to intervene.
(d) Attorney general has exclusive authority.
(e) Limited.
(f) Attorney general handles legal matters only with no administrative
handling of complaints.
(g) Opinion only, since there are no controlling precedents.
(h) May always prosecute in inferior courts. May prosecute in District
Court by request or consent of U.S. Attorney General.
(i) May initiate damage actions on behalf of territory in District Court.
160
THE GOVERNORS
Table 11
ATTORNEYS GENERAL: DUTIES TO ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
AND MISCELLANEOUS DUTIES
Duties to administrative agencies
Conducts
litigation
State or
other jurisdiction
Serves as
counsel
for state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B
B
B
B
B
Colorado
Connectkut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B,
B
B
B
B
HawaU
Idalio
lUinois
Indiana
Iowa
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B
B
B
B
B
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B
B
B C
B, C
B, C
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B
B
B
B,
B
C
C
C
C
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B
B
B
B
B
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B c
B c
B c
B c
B C
• (c)
• (a)
• (d)
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
, A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B c
B c
B c
B c
B C
•
•
•
•
•
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
A,
A,
A,
A,
A,
B c
B c
B c
B C
B C
• (a)
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Is
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
A,
A,
A,
A,
B c
B c
B c
B C(h)
ii
I
Appears
for
state in
criminal
appeals
• (a)
•
*(c.d)
• (a)
H
II li
• (b)
II
1!
• (a)
Key:
• (a)
c
c
c
c
c
c
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(a)
(a)
(b.c)
(b.c)
(a)
(b.c.e)
(a)
(a)
(a)
• (c)
*(b,d)
• (b)
• (b.c.d)
• (b.c.d)
• (c)
• (d)
• (a)
• (d)
• (a)
• (b)
• (b)
• (b)
• (b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
• (b)
• (b)
• (cO
• (0
• (a)
• (b)
• (a)
• (b)
• (a)
• (g)
A—Defend state law when challenged on federal constitutional
grounds.
B—Conduct litigation on behalf of state in federal and other
states' courts.
C—Prosecute actions against another state in U.S. Supreme
Court.
•Only in federal courts,
(a) Attorney general has exclusive jurisdiction.
(b) In certain cases only.
(c) When assisting the local prosecutor in the appeal.
(d) Can appear on own discretion.
(e) In certain courts only.
(0 If authorized by the governor,
(g) Because there are no local prosecutors.
(h) Except in cases in which the U.S. Attorney is representing the
Government of the Virgin Islands.
161
THE GOVERNORS
Table 12
STATE CABINET SYSTEMS
A uthorization for cabinet system
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama .
Alaska . . .
Arizona ..
Ariiansas .
California
i
(-.
Criteria for membership
?! J
M II
II II
Colorado . . .
Connecticut.
Delaware . . .
Florida
Georgia
C '. C
^11
Number of
members in
cabinet
(including
governor)
• (b)
Hawaii .
Idaho ..
Illinois .
Indiana.
Iowa . . .
15(d)
11
Kansas . . .
Kentucky.
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland.
*(b)
*(b)
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
11
(h)
Frequency of
cabinet meetings
Open
cabinet
meetings
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
Yes
No
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
No'
No
Once a month
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
Every other week
No
Yes(a)
Yes
Yes
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
No
Yes
Yes
Weekly
Yes(c)
Monthly(e)
At least every other month
(0
Monthly
Gov.'s discretion
(0
Gov.'s discretio.n
Gov.'s discretion
No
Gov.'s discretion
Yes(g)
No
No
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
3-4 times a year
New Mexico
NewYorij
North Carolina(j) •
North Dakou . . . .
Ohk)
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
Weekly
Yes
Yes(a)
No
Gov.'s discretion
(6"
Monthly
Weekly
Gov.'s discretion
Every 4-6 weeks
Yes
No
Yes(l)
No
Gov.'s discretion
Gov.'s discretion
No
Yes
(m)
17
(m)
Gov.'s discretion
Yes
No
7
(h)
Usually monthly
Gov.'s discretion
No
No
Gov.'s discretion(i)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania...
Rhode Island...
South Caroibia .
South Dakota .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Yes
9
(k)
19
17
(m)
(m)
Virgmia
Washington..
West Viiginte
Wisconsin . . .
Wyoming
Gov.'s discretion
Vligbi Islands
(a) Except when in executive session.
(b) With the consent of senate.
(c) Except when closed meeting is called for in law.
(d) Typically about 15.
(e) Weekly during the le^lative session.
(0 In practice, the media and others do not attend, but cabinet
meetings have not been formally designated closed.
(g) With some restrictions.
(h) No formal cabinet system, but the governor meets periodically with
various cabinet heads or other advisors.
(i) Usually every other week.
0) North Carolina constitution provides for a Council of State made
up of the state elective administrative ofFicials, which makes policy decisions for the state while the cabinet acts more in an advisory capacity.
(k) Governor meets with all depariment heads once a week. Three
separate meetings are set up each week for this purpose. AU statewide
elected ofriciats are also invited to the meetings.
(1) Except when in policy-making session.
(m) State Planning Advisory Committee, composed of all depariment
heads, serves as an informal cabinet. Committee meets at discretion of
state planning coordinator.
162
Table 13
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICL\LS: ANNUAL SALARIES*
State or
other jurisdiction
Governor
Lieutenant
governor
Secretary
of state
Attorney
general
Adjutant
general
Treasurer
Administration
Agriculture
57,500
58,766
(a-10)
(c)
35,471
64,452
48,901
(a-11)
54,556
43.277
64.452
44.629
33,500
54,556
Budget
39,702
64,452
48.901
35.360
63.628
45,400
49,561
32,300
50,112
60.456
50,000
. 67,624
35,300
48,651
38.400
50,000
51,467
27,800
55,500
38,400
45,816
54,356
39.300
32.956
38.400
52.000
67,624
41,900
46,879
50,000
28,000
48,000
34,000
35,600
42,500
43,221
32,500
44,460
40,248
43.075
45.000
48.880
42,500
43,075
43,000
{a-4)
35,600
(a-25)
39,150
39,000
48,880
37.400
42,500
41,029
54,600
50,128
(a-5)
40,000
43,229
60,169
36,637
50,000
27.500
43.229
55.712
25.000
50.000
36,636
44,000
60,169
25,230
41,773
50.724
47,500
60,311
39,749
45,972
43,229
60.168
39.811
52.200
24.348
41.500
43,079
34,050
40,800
47,340
45.000
52.908
31.928
55,200
30,000
60,000
36,000
34,000
42,500
37,500
60,000
56,000
41,000
45,000
30,000
58,400
36,000
34,000
42,500
40,644
50,305
60,456
33,000
34,000
55,000
58,400
47,000
22,671
49,100
40,000
34,000
40.000
35,053
45,200
36,500
30,000
34,000
36,796
(a-8)
46,291
40,934
34,000
31,077
32,000
8,000
28,685
32,000
32,500
36,406
56.000
39,555
39,500
40,500
45.039
56.000
26,175
32,000
31,500
36,406
56,000
43,000
39,231
32,500
29,615
53,500
43,000
41,500
46,827
(a-5)
43.000
34,430
35,382
34,553
56,000
(a-U)
37.788
33.103
36,406
56,000
42,500
39,800
(a-8)
36.406
55.500
60,000
85,000
57,864
47,000
50,000
38,500
60,000
47,918
46,500
30,000
38,500
69,000
47,918
33,500
50,000
44.000
60.000
53,966
38,000
50,000
38,500
49,029
47,918
33,500
50,000
40,128
59.800
39.010
54.600
51.000
45,000
51,'367
49,800
55,000
(c)
65,700
47,918
33,000
43,000
42,432
65,700
46,091
38,000
43,000
43.824
67,000
51,337
53,500
45,000
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
48.000
55,423
66,000
49,500
60,000
27,500
57,500
35,500
30,000
24,000
45,629
48,000
35,500
45,000
35,000
53,308
55,000
41.875
45,000
30,000
45,619
48,000
35,500
45,000
45,990
43,440
48.000
34.620
45.000
52,800
49,000
58,141
(a-22)
40,000
47,844
48,000
(a-12)
45,000
51,000
43,440
48,000
30,002
37,222
41,772
47,844
49,000
47,284
50.234
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
46,750
68,226
78,700
48,000
44,850
8,500
(0
7,200
33,500
19,200
31,749
51,504
52,800
24,386
39,749
73,015
56,200
36.500
31.400
31,749
51,504
56,200
33,500
24,380
33,850
46,526
56,200
50,363
28,579
60,281
47,278
33,850
46,526
56,200
42,533
32,032
28,036
46,526
59,496
42,533
32,115
37.750
42.636
55.200
53.286
34.507
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
75,000
63,000
60,000
65,801
55,000
16,000
28,600
29,200
31,000
36,000
32,608
37,500
45.000
47,100
42,000
50,780
55,500
53,000
37,200
39,000
32,608
37,500
35,500
50,112
31.500
40.068
40.400
59,000
(a-6)
(a-10)
65.313
69.216
44,400
54,000
39,000
56,000
52,764
48,723
41,928
33,750
46.782
52,764
47.900
66.800
38.316
(a-8)
59,712
Dist.ofCol
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
No. Mariana Is
Virgin Islands
67,4I0(i)
40,000
50,000
35,000
20,000
51,000
35,000
29,000
30,000
36.000
36.000
50,112
35,000
24,460
32,000
14,664
52.618
(a-4)
58.500
(c)
27,300
(a-38)
(a-21)
52,618
30,000
29,900
32,000
N.A.
38,640
14,'0()6
42,500
25,800
(a-4)
28,000
22,500
42,500
49,000
57.500
45.000
26.500
47,500
25.800
(a-5)
30.000
22.500
42.500
43,277
57,500
44,629
34,240
53,119
50,000
42,000
35,000
65,000
65,934
32,500
25,000
15,500
56,500
28,846
32,500
25,000
41,900
55,500
38,400
40.000
38.500
37.000
55.500
46.000
32,500
25,000
24,000
55,500
35,742
HawaU
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
50,000
40,000
58,000
48,000
60,000
45,000
12,000
45,500
43,600
18,000
(a-4)
28,000
50,500
34.000
35,600
42,500
35,000
50,500
39,000
46,980
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
45,000
50,000
73,400
35,000
60,000
13,500
43,229
63,367
52,500
27,500
43,229
55,712
25,000
36,000
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
40,000
70,000
66,500
53,000
55,000
30,000
50,000
40,000
34,000
30,000
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire . . . .
New Jersey
43,360
40,000
50,000
51,830
85,000
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
$50,000
74,1%
50,000
35,000
49,100
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
(b)
58,500
36,151
35,000
45,000
32,506
18,000
47,000
•Salary figures are presented as submitted by the states except when
ranges were given. In those instances, the maximum figure was chosen.
When necessary, figures have been rounded. Methods of selection for
the officials listed on this table may be found in Table 20.
N.A.—Not available.
(a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function:
(a-1) Attorney General
(a-2) Secretary of State
(a-3) Social Services
(a-4) Lieutenant Governor
(a-5) Comptroller
(a-6) General Services
(a-7) Planning
(a-8) Administration
(a-9) Transportation
(a-10) Finance
(a-11) Commerce
(a-12) Natural Resources
(a-13) Parks & Recreation
(a-14) Labor & Industrial Relations
(a-15) Consumer Affairs
(a-16) Adjutant General
163
28,000
40,000
36,652
(a-10)
24,066
(c)
(a-17)
(a-18)
(a-19)
(a-20)
(a-21)
(a-22)
(a-23)
(a-24)
(a-25)
(a-26)
(a-27)
(a-28)
(a-29)
(a-30)
(a-31)
(a-32)
(a-33)
(a-34)
(a-35)
(a-36)
(a-37)
(a-38)
25,000
N.A.
32,000
(a-12)
34.776
Health
Community Affairs
Highways
' ,
Environmental Conservation
Treasurer
Budget
Education (chief state school officer)
Mental Health
Licensing
Personnel
Industrial Development
Highway Patrol
Agriculture
Post Audit
Welfare
Education—higher
Fish & Game
Tourism
Energy Resources
Banking
Disaster Preparedness
Taxation
Banking
(a-4)
THE GOVERNORS
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Civil
rights
...
$64,452
58,766
...
49,978
Community
Commerce
a/fairs
$43,277
$43,277
57,500
57,500
48,901
(a-12)
39,096
44,011
54,556
$39,702
64,452
48,901
(a-IO)
42,500
(a-1)
50,640
(a-1)
(a-1)
49,990
$50,622
64,452
53,624
41,119
54,556
$39,702
64,452
53,624
44,101
52,980
$36,000
64,452
40,716
26,500
45,452
Education
(chief
school
officer)
$49,461
57,500
36,000
48,150
42,500
50,508
25,000
45,700
55,500
38,400
(a-1)
58,101
27,600
37,606
43,308
54,000
62,488
46,100
49,460
38,400
(a-8)
51,467
43,200
40,068
42,870
(a-16)
34,817
22,800
29,089
(a-16)
62,519
62,488
64,500
48,981
43,200
55,500
81,700
42,500
28,000
48,000
37,565
(a-25)
(a-1)
(a-1)
35,802
(a-1)
(a-3)
37,897
46,000
47,632
(a-3)
(a-22)
(a-5)
47,544
33,592
41,392
(a-16)
29,754
32,500
26,520
27,800
42,500
28,000
58,000
34,000
48,200
45,000
43.326
69,550
70,000
44,496
48,624
(a-IO)
(a-8)
33,530
50,000
35,928
42,000
30,928
32,469
41,400
50,724
47,500
47,386
32,802
44,000
52,548
34,500
50,496
31,512
(a-5)
36,204
45,000
38,661
25,688
30,000
58,045
43.229
60,169
39,479
56,800
46,000
62,652
69,109
(a-23)
51,200
Comptroller
Consumer
affairs
Corrections
Data
processing
Disaster
preparedness
Education
—higher
$64,452
63,000
49,000
56,757
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
51,556
54,356
29,600
30,900
...
39,576
58,101
48,600
50,699
52,750
35,892
34,817
48,600
48,150
43,475
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
...
22,174
44,000
33,592
28,944
(a-7)
35,454
39,000
(a-4)
39,312
(a-11)
46,000
36,816
28,080
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
32,064
39,000
...
24,482
42,400
47,184
41,500
50,812
(a-27)
39,400
35,304
41,500
34,042
32,968
36,200
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
25,000
49,000
33,000
...
34,000
30,741
53,500
37,521
(a-29)
34,000
45,000
35,053
(a-llj
32,000
(a-11)
46,291
(a-30)
34,000
45,000
(a-1)
30,000
35,000
30,600
47,500
58,400
45,000
38,000
40,000
63,180
(a-8)
46,291
39,915
34,000
26,025
(a-28)
38,962
22,000
34,000
41,584
58,400
45,000
34,000
51,780
41,584
56,400
42,000
54,000
40,000
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
26,713
35,748
28,000
20,885
53,461
43,000
38,063
40.000
34,553
56,000
(a-11)
(a-ll)
29,000
23,985
56,000
26,713
35,200
31,500
45,039
54,052
25,409
(a-1)
25,982
(a-1)
55,500
43,000
43,600
44,000
34,553
56,000
30,368
38,500
38,500
36,406
55,500
27,668
(a-16)
25,127
24,750
39,892
34,120
48,000
34,812
41,333
56,000
50,800
41,366
40,509
30,654
56,000
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
30,516
59,800
(a-8)
43,128
69,000
39,753
35,000
45,000
65,700
49,178
42,000
47,000
(a-Ilj
43,128
60,000
(a-22)
36,000
(a-21)
(a-1)
55,300
48,145
30,000
(a-1)
50,000
69,200
49,178
35,300
47,000
43,824
(a-6)
43,160
44,500
36,000
(a-16)
53,330
43,760
33,100
(a-16)
50,000
76,100
53,966
34,000
53,500
44.520
(a-23)
78,750
60,700
85,000
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
24,000
34,020
42,152
26,680
38,475
40,000
47,844
48,000
50,902
(a-27)
40,000
44,532
48,000
38,238
28,355
32,000
43,440
43,00)
40,046
45,000
35,000
43,440
42,152
24,613
41,000
49,500
47,844
47,511
47,956
49,269
43,440
42,152
38,238
(a-22)
29,864
32,400
42,152
27,269
(a-16)
35,000
45,619
49,000
53,140
45,000
78,000
69,516
49.000
(a-23)
54,249
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
25,013
32,220
...
(a-27)
(a-11)
41,000
53,286
31,220
26,499
51,510
56,200
47,606
(a-10)
(a-1)
32,220
" 38,800
36,498
(a-1)
37,749
46,526
55,000
50,363
34,985
48,000
42,636
35,000
53,286
29,370
23,594
32,220
27,500
38,419
24,024
36,005
51,510
55,000
60,281
37,876
46.057
59.900
55,000
64,519
(a-1)
34,347
51,510
(a-27)
53,286
41,308
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
...
45,500
30,942
42,462
...
36,700
47,200
50,628
51,4«2
(a-27)
44,400
(a-11)
34,860
(a-11)
(a-27)
47,900
(a-22)
(a-10)
(a-8)
37,900
(a-29)
(a-1)
(a-1)
(a-1)
(a-1)
50,100
56,388
33,750
52,866
52,764
43,200
51,180
36,312
(a-8)
59,712
42,000
36,100
28,125
35,588
41,232
59,500
42,800
56,200
58,139
37,500
56,200
52,680
64,692
42,500
32,300
Dist.ofCol
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
No. Mariana Is
Virgin Islands
52,618
(a-26)
...
27,960
...
N.A.
(a-11)
N.A.
25,800
20,064
52,618
(a-21)
(a-8)
34,000
52,618
30,000
27,300
32,000
14,644
43,500
31,345
32,000
52,618
(a-37)
27,300
27,000
11,494
34,779
52,618
31,500
35,000
52,618
30,000
27,300
26,000
15,517
26,368
55,400
31.000
36,000
32,000
25,000
38,640
62,475
30,000
N.A.
(c)
34,776
(c)
(b) Receives $400 per month, plus $67 per day during legislative session.
(c) No single agency or official.
(d) Responsibilities handled by three positions: Director of PreConstruction & Design, $47,500; Director of Construction, $47,500;
Director of Maintenance, $47,500.
(e) State Library, Board of Education, $34,640.
(c)
64,140
50,000
(c)
0)
17,821
N.A.
(0 The spealcer of the senate is elected by the senate from among its
membership and, by statute, is lieutenant governor. For that part of the
job the salary is $9,053.
(g) Salary: $61,000 plus house, utilities and $9,000 supplement.
(h) Departments of Fisheries and Game: $54,000 each.
(i) Mayor.
(j) $25 per meeting.
164
THE GOVERNORS
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICLVLS: ANNUAL SALARIES
Environmental
conservation
Elections
administration
Employment
services
(a-2)
$64,452
(a-2)
...
(a-2
$39,702
64.452
40,716
46,061
54.556
Energy
resources
35,000
64,452
(a-7)
32,464
49.888
Colorado
Connectkut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
(a-2)
36,211
26,000
40,250
(a-2)
41,556
54.356
(a-14)
42.200
(a-14)
39,576
51,467
34,500
41.166
39,500
(a-17)
62,488
42,600
49,731
(a-12)
50,000
67,624
46,200
(a-5)
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
(a-4)
(a-2)
25,000
24,388
26,770
(a-26)
45.247
55.296
40.404
36.900
(a-7)
34,389
43,000
30,524
34,668
(a-17)
41,217
43,000
57,148
35,856
(a-22)
41,029
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
28,104
38,568
60,168
(a-2)
34,100
40.776
45.000
50.812
34,528
34,736
41,196
43,500
(a-12)
36.982
38,800
40,860
47,500
48,602
32,802
(a-12)
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
31,610
(a-2)
(a-2)
(a-2)
23.700
34.991
50,800
46,291
34,000
34,000
43,000
45,200
46,291
37.600
34.000
30,071
(a-2)
(a-2)
(a-2)
(a-2)
(a-2)
42,074
(a-14)
38,231
25,506
50,914
31.108
32.330
38.800
32.000
56.000
(a-17)
34.288
36.236
New Mexico
New Yorit
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
29,064
56,500
48,145
(a-2)
(a-2)
45,000
57,910
46.091
45.600
35,000
45.000
65.700
43.760
35.000
43,000
42.432
65.700
44.777
51.500
35,000
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
44,000
45,619
34,856
22,859
38,640
40,000
47,844
42,152
43,665
52,360
28,590
47,844
44,538
32,295
38,101
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
(a-2)
26,784
(a-2)
(a-4)
(a-2)
31,154
46,526
46.300
56.376
34.507
33,250
39.264
39.600
42.533
29.993
50,363
42,411
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
37,900
31,176
(a-2)
40,165
(a-2)
43.200
54.000
31.500
(a-14)
61.188
(a-37)
40.300
29.520
(a-8)
37.344
(a-33)
41,112
(a-12)
58.236
Dist.ofCol
American Samoa . . .
Guam
Puerto Rico
No. Mariana Is
Virgin Islands
52,618
(a-1)
N.A.
28,000
17,821
29,998
52.618
Stale or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jerwy
27,680
28,000
18,000
(a-14)
(c)
Fish &
game
Health
Highway
patrol
$43,277
64,452
51,224
35,360
54,556
54.556
45.816
32.188
30.500
48.150
41,200
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-8)
49.500
(a-8)
65,000
67,088
44,500
59,400
61,626
48,108
51,467
38,000
40,660
42,315
(a-12)
44,140
43.000
29.562
34,050
(a-5)
(a-8)
(a-8)
25.272
36.936
42,500
46.353
52.000
63,128
39,312
47,500
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-5)
33,864
55.000
53.020
28,434
37,516
(a-8)
(a-10)
(a-8)
55,000
(a-8)
50,000
(a-22)
(a-8)
28,021
49,485
(a-12)
38,750
39,100
36.796
(a-8)
47.000
(c)
43.000
(a-13)
33.103
34.553
50.914
25.131
(a-8)
40.240
(a-22)
(a-22)
43.128
(a-20)
36.750
36,000
35,000
(a-17)
47,844
55,000
(a-12)
(a-17)
(a-21)
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-22)
39,000
42,636
37,750
51,510
40,0(X)
39.600
34,000
(c)
56.000
(c)
(c)
(c)
N.A.
29.000
20.000
30.390
(c)
(c)
(0
(a-5)
(c)
(a-8)
(a-5)
(a-5)
(a-21)
(a-8)
(c)
(c)
53,286
34,507
(a-8)
(a-22)
42,192
(c)
$34,463
57.500
53.624
40.000
49.990
General
services
$25,337
: 64.452
(a-8)
$68,003
57,500
77,349
49,552
59,079
57,500
58,766
33,254
49,990
52.618
21.000
29.000
23.340
36,000
36,000
Finance
$43,277
64.452
53,624
48,853
63,628
(c)
165
Historic
preservation
$31,629
64,452
40,716
26,624
(a-13)
(a-9)
35,520
32,188
34.300
36,150
(a-12)
34.765
37,000
48.800
35.714
(a-9)
(a-9)
(a-9)
52.910
(a-9)
(a-12)
34,034
41,256
29,692
26,244
50,724
61,464
35,000
49,670
52,174
39,384
47,500
47,497
36,920
44,000
47,340
(a-9)
(a-9)
29,869
48,200
37,776
28,788
25,860
23.338
32.800
48,394
69,300
49,000
46,000
45,000
30,705
53,500
43,347
31,000
32,500
34.876
58,400
(a-9)
38,580
47,500
(a-2)
41.488
(a-21)
48,000
53,600
34.812
45,039
56,000
31,436
38,121
40,509
34,553
55,500
43,000
41,113
(a-9)
41,333
(a-9)
29.349
32.883
38.231
20.027
28.353
(a-8)
65.700
(a-8)
41.900
(a-8)
42,432
69,200
82,139
52,000
51,000
44,520
65,700
45,877
34,000
(a-19)
50,000
(a-9)
46,229
52,500
52.000
43.824
(a-13)
32.848
31.800
42,500
45,576
42,152
24.613
49.972
32.648
47,844
51,500
34,620
(a-22)
71,500
43,440
51,500
49.093
63.412
41.888
47.844
51.500
48.363
41.606
(a-9)
47.844
47,600
31,151
54,587
29.240
(a-9)
34,856
27,788
30,168
26.956
45.924
(a-13)
47.606
33.758
(a-8)
46,526
47.400
(a-8)
(a-8)
34.346
56.339
55.000
42.533
48,484
32,749
46,526
55,000
38,419
38,147
36,450
(a-9)
55,700
(a-9)
(a-9)
23,737
29.376
39.200
42,533
28,849
39,200
47.900
54.000
21.804
(a-8)
(a-8)
59,500
68,700
50,675
47,521
69,216
43,200
54,000
39,375
44,472
52,764
54,100
(a-9)
43,875
(a-9)
70,956
31,300
36.100
33.750
31.729
34.692
52.618
52,618
35,000
(a-8)
32,000
36,000
43,058
(a-37)
32,510
20,520
8,174
(h)
33,252
(a-12)
67,500
52,618
(a-8)
(a-21)
25.000
38.640
Highways
$43,277
64,452
(a-9)
(a-9)
(a-9)
25,000
(a-29)
(a-12)
23,990
52.200
(c)
(a-8)
30.000
(c)
53.028
54.356
(a-9)
(d)
52,618
35,000
25,240
30,000
27.0()6
25.000
21.340
19,500
13,967
20,965
THE GOVERNORS
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: ANNUAL SALARIES
State or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
CaUfomia
Industrial
developmem
$43,277
64,452
48,901
41,176
(a-14)
Insurance
$43,277
64,452
44,629
37,450
54,556
Labor &
Industrial
relations
$43,277
64,452
53,624
40,018
54,556
Licensing
Post
Audit
$43,277
54,000
44,629
$40,000
50,640
53,597
50,778
(a-10)
45,816
34,817
31,000
36,500
42,027
52.000
54,356
31,400
44,075
44,820
41,556
44,726
44,900
(a-22)
(a-22)
48,000
51,546
24,000
58,000
38,400
(a-17)
33,742
52,000
48,880
(a-3)
42,500
(a-12)
42,031
47,544
33,384
34,050
42,500
44,140
43,000
46,566
36,000
42,500
(a-22)
(a-5)
38,126
48.000
34.000
35.600
53,020
34,445
52,200
38.016
41,500
47,497
28,475
38,800
45,684
45,000
50,760
39,479
52,200
48,394
69,300
46,291
53,000
63,768
30,071
53,500
47,000
39,520
40,000
27,882
48,734
43,347
36,500
34,000
36,796
60,552
47,000
36,500
34,000
43,000
(a-31)
40,240
45,039
55,500
43,000
38,000
38,944
34,553
56,000
(a-33)
48,143
30,824
34.553
53,461
27,435
35,292
38,231
41,333
56,000
(a-11)
32,659
33.103
29.755
55.500
(a-17)
69,200
86,247
(a-3)
55,000
45,000
(a.20)
49,178
40,128
65,700
39,753
36,000
36,000
43,824
65,700
47,489
43,500
39,000
40.128
(c)
(a-11)
37,907
24,613
71,510
64,152
47,600
56,332
61,591
(a-34)
43,440
42,152
26.680
43.064
42,000
(a-8)
42,152
38,238
46,326
39,000
46,526
(a-35)
53,286
(a-20)
26.952
35.340
49.300
47,606
34,403
33,750
46,526
44,400
42,800
42,192
61.026
(a-12)
51,000
33,252
(a-12)
47,832
50,000
58,101
37,300
47,250
53,460
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
(a-7)
(a-11)
(a-11)
35,074
34,050
(a-25)
36,331
43,000
44,460
32,000
42,500
38,126
43,000
32,084
34,128
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
36,000
(a-11)
50,812
34,445
36,200
35,000
45,000
55,712
30,930
47,800
36,420
41,500
50,812
25,230
44,600
Massacliusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
30,741
56,710
46,000
45,000
(a-11)
35,000
45,200
36,500
34,000
34,000
29,086
53,500
40,000
16,095
49,000
40,000
29,000
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
(a-li)
(a-11)
38,800
30,654
48,493
28,685
35,967
36,236
41,333
56,000
43,000
33,983
31,445
34,553
56,000
(a-11)
(a-17)
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
38,580
(a-11)
43,760
(a-l I)
33,000
41,736
65,700
47,918
33,500
43,000
35,328
65,700
47,918
33,500
43,000
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
32,700
44,532
34,856
(a-11)
55,730
32,000
43,440
48,000
26,680
49,059
24,000
45,619
33,389
36,947
40,247
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
34,347
38,808
39,200
40,465
33,779
27,706
46,526
49,600
42,533
(a-36)
27,750
46.526
38,600
44,955
32,115
Vu^inia
Washington
West Vii]ginia
Wisconsin
Wyombig
48,900
(a-11)
34,860
(a-11)
52,764
48,723
37.200
31,500
42,000
48,9%
40,200
54,000
31,500
55,000
46,644
Dist. of Col
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
No. Mariana Is
Virgin Islands
(a-11)
N.A.
32,000
...
34,779
50,000
23,700
41,250
(a-2)
42,500
36,331
44,000
(a-10)
(c)
34,736
43,979
48,351
28,000
47,340
(a-17)
39,766
28,933
(a-17)
(c)
29,215
56,339
38,419
(a-2)
50,363
45,822
(c)
60,000
68,700
(a-17)
(a-3)
50,244
(g)
37,056
35,866
52,618
(c)
{a-4)
Planning
58,000
(a-20)
41,900
49,500
50,572
45,816
54,356
24,000
(a-21)
(a-5)
27,300
32,000
13,304
34,776
Personnel
$43,277
64,452
53,624
35.360
54.556
48,108
67,088
44,400
43,000
65,000
(a-11)
(a-l I)
29,600
46,999
(a-U)
(a-38)
30,000
Parks &
recreation
42,592
63,628
(a-15)
$45,292
64,452
93,078
60,060
59,079
Natural
resources
$43,277
57,500
$36,101
64,452
44,629
36,989
49,990
64,452
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
52,618
Mental
health
N.A.
15,300
(a-11)
(a-15)
166
52,618
(a-17)
27,000
25,800
17,821
• (a-17)
40,000
46,566
37.800
45,m
47,000
(c)
40,700
43,665
30,066
32.066
23,000
34,500
27,300
32,000
12,068
25,000
30,524
35,640
(a-22)
38,159
38,750
. 52,200
(a-18)
46,291
31,500
35.066
47.844
44,538
34,620
42,941
35.334
43,229
48,600
23,067
46,500
30,000
64,800
46.000
34.000
42.500
31,824
32,000
45,039
38,500
(a-5)
47,918
33,500
17,000
(a-21)
(a-2)
48,000
(c)
50,234
53,286
36.067
34,999
38.808
(a-22)
38.419
37.190
32,318
(a-5)
55,200
33,500
24,380
47.900
54,000
33.750
52,458
59,712
(a-22)
41.928
(a-11)
(a-22)
50.244
51,230
37,200
44,874
52,618
30,000
28,360
30.000
30.000
34.776
52.618
(a-11)
26.000
32.000
N.A.
32.200
(c)
46,644
27,066
N.A.
(a-5)
30,000
(c)
THE GOVERNORS
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICL\LS: ANNUAL SALARIES
Pre
audit
$39,702
34,140
48,901
28,288
32,976
Public
library
Public
utility
regulation
$38,506
64.452
40.716
27.916
50.537
$29,315
49,000
36,000
34,240
54,709
Colorado
Connectkut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
(a-S)
(a-S)
(a-10)
(a-5)
(a-S)
48,433
49,561
27,000
36,150
(a-23)
40,000
57,983
29,600
53.000
44.520
HawaU
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
(a-S)
(a-5)
48.000
42,400
30,867
(a-23)
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Social
services
43.277
64.452
44.629
39.202
54.556
Transportation
Welfare
$64,452
$57,500
70,603
57,270
54,556
(a-3)
(a-3)
53,624
(a-3)
(a-3)
45.816 .
44.726
31.000
36.504
35,742
(a-18)
33,477
27,900
42,000
40,764
(a-19)
67,624
45,700
55,361
59,160
(a-3)
58,101
(a-3)
41,808
42,666
(a-2)
37,934
30,024
(a-22)
32,340
47,500
51,376
39,312
42,500
30,150
46,000
41,418
43,600
(a-7)
(a-U)
(a-11)
24,388
30,867
42,500
53.682
52.000
42.420
48.467
(a-3)
(a-17)
52,000
(a-3)
(a-3)
33,336
45,000
(a-22)
33,030
(a-21)
30,708
37,500
44,184
27,123
40,518
43,776
45,000
41,700
(a-12)
(a-12)
47,184
44,500
47,497
32,448
50,000
23,772
41,500
47,497
(a-27)
34,000
47,184
47,500
53.020
37.939
56,800
37,872
41,500
57,439
30,160
(a-3)
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
30,000
(a-8)
46,291
34,000
(c)
30,700
48,734
36,770
54,100
46,291
(a-31)
40,000
30,317
(a-12)
45,000
24,357
30,000
45,000
41,900
47,000
33,000
40,000
28,045
48.734
37.521
28.500
34.000
47,500
(a-19)
48.000
(a-19)
(a-19)
37,826
(a-3)
48,000
40,000
34,000
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
26,175
30,300
35,942
34,553
(a-21)
43,000
(a-31)
41,074
(a-31)
56,000
(a-17)
23,100
(a-12)
24,648
34.461
43,000
37,855
38,231
41,333
55,500
24.126
24.300
27.500
21.972
43.979
47.500
(a-3)
71,298
(a-3)
36,406
55,500
42,432
69,200
48,968
30,000
43,000
43,824
57,910
43,760
33,300
34,000
43,128
69,200
50,564
52,500
29,000
(a-17)
(a-20)
34.461
38.500
32.000
45,000
65,700
49,178
33,500
47,000
35.328
(a-U)
41,744
(a-11)
29,000
45.000
72.400
49,178
50,000
(a-3)
69.200
(a-3)
(a-3)
47,000
31,763
39,372
36,342
34.620
34.677
40,000
52,800
42,500
42,450
43,058
(a-6)
34,020
36,342
43,665
33,936
87,450
52,800
40,700
47,284
55,229
(a-17)
39.372
41.272
(a-12)
41,606
47,600
47,844
51,500
45,475
45,743
40,000
39,372
34,856
28,898
36,705
50,000
52,800
55,000
44,285
(a-19)
(a-3)
47.844
47,600
(a-3)
(a-3)
31,750
(a-5)
(a-5)
(a-5)
(a-10)
25,680
35,340.
39,200
42,533
25,854
31,749
46,526
43,800
44,955
41.000
24,810
35.340
(a-6)
44.955
27.206
32,231
38,808
(a-31)
56,376
36,316
31,720
38,808
30,200
(a-17)
30,035
35,498
46,526
(a-5)
50,363
33,176
27,180
46,526
38,100
40,465
33,633
36,924
51,510
(a-19)
64,519
44,200
36,924
46,526
55,000
50,363
38,084
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
(a-5)
44,052
39,000
(a-8)
42,264
43,200
47,200
49,750
47,792
45,528
48.723
51,100
35,000
46,747
61,188
(a-6)
40.908
31,716
49,718
46,644
(a-31)
53,664
33,252
(a-17)
47,832
(c)
39,900
32,433
39,530
43,308
49,600
54,000
43,875
51,941
52,764
(a-12)
34.416
29,520
41,791
45,528
59,000
66,800
(a-19)
54,083
44,900
53,664
42,192
47,682
(a-3)
Dist.ofCol
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
No. Mariana Is
Virgin Islands
52,618
(a-23)
27,580
(a-23)
13,304
31,911
52,618
52,618
(a-21)
26,800
(a-21)
12,671
38,640
52,618
52,618
27,300
29,000
52,618
25,000
27,580
21,360
17.881
36.000
52,618
(a-21)
...
(a-21)
...
(c)
(a-11)
N.A.
28,000
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Purchasing
$32,877
(a-6)
44.629
35.360
48.387
Solid
waste
28.288
49.888
Taxation
$43,227
57,500
58,766
38,026
49,990
Tourism
$43,227
64,452
40,716
33,254
44,016
55.000
58.101
36,700
(a-17)
(a-24)
(a-17)
37,660
50,200
29,422
46,734
54,000
54,356
43,700
49,500
38.400
(a-5)
31,361
44,400
29,120
34,050
42,500
38,210
46,000
40,404
48,467
(a-17)
35,746
38,556
24,388
34,050
45,492
45,000
50,796
36,166
45,400
36,420
43,500
37,744
29,869
34,736
36.552
41.500
49.707
23.110
41,500
27,000
(a-32)
33,146
48,900
36,000
31,000
40,000
35.053
48.734
40.424
(a-22)
34.000
...
(a-S)
(a-8)
34,553
(a-22)
26,713
35,250
34,335
34,553
46,177
31,077
25,000
42,522
46,270
56,000
New Mexico
NewYori(
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
(a-8)
(a-5)
(a-8)
(a-22)
17,000
37,092
43,463
43,760
29,000
36.000
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
(a-22)
...
(a-5)
23,653
42,941
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
(e)
25,000
167
(c)
30,222
32,000
12,068
22,933
52,618
(a-19)
21,340
27,720
8,174
34,776
56.000
(c)
(c)
32,000
(a-3)
(a-3)
22,000
36,000
Table 14
CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY ELECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS*
1:1
State or
other jurisdiction
0\
OO
(^
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
C
C
C
C
California
C
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
C
C
C
C
C
Hawaii
C
Idaho
C
Illinois
Indiana
C
C
Iowa
C
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
C
C
C
C
C
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
C
C
C
C
C
II
Miscellaneous
9
C(a)
C
C
C
Board of Equalization—C4(c)
C
C
C
C(d)
C
(d)
(e)
(0
B d . o f T r u s t e e s , U n i v . o f lU.—S9(g)
CIO
. . .
C8(i)
CS'
(h)
C24(j)
S(l)
Railroad Commission—C3
Elections commissioner
C8(k)
S3
7
7
8
18
2
9
7
11
7
6
6
8
9
19
6
6
8
13
3
7
7
7
7
15
7
15
7
7
7
9
11
16
11
22
Kb)
C3
Highway Commission—S3
4
4
7
8
6
11
6
14
36
6
13
6
ON
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
C
C
C
C
C
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
C
C
C
C
C
Oklahoma
Oregon
PennsyKania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
C
C
C
C
C
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
C
C
C
C
C
Virginia
Washington
West Vii]ginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
C
C
C
C
C
American Samoa . . .
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
C
C
C
C
•Includes only officials who are popularly elected.
Key: C—Constitutional; S—Statutory; numbers indicate number of officials.
(a) Commissioner of agriculture and industries.
(b) Lieutenant governor's office is part of governor's office.
(c) Plus controller, ex officio.
(d) The state treasurer also serves as insurance commissioner.
(e) Governor and cabinet, ex officio.
(0 Comptroller general is ex officio insurance commissioner.
(g) Plus governor, ex officio.
(h) Secretary of state holds this office.
(m)
C8
09
08
S9
35
05
Oorporation Commission—03
O
S(n)
023
Tax commissioner—O
Adjutant & inspector general—O
S24
Oil
SI 1(0)
Railroad Commission—03
Village Commissioners—S24
7
9
8
2
1
11
27
24
6
1
9
4
10
12
7
20
4
10
14
29
8
6
5
5
9
10
6
5
5
9
8
2
9
5
6
10
4
34
15
6
3
9
6
6
5
3
9
6
6
5
2
4
2
37
2
2
(i) Eight elective members, three appointive.
(j) Three universities with eight regents each.
(k) Plus governor and superintendent of public instruction, ex officio, non-voting.
(1) Commissioner of agriculture and commerce.
(m) State auditor is also insurance commissioner.
(n) The constitution provides for a secretary of agriculture and labor. If the legislature provides for
a secretary of labor, which it has, then it must be a separate and distinct office. The secretary of
agriculture and labor then becomes just the secretary of agriculture. Therefore the constitution does
not provide for a secretary of labor, as do the statutes.
(o) Elected school board, by districts.
Table 15
CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR
LENGTH AND NUMBER OF TERMS OF ELECTED STATE OFFICIALS*
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
O
%
O
Miscellaneous
4/2
4/2(a)
4/U
- 2/U
4/U
4/2
4/1
Colorado
Connectkut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
4/U
4/U
4/2(c)
4/2
4/2
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinofe
4/2(a)
4/U
4/U
Indiana
Iowa
4/U
2/U
4/U
4/U
2/U
4/U
4/0(b)
2/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/2(a)
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/2
4/1
4/U
4/1
4/2(g)
4/1
4/U
4/1
4/2(g)
4/1
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
4/2
4/0
4/2
4/2 '
4/2(a)
4/2
4/0
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/U
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/2(c)
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
2/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
2/U
A/Xi
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
Bd. of Equalization—4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
(d)
(0
4/U
Bd. of Trustees, Univ.
of lUinois—6/U
4/2(g)
4/1
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/U
4/0
4/U
4/U
Railroad Comm.—4/U
Election commr.—4/U
4/U
Highway Comm.—4/U
(h)
4/1'
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/2(c)
4/U
4/U
4/1
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
4/U
4/U
4/U
...
...
4/2(j)
4/U
...
...
4/0(k)
4/0(k)
4/0(k)
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/2
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/1
4/U
4/2
2/U
4/U
4/1
4/2(g)
4/2(1)
2/U
4/U
4/U
4/2
4/2
2/U
4/2
4/U
4/U
4/1
...
...
4/U
4/U
4/U
...
...
New Mexico
4/0(k)
4/0(k)
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
4/U
4/2(c)
4/U
4/U
4/2(c)
4/U
Ohio
4/2(a)
4/U
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
4/2
4/2(g)
4/2
2/U
4/2
4/2
2/U
4/U
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
4/2
4/2(a)
4/U
Utah
Vermont
4/U
2/U
4/U
2/U
Virginia
Washington
West Vinsinia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
4/0
4/U
4/2
4/U
4/U
4/1
4/U
American Samoa . . .
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
4/2
4/2
4/U
4/2(a)
4/2
4/2
4/U
4/2(g)
2/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
6/U
6/U
4/U
4/U
...
...
4/0(k)
4/0(k)
4/U
...
...
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
Corporation Commission—6/U
4/U
4/U
Tax commissioner—4/U
4/1
4/U
Adjutant & inspector
general—4/U
6/U
6/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
2/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
2/U
4/1
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
6/U
. . .•
4/U
4/U
2/U
4/U
2/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/0
4/U
4/U
4/U
6/1
Railroad Commission—6/U
4/U
4/U
4/U
4/2(a)
•First entry refers to number of years per term. Second entry refers to number of terms. This table
reflects the literal state constitutions and statutes.
Key:
U—No provision for number of terms allowed.
O—Cannot succeed himself.
I—May hold office for unlimited number of terms.
(a) Must wait two years before being eligible again.
(b) Absolute two-term limit, not necessarily consecutive.
(c) Governor and cabinet ex officio.
(d) Comptroller general is ex officio insurance commissioner.
(e) Eligible for eight out of 12 years.
(0 Secretary of state holds this office.
(g) After two consecutive terms, must wait two years before being eligible again,
(h) Must wait one full term before being eligible for any office, with the exception of lieutenant
governor who is eligible immediately for the office of governor,
(i) After two consecutive terms, must wait four years before being eligible again,
(j) State treasurer also serves as insurance commissioner,
(k) State auditor is also insurance commissioner.
(1) State treasurer is not eligible for Office of Auditor General until four years after leaving office.
Table 16
QUALIFICATIONS FOR ELECTION TO STATE OFHCE"
Legislature
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Aricansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
-J
Age
U.S. citizen
(years)
10
7
10
(d)
5
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire . . . .
New Jersey
7(a)
7
5(a)
7
5
(b)
1
(e)
(c)
(b)
(e)
1
(b)
(c)
Age
State resident (years)
House
Senate
(b)
(d)
6
7
6(a)
(d)
(d)
5
(d)
Kansas(g)
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Mich^an
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
(b)'
District
resident,
house <$
senate
(years)
1
1
1
1
1
State
citizen/
resident
(years)
5
2
3
5
2
6(h)
5
5
5
(b)'
1
5
10
(d)
5
2
5(h)
2
7
7
New Mexico
New Yorii
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio(g)
(d)
(d)
5
(d)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
(d)
(d)
(d)
1 mo.
5
5
5
2
5
(b)
3
7
1 mo.
5(h)
(b)
(b,c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
1
60 da.
(b)
(d)
20
15
(b.l.m)
(b)
(b.q)
(b)
(b'r)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(b.c)
i
2(0
(b)
(b)
(i)
(b)
Other
18
24
18
21
21
18
30
18
25
25
(e)
1
1
3 mo.
0)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a.c)
(c)
18
21
21
21
24
18
21
21
25
30
(e)
(e)
6 mo.
2
1
(b.c.k)
(b)
(b)
(b)
18
U
(o)
18
21
18
21
(o)
30
30
21
18
(P)
18
18
25
18
25
18
18
21
21
21
18
21
25
21
25
18
25
1
4
2
1
U
(o)
2
2(a)
4(a)
1 mo.
(o)
7
4(a)
4(a)
1 mo.
6 mo.(n)
1
(b.l.m)
(b)
(b)
(e)
1
(b)
(e)
1
1
(e)
1
(c)
(b)
(b)
(b,q)
(e)
1
(b)
(c)
1 mo.
(b.r)
(b)
South Dakota . . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermonl
(d)
(d)
(d)
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
(d)
(d)
'(d)'
(d)
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands . . .
(s)
(d)
5
5
2
7(a)
5
5(i)
4
5
'5(a)
(b)
5
5
5
5
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a.b)
(b)
(b)
(t)
(b)
'(b)'
'This table includes constitutional and some statutory qualifications.
U—Unicameral legislature.
(a) Citizen of the state.
(b) Must be a qualified voter. Maryland: five years; Michigan: governor four years; Oklahoma: 10
years prior to election for governor, 6 months prior to filing for legislature; Virginia: five years.
(c) U.S. citizen. California: three years; Maine: five years.
(d) Number of years not specified.
(e) Reside in district, no time limit. Massachusetts: House one year; Oklahoma: six months prior to
filing and must be registered in party six months prior to filing; Vermont: House one year.
(0 Following redistricting, a candidate may be elected from any district which contains a part of the
district in which he resided at the time of redistricting, and re-elected if a resident of the new district he
represents for 18 months prior to re-election.
(g) Kansas and Ohio have no constitutional qualifications for the office of governor. Ohio provides
that no member of Congress or other person holding a state or federal office shall be governor.
(h) Resident and citizen.
(i) Governor must be resident of the state during the term for which he is elected.
0) If the district has been established for at least six months, residency is six months. If the district
was established for less than six months, residency is length of establishment of district.
(k) No person convicted of a felony for breach of public trust within preceding 20 years or convicted for subversion shall be eligible.
25
21
21
25
18
25
30
26
25
30
21
18
18
21
21
18
25
18
25
25
U
25
U
30
25
30
21
18(a)
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
5
3
(b.c.r)
i
1
6 mo.
(e)
(c)
(b.c)
(b,c)
(e)
(a)
1
(u)
U
2
U
5(a)
1
(u)
5
2
3
i
i
(b'c)
(b,p,r)
(b)
(a,c)
(u)
(u,v,w)
1
3
(b,c)
(w)
(I) No person convicted of a felony shall be eligible to hold office until his final discharge from state
supervision.
(m) No person of unsound mind, as determined by a court, is qualified and hence eligible to hold
office.
(n) Shall be a resident of the county if it contains one or more districts or of the district if it contains
all or parts of more than one county.
(o) By statute an age of 21 minimum and a one-year state residency have been established for
membership in the legislature.
(p) A conflict exists between two articles of the constitution specifying age for house members.
Depending on interpretation, minimum age is 21 or age of qualified voter (18).
(q) No person convicted of embezzlement of public funds shall hold any office.
(r) No bribery convictions. South Dakota, West Virginia: No bribery, perjury or infamous crimes.
(s) Must be a U.S. citizen or U.S. national.
(t) No dishonorable discharge.
(u) Live in American Samoa for five years and bona fide resident one year.
(v) Senator must be a registered Matai.
(w) Write and speak English and Spanish.
Table 17
COMPENSATION COMMISSION FOR STATE OFFICIALS
lliii£2
Benefits and/or expenses
'^
Slate or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska ..
Name of commission
I
^ S
Uj
II
Recommendation
submitted to
II
(a)
Arizona ..
Arkansas .
California
Commission on Salaries for Elective State Offices
(b)
Colorado . . .
Connecticul.
State Officials' Compensation Commission
Compensation Commission for Elected State
Officials & Judges
(a)
Delaware
Florida ..
Georgia ..
State Officers Compensation Commission
State Commission on Compensation
May be accepted or rejected
only; no action constitutes
acceptance.
May be reduced; no action
constitutes acceptance
•!::»
Citizens' Committee on Legislative Compensation
Illinois
Commission on Compensation of State and Local
Government Officials
Advisory Committee on Compensation of General
Assembly Members
Indiana.
Iowa . . .
Kansas . . .
Kentucky.
Louiaana.
Maine
Maryland.
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota .
Mississippi.
Missouri...
May be accepted or rejected
only: no action constitutes
rejection.
(c)
Commission on Legislative Salary
Idaho .
recommendation
•i-g
Salary Commission
^
Authority of
(d)
Commission on Compensation Expenses & Salaries
for Elected State Officials
Public Officials Compensation Commission
Legislative Compensation Commission
Compensation Review Commission
May be reduced; no action
constitutes acceptance.
May decrease but not lower
than the salary of incumbent.
General Assembly Compensation Commission
Governor's Salary Commission
(e)
Advisory Board on Legislative & Constitutional
Officers' Compensation
State Officers Compensation Commission
(e)
(0
(e)
(g)
(0
May be rejected by 2/3 votes
of members in each house.
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey . . . .
New Mexico
New York ..
North Carolina.
*
Montana Salary Commission
(h)
•
•
(h)
*
Temporary Slate Commission on Judicial
Compensation
Advisory Budget Commission
May be amended by legislative
action.
North Dakota.
Ohio
Oklahoma . . .
Oregon
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island.
South Carolina .
South Dakota .
Tennessee . . . .
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
W^ington..
West Virginia
Final and binding.
Board on Legislative Compensation
Commission on Compensation of Executive &
Judicial Slate Officers
Legislative & Constitutional Officers
Pay Committee
7
•
•
...
10
*
...
•
Commission on Salaries for Elective Slate Officials
5
*
...
*
*
E.xeculive Compensation Commission
5
*
•(i)
...
*
Slate Committee on Salaries
Citizens Legislative Compensation Commission
*
•
*
•
*
•
•
•k
Any increase which is passed by
legislature cannot take effect
until January I, 1983.
...
*
.. .
(J)
. . May be reduced.
. . May be accepted, rejected or
reduced.
•
Wisconsin
Wyoming.
American Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands . . .
Executive, Judicial & Legislative Compensation
(a) And chief justice.
(b) For legislature, referendum; for elected officials and judiciary, to governor.
(c) And lieutenant governor, house speaker, house clerk, senate clerk, legislative counsel, chief
justice, and court of appeals justices.
(d) First session.
(e) Governor and lieutenant governor only.
(f) Judges of supreme court only.
(g) Expenses only.
(h) Commissioner of Campaign Finances and Practices and members of the State Tax Appeal
Board,
(i) Makes recommendations on grade levels; therefore, indirectly affects salaries,
(j) And other salary authority.
THE GOVERNORS
Table 18
PROVISIONS FOR RECALL OF STATE OFHCIALS
. Slate or
other Jurisdiction
Alabama
Officers to whom applicable
Established
by constitutional provision
Petition requirement*
•k
Arizona
AU elective offlcials except
judicial ofricers
All elective ofncials
California
All elective ofncials
*
State officer: 12% of votes cast in last election for officer sought to be
recalled; state legislators, members of Board of Equalization, and
judges: 20%
Colorado
All elective officials
•k
25% of votes cast in last election for office of official sought to be
recalled
Georgia
AU elective officials
(a)
15 % of number of electors who were registered and qualified to vote at
the last preceding general election. To recall district or local officials:
30% of the number of electors registered and qualified to vote at the
last preceding general election for any candidate offering for the office
held by the officer.
Idabo
All elective officials except
judicial officers
All elected public officials
in the state except judicial
officers
•k
20% of the number of electors registered to vote in the last general election held in the jurisdiction from which the officer was elected
40% of votes cast at the last general election for office of official
sought to be recalled
Kansas
Louisiana
Micbigan
All elective officials except
judges of courts of record
All elective officials except
judges of courts of record
25% of voters in last general election in district in which election
occurred
25% of votes cast in last election for office of official sought to be
recalled
*
*
•
33-1/3% of voters voting; 40% of voters in districts of less than 1,000
voters
it
25% of voters in last election for governor in electoral district of officer
sought to be recalled
Montana
All public officials elected
or appointed
(a)
10% of registered voters at preceding general election is required, except for officials chosen from a district, in which case 15% of the
number registered to vote in the preceding election in that district is
required
Nevada
All elective officials
•k
25% of voters voting in the jurisdiction electing official sought to be
North Dakota
All elective officials
-*
25% of electors voting in last general election for governor
recalled
Oregon
All elective officials
Washbigton
Wiscondn
All elective officials except
judges of courts of record
All elective officials
Guam
Governor
Petition for referendum: 2/3 vote of legislature or petition of legislature by 50% of voters voting in last gubernatorial election. Referendum
election: "yes" votes must total 2/3 of votes cast in last gubernatorial
election, and majority vote on issue must be "yes"
Virgin Islands
Governor
50% of votes cast for governor in last election or by 2/3 vote of
legislature in favor of referendum
•
25% of votes cast in last election for supreme court justice
•
25%-35% of qualified electors depending on unit of government
25% of votes cast in last general election for governor within the district
of officeholder recalled
*ln each state where a recall election may occur, a majority of the
popular vote is required to recall an official.
(a) Allowable under the constitution; provision is statutory.
176
Table 19
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION
^
other jurisdiction
0 > j
t
^
M
^
'
C
f
-
^
^
'
^
'
^
'
S
a
a
O
O
O
. . . CE G CS . . . G
G AG
A
A
A
A
G GB GB GB
GS B GS L
A
G . . . AG
(a-10) (a-11) AG AG . . . (a-12) G (a-10)
(b) GS GS GS G GS GS CE
O
O
CE
CE
...
CE
CE
CE
(a-4)
CE
CE
CE
CE
GB
CE
CE
CE
CE G
(a-5) GB
CE G
CE G
CE GS
Colorado
Conneclicul
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
GS
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE G GS GS
CE G GE GE
CE GS GS GS
CE GS GS CE
A
G GS CE
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
(a-4)
CE
CE
CE
CE
GS
CE
CE
SE
CE
. . . GS . . . GS (a-25) GS . . . (a-7) . . .
CE G GS GS GS G BGS G (a-11)
CE G GS GS GS G GS GS GS
CE G
G (a-4) G
G
G (a-4) A
CE GS . . . SE GS (a-5) GS GS A
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
...
CE
CE
CE
CE
CL
GS
CE
CE
CE
CL
CE
SE GS GS B
CE G
G CE
CE GS G CE
CL G GLS GLS
CL GS . . . GS
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE G
G
G
G AG AT G
G
G
G
G A
GS GS GS B GS (a-8) B GS
(a-1) B (a-8)
CE G GS GS BS GS GS (g) (a-11) A GS GS A
CE GS . . . SE GS B . . . (a-29) B (a-30) A
B
B
CE GS GS GS AS A
B
A (a-11) A GS GS A
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE CE CE A
G GS GS (a-11)
CE CE CE CE G GS GS GS
CE CE CE CE G
G BG A
CL GC CL GC (a-5) GC GC
. . . GS GS GS GS . . . BG GS
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
GS
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE GS GS
A
G ...
CE G
G
CE G
A
CE G GS
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania...
Rhode Island
South Carolina
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
...
CE
CE
CE
GS
CE
GS
CE
CE
CE
SE
CE
CE
CE
CE GS . . . GS GS G
B
G
G AG B
CE G GS GS AG A CS GS A
A
A
CE GS G GS GS G GS GS GS AG A
CE G GS (a-12) G CS B GS GS A BS
CE CE (a-22) SE B
B
B (a-27) A CE B
B
AG A
AG AG
GS A
B (a-22)
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
(i)
CE
CE
CE
CE
CL
GS
...
CE
CE
SC
CE
CE
SE
CE
CL
CE
CE
CE
GS G
G (a-10)
GS . . .
G GS
SL GS
GS
G
SE
GS
GS
A G
G
A
BS G
GS G
GS GS
G S G S (a-27) C E
B
G (a-11) C L
. . . (a-27) G S C E
. . . GS GS CE
(a-1) A G S (a-10)
(a-1)
A
A
AG
(a-1)
AG A
G A
B B
BA AG
GS
CS
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
...
CE
...
GB
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
GS
GB
CE
CE
CE
CE
GB GB
G S (a-6)
G S (a-10)
G GS
G
G
GB
GS
CE
B
B
B
A
GS
GS
G
. . . GB A
B G S (a-11)
GS GS A
A G S (a-11)
. . . (a-27) (a-27)
G B (a-29)
(a-22) (a-1)
(a-10) (a-1)
(a-8) (a-1)
G (a-1)
GB G B
GS B
GS A
A (a-8)
BG A,
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
C E C E . . . . G S A . . . G S G S (a-38) G S . . . G S G (a-8) A G S A
C E . . . G B G S G S G S . . . G S (a-21) G
G
G
A
G GS GS . . .
CE CE . . . GS
(b) G S (a-4) G G S G S (b) . . . G S G S
(b)
Note: Salary figures for these officials may be found in Table 18.
^Jf^^' ^
. . , , J
CE —Constitutional, elected
CL —Constitutional, elected by legislature
SE -Statutory, elected
SL -Statutory elected by legislature
L —Selected by legislature or one of Its organs
SC -Statutory, elected by state supreme court
Appointed by:
Approved by:
r
rr.v<.mr.r
5S IcoveZ
Senate
rF
GE ~rZl7nZ
—Governor
/^^
r^^„„„
8E Z^ZVtZ
GLS -Governor
GLG-Governor &L.. governor
GOC-Governor & council or
,„
,<;^'';"" .
LG —Lieutenant governor
G
A
(a-8)
A
GS
G
G (a-11)
B GS (a-11)
G
G
G
B GOC GOC
A GS GS
(b) GS G
G
GS G
G
G
CE GS , AG (a-8)
CE GS A . . .
GS A GS GS
GB
GS
A
(a-8)
G
AGS —Agcncy hcad
A S H - A g e n c y head
B -Board
or commission
or
n«o,^
HO —Board
^8^ " E
If ZlZ', or commission
BA -Board o^co^^^^^^
ACB-Nominated by audit
committee
...
177
CS
A
AG
GS
G
A (a-1) GS (a-8)
CE GE GE A
A AG GS AG
CE A GS A
CE G
B A
GS
CE
CE
...
GS
(a-25) (a-3)
(a-1) BGS
(a-1) GS
AT G
(a-1) (a-3)
(a-22)
(a-5)
A
A
CS
GS CS B GS A
A
A GS A
G AG B
G
G (a-10) A AG AG
GS GS . . . GS GS (a-8) GS GS A
GLS AG B (a-27) G AG GLS AG CS
AGS GS GS A AG CE A AGS (a-5)
Appointed by:
AT —Attorney general
A —Agency head
AB —Agency head
AG -Agency head
AGC -Agency head
AS —Agency head
ALS -Agency head
^^tl'^nZ
Either
house
/->
;i
Eepa"nmen,al board
Ap^ropnate legislative com. ™ " " * ^^"^'^
...
A
A
AG
GS
G
G
A
GS
GS
GS
Q
CE
CE
CE
CE
CE
A GS A
A
GE A
B GE
GS GS GS AG
CE A
A GS
GS G . . .
B
(a-1)
A
(a-1)
(a-1)
GS
O
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
GS
GS
G
G
GS
A
A
CE
GOC
GS
G
A
(a-1) GS
A
G
(a-1) GOC
GS GS
A
A
A
B
A
AG G (a-1) A A
GS CE GS GS (a-6)
A (a-22) A
G AG
... A
A GS A
(a-11) (a-21) (a-1) GS A
Approved by:
Board
Governor
Governor & council
Senate
Appropriate legislative committee
& senate
Governor & senate
Senate president & house
.'."'
r-«„<>,
Governor
So^r^Jn"^^ t = '
^ e ^ e " " " """•=
Agency head
Both houses
THE GOVERNORS
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION
,---,
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
I II I ll I t ll I I
Qt*jb!
CS
B
A
BG
G
CE
AG
BG
GS
CE
Colorado
Connectkrul
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
(a-16)
GE
AG
A
(a-16)
B
GE
B
CE
CE
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
(a-16)
A
GS
GC
A
B
CE
B
SE
GS
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
'*)'
...
BG
B
BG
B
B
B
(b)
B
B
»jS'*J
tti
(a-2)
A C S
LG
A
A
(a-2) GS (a-7)
...
G
GS
(a-2) GS
B
(a-2)
A
GE
AG
GS (a-14)
A
A
(a-2) (a-14)
G
A
G
A
G
I i i I I
11
kiSicj;
tj;
o
<
( b ) G G C S B
GB
GB
GB
A
A
GS
AG
B
(a-8) GS
G
G
B
...
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
5
5
S
-S
-S-Sc
G G
B
G
G
G
A
A
A
A
A
GB
A
(a-9)
B
G
GS
B
AG (a-9) GS
GS
AG
GS
GS (a-9) (a-13) (a-14) GS .GS
(a-17) GS
GE
GE
A
GS
GS (a-5)
(a-12) (b)
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-8)
GOC
(a-8)
GS
GE
AG
A
BG
A
GE
A
G
BG
GS
GD (a-11) A
A
G (a-ll) GE
(a-9) AG AG
CE
A
A
A (a-21)
(a-9) (a-12) (a-11) (a-5)
A
GE
GS
A
CE
B
(a-4) (a-26) (a-7) (a-17) (a-22) (a-12) (a-5)
BGS (a-2) GS
G
GS
G
GS (a-8)
B
(e)
GS
GS
GS
(b)
A
(a-8)
B
B
G
G
A
(b)
A
G
GS
A
GS
GS
GS (a-5) GD
GS
GS
A
GS
G
GS
...
A
GS
G
GS
(a-9) (a-12) (a-7) (a-25)
(a-9)
B (a-11) GS
(a-9)
A (a-11) GS
G
B
LG
G
(a-9)
B
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
G
GS
B
(a-8) GS
B (a-10) AG
GS (a-8) GS
GLS . . .
A
G
GS
GS
GS
AG
GS
AG
GS
A
(a-9)
(a-9)
A
AG
GS
G
GS
A
GS
G
GS
G
GS
GS
A
(a-9)
SE
B
AT
G
A
GC
GS
GS
GS
(a-9)
GC
(a-9)
A
B
B
A
GS
GS
A
(b)
G C E B
B A G G G G
GS
CE
B
CE
GS (a-12) GS (a-8)
AG GLS (a-23) (a-2) GLS
G
GLS (a-8)
G
B
B
G
AG
A (a-12) (a-5)
BA
GE
A
GS
A
Massachusells
Michigan
Minnesola
Mississippi
Missouri
G
(a-28)
G
G
GS
B
B
BG
CE
B
B
CS
GS
B
B
A
G
G
G
G
G
G
(a-2)
B
G
. . . (a-8)
B
(a-2) GS
GS
GS
GS (a-12)
(a-2)
G
G
B (a-22) B
A
A
A
A
(a-8)
B
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
A
(a-16)
G
G
A
CE
B
B
B
GS
GS
B
B
A
BG
(a-2)
A
(a-2) (a-14)
(a-2)
G
(a-2) GC
(a-2)
A
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
(a-16)
G
G
A
(a-16)
B
B
CE
CE
B
B
A
(a-23) G
BG
G
B
(a-2)
BG (a-2)
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
GS
CS
B
G
(a-16)
CE
CE
GS
B
CE
B
B
AG
(a-23)
B
L
A
G
B
B
G
G
(a-8) GS
GS
GS
...
B
...
A
G
GS
G
G
GS
(a-17)
GS
A
(b)
GS
(b)
GS
A
(a-8) (a-13) (a-8)
(a-5)
G
G
(a-5)
B
.. .
(a-21) AGC (a-21)
GS
GS
A
GC
GS
GS
A
G
G
GS
GS
GS
AG
G
GS
A
G
A
A
GS
(a-8)
A
(a-8)
. . . (a-20) GS
(b)
A
(a-8)
(a-22) G
GS
(a-22) A
(a-8)
GS
GS
G
G
GS
B
AG
CS
G
B
B
GS
GS
G
G
(a-17)
B
AG
(a-12)
(a-17)
(a-21)
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-8)
(a-22)
B
AG
GS
GB
B
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
A
A
G
BG
G
GS
B
(a-2)
A
G
G
B
A
G
B
G
BS
B
(a-2)
B GLG
B
B
(a-4) AG
A
BG . . . (a-2) GS
G
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
GB
GS
G
GS
G
GB
CE
B
CE
CE
GB
B
B
BG
G
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
G
G
G
BGS
GS
GS
B
GS
B
A
A
(b)
B
GS
AB
B
B
B
B
A
GS
GS
A
(a-22)
GS
A
(a-14)
G
G
G
BGS (a-8) (a-29) (a-8)
G (a-21) (a-12) GS
GS
GS
GS
(b)
(a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function:
(a-1) Attorney General
(a-2) Secretary of State
(a-15) Consumer Affairs
(a-3) Social Services
(a-16) Adjutant General
(a-4) Lieutenant Governor
(a-17) Health
(a-5) Comptroller
(a-18) Community Affairs
(a-6) General Services
(a-19) Highways
(a-7) Planning
(a-20) Environmental Conservation
(a-8) Administration
(a-21) Treasurer
(a-9) Transportation
(a-22) Budget
(a-10) Finance
(a-23) Education (chief stale school officer)
(a-11) Commerce
(a-24) Mental Health
(a-12) Natural Resources
(a-25) Licensing
(a-13) Parks & Recreation
(a-26) Personnel
(a-14) Labor & Industrial Relations
(a-27) Industrial Development
178
A
SE
(a-11) G
GS
CE
G
GLS
AG
GS
G
GS
BS
SE
AS
G
GS
GS
...
GS
(a-11)
(a-11)
A
GC
GS
(h)
GS
A
GC
GS
GS
GS
G
GC
GS
GD
GS
A
A
GS (a-9) (a-13) (a-11)
G
AG
G
A
G
G
B (a-11)
(a-19) GS
...
A
B
GS
CE
CE
GS
GS
GS
CE
SE
GS
CE
AG
GS
G
B
GS
SE
GS
G
GS
GS
GS
GS
G
B
(a-9)
AB
A
A
B
(a-2)
G
CS
CS
...
A
B
G
A (a-11)
B
B
A
A
A
B
G
(a-9)
A
BG
GS
B (a-11)
B
GS
A
G
(a-8) GS
AG
A
GS
G
B
G
G
A
(a-9) AB
(b) (a-13)
B
B
B
B
B
AG
BA (a-8) GS
AG (a-9) AB
AGS AS (a-8) GS
A
(a-9)
A
GB
GB (a-37) (b) (a-8)
B
GB
A
GS
GS (a-33) (a-22) Q)
GS
(a-2) GS
B
B
GS
A
A
BA (a-14) (a-8) (a-12) . . . (a-12) (a-8)
(a-2)
G
G
G
(b)
G
(a-8)
B
G
L
B
BG
GS
B
A
GB
A
CS
GS
G
GB
GS
GS
GS
AB
GB
(a-9)
GS
(a-9)
B
(a-8)
GS
GS
GS
A
A
GS
GS
A
A
G
B
B
A
GS
A (a-36)
GB
GB
GS (a-11)
A
A
G (a-11)
B
AG
B
G
A
GS
G
GS
GS
G
G
GS
GS
B
SE
GS
GS
B
GB
GS
GS
GS
G
(a-38)
GS
(a-4)
GS
G
GS
(a-28) Highway Patrol
(a-29) Agriculture
(a-30) Post Audit
(a-31) Welfare
(a-32) Education—higher
(a-33) Fish & Game
(a-34) Tourism
(a-35) Energy Resources
(a-36) Banking
(a-37) Disaster Preparedness
(a-38) Taxation
(b) No single agency or offlcial.
THE GOVERNORS
STATE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICIALS: METHODS OF SELECTION
t
Stale or
other jurisdiction
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connectteul
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kenlucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
NewYorit
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rico
ViiBin Islands
^
-
A
(a-15)
GS
AG
GS
(a-2)
GS
G
GS
I
%
.
j S ^
A
(a-11)
G
G
A
(b)
.
I
^
a .
G
GB
...
GS
GS
G
A
B
GS
GS
B
A
AG
AG
G
A
GE
AG
A
BG
GS
(a-20)
AG
GOC
BG
BA
CS
AG
A
A
GS
A
GS
A
GD
(a-17)
A
GS
G
(a-3)
G
GS
GS
GS
B
(a-11) GS
(a-17) (a-31)
A
GC
A
A
A
(b)
^
B
A
A
AG
GS
G
B
GS
B
GS
GS
B
G
GC
GS
(a-17) GS
GS (a-20)
G
G
(a-3) . . .
GS
GS
B
AG
AG
GS
B .
^ I
^
l
l
a
.
^
^
l
.
Q
G
G
G
CE
CL
GB
G
(a-IO)
BG
G
GS
B
A
A
CS
A
AB
A
CS
A
AG
CE
CE
A
CS
GS
G
A
^
.
'
Q
B
A
B
B
GS
(a-18)
. . .
G
G
.. .
CL
L
CE
CE
.
GS
G
B
BG
A
SE
GB
CE
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(a-6)
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A
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t
o
...
GB
...
AG
(c)
5
^
t
t ^ l
G
GB
GS
AG
BS
G
A
GS
AG
G
(a-3)
(a-3)
GS
(a-3)
(a-3)
GS (a-17) GS (a-18) (a-19) (a-3)
GE
CS
GE
CS
GE
GE
AG
GS
AG
AG
GS (a-3)
(a-17) GS GOC
A
GS
A
(a-24) A
GS
A
B
G
A
GS
G
G
GS
GS
(a-27) GLS
G
GS
A
GS
GS
SE
GS
G
G
G
A
G
A
G
G
CS
GS (a-12) A
CS (a-19) (a-3)
A
GS
A
GS
A
GS
GS
(a-22) (a-31) A
GS
A (a-19) B
A
GS
A
GS
B (a-19) A
A
GS (a-17)
A (a-31) A
A
G (a-12)
AGC (a-31) A
(a-21) GS
A
SE
CE
G
GC
GS
GS
GS
A
G
GB
A
A
G
A
A
...
.. .
B
. . .
GS
(a-3)
GS
(a-3)
GC
AB
A
(a-ll)
A
(a-Il)
A
GS
GS
G
...
GS
(a-3)
GS
(a-3)
(a-3)
GS
G
...
...
...
A
CE (a-8)
(a-5) (a-5)
CE (a-8)
CE (a-22)
CE
CE
A
CS
G
A
B
GS
GS
GS
CE
GS
GS
GS
AG
A
A
G
GS
G
G
GS
(a-17)
(a-20)
G
A
GS
G
GS
G
CE
GS
. . . (a-34)
B
(b)
AB (a-8)
GS
CS
AG
GS
A
GS
. . B
B
...
B
G
CS
B
(a-21) (a-22)
B
(a-2) . . .
B
CE (a-5)
A
(b)
A
GS
B C E B
CE
GS
GS
GS
L
(a-6)
A
AG
CS
B
GS
GS
GS
GS
B
(a-17)
A
CS
(a-12)
B G
GS
GS
GS
CS
S A
GS
G
...
AG
GS
G
SL
CE
G
(a-5) (a-5)
(a-22)
L
(a-5)
G
CE (a-5)
G
CE (a-IO)
B
B
AB
G
SE
B
GS
GS
GB
A
(a-17)
(a-3)
A
GB
CE
GS
B
...
(a-12)
B
A
(a-12)
G
GB
G
A
GS
G
(a-22)
G
(a-ll)
(a-22)
G
GB
B
G
A
B
L
GS
S
GS
G
A
A
B
GS
(a-15) (a-17)
...
GS
A
GS
G
A
A
GS
G
GS
GS
G
L
...
B
(a-5) (a-21) (a-23)
(b)
(b)
A
GS
GS
GS
A
S
A
GS
GS
GS
E
A
A
A
G
(a-6) (a-31) A
(a-5)
AG
GS (a-17) GS
G
GS
A
GS
(a-6) (a-31)
A
A
A
B
A (a-17)
A
G
(b)
A
G
A
G
A
A
GS
A
GS
A (a-21)
.. .
GS
A
GS
GS
GS
GS
AG
GS
A
(a-3)
GS
GS
G
GC
GS
G
GS
AG
AB
A
179
^
S
GS
G
GS
AG
CE
B
B
G
B
A
(c) Solid Waste Management Board is composed of nine voting
members: seven appointed by the governor subject to senate confirmation; one each appointed by the speaker of the assembly and the senate
Committee on Rules.
(d) State Library, Board of Education, B.
(e) Function performed by eight-member board (GS). Four members
are nominated by governor and four are nominated by the highest ranicing constitutional officer of the political party opposite that of the governor. Executive director of the board is chosen by the board.
...
GB
GS
B
GS
a;
A
GS
A
A
AG
AG
A
GS
GS
AGS GLS (a-12)
CS
AG (a-12)
C
E
G
(a-8) CS
GS
...
G
B
(b) (a-32)
(a-5)
A
A
B
(a-8)
CE
%
' ^
GS
B
CE
GLS
GS
L
...
CE (a-5)
...
(a-8)
L
AG
. . . (a-22)
GB
CE
A
(b)
L
I
^
^
(a-7) GS (a-3)
(a-11) BGS (a-17)
(a-11) GS
GS
A
G
(a-3)
GS
GD (a-3)
GS
A
B
BA
A
GS
o
§
l
GS
GS
GS
G
GS
GS
G
(a-35)
GS
(a-20)
(b)
GS
G
A
GS
AG
GS
I
-
(a-17)
A
A
A
GS
A
G
B
AB
GS
AG
(a-2)
i
^
\
^
c Q . c
(a-5) (a-23) (a-22) (a-5)
(a-5) (d)
GS
A
CE (a-2)
(0
A
CE
B
G
A
GS
BS
GS
CS
A (a-22)
L
CS
G
. . . CE
AG
B
GS
SL (a-22)
GLS
G
SL
AG
GS
GS ASH (a-21)
(a-33) AG (a-11)
B
GS
G
A
A
G
GC BGC
G
A
A
GS
A
G
G
G
A
.
§ =1 I
'
a
A
ACB (a-5)
A
A
L
(a-5)
B
GS
CE (a-IO) AG
(a-22)
L
(a-5)
A
(a-22) SL (a-5) (a-23)
GS (a-12) GS
GS (a-5)
. . .
GS BGS (a-22)
L
GS
A
GS
...
L
G
A
G
LG
G
GB
GD
BG
G
CE
AS
...
(a-10) (a-17) AG
(b)
GS
GS
AG GLS
GS (a-17) GS
G
GS
^
l
a
GB
GS
S
B
A
A
A
B
(a-3)
BS
AG
GS
A
GS (a-3)
(a-19) (a-3)
A
AG
G
BS
GS
GS
GS
G
G
B (a-19)
AB
GS
A
GS
(a-12)
A
A
G
GB
GB
B
A
(a-19) GS
GS
A
...
(a-3)
B
G
A
(b)
. GS
. . .
A
GS
G
(a-3)
(a-3)
GS
(0 Members appointed by the governor with consent of senate; chairman is chosen by the governor from among the members.
(g) Commerce Commission, composed of commissioners of banking,
securities and insurance, all GS.
• (h) State auditor is ex officio commissioner of insurance, CE.
(i) The speaker of the senate is elected by the senate from among its
membership and, by statute, is lieutenant governor.
(j) Function performed by two agencies: Fisheries, GS; Game, B.