FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY
If any of the links do not work look up answers using your own resources!
Basic Chemical Concepts!
To review atomic structure Go to: http://www.makemegenius.com/video_play.php?id=139&type=0
____________-the smallest unit of an element that can combine chemically with other elements
Structure
Proton ____________ charged
Neutron ____________ charged
Electron ____________ charged
Electrons exist in distinct ____________ clouds
Protons and neutrons are the same _______ and make up the nucleus
Identification
____________ ____________: number of protons
Atomic mass number: number of ____________+ neutrons
Atoms are organized into ____________ in the periodic table!
Go to: http://www.ptable.com to fill in the blanks!
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
# protons
# electrons
C
# neutrons
0
Type of
element
27
19
Argon
8
55.845
17
halogen
Atomic Configurations
EG Lithium
Draw the atomic configuration for the following elements:
K
Cl
O
Ne
Isotopes.
Google the term isotope. Fill in the blanks.
Two atoms with the same _____________ number but different atomic mass numbers
Differ only in the number of _____________
Some are _____________ (radioisotopes)
EG Isotopes of hydrogen
H-1 has a mass number of 1 and no neutrons
H-2 has a mass number of 2 and only one neutron
H-3 has a mass number of 3 and two neutrons
Go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3eGLevyIGE
and identify the following isotopes. How many neutrons are found in each isotope?
C-12 ________________________________________________________________________________
C-14 ________________________________________________________________________________
Compound -a combination of two or more ______________ that are joined chemically
Chemical bonding
Ionic: when an atom will either give or take an ____________ from another atom
____________: positive ion
Anion: ____________ion
____________ forces hold the atoms together
Go to: http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/lsps07.sci.phys.matter.chembonds/chemical-bonds/
Draw the ionic bond between Na and Cl
Covalent: when atoms ____________ electrons
Forms single, ____________ or triple bonds
Sharing of ____________ hold the atoms together
Go to: http://www.bozemanscience.com/drawing-lewis-dot-diagrams/
Lewis Dot diagrams: draw the valence electrons using the Lewis dot system for the following.
C
H
O
Draw the Lewis dot diagram for water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas
N
Go to http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/nonpola.htm
And fill in the blanks.
Non-polar covalent bond: ____________ are shared equally
Non-polar compounds are hydrophobic because they do not dissolve in _______
Draw the Lewis dot diagram of methane.
Polar covalent bonds: electrons are not ____________ equally
Polar compounds are ______________ because they do dissolve in water
Draw the Lewis dot diagram of water.
Hydrogen bonds: weak links between the positively charged hydrogen end of one polar
molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
Go to: http://edutech.csun.edu/eduwiki/index.php/Secondary_Science_-_Particles
Draw hydrogen bonding between six water molecules.
Life on earth is possible because water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
Go to http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o7.htm
and explain how the following properties of water make life on earth possible:
Surface tension
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Capillary action
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Ice floats
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High specific heat capacity
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Universal solvent
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Acids and Bases
Go to: http://www.kidsknowit.com/flash/animations/acids-bases.swf and fill in the blanks
____________: a substance that releases a H+ ion in water
____________: a substance that releases an OH- ion in water
pH scale
A method of determining how ___________ or basic a solution is
Measures the _______________ of H+ ions in a solution
Negative logarithmic scale: 0 to 14
A basic solution with a H+ ion concentration of 1 X 10 -8 has a pH of 8
An acidic solution with a H+ ion concentration of 1 X 10 -4 has a pH of ____
A neutral solution with a H+ ion concentration of _________ has a pH of 7
On your own look up and determine the pH of the following:
pH
Blood _________
Gastric fluid _________
Seawater _________ What is the H+ ion concentration of seawater? _________
Buffer: naturally occurring substance that limits the change of ______
__________ H+ ions if the surrounding environment becomes too acidic
__________ H+ ions if the surrounding environment becomes too basic
Basic chemical reactions
Go to: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13004
Identify the four types of reactions
____________: two or more atoms or molecules are combined
____________: molecules are broken down into simpler forms
____________: involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions
____________: chemical bonds are broken or made depending on what’s needed.
Identify the type of reaction and balance the equation of the following reactions.
Type of reaction
___________________________
Balanced equation
H2 O ! H2 + O2
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C6H12O6 + O2 !CO2 + H2O
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HCl + NaOH !H2O + NaCl
Energy and its Changes
Go to: http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_rhino.html and fill in the blanks
Kinetic energy: energy of ____________
_________ energy: energy of position (stored energy)
Kinetic and potential energy are ___________
Go to:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-G7pLufXAo
Energy in chemical reactions
Exothermic: reactions which ____________ energy
Endothermic: reactions that require ________________
Identify the following reactions as either endothermic or exothermic.
A + B !AB + energy _____________________
CD + energy!C + D ______________________
Go to: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YacsIU97OFc
What is activation energy?
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Draw a graph that shows the activation energy of hypothetical chemical reaction.
!